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8820 Volume 7, Number 4 December 2015 ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 4 December 2015 2015 Editor-in-Chief Scope and policy of the journal for rewriting to the authors, if necessary. Agricultural Science and Technology /AST/ The editorial board reserves rights to reject Tsanko Yablanski – an International Scientific Journal of manuscripts based on priorities and space Faculty of Agriculture Agricultural and Technology Sciences is availability in the journal. Trakia University, Stara Zagora published in English in one volume of 4 The journal is committed to respect high Bulgaria issues per year, as a printed journal and in standards of ethics in the editing and electronic form. The policy of the journal is reviewing process and malpractice to publish original papers, reviews and statement. Commitments of authors Co-Editor-in-Chief short communications covering the related to authorship are also very aspects of agriculture related with life important for a high standard of ethics and Radoslav Slavov sciences and modern technologies. It will publishing. We follow closely the Faculty of Agriculture offer opportunities to address the global Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Trakia University, Stara Zagora needs relating to food and environment, http://publicationethics.org/resources/guid Bulgaria health, exploit the technology to provide elines innovative products and sustainable The articles appearing in this journal are development. Papers will be considered in indexed and abstracted in: EBSCO Editors and Sections aspects of both fundamental and applied Publishing, Inc. and AGRIS (FAO). science in the areas of Genetics and The journal is accepted to be indexed with Genetics and Breeding Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, the support of a project № BG051PO001- Production Systems, Agriculture and 3.3.05-0001 “Science and business” Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria) Environment and Product Quality and financed by Operational Programme Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria) Safety. Other categories closely related to “Human Resources Development” of EU. Max Rothschild (USA) the above topics could be considered by The title has been suggested to be Ihsan Soysal (Turkey) the editors. The detailed information of the included in SCOPUS (Elsevier) and Horia Grosu (Romania) journal is available at the website. Electronic Journals Submission Form Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria) Proceedings of scientific meetings and (Thomson Reuters). Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria) conference reports will be considered for special issues. Address of Editorial office: Nutrition and Physiology Agricultural Science and Technology Submission of Manuscripts Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria) Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora Peter Surai (UK) All manuscripts written in English should Bulgaria Zervas Georgios (Greece) be submitted as MS-Word file attachments Telephone.: +359 42 699330 Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria) via e-mail to [email protected]. +359 42 699446 Manuscripts must be prepared strictly in www.agriscitech.eu Production Systems accordance with the detailed instructions for authors at the website Technical Assistance: Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria) Bogdan Szostak (Poland) www.agriscitech.eu and the instructions Nely Tsvetanova Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria) on the last page of the journal. For each Telephone.: +359 42 699446 Banko Banev (Bulgaria) manuscript the signatures of all authors E-mail: [email protected] Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria) are needed confirming their consent to publish it and to nominate on author for Agriculture and Environment correspondence. They have to be presented by a Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria) submission letter signed by all authors. Ramesh Kanwar (USA) The form of the submission letter is Martin Banov (Bulgaria) available upon from request from the Technical Assistance or could be Product Quality and Safety downloaded from the website of the journal. Manuscripts submitted to this Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria) journal are considered if they have Stefan Denev (Bulgaria) submitted only to it, they have not been Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria) published already, nor are they under consideration for publication in press English Editor elsewhere. All manuscripts are subject to editorial review and the editors reserve the Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria) right to improve style and return the paper ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 4 December 2015 2015 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 4, pp 469 - 475, 2015 Agriculture and Environment Monitoring of fungal diseases of lavender K. Vasileva* Department of Phytopathology, Faculty of Plant Protection and Agroecology, Agricultural University, 12 Mendeleev, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria Abstract. In the period between 2013 and 2014, phytosanitary monitoring was performed to establish the health status of lavender in relation to fungal diseases. During 2013, the diseases spread were investigated on 56.973 ha, and during 2014 – on 218.01 ha, respectively. The calculated disease incidence is 20.84% for the first, and 21.64% for the second year. The data analysis indicates that the phytosanitary situation is very complicated. As a whole, the pathogen infestation on the major varieties at different ages and in different regions was between 3.45% and 53.79%. The percentage of infected plants varies by regions: Karlovo (from 34.08 to 35.65%), Stara Zagora (16.04 – 30.27%), Kazanlak (20.01 – 23.43%), Elhovo (32.67 – 35.10%), Shumen (14.79 – 15.79%). Disease incidence on the major variety Seuthopolis, in 1 to 3-year-old lavender plantations differs: in Iganovo village, Karlovo region it was 36.18% and in Khan Krum village, Shumen region – 4.73%. This is an indication for the presence of high infection level in lavender fields from the early stages of plant development. It may be due to the usage of infected planting material or to the establishment of new plantations onto old lavender fields. Isolations have been made from different organs of lavender plants affected by pathogens, applying both traditional and specific phytopathological methods. Based on morphological characteristics the following fungi genera have been identified: Phoma (P. lavandulae), Phomopsis (P. lavandulae), Septoria (S. lavandulae), and Phytophthora (P. parasitica and Phytophthora hybrid). Keywords: lavender, diseases, Phoma, Phomopsis, Septoria, Phytophthora. Introduction Information about the spread of Phytophthora fungi and losses caused are found in the publications of Putnam (1991), Minuto et al. Lavender (Lavandula officinalis) is mainly grown for the (2001), Tsay (2002) , Alvarez et al. (2007), Dervies et al. (2011), production of high quality essential oil, which is applied in cosmetics, Nakova (2011). From diseased plants with symptoms most frequently isolated species of Phytophthora rot, is Phytophthora in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries, but also in medicine (Yankulov, 2000). Main lavender production regions are Stara nicotianae var. parasitica Breda de Haan, syn. Phytophthora Zagora and Plovdiv, and less lavender is grown in Pazardzhik, parasitica (Putman, 1991; Minuto et al., 1999; Minuto et al., 2001; Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Varna, Shumen, Veliko Tarnovo and Vidin Alvarez et al., 2007; Nakova, 2011; Faedda et al., 2013). Another areas. In these regions lavender is planted on lands that are less species causing damages in lavender is Phytophthora cinnamomi productive and located at 800 to 1,000 m above sea level (Terziev, (Orlikowski and Valjuskaite, 2007). In Spain, Phytophthora 2006; Dzhumarski et al., 2009). palmivora has also been reported (Paez et al., 1993). The hybrid The crop is considered as relatively resistant to the pathogenic Phytophthora x pelgrandis was described in the USA and Taiwan as microflora culture. In literature reports can be found about a pathogen on ornamental plants. In lavender, it is found in the occurrence of phytoplasma (wet feet), Alfalfa mosaic virus, Netherlands (Bonnants et al., 2000), Hungary and Italy (Szigethy et Cucumber mosaic virus, bacteriosis (Xanthomonas campestris); al., 2012; Faeda et al., 2013). The species Phytophthora cryptogea fungal diseases – Phomopsis (Phomopsis lavandulae Gabotto), is also reported on lavender and gerbera (Orlikowski, 1981; Phoma (Phoma lavandulae), Septoria (Septoria lavandulae Dezm.), Orlikowski and Valjuskaite, 2007; Krober, 1991). In Italy, Septoria gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and soil inhabiting pathogens from the lavandulae was isolated from L. dentate (Buonario et al., 1996). This genera Fusarium, Verticillium, Sclerotium bataticola, Sclerotinia species is identified in Hungary on L. angustifolia, in 2010 (Nagy and sclerotiorum and Phytophthora. Horvath, 2010) and in Croatia (Vrandecic et al., 2014). In France, the In the foreign literature, data about damages caused by the same symptoms of the disease are described (Boudier, 1995). fungus Phomopsis lavandulae are reported. Disease developed in In Bulgarian phytopathological literature reports have been epidemic size during the second half of the XX century, when it published about Septoria lavandulae, Phoma lavandulae, root rot destroyed completely lavender plantations, 3-4 years old, in France and withering of lavender (Hristov, 1972, Margina, 2000; Bobev, (Buczacki and Harris, 1998). During the last decade the losses in 2009; Nakova, 2011). The roots are dead and black branching lavender caused by Fusarium fungi are increasing. Pathogens have rhizomorphs can be found – Armilariella mellea, or white powdery been reported in China (Ren et al., 2008), Saudi Arabia (Perveen mycelia and flat branched
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