Building resilience: a policy brief series Paul Opio Paul NO. 10 \ © FAO

ENHANCING RESILIENCE OF CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES: THE MANDERA CLUSTER

WHY IS ACTION NEEDED? WHAT SHOULD POLICYMAKERS DO Cross-border areas are regions at the boundary of two or more countries. TO STRENGTHEN RESILIENCE? In the Horn of Africa, pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities mainly 1. Invest in productive assets, natural resources inhabit arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) of the cross-border management and climate-smart agricultural techniques areas. Being at the periphery of the countries, these to boost agricultural production.

Resilience cross-border areas often attract low national policy 2. Increase access to basic services such as schools, is “the capacity attention and investments thus degenerating into health facilities and functional markets as well as improved that ensures shocks high levels of vulnerability and poverty. water sources, sanitation and hygiene. do not have long- lasting adverse deve- To enhance the resilience of communities 3. Invest in education through the provision of literacy lopment consequences”. in selected cross-border areas, FAO and programmes to enhance household adaptive capacity. It is widely recognized IGAD established the Partnership Programme as one of the most 4. Promote peace forums in the Mandera Cluster to on Drought Resilience. The baseline survey powerful means to improve peaceful co-existence between communities mitigate and prevent was carried out in what is referred to as the cross-border trade and resource-sharing, including food security Mandera Cluster, including cross-border sites negotiations for peaceful access to pasture and water for crises. of (Dolo Ado and Dolo Bay), pastoralists and agro-pastoralists. () and (Dolow and Belet Hawa). This brief provides guidance on policy planning for cross-border resilience programming. Measuring and analysing resilience WHAT DID THE STUDY REVEAL? The Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA-II) tool The overall findings of the survey indicate that access to basic services allows to estimate household resilience capacity to food insecurity and ownership of household assets are the main drivers of resilience in two steps. First, it gives information on household resilience in the Mandera Cluster. In terms of livelihoods, the study revealed that urban capacity through the estimation of the Resilience Capacity Index households are most resilient compared with their counterparts engaging (RCI) and the Resilience Structure Matrix (RSM). in pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods. This difference can largely be attributed to education levels. The two main cross-border activities include livestock grazing These can be used to rank and target households from most and the sale and purchase of livestock and livestock products; households to least resilient. The second part shows the determinants of RCI dependent on these activities reported that poor road infrastructure is their main and food security. Through this, RIMA-II can provide clear policy challenge. Most households engaging in livestock grazing as a cross-border indications. RIMA-II has been applied in over ten countries activity reported violent conflict as their main challenge. in sub-Saharan Africa. ENHANCING RESILIENCE OF CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES: THE MANDERA CLUSTER

THE INFOGRAPHIC BELOW SHOWS THE MAIN FINDINGS OF THE RESILIENCE ANALYSIS CONDUCTED IN CROSS-BORDER COMMUNITIES (THE MANDERA CLUSTER). IT ALSO PROVIDES CLEAR POLICY INDICATIONS.

Ethiopia Cross-border site DIFFERENCES

Kenya Dolo Dolo Bay RCI = Resilience Capacity Index Overall RCI = 29.25 Somalia Ado FCS = Food Consumption Score Overall Acceptable FCS = 36.65

Dolow RCI FCS

Mandera Belet Ethiopia 34.62 59.54 Hawa Kenya 34.62 59.54

Somalia 26.94 23.30

All the regions have acceptable FCS level

INSECURITY What ARE THE CRITICAL POINTS FOOD AND CONFLICT INSECURITY DURING LIVESTOCK LIMITED GRAZING IN OVERALL CROSS-BORDER RCI PRODUCTIVE AREAS 29.25 ASSETS

LACK OF POOR ROAD ACCESS INFRASTRUCTURE TO BASIC SERVICES

INVESTING IN HOUSEHOLDS INVESTING IN EDUCATION PRODUCTIVE ASSETS (literacy programmes e.g. mobile schools) Policy interventions

SUPPORT PEACE FORUMS REDUCING DISTANCE TO BASIC SERVICES (that will ensure peaceful co-existence, (e.g. schools, health facilities, markets) cross-border trade and sharing of resources in the area) © FAO, 2017 © FAO,

I7168EN/1/04.17

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