64 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 Cephalo Facial Anatomy of the Simte Tribe of

Esther Lalremkim1, Jibonkumar Singh2 1Assistant Professor, PG Department of Anthropology, DM College Sc, DM University, Manipur, 2Professor, Department of Anthropology, Manipur University, Canchipur

Abstract Background: Present study aims at documenting a database of the cephalometric anatomical features of the Simte tribe of Manipur on one hand and comparing these features with the available data of other population of Manipur on the other.

Materials and Methods: A total of randomly recruited 300 subjects (123 males and 167 females) were subjected to analysis of six cephalometric measurements and three derived indices using appropriate statistical analysis.

Results: The findings of the study reveals that maximum head length falls within the ranges of ≥19.4 cm for males and ≥18.5 cm for females. Both the sexes have maximum head breadth and bizygometric breadth falling under the category of medium category. Males have low morphological facial length in contrast to medium among the females. As regards nasal characters are concerned, Simte males have medium breadth while females have below medium breadth. However, both males and females have above medium length nose. Simte population of both sexes possesses Mesocephalic head; Mesoprospic face and Mesorhinae nose. A comparative study with regards to indices, all the communities show similarity to the Simte except the Tangkhul on CI (Brachycephalic) and FI (Mesoprosopic) among males. Among females, all the constant measurements fall similar to the Simte people.

On inter community comparison, greatest statistical significant difference is observed within the inter-group Koirao-Purum and Kwatha-Purum, respectively. Highest similarity is observed between the pair Koirao- Kwatha whereas among the females highest similarity is displayed between Simte-Koirao (83.33%).

Conclusion: In all cephalometric measurements, the male populations have higher values compared to the female counterpart, which is the universal phenomenon of sexual dimorphism. In somatomatric measurements and indices among the Simte, majority classification falls on medium and similar categories respectively. Significant variations are observed when compared between inter-groups. In both the sexes, statistical significant differences outnumbered over similarities.

Keywords: Simte, , Indices, Somatometry, Cephalometry

Introduction understand and examine the bodily dimensions of different populations. This type of study on the Indian One of the basic objectives of somatometry- populations started as early as in the early part of the 19th systematic metrical study of human body is to 1,2,3 Century . The main emphasis on these studies was to Corresponding Author: classify the people of India into various ‘racial types’. Esther Lalremkim, They recognised the existence of more than one ‘racial Assistant Professor, PG Department of Anthropology, type’ and a great deal of anthropometric heterogeneity DM College Sc, DM University, Manipur-795001, among the people across India. Later, several surveys Email- [email protected], Contact: 9862887809 and some of the exemplified works on the study of the Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 65 anthropometric variation were postulated from different untouched communities, Simte Tribe of Manipur is populations of India. Majumdar and Sen (1949) worked one. Keeping this in view, the present study is being among the people of Gujarat, followed by the population attempted. Simte is one of the prominent tribe in the of Uttar Pradesh4, Karve and Dandekar (1951) among state of Manipur-a state strategically located in the north- Maharastraians5 , Majumder and Rao (1960) among eastern part of India. Simte people are concentrated Bengalese6, Malhotra et al.,(1981) among the people of in the southern part, i.e. Churachandpur District than in Tamil Nadu7 and among many others. Besides these, elsewhere of the state Manipur.Etymologically, the term a good number of other studies are available numbering “Simte” is a combination of two words, ‘Sim’ which to about 1200 population groups reported by different means South and ‘te’ the suffix to denote ‘people’. authors listed by Bhasin, Walter and Danker-Hopfe Therefore, the term Simte implies the ‘southerner or (1992)8. those who come from the south’ (Lianzira, 2008)22. The origin of the term ‘Simte’ is little-known in oral However, in Manipur only few scholars worked on tradition. It is said to be applied to them by others after anthropometric variations since the later part of the 20th they settled in Manipur since there was no reference century. Singh (1978) pioneered such a type of study found regarding the use of the word or term previously among three valley population groups viz. Meitei, Ando (Leivang, 2001)23. They become recognised as one tribe and Khangabok and calculated genetic distance among among the Scheduled Tribes of Indian Union under the them9. Later it was in the year that Singh (1986)10 central Government of India, Order No. 1956 Vide SRO- examined the anthropometric variation between the hill 24774 Gazetteer of India, Part-II Section-III, No.-316/A, Kabui tribe and their valley counterparts suggesting and New Delhi, India and under the Indian constitution a microevolutionary trend because of environmental Article 330-342. According to the 2011 census24, the factors. Shah (1990) compared three different Muslim total population is only 6728 individuals, and their population groups of Manipur and reported a low language becomes endanger as the speaker falls below degree of variation among them11. Singh (1991) studied 10,000 individuals. Due to such reasons and the absence among the Meitei of Manipur and focusing their of literature demands for undertaking an immediate, differences in geographical and socio-cultural elements exhaustive study of this population. However, covering that ultimately demands biological variations between the total aspect of anthropometric dimensions will be too the two groups with a common ancestor, leading to extensive and beyond the purview of this journal, hence the process of micro-evolution12. Further, Devi (2002) emphasis is given only to six cephalometric dimensions worked on the morpho-genetical study of Kwatha Meite and three relevant indices. The most important body part population settling in Chandel district of Manipur13 . In that epitomises personal identification of individuals the same year, Singh (2002) worked on the demography, is head and face. Also, being an anatomical entity that culture and bio-anthropology of Kom tribe14. In an arouses through biological processes during evolution attempt to examine the micro-evolutionary trend and its structure is regulated by the same embryological, Vokendro (2005) studied the anthropo-genetics of the anatomical, physiological mechanisms that form all Purum tribe of Manipur from a diachronic approach15. other parts of the body. The present study aims to know Also, Singh (2008) and Kiranbala (2010) worked on the natural constitution of the cephalometric anatomy of Koirao16 and Tangkhul tribe17, respectively. Exhaustive both the sexes of the Simte tribe. Also, the findings of the study on secular trend on anatomical features of head18, present study are being compared with the findings of face19 and nose20 of the Meitei males of Manipur valley the earlier workers who worked on different populations from a diachronic approach was carried out by Devi of Manipur. (2020)21 wherein she exclusively reported a secular trend in the cephalo-facial anatomy. Material and Method Though literature and database on cephalometric A total of 300 unrelated individuals comprising of anatomy of few selected community as mentioned above 123 males and 167 females constitute the sample size. are available, many of the communities still remain as The measurements were taken following the technique virgin with regards to this aspect. Among the so many recommended by Martin25 (as cited by Singh and 66 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 Bhasin, 2004). As far as possible, great care was taken analysis is made according to Lebzetter and Seller. The to avoid instrumental, personal and parallax error in name, abbreviation and landmarks of the anthropometric order to record accurate reading. The recording of data perameters selected for the present study are as follows. of all the measurements was made in centimeter. An

Measurement Abbreviation Landmark

Glabella (g)– prominent point in between two eyebrows just above Maximum Head Length - straight the nasal root in mid sagittal line distance between Glabella and MHL Opisthocranion(op) – most posterior point on the head in mid Opisthocranion sagittal plane

Maximum Head Breadth – straight Euryon (eu) - most lateral point on the lateral prominence of distance between Euryon to MHB parietal bone Euryon

Morphological Facial Height - Nasion (n) – the point on the root of the nose where it intersects straight vertical distance between MFH with the mid- sagittal plane nasion and gnathion

Breadth of Bizygomatic Arch Zygion (zy) – most lateral point on the lateral prominence of - straight horizontal distance BBA xygomatic process between two zygia points.

Nasion (n) – the point on the root of the nose where it intersects Nasal Length - measured from with the mid- sagittal plane, NL nasion to subnasal Subnasal (sn) – the point at which the nasal septum merges with the upper cutaneous lip in the mid-sagittal plane.

Nasal Breadth - Straight Alare (al) – the point at the most laterally prominent point on the horizontal distance between alare NB nasal wing to alare

Based on the six measurements, the following four relevant indices were calculated.

1. Cephalic Index : X 100

2. Morphological Facial Height = X 100

3. Nasal Index = X 100

Results and Discussion the ranges 12.1-13.0 cm in head height with very low percentages of 30.66 % males and 34.97% females. Based on the statistical analysis of the data on Males have low morphological facial length whereas somatometric measurements (table 1), it is observed that females have medium. The parameter of Breadth of the maximum head length falls within the ranges of ≥ Bizygomatic arch shows medium category in both sexes. 19.4 cm among males and 18.5≥ cm among females. The The nasal measurement of both the length and breadth maximum head breadth falls in the category of medium is done according to Schlaginhaufen. The inference is for males but broad for females. Both the sexes fall on Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 67 medium in case of males but below medium among females on the parameter of nasal length. However, the Simte has a broad nose as the inference of the nasal breadth is above medium in both the sexes.

Table-1: Cephalo-facial Dimensions of Simte Tribe of Manipur showing only the Highest Frequency Percent distribution

Parameters Sex Ranges (cm) f % Inferences

Somatometric Measurements

M 19.4-X 60/137 43.8 Very Long MHL F 18.5-X 74/163 45.4 Very long

M 14.8-15.5 64/137 46.72 Medium MHB F 15.0-15.7 73/163 44.79 Broad

M 11.2-11.7 64/137 46.72 Low MFH F 10.8-11.3 58/163 35.58 Medium

M 13.6-14.3 96/137 70.07 Medium BBA F 12.8-13.5 102/163 62.58 Medium

M 5.0-5.4 83/137 60.58 Medium NL F 4.5-4.9 73/163 44.79 Below Medium

M 3.5-3.9 87/137 63.50 Above Medium NB F 3.5-3.9 94/163 57.67 Above medium

Somatometric Indices

M 76.0-80.9 61/137 44.53 Mesocephalic Cephalic Index F 77.0-81.9 67/163 41.10 Mesocephalic

M X-78.9 61/137 44.53 Hypereuryprospic Morphological Facial Index F 81-84.9 50/163 30.67 Mesoprospic

M 70-84.9 96/137 70.07 Mesorhinae Nasal Index F 70-84.9 100/163 61.35 Mesorhinae

The statistical constant of three selected indices observed in both sexes. It comprises 44.53% for males (table 1) to study head and face are calculated and and 41.10% females. For Morphological facial index, classified based the conventional categories of Martin males fall within the category of Hypereuryprospic and and Saller. Simte population possesses all type of head females in Mesoprospic. The nasal index is in the middle forms. High incidence of ‘mesocephalic’ head form is ranges which is Mesorrhinae in both males and females 68 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 Comparative study: mean values. The difference is only 0.1 cm. Interestingly, Kwatha and Purum males share the same mean value,of Comparision of the mean values of cephalo-facial 13.66±0.14cm. Females mean distribution trend goes measurements and indices of the available populations from highest to lowest among Koirao (13.31±0.03 of Manipur are presented in table-2. The findings reveal cm), Kwatha (13.31±0.03 cm) and Simte (13.01±0.04 that among the males, highest mean values of maximum cm). The Tangkhul males have the highest nasal length head length is observed among the Simte (19.1±0.11cm) (5.22±0.04 cm) and narrowest nasal breadth (3.66±0.03 followed by Koirao (18.64±0.03 cm), Purum cm) compared to other populations. Others populations (18.45±0.04cm) Tangkhul (18.39±0.08 cm) and Kwatha have more or less similar mean distribution. In both (18.32±0.10 cm) being the least. Among the females too the sexes, Koirao has the highest mean values in nasal Simte tribe possess the highest maximum head length breadth among males with a mean value of (4.99±0.02 (18.33±0.08cm) followed by Koirao (17.87±0.04 cm) cm for males and 3.49±0.01 cm for females and then Kwatha Meitei (17.71±0.09 cm). Similarly, the highest mean value of maximum head breadth is With regards to indices (table 2) among males, also observed among the Simte (15.33±0.07cm for Length breadth index of the head or cephalic index males and 14.79±0.06 cm for females). Whereas the that Tangkhul (81.46±0.63) shows the highest mean least mean are among the Kwatha Meitei for males value while Kwatha (78.60±0.59) the lowest. Most of (14.61±0.20 cm) and Koirao for females (14.25±0.03 the populations subjected to study are ‘mesocephalic’ cm). As for morphological facial length, Koirao tribe except Tangkhul who are ‘brachycephalic’. With regards has highest mean value of 11.41±0.03 cm for males to Morphological Facial Index, the mean facial index and 10.56±0.07cm for females and Simte tribe has shows that all are ‘euryprosopic’ suggesting broad face the least for both the sexes i.e. 11±0.07cm for males except Tangkhul who are ‘mesoprosopic’. In respect and 10.54±0.05 cm for females. As regard Breadth to the nasal index, all populations under consideration of the Bizygomatic arch, Koirao (14.01±0.03cm) and show relatively medium type of nose i.e. ‘mesorrhine’. Tangkhul (14.02±0.06cm) males have almost similar

Table -2: Mean Values of different Cephalo-facial Dimensions of different Communities of Manipur

Parameters Simte (M-137; Kwatha (M- Purum Tangkhul Sex Koirao (M-213; F-214) (in cm) F-163) 58; F-58) (M-200) ( M-85) Somatometric Measurements Maximum Head M 19.1±0.11 18.64±0.03 18.32±0.10 18.45±0.04 18.39±0.08 Length F 18.33±0.08 17.87±0.04 17.71±0.09 - - Maximum Head M 15.33±0.07 14.79±0.03 14.61±0.20 14.69±0.04 15.02±0.08 Breadth F 14.79±0.06 14.25±0.03 14.38±0.10 - - Morphological M 11±0.07 11.41±0.03 11.18±0.07 11.27±0.04 - Facial Length F 10.54±0.05 10.73±0.03 10.56±0.07 - - Bizygomatic M 13.8±0.06 14.01±0.03 13.66±0.14 13.66±0.04 14.02±0.06 Breadth F 13.01±0.04 13.31±0.03 13.22±0.08 - - Nasal M 3.66±0.03 3.77±0.01 3.76±0.03 3.69±0.02 5.22±0.04 Length F 4.68±0.03 4.62±0.02 4.40±0.04 - - Nasal M 4.94±0.03 4.99±0.02 4.82±0.05 4.67±0.03 3.66±0.03 Breadth F 3.41±0.02 3.49±0.01 3.26±0.03 - - Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 69 Cont... Table -2: Mean Values of different Cephalo-facial Dimensions of different Communities of Manipur

Somatometric Indices Cephalic M 80.08±0.51 79.09±0.20 78.60±0.59 79.90±0.29 81.46±0.63 Index F 81.11±0.44 79.85±0.23 80.24±0.59 - - Morphological M 79.81±0.56 81.23±0.24 83.05±0.92 82.65±0.36 84.38±0.52 Facial Index F 81.13±0.45 80.68±0.23 80.73±0.81 - - Nasal M 73.99±0.54 75.50±0.39 76.64±1.08 79.54±0.60 70.74±0.85 Index F 73.66±0.58 75.86±0.35 75.5±1.00 - - Esther Devi, R. Vokendro, Kiranbala, Sources Lalremkim Singh, M. (2008) (2002) H. (2005) P (2010) (2015) Among females, the cephalic index of all the three Test of Significant (t-test) population falls under the class ‘mesocephalic’. Their mean values are 81.11±0.44 for Simte, 80.24±0.59 for To ascertain the inter-group differences and Kwatha and 79.85±0.23 for Koirao. With regards to similarities of the indices, t-test had been calculated from Morphological Facial Index, Simte (81.13±0.45) belong the mean value of cephalo-facial characters and their to ‘mesoprosopic’ while other two Koirao (80.68±0.23) indices of the selected population. The calculated t-test and Kwatha (80.73±0.81) fall on ‘euryprosopic’ values at 0.5% confidence interval of their respective suggesting broad face. Similarly, the related nasal index degree of freedom are listed in table- 3 for cephalo-facial of all three populations falls on ‘mesorrhinae’ which measurements and table- 4 for indices. mean a relatively medium type of nose.

Table -3: Comparative study of Cephalo-matric mean distribution of different Communities using t-test

Popn Sex MHL MHB BBA MFH NH NB Tatal ‘+’ %

M 4.18* 6.75* 3* 5.13* 3.67* 1.67+ 1 16.7 S-Ko F 5.11* 7.29* 6* 3.17* 1.5+ 4* 1 16.7

M 4.88* 2.88* 0.93+ 1.8+ 2.5* 1.67+ 3 50 S-Kw F 6.89* 3.15* 2.1* 0.22+ 1.5+ 3.75* 2 33.3

S-P M 5.42* 7.1* 2* 3.38* 0.76+ 6.75* 1 16.7

S-T M 5.07* 2.82* 2.75* - 31.2* 32* 0 0

M 2.91* 2.63* 2.19* 2.89* 0.33+ 2.83* 1 16.7 Ko-Kw F 1.6+ 0.81+ 1.11+ 1.89+ 4.4* 7.67* 4 66.7

Ko-P M 3.8* 2* 7* 2.8* 4* 8* 0 0

Ko-T M 2.78* 2.56* 0.14+ - 36.25* 33.25* 1 16.7

Kw-P M 0.59+ 0.4+ - 1.13+ 1.75+ 3* 4 66.7

Kw-T M 0.54+ 1.86+ 2.4* - 29.2* 19.33* 2 33.3

P-T M 0.67+ 3.67* 5.14* - 38.25* 25.25* 1 16.7 70 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 Key: - = Data not available; + = insignificant; * = to 23.33% insignificant difference. However, 8.33 significant % of the parameters are not included due to non- availability of data. Similarly, among the females too Abbreviations: S-Simte; Ko-Koirao; Kw- statistically significant difference (61.11%) outnumbered Kwatha; P-Purum; T-Tangkhul. the insignificant difference (38.89%). The highest degree Abridge total: of significant difference of males is observed among the pair Kwatha-Purum constitute 66.7% (4 out of 6 Males: + = 14 (23.33%) ;*= 41 (68.33%);- =5 parameters) followed by Simte-Kwatha (50 %), Kwatha- (8.33%) Tangkhul (33.3%) and 16.7% each on Simte-Koirao, Simte-Purum, Koirao-Kwatha, Koirao-Tangkhul and Females: += 7 (38.89%) ;*= (61.11%); - =0 (0%) Purum-Tangkhul.However, no statistical significance is The greatest statistical significant difference and observed among the group Simte-Tangkhul and Koirao- similarity in selected head and face parameters is Purum. Among the females, with respect to inter-group observed within the inter-group Koirao-Purum and comparison of indices, highest statistically significance Kwatha-Purum respectively.A quick glance of table-3 is observed the inter-group of Koirao-Kwatha (66.7%), reveal that among males population, 68.33% of the inter followed by the inter group Simte-Kwatha (33.3%) and group comparisons show significant difference in contrast Simte-Koirao (16.7%).

Table-4: Comparative study of mean distribution of different Cephalometric Indices using t-test

S-Ko S-Kw S-P S-T Ko-Kw Ko-P Ko-T Kw-P Kw-T P-T Indices M F M F M M M F M M M M M

CI 1.8+ 2.52* 1.9+ 1.18+ 0.31+ 1.7+ 0.79+ 0.62+ 2.31* 3.59* 2* 3.33* 2.26*

MFI 2.33* 0.79+ 3* 0.43+ 4.23* 6.01* 1.92+ 0.06+ 3.3* 5.53* 0.4+ 1.25+ 1.63+

NI 2.25* 3.24* 2.19* 1.59+ 6.85* 3.22* 0.99+ 0.34+ 5.61* 5.06* 2.34* 4.31* 8.46*

Total ‘+’ 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 0 0 1 1 1

% 33.33 33.33 33.33 100 33.33 33.33 100 100 0.00 0.00 33.33 33.33 33.33

Key: - = Data not available; + =insignificant; * = significant

Abridge total:

Males: + =10 (33.33 %);* =20 (66.67%); - = 0 (0.00.%)

Females: + = 7 (77.78%); * = 2 (22.22%); - = 0 (0.00.%)

In the total mean distribution on three Cephalometric Indices on males, it is observed thatstatistical significant difference (66.67%) outnumber non-statistical difference (33.33%). Most statistical difference is seen in the population between Koirao-Purum and Koirao-Tangkhul (100% each). However, similarity (77.78%) outnumber difference (22.22%) among females. Statistical significant differences is found only among Simte-Koirao in MFI and NI. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 71 Conclusion 2. Eickstedt, E.F.V. The Races and Types of Western and Central Himalayas. Man in India;1926. 273- It can be concluded that the present study will provide 276. vital information and fill the gap of the literature of the Simte tribe of Manipur. Further, in all cephalo-facial 3. Guha, B.S. Racial Affinities of the People of measurements, the male populations have higher mean India. Census of India, 1931. Report. Vol.I. Pt. values compared to their female counterparts, which is III Ethnographical. Sec. A. Government of India, the universal phenomenon of sexual dimorphism. The Shimla; 1935. Simte falls in different range categories of somatomatric 4. Mahalanobis, PC and Boss, C. Correlations between parameters majority of which falling in medium range. Anthropometric Characters in some Bengal Castes One significant result is they have a large nose breadth and Tribes. Sankhya;1941. 9:249-260. as the inference of the nasal breadth is above medium 5. Karve, I. and Dandekar, VM Anthropometric category in both the sexes. The highest frequency Measurements of Maharashtra. Deccan College distribution of indices of Simte population falls on Monograph. S.No.8.Deccan College, Poona. 1951. Mesocephalic (CI); Hypereuryprospic (MFI) in males 6. Majumdar, D.N. and Rao, C.R. Racial Element but females in Mesoprospic (FI); and Mesorhinae (NI). in Bengal: A Quantitative Study. Asia Publishing A comparative study with regards to indices reveals that House, Calcutta; 1960. all the communities falls similar to the Simte except 7. Malhotra, K.C., Balakrishnan, V. and Karve, I. the Thankhuls who have CI (Brachycephalic) and FI Anthropometric variation in Tamil Nadu 1981: 50- (Mesoprosopic) among males. Among females, the 74. indices inference is similar to the Simte. The closeness and similarity in Cephalo-facial measurements and indices 8. Bhasin, M.K., Walter, H. and Danker-Hopfe, H. may be due to factor influencing similar environmental People of India. An Investigation of Biological condition and adaptation. Significant variations are Variability in Ecological, Ethno-economic and observed when compared between inter-groups. Linguistic groups. Kamla-Raj Enterprises. Delhi; Statistically significance difference outnumbered over 2004. similarity. It is believe that the variations observed are 9. Singh, K.S.Bio-anthropological study in three mainly as a result of exposure to different environmental populations in Manipur valley. Unp. PhD. Thesis. conditions and not because of genetic factors. A quick Poona Univ; 1978. glance on t-test reveal that male population ‘*’ (68.33% 10. Singh, L.R. Physical variation between two sections difference) outnumbered ‘+’ (23.33% similarities). of the Kabuis of Manipur and their ethnic position. Similarly, among the females too 61.11% of differences Unp. Ph.D. Thesis. Gauhati University;1986. outnumbered the similarities (38.89%). 11. Shah, M.L. Bio-anthropological study in three Acknowledgement: The author thanks all the populations in Manipur valley. Unp. Ph.D. Thesis. subjectsfor data, her brothers for helping while collecting Manipur University. Canchipur; 1990. data and Prof. S. Jibonkumar Singh for his constant 12. Singh, S.J. Anthropo-genetic variations on the guidance in all ways. Meiteis of Manipur and Assam. Unp. Ph.D. Thesis. Manipur University. Canchipur; 1991. Ethical Clearance – Taken from Ethical Clearance 13. Devi, R.K. The Kwatha Meitei culture and Committee, Manipur University demogenetic study. Unp. Ph.D. Thesis. Manipur Source of Funding – Self University. Canchipur; 2002. 14. Singh, L.R. The Kom tribe of Manipur their Conflict of Interest – Nil demography, culture and bio-anthropology. Unp. References Ph.D. Thesis. Manipur University.Canchipur; 2002. 1. Risley, H. The People of India. Orient Book 15. Vokendro, H. Anthropological study of the Purum Reprint Corporation, Delhi,1915;Reprinted 1969 72 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 tribe of Manipur, Unp. Ph.D. Thesis. Manipur Morphology of Meitei Males of Manipur, India, University. Canchipur; 2005. International Journal of Medical Research 16. Singh, M.M. Bio-anthropological study among the Professionals; 2017. 3(3) 155-158. Koirao of Manipur. Unp. Ph.D. Thesis. Manipur 21. Devi, T.B. Secular Trend in the Cephalometric University. Canchipur; 2008. Characters of the Meitei Males of Manipur Valley. 17. Kiranbala, P. The Tangkhuls of Manipur:A Unpublished Ph.D Thesis , Manipal bio-cultural study. Unp. Ph.D. Thesis. Manipur University; 2020 University. Canchipur; 2010. 22. Lianzira. Simte History. Self publication, Lamka, 18. Devi, T.B., Tamang B.K. and Singh, T.N. and Churachandpur; 2008. Singh, S.J. Secular Trend in Head Dimensions 23. Leivang, L. A Brief Description of the Simte,2011. and Cephalic Index of Meitei Male Population of [Online] http://www.simtepeople.com/a-brief- Manipur. India; 2016. 8 (8) 37348-51. description-of-the-simtes.html. [Accessed 19. Devi, T.B., Singh, T.N. and Singh, S.J. and Tamang 1/3/2013]. B.K. Facial Morphology and Facial Index :A Study 24. Director of Census Operation. Census of India, on Secular Trend of Meitei Male Population of Series 15 Manipur Part VIII(II), Director of Census Bishnupur District, Manipur, India. 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