• A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

VOL. 34, NO. 11 March 18-24, 1991 fflLlGIOUS iELioiia. AIMU Commander and his army of ducks. Photo by Tan Zeqiu HIGHUGHTS OF THE WEEK Beijing«-iew

VOL. 34, NO. 11 MAHCH18-24,1991

Is Tibet an Independent State'? CONTENTS

• Some self-exiled Tibetan separatists claim that Tibet has always been an "independent state." This article EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 provides evidence that Tibet became an administrative region under China's central government during the Beijing Bids for the 2000 Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century and that this rela• Olympiad tionship has remained unchanged for the past 700 Tibet Works Out Blueprint Official Collared for Taking years (p. 12). Bribes Women Celebrate Their Own Festival Enhancing Public Awareness of Religious Beliefs and Social Improvement Law China Disbands Unneeded • Although religion is very much alive in Tibet with Companies 90 percent of the population practising Buddhism, Tibetans take great interest in community development INTERNATIONAL and personal advancement. Their common aspiration is to make Tibet prosperous and secure a better life for The Gulf: Post-War Security themselves through hard work and constant economic Arrangements Tibet: Changes in the Last 40 and cultural advancement (p. 24). Years Latin America: Listless Economies 10

Latin America's Economic Woes CHINA

• Plagued by heavy debts, huge trade deficits and high Is Tibet an'Independent State'? 12 inflation, Latin American countries failed to arrest the Tibet: Religious Beliefs and slide of their economies last year. Prospects of a quick Reality 24 and strong economic recovery this year are not very BUSINESS/TRADE 29-31 encouraging, (p. 10) CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-33

TOURISM 34 Post-War Security Arrangements in Gulf COVER: Farmers and herdsmen • As soon as the fighting ended in the Gulf, the drive a tractor to attend a festival. international community, especially the United States It is now common for households and Arab countries, began making diplomatic efforts in rural Tibet to purchase tractors. to create a future security structure in the region. Photo by Han Xiaohua Several tentative plans are under discussion (p. 7).

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Beijing Bids for alone would cost millions of ing the Asiad. dollars, the Chinese govern• Samaranch pointed out that The 2000 Olympiad ment seems fully prepared. the Olympics were far larger Last year, Chinese President in scale than the Asiad and fter successfully hosting Yang Shangkun expressed the 11th Asian Games needed more organizing work China's interest in hosting the and better sports facilities, but A last year, Beijing has 2000 Olympic Games while now been officially nominated that China had an advantage meeting with the IOC Pres• in bidding since it enjoyed the as China's candidate for the ident Juan Antonio Samar• hosting of the 27th Summer all-out support of more than 1 anch, then visiting Beijing billion Chinese. Olympic Games in the year during the Asian Games. 2000, according to the Chinese "Hosting the Olympics has Olympic Committee (COC). After the Asian Games, Sa• long been a cherished dream maranch said it would be A spokesman for the com• for the Chinese," Wu Shaozu, "very beneficial" for the mittee told reporters on minister in charge of the State Olympic movement if the March 8 that the application world's most prestigious sport• Physical Culture and Sports would be promptly forwarded ing event could be held in Commission, told reporters. by the COC to the Interna• China. "The successful hosting of the tional Olympic Committee Asian Games has increased (IOC). The IOC chief said he had no doubts about China's or• our confidence in the Olym• The nomination had earlier pics," he added. been fully endorsed at a spe• ganizing ability, as well as its Wu promised his commis• cial session of the COC in Bei• appreciation and respect for sion would join efforts with jing in February. the Olympic movement, ad- ding that China had obtained the Beijing government and Speaking at the session, Bei• j excellent experience by host• jing Mayor Chen Xilong said the COC for the bidding. • that the hosting of the Olym• piad in the capital of the Peo• ple's Republic of China with a Tibet Worlcs The total output of meat in population of over 1.1 billion the region will be 112,000 tons would not only be an honour Out Blueprint in 1995, averaging 47.3 kilo• grams per person, and 129,000 for the Chinese people, but rr^he Tibet Autonomous tons in the year 2000, or 50.2 would also give wider re• Region will give priority presentation to the Olympic T to the development of kilograms per person. movement. agriculture and animal hus• The region turned out 93,- He Zhenliang, president of bandry in the next five to 10 000 tons of meat last year, av• the COC and vice-president of years. eraging 42 kilograms per per• the IOC, said the bidding told According to its five-year son. the world of "China's econo• plan (1991-1995) and 10-year The per-capita net income mic strength and determina• programme (1991-2000), the for farmers and herdsmen will tion to carry on the policy of regional government will in• be 550 yuan (US$106) in 1995 opening to the outside world." crease the input in agriculture and 800 yuan (US$154) in The Chinese government and animal husbandry in or• 2000 if the targets are has expressed its firm sup• der to raise the region's an• reached, compared with 430 port for the Beijing Munici• nual grain output to 625,000 yuan (US$83) last year. pal Government and COC in tons by 1995 and 725,000 tons At the same time, the gov• the application. by 2000. The average amount ernment will expand the light, Other bidders are Berlin, of grain per capita will rise handicraft, textile and mining Sydney, London and Brasilia, from last year's 253 kilograms industries, and the manufac• and more are expected. to 263 kilograms in 1995 and turing of commodities cater• The IOC will make its 282 kilograms in the year ing to the needs of local eth• choice at its 101st session in 2000. nic minorities. Tourism will September. 1993, in Monte Last year saw the region be boosted and exports of Carlo. reap a record grain harvest of woolen textiles, leather and Although the application 555,000 tons. Tibetan medicine promoted.

4 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24,1991 EVENTS/TRENDS

The regional government Deputy Procurator General I about one out of every thou• will also speed up the con• j Xiao Yang said that Han had sand officials above the coun• struction of basic industries ! been deprived of his member- ty level, who were suspected such as energy, transport, post \p in the National People's of economic offences. • and telecommunications. i Congress and removed from The region's power- the provincial people's con• Women Celebrate generating capacity will climb gress standing committee. He from 150,300 kilowatt hours I would be brought to court and Their Own Festival last year to 258,000 kilowatt I prosecuted very soon, Xiao n March 8, about 2,000 hours in 1995 and 390,000 kil• added. foreign and Chinese owatt hours in 2000. According to a 1982 amend- O women representives in While extending highways ; ment to China's Criminal Beijing gathered in the Great and expanding Konggar Air• I Law, embezzlers found guilty Hall of the People to mark the port near Lhasa, capital of the of pocketing at least 50,000 81st anniversary of the Inter• region, Tibet will further de• I yuan (US$9,600), and those national Working Women's velop satellite telecommunica• I accepting bribes of 10,000 Day, tions. I yuan or more, could face a Addressing the reception, The region will add 39 satel• I maximum sentence of life im• I Chen Muhua, chairwoman of lite ground stations in the next prisonment or even the death the All-China Women's Fed• five years and its telephone ; penalty. eration, extended cordial holi• network will cover all coun• ! Han's case came to the at- day greetings to all women ties and link its cities with I tention of the Supreme Peo- of China and the rest of the the national long-distance te• 1 pie's Procuratorate at the be- world. lephone network. ! ginning of last year when local • Chinese women, she said, Tibet's economy is still un• i inhabitants reported that Han have made remarkable derdeveloped due to a weak I had taken a large amount of achievements in various areas industrial base and the lack I cash and precious jewellry of endeavour. While enh• of management experience, I when helping a local construc- ancing self-respect and self- funds and technology, the ; tion enterprise win a lucrative I confidence, they have come central government has adopt• i contract. \ long way in seeking ed preferential and special i Further investigation found self-reliance and self- policies to help the region I that the 62-year-old Han, who improvement. realize its goals. • ! once served as a deputy gover• She spoke highly of the nor of Qinghai Province, had Chinese women athletes who Official Collared secured 13,000 yuan in ex• chalked up impressive records For Taking Bribes change for arranging for a lo- at the Eleventh Asian Games ; cal businessman to get an offi• by dint of their tenacity and senior provincial legis• cial gold-mining certificate in fine coordination. "Their per• lator was arrested on ! the metal-rich western prov- formance is an eloquent A January 22 on corrup• 1 ince, and had asked for a proof of women's potential in tion charges, the first major : further 4,000 yuan and sports," Chen added. legal action taken against a I US$800 from various private The chairwoman noted with leading official this year. I enterprises. satisfaction that in the past Han Fucai, vice-chairman j Xiao told the news confer• year new developments were of the standing committee of ence that the central govern- made in exchanges and co• the people's congress of Qing- ; ment had pledged to contin- operation between Chinese hai Province, was arrested af• I ue the fight against economic women and their sisters in ter an investigation revealed I crimes this year, and particu- other countries. The enhance• that he had accepted 35,800 I larly to intensify investiga- ment of their mutual under- yuan, US$800 and precious i tions into graft and bribery by I standing and friendship will jewellry in hrihos, the Su• government officials. I undoubtedly produce positive preme People's Procui atoratc According to him, procura- effects OR solidarity and co• announced at a press confer• j torates last year investigated operation between women of ence in Beijing on March 6. more than 1,200 officials, or I various countries, and adv-

BEIJING REVtEW. MARCH 18-24, 1991 5 EVENTS/TRENDS ance the cause of women's impossible to arrange, local and government organizations emancipation. officials will be encouraged to at all levels had established She said, " We wish to join open classes right at the farm• 14,416 companies since 1980. hands with our sisters in all ers' homes. So far, 11,284 such companies parts of the world and make More than 750 million have been cut or merged while tireless efforts to increase Chinese citizens participated the rest will be switched over friendship between all the in the first law study pro• to business departments. peoples, advance human pro• gramme which was launched Among the 42,667 Party gress and maintain world in 1986. The programme and government officials who peace." • achieved expected results and concurrently held posts in laid a foundation for the con• companies, 41,243 have either struction of China's socialist Enhancing Public given up such posts in favour legal system. • Awareness of l-aw of their government positions or vice versa. Those who are hina is launching a five- China Disbands employed by foreign-related year extensive , law Unneeded Companies enterprises will do so after C education pro• their contracts expire. gramme among citizens. rrihe effort to close During the screening, the The programme, recently I down unnecessary bus- judicial departments have un• approved by the central au• iness companies, a ma• covered and dealt with a large thorities, aims to increase jor step in China's economic number of criminal offences public awareness of the con• retrenchment, has achieved committed by companies or cepts of law and order so that remarkable progress during individuals. By the end of last civic rights will be duly pro• the past two years. year, 89,637 such cases had tected and civil obligations By the end of 1990, China been looked into and dealt fully performed. had cut or merged 103,772 with, and 32 large illegal The progaramme will be companies, or 35.2 percent of carried out among all literate the total in existence in 1988 economic organizations out• people, with the emphasis before the screening started. lawed. on senior officials above the This has curbed the rampant The screening activities do provincial and ministerial lev• growth in the number of com• not involve foreign-funded els, law enforcement person• panies and dealt a blow on enterprises and companies. On nel and middle school and col• speculation and profiteering. the contrary, the screening is lege students. Of the companies closed believed to have created better China's Constitution will be and merged, 7,123 were affi• conditions for foreigners to in• essential reading as the law of liated with Party and gov• vest and do business in China. the land. Other laws to be cov• ernment organizations, 198 The number of foreign- ered include the compulsory owned by military units, and invested enterprises has in• education law, the law on ral• 96,451 run by local govern• creased by a large margin dur• lies and demonstrations, the ment organs. ing the screening. Last year, administrative procedure law One most remarkable result 7,092 such enterprises were re• and the national flag law. in the screening, which will gistered in China, 34.2 percent Special laws and regulations come to an end in the first more than the 1989 figure. will also be driven home to half of this year, is to have those working in various pro• solved the problem of Party In order to bring the devel• fessions and trade. and government organizations opment of companies within The programme will adopt running enterprises by taking the framework of the legal a face-to-face approach, and advantage of their power and system, the state has issued part-time law schools, televi• the problem of Party and gov• more than 70 regulations and sion lectures and lectures at ernment officials "moonlight• decrees. The nation's first schools and colleges will play ing" in companies arid seeking company law has been worked a big role. personal gains through their out and will soon be promul• In villages where part-time advantageous position. gated and put into effect, study and night schools were Statistics show that Party by Staff Reporter Liu Jianjun

BEIJING R"EVtEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 INTERNATIONAL

Gulf: Post-War Security Arrangements

by Chen Jiang fter strategic air raids of world economies. Some Amer• ty of the six countries of the more than one month, icans have advocated the esta• Gulf Co-operation Council will Athe multinational troops, blishment of a NATO-type or• be considered first; and the Un• headed by the United States, ganization in the region; some ited States will maintain a signi• launched a ground attack against stand for a system similar to the ficant influence on the structure. Iraqi troops in Kuwait and Conference on Security and Co• One of the main targets of the Southern Iraq on February 24 in operation in Europe (CSCE); United States is the safe control a bid to liberate Kuwait. Iraq, and some favour a regional se• of the oil passage. Although the facing military failure, had to ac• curity framework similar to the United States has announced the cept unconditionally all 12 reso• Baghdad Treaty. Meanwhile, the gradual withdrawal of its ground lutions adopted by the UN Se• Arab nations insist on a pan- forces, it has also indicated that curity Council after its invasion Arab regional security structure, it will station stronger air and sea and annexation of Kuwait last based on the 1950 Arab Joint forces in the Gulf. August. On February 27, US Defence Treaty and the Charter However, the establishment of President George Bush an• of the Arab League, which ex• a new security structure alone is nounced in a televised address cludes Western and non-Arab not enough to maintain stabili• that Kuwait's independence had countries. Such non-Arab coun• ty in the Gulf. Reports say that been restored, the Gulf war had tries in the region as Iran and apart from new security arrange• basically ended and allied troops Turkey, however, hope to play ments, the United States, togeth• would cease fire. At last, the an important role in the post-war er with other major countries, six weeks of air assaults and security system. plans to carry on arms control in 100-hour ground war has been Due to the complex nature of the region, resolve the problems suspended and participants are ppoblems in the region, the Un- caused by the gap between rich now dealing with concrete issues^ Atsd States and other countries and poor, restore and reconstruct As soon as the fighting ended^^ must face serious questions if Kuwait, Iraq and other countries parties concerned began diplom• their aims are to be met. A suffering from the war, and set• atic activities for future security NATO-like organization means tle the Arab-Israeli conflict. arrangements in the Gulf region. the establishment of US military Peace in the Middle East can• The main goals of the United bases and relevant organizations not be separated from the so• States, openly declared after the in the region. This will probably lution of Arab-Israeli conflicts. outbreak of the Gulf crisis, are: trigger off anti-American action But different views emerge on Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait, in Arab countries and encourage this question. France and the So• the restoration of Kuwait's legal radical forces. A loose CSCE- viet Union persist in their efforts government, the maintenance of type organization could not to hold an international Middle peace and security in the Gulf provide defence against invasion. East peace conference, which the and the guarantee of US citizens' And a system excluding non- United States and Britain agree security. At present, the former Arab countries would perhaps with in principle but consider in• two have been achieved and the cause new confrontations, threa• compatible with the current si• others are under way. Yet it is tening the region's security. At tuation. If the conference is held clear that issues of peace and se• the same time, the joining of at present, the United States will curity will require extensive di• non-Arab countries could in• be isolated and Israel be asked to plomatic efforts to resolve with crease inner conflicts and put withdraw from the occupied ter• consideration of contradictions some countries in a dominant ritories, return to its 1967 bor• within the region. position. ders and guarantee the establish• Currently, the international What kind of security struc• ment of a Palestine state. If so, community is trying to set up a ture should be established in the Israel would consider its interests security mechanism to maintain region is under discussion. No will be infringed upon and its stability in the Gulf, a region matter what is finally decided, security possibly endangered. In significant to both Western and two points are clear: The securi• fact, it has rejected such a con-

BEIJING REVIEW, MAHCH, 18-24, 1991 7 INTERNATIONAL

ference. In light of this, the peace achieved in the Middle East Iraq will become a source of new conference will probably not be peace talks, a breakthrough is turbulence. held in the near future. It is like• unlikely. In general, the Gulf war has ly that the United States will ex• In addition, the role of Iraq brought about new conditions in ert limited pressure on Israel. in the future security system re• the Middle East, always the The Gulf war has greatly mains undecided. The United home of various complicated weakened Iraq and enhanced States is seeking a political over• contradictions. There is an op• moderate Arab nations' relations throw of the present Iraqi gov• portunity, as well as a challenge with Israel, creating a situation ernment after its military victo• to put a new pattern in place in favourable to Israel. After the ry. In Southern Iraq, anti- the region. For the United States, close of the Gulf war, however, government riots have recently Israel seems to harden its at• occurred in several cities. Now it was not difficult to win the titude towards the Palestinian that the war is over, Iraq faces war, but will be difficult to real• problem, clearly indicating its re• serious economic difficulties, as ize peace and stability in this fusal to negotiate with the Pa• well as the ethnic problem and long-turbulent region. In order lestine Liberation Organization. contradictions between Sunnite to stabilize regional security, This suggests that while a mea• and Shiite Moslems. It is diffi• Washington may pursue a strate• sure of progress will probably be cult to predict whether or not gy of "balance of power." •

Tibet: Changes in the Last 40 Years

by Fan Guoxiang

his year marks the 40th an• Politically, the Tibetan people provides important guarantees niversary of the peaceful have become their own mas• for the realization of various de• T Uberalion of Tibet. Over ters. The autonomous localities mocratic rights of the Tibetan the past 40 years, under the of the Tibet Autonomous Re• people and for the development leadership of the central gov• gion, in accordance with the of social, economic and cultural ernment and with the assistance provisions of the Constitution activities in the region. Further• from the people cf the entire and the Law on Regional Na• more, a team of cadres of mi• nation, memoers of different na• tional Autonomy, enjoy various nority nationalities has been tionalities in Tibet have been rights in the administration of formed with Tibetan nationali• closely united in their joint ef• local affairs in terms of their ty as the backbone. At present, forts. They h^ve effected demo• political, economic, cultural and cadres of Tibetan nationality cratic reforms, established a re• social development. The Peo• number over 37,000, accounting gional autonomous government ple's Congress of the Tibet Au• for 66.6 percent of all cadres. of minority nationalities, and tonomous Region has adopted Among cadres at the autonom• carried out socialist construc• and enacted over 20 local rules ous region level , those of Tibe• tion as well as reforms and open• and decrees as well as specific tan nationality occupy 72 per• ing to the outside world. As a regulations concerning the esta• cent. Major leading officials of result, Tibet has undergone pro• blishment of administration, so• the People's Congress, govern• found historic changes in politi• cial and economic development, ment, people's court and peo• cal, economic and other aspects. marriage', education, adminis• ple's procuratorate of the region Excerpts from a speech made recently tration of justice, forestry, grass• are all of Tibetan nationality. by Ambassador Fan Guoxiang at the lands, the conservation of na• Economically, agriculture 47th session of the United Nations tural resources and other fields. and animal husbandry in Tibet Commission on Human Rights in Gene• Such a variety of regulations va. have made great progress. In

8 BEIJING KlVniW, M4RCH 18-24, 199! INTERNATIONAL 1990, grain production reached routes from Lhasa to Lanzhou, Preservation of Cultural Relics a historical high of 555 million Xian, Chengdu, Guangzhou, adopted by the regional People's kg. In spite of the negative effect Germu and the capital of Nepal Congress contain specific regu• of the most serious snow storm have been established. Com• lations on all aspects of the pro• in 100 years, animal husbandry merce and tourism in Tibet tection, preservation, restora• provided a record 90 million are developing in a satisfactory tion and use of cultural relics. kg of commercial meat. Having manner. A total of 946 state The Potala Palace, Jokhang started from scratch, modern in• commercial centres, over 880 Temple and several other tem• dustry in Tibet has now devel• collective co-operative shops ples have been designated as ma• oped to a considerable degree. and 40,000 individual commer• jor national cultural relics un• Over 10 sectors have made grad• cial households have been set der special protection. In the ual progress, including electric up. With the help of the central past decade, the state has allo• power, mining, wool textile, government and other prov• cated a huge sum for the resto• leather, building materials, con• inces, modern hotels and res• ration of some important tem• struction, chemical industry, ples. Since 1989, the state has taurants have been built, thus provided nearly 40 million yuan paper, printing and food pro• improving tourist facilities, and and mobilized human and ma• cessing, with over 260 enterpris• a large number of tourists have terial resources for the urgent es. National handicrafts have been received. In addition, fi• and intensive restoration of the been maintained and developed. nance, postal service, commun• dilapidated Potala Palace. Folk• Since 1980, the state has spent ications and meteorology have lore culture has been revived 25 million yuan on supporting improved considerably. and collected. The well-known the national handicraft indus• The national culture of Ti• long saga of King Gesar, in the try. Tibet now boasts 108 bet has been protected, collect• form of folk songs, has been in• national handicraft enterprises ed, maintained and developed, cluded in the list of major items with more than 1,600 kinds of and the Tibetan language is res• of scientific research in China. products. They mainly serve the pected. The Regulation Con• Sixty-two volumes of the Tibe• needs of the local people, while cerning the Study, Use and tan language have been copied some products with a Tibetan Development of the Tibetan and published, with over 3 mil• flavour have entered the inter• Language, adopted by the Peo• lion copies being printed. national market. Communica• ple's Congress of the Autonom• Eight research institutes in Ti• tions and transportation have ous Region, stipulates the prin• bet and 20 institutes in other improved greatly; 40 years ago ciple of a dual system of both parts of China have been set up in Tibet there was not a single Tibetan and Han languages, to specialize in Tibetan studies. modern road. Now roads cover with the Tibetan language tak• On May 20, 1986, China's Re• 21,695 kilometres with over 720 ing the dominant position in Ti• search Centre for Tibetan Stu• bridges. An oil pipeline of 1,080 bet. The precious cultural relics dies was founded in Beijing. kilometres has been built from of Tibet are under protection. These institutes have collected, Germu to Lhasa. Civil aviation Provisional Regulations on the translated and published over 300 types of classical works, ma• terials and historical documents on Tibetan studies, totalling more than 1 million copies. They have also published per• iodicals and trained research personnel. Moreover, studies on Tibetan medicine and Tibetan calender have made significant discoveries. National elemen• tary education has developed from nothing. Before the peace• ful liberation, Tibetan educa• tion took place only in temples for the study of scripture, aside- from a few private schools for the children of the aristocracy.

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 9 INTERNATIONAL

At present, Tibet has 3 univers• temple offers courses on scrip• able. The population of the Ti• ities, 15 vocational schools, 68 ture studies and every year sev• betan nationality was estimated high schools, 2,398 primary eral large-scale scripture teach• at slightly over 1 million. In schools and 40 kindergartens. ing activities and debates are 1953, at the time of China's first Thus a system of national edu• held. The Tibetan Buddhist As• national census, the population cation with local characteristics sociation has published a maga• of Tibet was 1.274 million. In has been formed to a certain de• zine in Tibetan, entitled Buddh• July 1990, the fourth national gree. ism in Tibet, which specializes census showed that the total po• The policy of freedom in reli• in research articles on Buddh• pulation of Tibet was 2.196 mil• gious belief has been carried out ism and temple history. With lion, of which 2.096 million are in Tibet. At present, over 1,400 the authorization of the govern• Tibetans, accounting for 95.46 ment, some large temples prod• temples and other places of re• percent of the total population. uce printing plates and publish ligious activity have been res• The nearly 100,000 people of tored and opened to the public scriptures themselves. The volu• minous scriptures in Potala Pa• Han and other nationalities in with 34,000 monks and nuns, Tibet are mostly speciaUzed per• which on the whole manage to lace have been sorted out and sonnel and technical workers, satisfy the needs of religious be• are being copied by calligra- with a relatively high level .of lievers and ordinary people in phers. education and specific skills. their normal religious activi• Since the peaceful liberation, ties. Believers can freely set up Coming from many provinces of the population of the Tibetan the country, they have made im• Buddhist shrines and halls in nationality in Tibet has dou• portant contributions to the eco• their homes, chant scriptures bled, increasing from about 1 nomic and cultural development and pray. They can also go to million to over 2 million. Such a temples for religious activities high natural growth rate is un• of Tibet, working together with as they like. Buddhist research precedented in the history of Ti• the Tibetan people. They have institutes have been established bet. The following basic statis• overcome difficulties such as al• and famous Living Buddhas and tics further illustrate this point. titude sickness and some have Buddhist scholars are often in• At the time of the peaceful lib• even given their lives in this vited as professors to teach class• eration of Tibet in 1951, the lo• process, thus forging a profound ical works of Buddhism and cal government had no accur• friendship with the Tibetan peo• religious history. Each major ate population statistics avail• ple. • Latin America: Listless Economies

by Shen An

atin American countries' fell 0.5 percent last year, follow• people, nearly half of the re• efforts to stop the down• ing a drop of 1.5 percent in the gion's population, living in pov• L ward slide of their econom• previous year. Other economic erty. This has intensified social ies in the past year failed. Econ• indexes were equally as unexcit• problems, accentuated contradic• omies of the region were put in ing. Per capita gross domestic tions among different classes and recession after nine years' econo• product dropped 2.6 percent caused societal instability. mic crisis. Lacking the strength while inflation rate remained in Uneven development remains necessary to recover, the region's the four-digit bracket seen in the one of the region's economic economy will mostly likely stag• previous year. Large numbers of problems. However, the situation nate and remain in a slump this enterprises went bankrupt, caus• changed last year as the econ• year. ing the unemployment rate to omies of some highly-developed skyrocket. In some countries, the countries in the region began Problems rate of partial or full unemploy• slowing down. In Chile and Col• According to the survey by the ment reached as high as 40 per• ombia, for example, economies Economic Commission for La• cent. Consumption decreased 13 which developed rapidly in the tin America and the Caribbean percent in comparison with the past years began to cool off, (ECLAC) on 24 countries in the year before. ECLAC estimates dropping 4 percent last year. In region, gross domestic product that there are some 200 million addition, Venezuela and Mexi-

10 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 INTERNATIONAL

co's economies, which were grow• the following: each year. Yet the region's in• ing smoothly at the beginning of 1. Foreign debts continue ex• vestment fell by-13 percent last the year, also failed to reach ex• panding. The entire region's for• year. pected targets. The ECLAC has eign debt accounted for US$422 2. Unreasonable economic divided the 24 countries in the billion last year, an increase of structures have not been region into four groups. The first 3.5 percent in comparison with changed. Some governments one includes the three countries the previous year. Principal and have been stymied in their quest whose economies have grown at interest due last year totaled for economic reform. Ignorance a rate above 3.5 percent: Vene• US$390 billion. of governments' decrees is com• zuela, Costa Rica and Colombia. 2. Debt-paying ability has been mon in these countries unable The six countries whose econom• further weakened. Defaulting on to implement their economic re• ies have grown under the 3 per• interest has become common in form plan. Other countries, such cent rate make up the second the region. There have been as Brazil, have implemented grouping, and the third one cons• some improvements in Costa Ri- "shock" plans with an aim to stop ists of six countries whose econ• can and Venezuelan debt condi• rising inflation through re• omies have grown at a rate equi• tions after they reached agree• duced investment. Such restric• valent to or less than their po• ments with their creditors on tive measures have obviously pulation rate. The final group debt reductions in accordance slowed down their economies. contains nine countries whose with the Brady Plan. However, 3. Elements aside from econo• econoMies have had a negative as the agreements affect only mics, such as war, strikes, social growth rate. For example, last tens of billions of dollars, they disorder and instable political si• year Argentina's economy de• will hot play a major role in set• tuation, have impeded some creased by 2 percent, Brazil's fell tling the total of US$400 billion governments' implementation of by 3.85 percent, Peru's dropped regional debt. Some 15 countries economic reform measures. by 5 percent while Nicaragua's in the region, including Brazil, What will the economic devel• fell by 5.5 percent. have announced suspension of opment of Latin American coun• As for foreign trade in Latin interest payments on their for• tries look like? The disadvanta• America, the situation is also eign debts because of lack of geous conditions discussed above worsening. International trade funds. It was estimated that from will surely affect regional econo• deficits rose due to the decrease 1989 to 1990, the defaulted debt mic development. But there will in foreign trade. Many countries' interests of the whole region in• also be some positive changes. capacities to pay debts have been creased from US$18 billion to Some countries, such as Mexi• reduced while their debts con• about US$25 billion, while the co, Bolivia and Brazil, have tinue increasing. According to moratory debt increased from achieved results in adjusting ECLAC statistics, the region's US$13.9 billion to US$19.7 bil• their economic structures. If current-account deficits reached lion. Heavy debts have caused a their efforts succeed, they will as high as US$10 billion last heavy outflow of capital in the establish reasonable economic year. Such cases recall the re• past nine years, estimated at structures under which their gion's debt crisis in 1982, when US$25 billion yearly. economies can develop rapidly. international trade deficits of the Debtor countries will hold talks region accounted for US$28.3 with their creditors on lessening Prospects billion. their debt burden, and will prob• The foreign trade slump and Many factors contribute to ably receive debt reductions. Re• heavy debts are the main reasons the economic recession of La• gional integration will continue contributing to the high balance tin American countries. Inter• expanding, which will give a tre• of international payments. The nal ones are as follows: mendous impetus to economic region's exports reached US$115 1. High inflation caused by the development. The improved re• billion last year while imports long-term economic crisis has led lations between Latin American fell to US$89 billion. The total to widespread bankruptcy. With countries and the United States volume of the region's foreign its severely limited resources, the and Europe will also be benefi• trade was reduced by 6 percent region has little strength for eco• cial. last year. As prices of raw mater• nomic recovery. According to es• In general, the economic state ials and primary products fell, timates by the ECLAC, Latin of Latin American countries will the region failed to attain more American economies will not remain difficult this year. Al• benefits from increased exports. maintain a positive growth rate though there will be some posi• The region's debt situation is unless regional investment iu- tive changes, the situation as a also serious, and is reflected in creases at a rate of 25 percent whole will not improve much. •

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 11 CHINA

Is Tibet an "Independent State"?

Question: China is a history, Songtsan Gam- Tibet became an country witli a long his• bo, who annexed more administrative region tory and many nationali• than ten tribes and esta• ties. Are there any his• blished the Tubo King• under the jurisdiction torical facts to show that dom (629-846). To con• af China's central Tibet has long been solidate and develop the an inseparable part of Tubo slave rule, Songt• government during China? san Gambo advocated the Yuan Dynasty in Answer: China is a absorbing the advanced unified multi-national culture of the central• the 13th century. Over country. It is a nation ized authority of the the past 700 years, formed by many differ• Tang Dynasty (618-907) ent ethnic groups in the in the central plains. this relationship has course of a long per• Songtsan Gambo mar• remained unchanged. iod of historical devel• ried Princess Wen opment. Following a Cheng (?-680) of the A handful of long process of historical Tang Dynasty, and de• self-exiled Tibetan development, Tibet has veloped close ties with become an inseparable the Hans in politics, separatists, however, part of China. economy and culture. In claim that Tibet has 1. Friendly exchanges 821, the Tang court between the Han and Ti• and the Tubo Kingdom always been an betan people go back to formed an alliance. "We "independent state." ancient times. conferred about uniting According to The our countries and con• What are the facts? Book of the Later Han cluded a treaty of alli• The following are Dynasty of the early 5th ance. This will never be century, the "Faqiang" changed. May the gods excerpts from our (ancestors of the Ti• confirm it. Generations book "Tibet: From betans) had exchanges to come will forever with the Hans in the praise it." In this way, 1951 to 1991," which central plains from 477 a close political alliance will soon be BC to the 4th century. was formed which later This is the earliest writ• served as a foundation published to help ten record of Han- for a united country. people belter Tibetan contacts discov• 2. In the 13th century, ered up until now. In the Tibet became an ad• understand Tibet's early 7th century, the ministrative region of past and Xiboye tribe flourished China. in Yalong, Tibet. From In 1206, Genghis present.—Ed. among its members Khan (1162-1227), lead• emerged the noted na• er of the Mongohans be• tional hero in Tibetan gan to expand his power.

12 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 CHINA

after establishing the Mongol Khan court. In 1244 (the "Wood-Dragon" year of the Ti• betan Calendar), Go Dan, prince of the Mongol Khan court, sent envoy Dorta Napo to Tibet with special instructions to invite Kongka Gyaincain (1182-1251) of the Sagya Sect in Tibet to Liangzhou (now Wuwei City in Gansu Province) to negotiate Ti• bet's peaceful allegiance to the Mongol Khanate. In 1247, after Go Dan and Kongka Gyaincain agreed on the conditions for se• curing Tibet's allegiance to the Mongols, Kongka Gyaincain wrote to the leaders of all sects in Tibet to persuade them to obey the Mongol Khan. (These two important historical docu• Wall painting from 1253, "Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan Grants an Audience to Qoije ments are included in The Sagya Pagba." Pagba was given the title of Imperial Tutor by the Yuan Emperor. Lineal Descriptions in Tibetan. The book has now been re• founded the Zongzhiyuan in —Divided the area into ad• printed.) In 1260, Kublai Khan 1264 to handle the affairs of ministrative units and appointed (1215-94), inheriting the throne Buddhist organizations across local officials. After a census, of the Mongol Khan, became China and of Tibet. In 1288, this the Yuan court divided Tibet first emperor of the Yuan Dy• body was renamed the Xuan- • into 13 wanhus (communities of nasty. He conferred the title of zhengyuan. 10,000 households each). Heads "Imperial Tutor" upon Kong• —Set up the system of imper• of the Wanhus were directly ap• ka Gyaincain's nephew Pagba ial tutor and appointed the ad• pointed by the Yuan court. (1235-80), Prince of Dhama of ministrative and religious head. —Three Pacification Commis• the Sagya Sect, and presented Pagba, leader of the Sagya Sect sioner's Offices were set up in him with a jade seal. in Tibet, was appointed as the Tibet and other Tibetan areas In 1271, Kublai Khan es• first imperial tutor. With this ti• to lead the garrisons and handle tablished his dynasty under the tle, and also his position as head the administrative affairs of the name of Yuan. Later, after over• of the Zongzhiyuan, he became wanhus. coming the Southern Song Dy• a key official in the central gov• —Made several investigations nasty (1127-1279) and unifying ernment. Pagba, who was in of Tibet's population, land and China, he set up a central regime charge of both the political and livestock, strengthened tax col• with Dadu (today's Beijing) as religious affairs of Tibet, started lecting and the administration of the capital. The Yuan Dynasty the system of integrating gov• corvee service, and sent relief to took Tibet as an administrative ernment administration with re• people in disaster-stricken areas. region under the direct control ligious affairs. —Set up couriers stations and of the central government and —Set up the system of "ben- military posts, and stationed exercised complete jurisdiction qin." The benqin, as the supreme troops at strategic points. over it: Tibetan administrative official 3. Successive central govern• —Kublai Khan made Tibet a nominated by imperial tutor and ments of China have been exer• hereditary fief for his seventh approved by the emperor, helped cising effective sovereignty over son. the imperial tutor handle admin• Tibet all long. —The central government istrative affairs in Tibet. The central government of the

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 13 CHINA Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) basi• cally continued the administra• tive arrangements as taken over from the Yuan Dynasty in rul• ing Tibet. Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-98), the first Ming empe• ror, dispatched envoys to Tibet with an imperial edict demand• ing that all the leaders of various tribes in Tibet give their allegi• ance to the Ming imperial court, and recognized the Tibetan of• ficials appointed during Yuan rule. The emperor also recon• firmed the titles of the succes• sive officials who were perceived as the major powers in Tibet. . Military and government organ• izations were established in Ti• bet. Envoys were also sent to appoint and award local admin• Certificates of appointments issued by Kublai Khan to Tibetan rulers. istrative and religious heads, and courier stations were reopened. nationalities in China (Han, central governments have prac• The Qing Dynasty Manchu, Mongolian, Hui and tised varied political systems in (1644-1911) strengthened its ad• Tibetan) to be under its rule Tibet; these included the wanhu ministrative grip on Tibet. The and proclaimed the unification system, the hereditary headmen titles of Dalai and Bainqen were of the country. The Provisional system; the fief system, the Ka• officially granted by the Qing Constitution and the Constitu• loon system and the system of emperors. The Qing court set up tion of the Republic of China dispatching commissioners to Ti• the office of the high commis• stipulated that China was a uni• bet. Undeniably, the local Tibe• sioners dispatched to Tibet and fied country and Tibet was a tan regime has all along been the Kasha (local Tibetan govern• part of China. The central gov• under the control of the central ment), founded the Kaloon Sys-. ernment set up an administra• government. tem (the system of local Tibe• tive body in Tibet and esta• Q: The relation between Tibet tan government officials), sent blished an agency in Lhasa. On and the imperial courts in history troops to repulse foreign in• its part, Tibet had delegates in is said to have been one between vaders, formulated the famous the parliament and sent repre• a religious "beneficiary and bene• 29-article Regulations Concern• sentatives to attend the National factor," but not one of political ing the Administration of Tibet Assembly, and set up representa• subordination. How about the to establish clearly how the pol• tive offices in Nanjing, Beijing historical facts? itics, economy, foreign affairs, and Chongqing. Representatives A: There did exist a kind of and religious and military af• of the central government had "beneficiary and benefactor" re• fairs in Tibet should be man• been sent to mourn the death of lationship between Tibet and the aged. The regulations marked the 13th Dalai Lama and the 9th central authorities. However, the greater systematization in the Bainqen. The representatives la• relation was not only religious. rule by law exercised by the cen• ter approved the successors to It was the result and expression tral government over Tibet. the Dalai Lama and Bainqen the of the establishment of political During the period of the Re• "soul boys" reincarnate. The of• subordination, and this embod• public of China (1911-49), the ficial installation ceremony of ied profound political implica• successive central governments the 14th Dalai Lama and the tions. opposed and resisted activities 10th Bainqen were presided over The "beneficiary and benefac• steering towards "Tibetan inde• by envoys sent by the central tor" relation was originally a re• pendence" and upheld China's government. ligious term. "Beneficiary" re• sovereignty over Tibet. In 1912, The above historical facts fers to those who receive alms. the government of the Republic show that, since the Yuan Dy• "Benefactor" refers to those who of China declared the five main nasty, the successive Chinese provide alms or make offerings.

14 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 CHINA Lamas receive alms and offer• ings in Tibetan Buddhism, so the "beneficiary and benefactor" re• lation was also paraphrased as the "Lama and benefactor" rela• tion. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the relation of "be• neficiary" and "benefactor" be• tween the local Tibetan authori• ty as receiver and the central imperial court as giver was dif• ferent from the religious one ex• isting among monks and laymen. According to historical re• cords, the "beneficiary and be• nefactor" relation between Tibet and the central imperial courts Seal given to the Tibetan ruler as a took shape in the course of the tolien of power by a Ming Emperor in political process of Tibet's subor• 1373, and the print of the seal. dination to the central imperial courts. Tibet's subordination to Sapan to continue to expound iental nation. It made a great the Yuan Dynasty was realized the Buddhist canons. Sapan historical contribution to a uni• through negotiation and consul• called the Mongolian Khan the tary multi-national state. tation, not through the es• incarnation of Bodhisattva and a New dynasties tended to fol• tablishment of a religious "bene• "great benefactor." This showed low the preceding tradition. It ficiary and benefactor" relation. that the "beneficiary and bene• was not true that everything At that time, it was impossible factor" relation was formed with changed with the replacement of for Mongolian aristocrats to give the political subordination of Ti• one dynasty by another. During up their own religion of Sha• bet to the central imperial the long history of the Ming and manism and Nestorianism to be• courts. Qing dynasties following the come converted to Buddhism It is proved by the above fact Yuan, Tibet was always an inte• shortly after the subordination. that political subordination was gral part of China. The "bene• It was impossible for Go Tan, the prerequisite for the establish• ficiary and benefactor" relation the Mongol prince, to take the ment of the "beneficiary and be• existing together with the.politi• initiative of inviting a lama as a nefactor" relation, and the esta• cal relation was maintained with beneficiary. After much politi• blishment of that relation was special characteristics of differ• cal maneuverings, the famous the result of the realization of ent dynasties. The "beneficiary Tibetan Sagya Master Banzhi- the political objective, and was and benefactor" relation was al• da (Sapan) was invited to visit also an important means to soli• ways controlled by the political Liangzhou, an inland town, in dify the political relation. If the subordination. During the his• 1246. He decided to subordinate "beneficiary and benefactor" re• tory of the three dynasties, the Tibet to the Mongol imperial lation had not been established, central governments benefited court after negotiation with Go the historical process of Tibet's Tibet by giving salaries to the Tan. Sapan issued a famous subordination to the central im• living Buddhas and the Dalai statement to the Tibetans, in• perial court would not have been Lama and Bainqen Lama, build• forming them of the alligence of so smooth. As proved by the ing temples for the two and giv• Tibet to the central authority. It facts, the establishment of the ing alms to monks. The local was pointed out in the statement relations through peaceful nego• leader who combined both polit• that the subordination represent• tiations helped avert a disaster- ical and religious authority sub• ed by Sapan was sincere and that ous military confrontation and mitted to the emperors of the Tibet would submit to the rule smoothly solve the issue of polit• three dynasties, received the of the central authority. It was ical subordination. This histor• conferment of titles from the also noted in the stateinent that ical process manifested vividly central authority, and recog• the Mongolians had come to be• the unique cultural tradition nized the subordination of Tibet lieve in Buddhism, and sutras and political wisdom of the or- to it. Meanwhile, as benefactors.

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 15 CHINA the emperors of all the dynasties many nationalities. For exam• istered by the Ming and Qing safeguarded the political, re• ple, the Xianbei established the dynasties. The ethnical relations ligious and economic interests of Northern Wei Dynasty in the between Tibetans and Mongoli• Tibet, resisted external invasions fifth century; the Tubos set ans, or Manchus, were turned and safeguarded the unity of up the Tubo Kingdan and the into the subordination of the lo• China. This is the essence of the Mohes set up the Bohai regime cal Tibetan authority to the cen• "beneficiary and benefactor" re• in the 7th century; the Qidans tral authority after the Mongoli• lation between Tibet and central established the Liao imperial ans and Manchus set up their authority. court; the Baimans founded the own dynasties. So the arguments Q: The relationship between Ti• Dali regime in the tenth centu• which represent China as hav• bet and the imperial court during ry and the Dangxiangqiang es• ing been conquered by foreig• the Yuan and Qing dynasties is tablished the Xixia regime in the ners during the Yuan and Qing said to have been simply the rela• 11th century, and the Nuzhens dynasties, the arguments that ig• tionship between the Tibetans and set up the Jin Dynasty in the nore China's political and histo• two other nationalities, the Mon• 12th century. ry and render the relation be• golians and the Manchus. What However, despite the changes tween the local government of conclusion can one draw from of dynasties, China continued to Tibet and the central power as that? be ruled by one imperial court, that between Tibetan and Mon• A: During the Yuan and Qing namely, the Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, golian or Manchu nationalities dynasties, there did exist rela• Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dy• do not accord with historical tions between Mongolians and nasties. Most of these imperial facts. Tibetans, between Manchus and courts were set up by the Han Q: Some people use the differ• Tibetans, between Han people nationality. Other nationalities ences in race, language and cul• and Mongolians and Manchus, also established centralized im• ture between the Tibetan and Han and between Mongolians or perial courts. For instance, the nationalities to show that Tibet is Manchus and other national• Mongolian nationality founded an independent country. Does this ities. These relations were the Yuan Dynasty in the mid- argument stand? formed under the central rule 13th century, and the Manchu A: It is common knowledge of the imperial court during the nationality set up the Qing Dy• that country and nationality Yuan and Qing dynasties. The nasty in the mid-17th century. are different concepts. There are relations established under the Third, interdependence and countries in the world CQmposed prerequisite of political submis• unification dominated the of one single nationality, or sion were in fact relations of century-long exchanges among many nationalities. Also one na• political subordination. All oth• nationalities. A strong solidarity tionality can set up several coun• er relations, including relations and coherence have thus devel• tries, or can be divided and join between nationalities, and reli• oped in the Chinese nation. The other countries. So the argument gious relations, were of the same imperial court set up by Han or that uses distinctions in race, nature. other nationalities and local ad• language and culture to testify Chinese feudal society, which ministrations were often domi• that one nationality cannot exist lasted more than 2,000 years, nated by officials from one na• together with other nationalities bears several characteristics. tionality with the participation in one country is not in accord• First, China is a multi-national of those from other nationalities. ance with, history and reality. country. The Chinese nation of The main characteristic of such The Tibetan nationality creat• today arose from centuries of administrations was the strong ed a rich and highly distinctive exchanges between nationalities protection of China's unity, al• culture of its own over a long which appeared on this broad lowing no separation of the land period of historical develop• and rich land called China. or the country. The coherence ment. The Chinese government Siecond, apart from the Han which originated from the mu• respects the traditional culture nationality, other nationalities tual exchange and attraction of Tibet and carries out policies such as the Mongolian and Man- among the nationalities accounts which promote the inheritance chu nationalities also once in for the existence of a unified and development of the Tibetan Chinese history set up unified China and the development culture. Furthermore, there has imperial courts which exercised shared by all nationalities. been a long history of exchanges, centralized authority. Local im• Tibet which became an admin• absorption and mutual influence perial courts and regional au• istrative region during the Yuan among the cultures of the Tibe• thorities were also set up by Dynasty continued to be admin• tan, Han and other nationalities.

16 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 CHINA Archaeological findings in re• cent years show that primitive culture on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Neolithic Age *.'\ when the ancient Tibetan na• tionality was being formed was nr. s i V f »- • • K c *!. t a complex culture with multiple A « -f »-1, t h A i i K-4 »- characteristics. The ancient civ• Ti C ^ « * + . & K .* -i- ^ *• ilization in the Central Plains of •*• t'! V *, - ,v .* ^\ the Yellow Rever valley and in the Yangtze River valley, the prairie nomadic culture to the north, and the tropical valley agriculture in Southeast China all were once converging in the direction of spacious, beautiful Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The mul• tiplicity in the primitive culture Certificate of appointment given to Sakya Yeshi, head of the Tibetan Gelug of Tibet was due to the mutual denomination by a Ming Emperor in 1410. influence and mixing of these each branch ru had its own ru ing to the ru flag of the Tubo ancient cultures on the plateau. flag. Of these flags two had a Kingdom. This is the history of Among the brotherly nationali• lion design. the "Snow Mountain Lion Flag." ties in China exist both unique By the mid-9th century, the In 1954, when the 14th Dalai characteristics of independent Tubo Kingdom collapsed. For a Lama attended a meeting in development of individual cul• long time after that, there were Beijing, Chairman Mao Zedong ture and common historical no regular troops in Tibet. Cer• asked him, "It is said Tibet had characteristics; the combination tainly, there was no formal army a national flag. Is it true?" He of which represents the bound• flag. It was not until the late denied this and answered that less amplitude of the culture of 18th century that the Qing Dy• the "Snow Mountain Lion Flag" the Chinese nation. nasty sent troops to repulse a was an army flag. Q: Some self-exiled Tibetans foreign invasion of Tibet and Since the question of the "na• claim, "We have our own national formulated the well-known tional flag" is clearly explained, flag, army and currency. Tibet is 29-article Regulations Concern• that of the "army" is also solved. worthy of the name of an inde• ing the Administration of Tibet. Historically, the Tibetan Army pendent country." What are the The regulations called for esta• was established under the aus• facts? blishing a local regular army sys• pices of China's emperor. It A: The "national flag" separ• tem. The 4th article stipulated, served as a local army and along atists mention is the "Snow "There has been no regular army with the troops sent by the cen• Mountain Lion Flag," the flag of in Front and Rear Tibet. When tral government, it was under the local Tibetan army. In Ti• needed, an army was tem• the command of the commis• betan history, the lion flag ap• porarily conscripted, thus sioners sent by the Qing court peared in the 7th century. When lacking fighting power and in• to Tibet to consolidate national Songtsan Gambo established the terrupting people's normal life, defence and safeguard local se• Tubo Kingdom, he divided Ti• with negative effects. Now with curity. In order to improve the bet into four political and mili• the permission of the emperor, quality of the troops, the central tary regions, a system somewhat the local regular army is to be government of the Qing Dynas• like the system for deployment 3,000 strong. One thousand sol• ty set clear stipulations in the of troops in the Tang Dynasty diers each will be stationed in 29-article Regulations concern• —the so-called "four ru's in Ti• Front and Rear Tibet, and ing the establishment of the bet." Each ru contained two 500 each will be stationed army, provisions and funds, and branches, the upper ru and the in Gyangze and Tingri." The awards and punishments. The lower ru. Therefore, there were 3,000-men army was the "Tibe• Tibetan Army existed as a part altogether eight branch ru's in tan Army." Both regular train• of the whole nation's military Tibet. Ru means "flank," a mili• ing and command in battle need• system in the Qing Dynasty. tary battle-formation. To com• ed an army flag so the Tibetan The currency in Tibet was a mand and muster troops easily. army flag was designed accord- component part of China's cur-

BEUING REVIEW, MAKCH 18-24, 1991 17 CHINA rency system. Since the Han and tional currency system. Sonam Gyatso "Dalai Lama." It Tang dynasties, the Tibetan cur• Q: How did the titles of "Dalai" was a combination of Tibetan, rency had close ties with that in and "Bainqen" come into being? Mongolian and Sanskrit, mean• the interior. In the 13th century, A: Dalai and Bainqen were ing "omniscience and great au• when Tibet formally became a two disciples of Tsong-Kha-pa, thority." From then on, the title region of China, it used gold and the founder of the Yellow Sect of Dalai Lama has existed in Ti• silver as a means of payment just of Tibetan Buddhism. They betan history. But this was only as in the interior. The central formed two hereditary systems. an honorific title exchanged be• government in the Yuan Dynas• The two titles were granted by tween individuals. At that time, ty provided large amounts of China's emperors. the Ming government had ap• financial aid for Tibet. Four aids The word "Dalai" first ap• pointed Altan Khan the Prince recorded in the History of the peared in the Ming Dynasty. In Shunyi. Because of this, Sonam Yuan Dynasty included 5,754 1578 (the 6th year of the Ming Gyatso asked Altan Khan to re• taels of gold, 21,000 taels of sil• Emperor Wanli), Altan Khafl of quest the Ming emperor for a ver and money worth 150,000 title on his behalf. Before long, taels in silver. At that time, the the Tumet tribe of the Mongols courier station along the routes stationed in Qinghai and invited Emperor Wanli acceded to this from the inland to Tibet were Sonam Gyatso, leader of Yellow request and conferred on him a provided funds in the form of Sect, to preach in Qinghai. The title which included the word silver by the central government. two of them respected each other "Dalai." In 1792, Tibet became the first politically and exchanged hon• After the Qing Dynasty was region in China to mint silver orific titles. Altan Khan named founded, the 5th Dalai Lama coins. Before that, silver coins A mural in the Potala Palace depicting Losang Gyaco {left), the fifth Dalai Lama, made in Nepal had circulated in paying homage to the Qing Emperor Shunzhi in 1652. Tibet. To exchange silver for sil• ver coins brought great losses so the Qing government decided to change the situation. It planned to mint coins in the interior then send them to Tibet. Because of the difficulties caused by the long distance and precipitous paths on the way, the govern• ment decided instead to send skilled workers to Tibet and set up its own mint there. Thus, un• der the supervision of the com• missioner to Tibet, the first Ti• betan "Zhangka" was produced in Gongbo. The following year, the Qing government formu• lated the 29-article Regulations Concerning the Administration in Tibet, which stipulated setting up a "coin-minting department" in Tibet. Two zipons and two zezhongs appointed by the com• missioner to Tibet and the Dalai Lama were responsible for coin- minting affairs. All the facts show that the Tibetan currency system was decided on by the central government and the Ti• betan currency minted with the approval of the Qing emperor. It was part and parcel of the na•

18 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 CHINA was invited to Beijing by the 1844, when the 11th Dalai Lama when the Mongolian chieftain Qing emperor in 1652. He re• was 18, Qi Shan, commissioner Gushri Khan bestowed it upon quested the Qing emperor for a to Tibet, wrote in his memorial, the Fourth Bainqen. The full ti• title. In 1653, Emperor Shun- "The Dalai Lama is 18 years old. tle was "Bainqen Bogto," with zhi, formally entitled him "Da• According to the example of the Bainqen coming from the Tibe• lai Lama," and granted him a 'Eight Banners," I request on be• tan word meaning "master scho• gold seal engraved in Chinese, half of the Dalai Lama that he lar," and Bogto meaning "wise Manchu and Mongolian script. take over the reins of the local and brave man" in Mongolian. To better rule Tibet, the Qing government. The incumbent re• In 1713, the Emperor Kangxi court ordered the Seventh Dalai gent should be dismissed right of the Qing Dynasty changed Lama to take charge of the re• away." The Qing emperor agreed the title for the Fifth Bainqen gion's administration in 1751. to the request and directed the Lozong-Yiehsi. The imperial or• Whenever the Dalai Lama took Department of Personnel to set der ran: "In accordance with the measures in the local govern• up files. After that, there was a Dalai conferment, we bestow the ment, it had to be reported to the clear precedent as to the age and title 'Bainqen Erdini,' and pre• emperor by the commissioner to procedures of request and reply, sent him with a gold seal and Tibet and follow imperial de• for when the Dalai Lama ought gilded album." "Erdini" means cree. For instance, the Eighth to come to power in Tibet. "brightness" in the Manchu lan• Dalai Lama was not permitted to The title "Bainqen" first ap• guage. The seal for Bainqen read take charge of Tibetan affairs peared in 1645 (the second year "Seal of Bainqen Erdini Con• until he was 23 years old. In of the Qing Emperor Shunzhi), ferred by the Emperor" and was A tablet in Potala Palace, and the inscription wished the Qing Emperor a long life.

In 1793, the Qing government issued the 29-article Regulations Concerning the Adminisb-ation of Tibet, which con• tained cohci'ete prorisioiis on the author• ity of the high commissioner, the reincarnation of Living Buddhas, for• eign affairs, foreign trade and border affairs.

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH l«-24, 1991 19 CHINA engraved in Chinese, Manchu opened it and drew out a name- tles of the Dalai Lama and the and Tibetan. It was the begin• tag at random. The chosen child Bainqen Erdini as legal proof of ning of the title "Bainqen Erdi- was the "soul boy" reincarnate power. The central government ni" conferred by the central gov• of the late Dalai Lama or also had the right to abolish the ernment. Bainqen. He then had to await titles. So the ratification and Both the titles of Dalai and ratification from the imperial conferment procedures were an Bainqen have been handed down court. When the "soul boy's" important exercise of the ad• through a system of reincarna• identity was confirmed, the com• ministrative authority of Chi• tion. Since the Qing emperor missioner to Tibet would preside na's central government. conferred the titles, the "soul over the official installation cer• Q: Speaking of China's central boys" reincarnate of the two re• emony. Some "soul boys" did government exercising authority cipients needed the approval of not have to be chosen through over Tibet, many scholars cite the the central government. In 1792, "drawing lots from a gold urn," famous 29-article Regulations in order to further improve the but their names always had to be Concerning the Administration of reincarnation systems of the Da• submitted to the central govern• Tibet. Yet some people deliber• lai and Bainqen, the Qing gov• ment for ratification before they ately ignore it. What sort of do• ernment, in the 29-article Re• could assume their positions. cument is it anyway? gulations Concerning the Ad• During the last century or more, A: The 29-article Regulations ministration of Tibet, decided to this has become the usual prac• Concerning the Administration adopt a new reincarnation sys• tice. of Tibet is an important docu• tem of "drawing lots from a gold This demonstrates that Chi• ment which outlines how the urn." That is, the names of "soul na's central authority had exer• Qing government administered boys" selected from every dis• cised the power of ratification the affairs of Tibet. In 1788, trict according to religious cere• over the "soul boys" of the Dalai Korga intruded across the bor• monies were written on slips in Lama and the Bainqen Erdini der of Tibet. In 1791, Korga Chinese, Manchu and Tibetan and over the conferring of their invaded Tibet again, occupied and were sealed in a gold urn. titles. Such a procedure arose be• Xigaze, sacked the Tashilhunpo The Qing court commissioners cause Tibet in those times was Monastery, and brought great to Tibet shook the urn before the carrying out a system in which suffering to the Tibetan people. group representatives from Tibe• political power was integrated The 8th Dalai Lama and the 7th tan religious and laical circles, with religion. The Dalai Lama Bainqen reported the incident at and Bainqen Erdini once to the Qing central govern• In 1940, the KMT government send officials to Lhasa were both religious ment. Emperor Qianlong sent to visit the new incarnate, then a child, of the 14th and political leaders two generals at the head of a Dalai Lama. in Tibet. That the 17,000-man army made up of central government the people of Han, Mongolian, ratified them the ti• Manchu, Ewenki and Daur na• tle "soul boys" rein• tionalities, the troops entered carnate had two Tibet and fought back the Korga significant meanings army, ddving out the invaders —granting them pol• in May 1792. The king of Korga itical power as the admitted his guilt and begged highest leaders in Ti• for peace. After the invasion, bet and recognizing the Qing government consider• their leading religious ing that the various local sys• roles. At all times and tems of Tibet had imperfections in all countries, the instructed General Fukangan to• seal of a political ru• gether with the local authorities ler or regime is a sym• of Tibet to reform the adminis• bol of power and a trative systems, and to draw up demonstration of the a set of regulations. They formu• legal right to rule. lated the 29-article. Regulations Therefore, China's Concerning the Administration central government of Tibet. had to present seals The 6,000-word, 29-article do• when ratifying the ti• cument contained concrete,

20 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 r

CHINA clear provisions on politics, lai Lama, Bainqen economy, the appointment and Erdini and other Liv• dismissal of important officials, ing Buddhas should and military and foreign affairs. be decided under the Its major points were: supervision of the —Provision on the reincarna• high commissioner; 9 tion of the Dalai Lama, Bainqen the official installa• Erdini and other important Liv• tion ceremony of a ing Buddhas. new Dalai Lama or Article 1 stipulated, "In order Bainqen should be to revitalize the Yellow Sect, the presided over by the emperor presents a gold urn. The high commissioner; names and dates of birth of the military officers and 'soul boys' are to be written on local government of• ivory slips in three scripts Man- ficials of Tibet are to chu, Han and Tibetan. The slips be chosen or appoint• are placed in the gold urn. The ed by the high com• Living Buddha of great learning missioner; the high prays for seven days. Then the commissioner is to Hutukotus (Living Buddhas in examine revenues Mongolian language) and the and expenditures of high commissioner of the Qing the Dalai Lama and court to Tibet shake the urn, Bainqen, supervise In 1954, the 14th Dalai Lama (right) and the 10th open it and draw a name-slip tax collection and lev• Bainqen Erdini (left) were present at the First Ses• at random. They officially rati• ies, call up local sion of the First National People's Congress and voted for the Constitution of the People's Republic fy the Dalai Lama and Bainqen recruits, administer of China. The 14th Dalai Lama was elected vice- Erdini before the Statue of Sak- corvee services, bor• chairman of the Standing Committee of the National yamuni Buddha in the Jokhang der trade and the dis• People's Congress. Monastery." After that, the sys• position of criminal tem of "drawing lots from a gold cases. lar army of Tibet. urn" was officially established. —Provision on the appoint• Article 4 stipulated, "The lo• —Provision on the authority ment, dismissal, promotion and cal regular army of Tibet is to be of the high commissioner dis• demotion of officials in the local 3,000 men strong. In the past, patched to Tibet by the Qing government of Tibet. there was no regular array in government and their relation• Article 11 stipulated, "When a Front and Rear Tibet. When ship to the Dalai Lama and new kaloon is chosen, two candi• a war broke out, many people Bainqen Erdini. dates are to be nominated from were recruited. They were not Article 10 stipulated, "The among daipon, zipon, and qiang- qualified soldiers and produc• high commissioner dispatched to zuo by both the high commis• tion in the region was under• Tibet by the central government, sioner and the Dalai Lama be• mined." It also stipulated the the Dalai Lama and Bainqen are fore finally appointment by the amount and supplies of the equals and are charged with han• emperor. Except for a new ka• provisions and equipment to the dling the affairs of the local gov• loon and dapon, who must be army. ernment through consultation. appointed by the emperor, the —Provision on the local Officials below the rank of ka- other appointments are made by monetary system in Tibet. loon and Living Buddhas are su• the high commissioner and the Article 3 stipulated the style, bordinate to the high com• Dalai Lama and certificates quality, weight and rate of ex• missioner." The Tashilhunpo awarded to them in Manchu, change of the currency in Tibet. Monastery is to "report all spe-. Han and Tibetan languages. The —Provision on the finance, cial affairs to the high commis• qiangzuo, suopon, senpon and taxes and corvee services in Ti• sioner beforehand sO that the zhongpon in the Tashilhunpo bet. high commissioner can handle Monastery are appointed by the —Provision on reducing taxa• themin time on the spot." Other Bainqen Erdini and the high tion and land rent. articles also stipulated the au• commissioners through consul• —Provision on the admin• thority of the high commission• tation." istration of justice and the es• er. The reincarnation of the Da• —Provision on the local regu- tablishment of litigation proce-

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 21 CHINA dures. second half of the 18 th century, Lama retreated to the interior. —Provision on the manage• after the British colonialists oc• The British army forced the lo• ment of monasteries, appoint• cupied the whole India, they be• cal Tibetan government to sign ment and dismissal of" the kum- gan to invade the small countries the illegal Lhasa Treaty with pus, support of monks and the at the southern foot of the Him• them. ratification of Living Buddhas alayas, extending their intrusion Because of the negotiation of invited by Qinghai and Mongo• into Tibet of China. The gover• the Qing court, the Lhasa Trea• lia. nor of the British East Indian ty wasn't recognized but was re• —Provision on the admin• Company in Bangladesh sent garded as an appended assign• istration of foreign affairs, for• some people to Tibet successive• ment to the Beijing Treaty eign trade, foreign nationals and ly in 1774 and 1783, demand• signed by China and Britain in border affairs. ing trade relations, and collect• 1906. The British armed inva• The formulation and' imple• ing important information about sions did not attain its objective mentation of the 29-article Re• the market, resources and tran• of casting off the Qing govern• gulations Concerning the Ad• sportation in Tibet and the rela• ment and carrying out negotia• ministration of Tibet were in tion between the central govern• tions directly with the local Ti• keeping with the aspirations of ment of China and the Tibetan betan government in order to the Tibetan people who hoped local authority. The local Tibe• deny China's sovereignty over for maintaining stability and tan officials told them that Ti• Tibet by use of the term "suzer• safeguarding unity. It accelerat• bet was governed by the Chinese ainty". ed the pace of the development emperor and that without the The Tibetan people's brave of Tibetan society and brought emperor's permission, the local resistance against armed British about a closer relationship be• officials had no right to discuss invasions is a glorious chapter tween Tibet and the whole coun• anything with foreigners, and re• in the modern history of the try. It was a milestone and a fused their demand for trade re• Chinese people's fight against symbol of civic advance. The ex• lations. The British colonialists' imperialists. ercise of authority oyer Tibet by attempt to directly enter into Ti• 3. The imperialists built up the central governments since the bet thus failed. pro-imperialist forces in Tibet's Yuan Dynasty served as a basis Since it was impossible to en• upper classes in order to separate which enabled the Qing court to ter into Tibet directly, the Bri• Tibet from China. When Russia administer the affairs of Tibet tish colonialists adopted a meth• intruded into the northwestern effectively and bring it into the od to control the small countries territory of China, it also began orbit of the national legal sys• along the Himalayas and encir• to take a hand in Tibetan af• tem. cle the Tibetan region of China. fairs. In 1907, Britain and Rus• Q: Since historical facts prove In 1854, with the support of Bri• sia signed the Convention Be• that Tibet is an inseparable part tain, Nepal invaded Tibet. The tween Great Britain and Russia of Chinese territory, how did the Nepal-Tibet Treaty was signed Relating to Persia, Afghanistan so-called "Tibetan independence" with the permission of the and Tibet, in which there was come into being? Chinese commissioner to Tibet, one section about Tibet, calling A: Tibet has long been a part giving Nepal many privileges in China's sovereignty over Tibet of Chinese territory and China Tibet. Later, Britain ruled Sik- the right of suzerainty. It was has long had complete sovereign• kim directly and controlled Bhu• the first time the term "suzerain• ty over Tibet. This is a historical tan, and thereby had the vital ty" was used in an internation• fact. The issue of the "independ• communication lines to Tibet in al treaty concerning Chinese ence of Tibet" did not appear hand. affairs. It was typically imperi• until the outbreak of the Opium 2. The British colonialists' alistic for Britain and Russia to War which marked imperialists' armed invasions against Tibet. compromise their own interests invasion against China in mod• In 1888, Britain launched its on the basis of jointly harming ern times. Getting at the root of first invasion of Tibet, occupy• China. Since they did it behind the matter, the so-called "Tibe• ing Zali, Yadong, Langre and the back of the interested party, tan independence" is a product other places. China, the convention was ille• of the colonialist and imperialist From the end of 1903 to Au• gal and invalid in terms of inter• invasion of China. gust 1904, Britain launched its national laws. 1. The early activities of the second invasion of Tibet, occu• By force, Britain could not en• British imperialist attempt to en• pying Gyangze and intruding tirely achieve its purpose of con• ter directly into Tibet. In the into Lhasa. The 13th Dalai trolling Tibet, so it changed its

22 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 CHINA measures. On one hand, they re• Some Westerners say this state• years, and adopted a pro-central- sorted to all sorts of gimmicks, ment was the declaration of Ti• government but double-faced treachery and enticements to Ti• betan independence. That is ut• policy. After the 13th Dalai bet's upper classes to build up terly groundless. At that time, Lama passed away, the British pro-imperialist forces and separ• all provinces in the interior and Indian governments took ate Tibet. They also tried to reacted to the revolution, each advantage of the War of Resist• draw the 9th Bainqen to be their declaring itself independent of ance Against Japan in China to agent in Tibet instead of the Da• the Qing government, and none keep on plotting the "independ• lai Lama after the 13th Dalai declared itself an independent ence" of Tibet. Lama left Tibet for the interior. country. As for the Tibetan At the time when the People's They coerced Bainqen to go to statement there was even no Liberation Army was winning Calcutta, India, and gave him mention of independence from victories in succession in the the most favored treatment. the Qing government. China's War of Liberation and "They asked Bainqen to tell the Later, chaos occurred in Tibet, the liberation of Tibet was in Chinese government as soon as and Yuan Shikai ordered the sights, the imperialists, however, he went back to Tibet that China troops in Sichuan to move into continued to make a fuss on the could not govern Tibet, and that Tibet to put down the turbul• Tibetan issue and plot of "the Tibet should be independent," ence. Seeing that the tide had independence of Tibet." Under and "they planned to send turned, Britain sent its ambas• the instigation and plot of a Bri• Bainqen back to Lhasa to replace sador to China to present the Dalai Lama." Although this five points, including "non• tish citizen named Richardson, was all refused by Bainqen, the interference in Tibetan internal and in the name of preventing British provoked discord be• affairs," "no change of Tibet Communists from entering Ti• tween the Front and Rear Tibet, into a province," and. Britain re• bet, the pro-imperialist forces in causing conflicts between Dalai cognition of "China's suzerain• Tibet created an incident of ex• Lama and Bainqen. ty over Tibet." Britain also put pelling Han people in 1949. In 1910, Britain sent Bell, the pressure on the Chinese govern• Meanwhile, some CIA agents Indian political commissioner in ment, saying that if China sent from the United States arrived Sikkim, to rope in the 13th Dalai troops to Tibet, "Britain would in Tibet, declaring support to Lama. The Dalai originally took help Tibet be independent with "Tibetan independence." The a stand against Britain. Later, its strength." In order to get Bri• pro-imperialist forces in Tibet because he was extremely dissa• tain's recognition and support in successively created a series of tisfied with the late Qing govern• return. Yuan Shikai gave in to incidents, attacking the forces in ment's policy toward Tibet and British pressure and ordered the Tibet who maintained the uni• himself, he exiled himself in In• Sichuan troops to stop moving ty of the motherland, murder• dia. Bell then persuaded him to into Tibet. ing the patriotic regent, the Liv• break away from China. After At the Simla Conference in ing Bhuda Rabchen, and sending the Revolution of 1911, the Bri• India in 1913 and 1914, behind people to drum up support for tish governor in India urged the the back of the Chinese repre• the "independence of Tibet" Dalai Lama to take advantage of sentatives, the British represen• throughout the world. The the temporary chaos caused by tatives made a secret agreement schemes, however, succeeded. the change of the Chinese cen• with Tibetan representatives, Historical facts show that des• tral government and break away drawing the so-called "McMa- from China. hon Line" in an attempt to cap• pite the corruption of the late 4. The so-called "Tibetan inde• ture about 90,000 square kilo• Qing government and domestic pendence" activities carried out meters of Chinese territory as a national oppression, the main by the pro-imperialist forces in reward for the British support reason behind the so-called "Ti• Tibet. After the Revolution of of "Tibetan independence." This betan independence" lies in the 1911, an armed conflict broke conference was a secret transac• imperialistic invasion in essence, out between the Sichuan troops tion of "Tibetan independence" instigation and fostering of pro- stationed in Tibet and Tibetan instigated by Britain. The imperialist forces in Tibet an up• monks, army and local people. Chinese government firmly re• per classes. Therefore, in The Dalai Lama decided to go jected the Simla Treaty and the essence, the so-called "Tibe• back to Tibet, and ordered the illegal "McMahon Line." The tan Independence" is the prod• local government to issue a 13 th Dalai Lama saw through uct of the imperialist and colon• statement expelling Han people. Britain's ambition in his later ialist invasion of China. •

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 23 CHINA

Tibet: Religious Beliefs and Reality by Our Staff Reporter Li Rongxia

In Tibet, 90 percent of the people worship Tibetan Buddhism. Although the Buddhist influence is strong, this does not mean religion is the Tibetans' only concern. In daily life, they pursue a variety of personal and down-to-earth goals.—Ed.

ugust 20 is the traditional large as several hundred metres day for the Zhaibun Mon• A Religious Atmosphere in diameter or as small as collec• A astery in Lhasa to display Almost all Tibetans believe in tion of several small stone carv• its enormous Tangkar painting Buddhism and the religious fer• ings. When the Tibetan Buddh• of Buddha. On August 20, 1990, vour can be felt not only in reli• ists pass them, they prostrate we drove to the monastery. gious activities but also in daily themselves, pour qingke barley I had set off together with my life. Everyday, devout Buddhists wine over them, powder them companions at six a.m. on a driz• visit the Zhaibun, Sera, Gandan with flour, chant scriptures or zling morning. On the wide as• and Jokhang monasteries in add a few pieces of small stones phalt road truckloads of people Lhasa and religious sanctuaries as a token of respect for Buddha. and pedestrians were all heading in other parts of Tibet to wor• During our visit, we also saw in the same direction. ship, give alms or add butter oil pieces of red, yellow, green, We parked our car near the to the lamps there. white and blue cloth printed with Zhaibun Monastery and walked In Tibet today, there are some Buddhist scriptures in the Tibe• up a muddy road to the hill 1,400 monasteries and temples, tan language. These are called where the painting of Buddha each of which has dozens of stat• sutra streamers by the Tibetans was to be displayed. When we got ues of Buddha for people to wor• and are hung atop house roofs there, a huge crowd had already ship. Butter lamps in front of and any site high above the arrived and was waiting in the these statues are always lit. Al• ground. Our guides told us that light rain for the ceremony to though local butter oil is sold at sutra streamers are a sign of begin. As more ancf more people 18 yuan (US$3) per kg, an ex• homage to Buddha. climbed atop the hill to feed the pensive item for Tibetans, the or• The impact of religion is also incense burners with cypress dinary Tibetan never hesitate to very strong within Tibetan fam• leaves, the hilltop became dar• buy some for religious purposes. ilies. Some well-to-do families kened mysteriously with rain I visited the Jokhang Mon• keep a special room for worship• and smoke. astery a couple of times and ping Buddha, while most ordi• The painting display ceremony whenever I got there 1 witnessed nary families have extremely col• began after the rain stopped. La• dozens of people, mostly middle- ourful niches, in front of which mas chanted Buddhist scriptures aged and older women, prostrat• they place bowls of holy water. and blew sacred horns. They ing themselves in front of the In a discussion about Buddh• then displayed the enormous monastery gate. There are always ism in Tibet, Chen Rende, an painting. Several dozen lamas people spinning prayer wheels as official with the Tibet Autonom• held both ends of the scroll and they walk along Barkor Street. ous Regional Committee for Na• unfolded it slowly and carefully. In Tibet, one always sees mani tionalities and Religious Affairs, Every member of the crowd was stone mound and sutra banners. said that religion and govern• held spellbound, fearful of miss• Mani stone mounds, some of the ment were combined in Tibetan ing even a moment to see the stones carved or inscribed with history. "Before the Democratic sacred object. six-word incantations, can be as Reform of 1959, Tibet was a feu-

24 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 T

CHINA dal serf society under theocracy. past people differed over who earth—can also be found in Ti• Since the 17th century, the Dalai authored the comprehensive betan medicine book. Tibetan Lama had received an official book on Tibetan medicine. doctors also feel pulse of the pa• title from the central govern• "Some said it came from India tient when diagnosing, just like ment of China, serving as both while others said that it was writ• doctors of traditional Chinese head of Tibetan religious groups ten by the God of Medicine, medicine." and supreme leader of the Ti• namely the incarnation of Sak- Talkmg about the historical betan local government," Chen yamuni, the founder of Buddh• ties between Chinese and Tibe• said. "It is the historical con• ism." tan medicine, Qamba said that dition that makes all Tibetans "In order to find the real au• when Tang Dynasty Princess Buddhist worshipers." thor of the book, I visited many Wencheng married Tibetan King folk doctors and consulted many Songtsan Gambo, her dowry in• Pursuit historical records," Qamba said. cluded a medical book entitled Although the Tibetans have "Twenty-eight records show that Encyclopedia on Medicine. The maintained their religious be• the book was the masterpiece of book was lost later but its con• lief, their personal pursuits have Yutok Yonden Gonpo. Born in tent was absorbed and includ• changed with the times. In the 708, Yutok was the private doc• ed in the Four-Volume Medical past, when feudal serfdom held tor of Trisong Detsan, a Tibetan Codes. sway in Tibet, many yearned to king. He wrote the Four-Volume In 1974, a public health school be a lama or a Living Buddha in Medical Codes on the basis of his was set up in Lhasa, complete a monastery so that they would experiences over many years. with several Tibetan medicine no longer have to be slaves. To• "In the process of its develop• classes. When Qamba was asked day, although a small number ment, Tibetan medicine benefit• to write teaching materials for of youngsters still hope to be a ed a lot from the traditional them, he wrote Elementary Med• lama, most work hard for econo• medicines of other nationalities ical Science, Physiology, Phar• mic or cultural advancement so and even foreign countries. In macology, On Diagnosis, Pathol• that Tibet will thrive and they particular, it is closely related ogy, Internal Medicine, Surgery, will have a better life. with, traditional Chinese med• The Five Sense Organs, Gynae• icine," Qamba said. "What are cology, and Paediatrics, books said to be the five elements which run to hundreds of thou• A Government Expert —water, fire, metal, wood and sands of words. Qamba Chilie, 62, is head of the Hospital of Tibetan Medi• Lamas use their religious horns in a ceremony. U RONGXJA cine. A recognized leader in his field, he was awarded the title of State-Level Expert, a much es• teemed award. Qamba studied Tibetan med• icine, calendar calculations, as• tronomy and Tibetan classics for nine years at Mendzi Khang (the Administration of Medicine and Calendar Calculation) and, in 1963, he was appointed head of the Hospital of Tibetan Medicine in Lhasa. "Tibetan medicine has a histo• ry of some 2,000 years," Qamba said while showing us some an• cient Tangkar anatomical paint• ings. "They are accurately and exquisitely treated and indicate the wisdom of our ancestors." Picking up a well-bound edi• tion of the Four-Volume Medical Codes, Qamba said that in the

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 25 CHINA

Qamba is also a very gifted match for many other Tibetan ficial in the government and, scholar in astronomical calendar women," Degyii said when I told historically, there was no ici^idk calculations. "We use mathemat• her the purpose of my visit. writers. ical as well as traditional Chinese "My first short story. Gal• Degyii was lucky enough to be methods in explaining astronom• loping Horses, was carried in Ti• sent to study at the Tibetan Na• ical atmosphere. The purpose is betan Literature, which earned tionality College in Xianyang, to forecast seasonal changes so as me an unexpected third-class Shaanxi Province, when she was to determine agricultural prod• award from the Tibetan authori• 12. "I studied there for seven uction and livestock breeding," ties," Degyii said. "The second years and afterwards studied lit• Qamba said. His fellow workers one, Spinning Prayer Wheel erature in Beijing in 1981," De• told me that he had made many Slowly, published three years la• gyii said. "During my spare time, constructive and timely sugges• ter, was awarded a second-class I am translating a set of three tions to • local departments in prize." books, respectively on Tibetan charge of agriculture and animal The success whetted Degyii's folk tales, folk songs and folk husbandry projects. appetite and she continued her proverbs, into Chinese. They run When asked about his future writing. "I wrote A Mushroom- to some 150,000 words. After retirement life, Qamba gave a Picking Girl in Chinese, which completing the project, I will broad smile. "You are right. The was later translated into Tibetan continue my career as an ama• young Tibetan medical doctors language," she added. "It was in• teur writer." have grown up and I should cluded in a collection of out• make way for them," he said. standing Tibetan literary works." NeW Farmers "After retirement, I will do some Thus far, Degyii has published writing." six stories and is still working Gyangze is one of many gran• on a novelette of 50,000 words, aries in Tibet. In recent years, the local government has made • A Woman Writer which describes the new gener• ation of Tibetan intellectuals. an effort to build up water Degyii Como is the head of the "The National Literature has conservancy projects along the local CPC Publicity Department shown interest in my draft work Nyang Qu River and encourage of Shannan Prefecture and a and invited me to Beijing for scientific farming there. In addi• noveUst. When I met her at her further revision," Degyii said. "I tion, the government distributed home, the 43-year-old Tibetan simply did not have the time to land to the farmers and assured woman immediately impressed go however because I was so busy them there would be no change me with her dignified attitude with my creative work." in policy for a long time to come. and fine, delicate features. Degyii told me that before lib• As a result, there have been "Frankly, my success is no eration, there was no female of- bumper harvests in the area for many years. Farmers there are A Tibetan opera performance dnring the Sour Milk Drinking Festival, LI RONGXIA richer than their counterparts in other parts of Tibet. One day I went to visit Losang Wangdui, a farmer who lives at Naisha Village located in the county. He happened to be away on business and his wife re• ceived me. She told me that her family contracted five hectares of land and harvested 35,000 kg of grain in 1989. "We sold 10,000 kg to the state and stored the remain• ing in five granaries we built," she said. In a talk about her life, the woman said that she married in 1972. "At that time we had eight rooms and two cows," she said. "Now, just as you see, we have 62 rooms, five horses, two pien niu.

26 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 CHINA which are offspring of bulls and chores," the woman said. female yaks, 11 milk cows, one Later I was told that her fami• Dongfeng Brand truck and four ly was the richest in the area. tractors—two of which, however, When the late Bainqen Lama aren't in good shape." paid them a visit, the couple laid When she showed me her down the wool mats, each pair rooms, I saw piles of Tibetan worth 1,500 yuan, from their quilts. "Each quilt costs 300 home to the highway (some 100 yuan," the woman said with a metres long). touch of proudness. "We have ten pair of mats. One pair costs 1,500 yuan." Young Lawyers In one carpeted room, there In January 1989, the Tibet Au• were cabinets for the Buddhist tonomous Regional Economic scriptures, a niche for the statue Lawyers' Office was open, the of Buddha and bowls of holy first time Tibet had their own water. "This is our sutra room. lawyers. However, as we are very busy, we The office is headed by Doje, seldom have the time to chant 28 and a 1984 graduate of the scriptures ourselves. Sometimes, Northwest Institute of Political we employ lamas to be this for Science and Law. us," she said. "Of course, we pay "Our office has four lawyers, them." the oldest being 33 and the youn• The hostess also said that in gest 24. In the first year of office addition to tilling the land, they operation, we handled 35 econo• run two stores selling sundry mic cases and prevented a possi• goods, one food process work• ble loss of some 5 million yuan. shop and one oil press workshop. In addition, we offer consultancy A professional lama craftsman works on "My husband has organized a and lawsuit services," Doje said. a mani stone. CHEN ZONGUE construction team of 30 people. "The settlement of economic At the moment, he is often away disputes often makes us very ance to the development of Ti• on business so we employ two happy," Doje said. "We know bet." people to help with regular that our work is of great import- Doje said he and one of his colleagues were entrusted with The state has invested 1.5 million yuan in renovating the lighting system in the settling a dispute involving Potala Palace. This scripture recitation hall is equipped with new lights. 30,000 yuan between the Gol- MA JINGQIU mud Automobile Co. of Qinghai Province and the Lhasa Branch of the Gansu Township Industri• al and Mining Materials Co. The two had signed an agreement, under which the Golmud com• pany did shipping work for the Lhasa Branch of the Gansu com• pany. Although the latter was supposed to pay the former 30,- 000 yuan for two years of freight, it withheld payment. "We sum• moned both parties to a meeting and explained to them the legal situation," Doje said. "The Gan• su company explained that fin• ancial problems prevented them from paying. When we learnt that a Xian company failed to pay the Gansu company 60,000

BEIJING REVIEW, MMlCH 18-24. 1991 27 CHINA yuan, we managed to get that sum back for them. This made it possible for the Gansu company to pay the Golmud company."

Tibetan Cadres In Gyangze County, I often heard people praising their Par• ty secretary Pungcog and, with great interest, I paid him a visit. Puncog, 48, is an honest and easy-to-approach person who was quick to talk about his experi• ence. "I became a Tibetan cadre af• ter Tibet's peaceful liberation. In A modern Tibetan Hotel. KiA JINGQIU 1962, I joined the others in stip- porting the PLA in resisting the Chairman Mao Zedong. neers and won their support. Our Indians during the Sino-India "I worked as a deputy district joint efforts led to the successful border conflict, and saw with my head in 1964 and was later sent completion of the Gyangze Hy- own eyes how Han brothers shed to study at the Tibet Institute for dropower Station, a project blood for the defence of the Nationalities. which put an end to Gyangze's motherland. They followed the "In 1974, I was transferred to dependence on butter oil lamps Party's nationality policy to the work in the county government and grinding barley by hand. letter. I will remember this for in charge of constructing water The power station has contribut• ever. At the time, I was a group conservancy projects and hydro- ed a lot to the development of the leader and encouraged by my power stations. As I was poorly local economy. brothers, I did my best to sup• educated and had seen power sta• "I was promoted ' Party se• port them. Because of my good tions in the hinterland only, I cretary of Gyangze ' ounty in performance, I was summoned felt a lot of pressure to succeed. 1980, right at the tim of histor• to Beijing where I met the late I sought advice from the engi- ical transition for Chi.i. Such a heavy task is really a >.vere test

Caravan of trucks on the Qingbai-Tibet Highway. MA JINGQIU for me. But in the leaoi ig group there are many experic . .cd, bet• ter educated people, '. .eluding some of the Han natici ality. I take them as my teaci ;r and they give me warm supp.i, t. This is why we can efTectivel> prom• ote the development of he re• form in the agricultuu i and livestock breeding areas, tie de• velopment of the com;i!odity economy, and the quick spread of science and technology "Like the broad masses i.)f the Tibetan people, I think without the Communist Party, there v^ould be no New Tibet and no such happiness as we enjoy to• day. In the future, I will redou• ble my efforts to improve myself in the field of leadership so as to be able to guide the local peo• ple onto a road leading to af• fluence." •

28 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH l(t-24, 1991 BUSINESS / TRADE

Textile Export en, Finland and Austria. The economic resources. The prov• agreements stipulate that Chi• ince is in the national forefront Announcement na's textile exports to these coun• in reserves of some minerals and tries are, practically or totally, farm produce. Some products On February 21, the Chinese II subject to quota limits and are have a ready international mar• Ministry of Foreign Economic not allowed to be transmitted to ket and great potential for de• Relations and Trade issued its these countries through a coun• velopment. Hefei, the provincial first stipulations for 199rs tex• try or region. capital, is an important scientif• tile exports: According to the US customs, ic and educational base in the • All textile products prod• some Chinese textile export com• country. It has more than 30 in• uced in China, including those panies or production enterprises stitutions of higher learning, in• processed with imported materi• attached to part of the textile cluding the well-known China als, if these fall within the prin• products originally produced in University of Science and Tech• ciple of import origin countries, China the labels of the third nology, about 100 scientific re• must not bear the label of other countries or regions and relayed search institutes including the countries and regions as origin them to the United States, thus Hefei Branch of the Chinese countries and regions. Also, they pole-jumping quota control. • Academy of Sciences. The scien• may not exceed quota control, or tific and technological sites now be expf)rted or transited to those | under construction have many countries that have signed bila• Anhui to Attract favourable conditions for devel• oping economic and technologi• teral agreements with China. Foreign Funds cal co-operation with foreign • Chinese textile producers countries. The cities of Wuhu, On April 11-13, Anhui Prov• and. exporters must not export, Maanshan, Tongling and Anq• ince will hold a conference on through unjust transit (includ• ing on the banks of the Yangtze ing the use of a third country construction projects using for• River have a long history of and regions) as the origin prod• eign capital in the Zhuhai industrial production and bus• ucer in co-operation with bus• International Trade Exhibi• iness. They have abundant re• inessmen from other countries tion Centre in Guangdong Prov• sources of minerals, farm and and regions any textiles original• ince in order to publicize its ad• sideline products and tourism ly made in China and limited by vantages in geography, economic and are strong economically. quotas to those countries that resources and science and tech• Construction over the last few have signed quota-limit agree• nology, boost its export-oriented years has greatly improved the ments with China. economy, attract foreign capital investment environment and de• • All parts of the country and technology and speed up its veloped a comprehensive com• should strengthen management :: economic development, especial• munication network of railways, over textile quota, strictly exam• ly in the areas along the Yangtze highways and waterways. Their ine and verify the issuing of River. telecommunication, water and certificates of textile exports ac• The conference will be spon• power supply and other infras• cording to stipulations. Local sored by the foreign economic tructure facilities are sound. customs should enhance supervi• relations and trade commissions With a group of Sino-foreign sion of textile exports so as to and bureaus of the cities of He- joint ventures, co-operative and strictly prohibit enterprises hav• fei, Wuhu, Maanshan, Tongling foreign-owned enterprises es• ing no export licences from ex• and Anqing. A total of more tablished, these cities are ideal porting textile products. than 400 construction projects areas for foreign investment. A ministry official pointed out involving electronics, machi• The well-known Huangshan that the nation should confiscate nery, light, textiles, metallurgy, Mountain scenic area is close to goods, impose a fine or rescind chemicals, food and tourism will the cities. the export licences of those en• be announced. All of them have During the conference, the terprises that Violated the above a strong feasibility. The invest• foreign-funded enterprises de• stipulations, and their legal res• ment environment and the pre• partment and related enterprises ponsibility will be investigated ferential policies for foreign and in these cities and other places in and affixed according to law. Taiwan investment in these ci• the province are ready to probe At present, China signed bila• ties will be introduced at the various ways to co-operate with teral textile agreements respec• conference. foreign investors on the basis of tively with the EEC, the United Anhui is an inland province equality and mutual benefit. States, Canada, Norway, Swed- i close to the ocean. It boasts rich by Zhang Suzhou

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 29 BUSINESS/TRADE crease the output of seamless kilometre food-processing area Hunan Pools Funds to steel tube. Providing funds of in the Yantai Economic and. Renovate Factories the enterprise represents the be• Technological Development ginning of future co-operation. Zone. Both sides are now con• In a five-day Symposium on Hunan Province covers an ducting further negotiations. the Use of Foreign Funds to Re• area of 210,000 square km in the Since its opening to the out• novate Enterprises held in late middle reaches of Changjiang side world in 1984, Yantai has January, Hunan Province signed (Yangtze) River in Central signed agreements for 528 items contracts and letters of intent for China. Since ancient times, the using foreign capital amounting 135 projects possibly attracting province has been a beautiful to US$652 million, of which foreign funds of US$320 mil• place. Endowed with its beau• US$379 million was in foreign tiful landscape and pleasant capital. In 1990 alone, it signed lion. weather, Hunan has been long 162 agreements worth US$152.85 Chen Binfan, deputy director known as "the home of fish and million, of which US$90.99 mil• of the symposium and depu• rice," "the home of nonferrous lion was in foreign capital, a ty provincial governor, said, metal," and "a tourist attrac• 15.22 percent and 23.87 percent "These projects were singled out tion." Hunan has established increase respectively over the to bid for foreign co-operation trade ties and economic and previous year. after repeated evaluation and technical co-operation with more The chief reason why Yantai feasibility studies. They involve than 2,000 clients in 110 coun• can attract foreign businesses is metallurgy, nonferrous metals, tries and regions, and signed because of the comparatively big machinery, electronics, textiles, contracts for 673 projects using improvement the city has made building materials, chemicals foreign funds worth US$1 bil• in its investment environment. and foodstuff. After the projects lion. In addition, the province At present, it has opened a chart• are put into operation, the profit has set up 181 foreign-funded ered freight air line to Tokyo, margin is expected to be more enterprises and exports US$800 Japan, and passenger chartered than 15 percent. The products million worth of goods annually. flights to Hong Kong. The air• will sell well at home and abroad port is capable of handling jum• because of their high quality Chen added, "I hope that bo jet passenger planes in ad• and some will be gig foreign through the symposium more dition to domestic flights to exchange makers. Multiple and foreign funds and technology Guangzhou, Xiamen, Shanghai flexible business forms have will be imported so as to quicken and Beijing. Six newly expanded been used. For example, joint the technical transformation of 10,000-ton docks at Xigangchi ventures, co-operative and our enterprises, update industri• have been put into operation, foreign-owned enterprises were al production and increase for• making direct navigation with established along with process• eign exchange earnings. At the over 100 countries and regions ing with imported materials, as• same time, imports will be ex• possible and offering the capaci• sembling supplied parts and leas• panded to revamp the existing ty to handle over 10 million ing." enterprises." tons of cargo annually. Its The province plans to hold the programme-controlled tele• The Xinhua Bank Hong Kong Third Foreign Economic and phones directly connect with Branch provided US$24.5 mil• Trade Symposium in Changsha over 160 countries and regions, lion in loan for a 30-ton elec• and Hunan Provincial Exhi• and plans to add another 12,000 tric furnace steel-smelting pro• bition of Export Commodities in programme-controlled telephone ject for the Hengyang Steel Tube the Netherlands in September project is progressing. China's Co. Ltd. in Hunan Province. The this year. first 1,000-ton ocean postal deliv• project is one of the above men• by Hong Lanxin ery wharf in Yantai is now op• tioned items for which a con• erating. The Longkou Power tract has been signed. Ma Qingh- Plant, built near a coal pit head, ua, general manager of the Hong Better Investment is China's first collectively fund• Kong branch bank noted that Climate in Yantai ed and largest project, has al• the project is concerned with ready had a capacity of 600,000 an enterprise's technical trans• In early 1991, the Japan-China kilowatts in operation and the formation which is certain to Food Interflow Investment Or• third phase of its two 200,000 kw bring the production potential ganization of Japan announced units is under construction. Con• into full play and greatly in• plans to open up a one-square- struction work on Sino-foreign

30 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 BUSINESS/TRADE joint ventures, the Huanghai offices in China. Some 1,000 Shanghai started making prepar• Thermo Power Co. Ltd., and the have been sold abroad. ations for the project in 1989 Hualu Thermo Power Co. Ltd., The product was up to the Un• and imported equipment from have started. The zone is now ited States' UL standards and, in France, Austria, the United one of China's cities with the October 1990 it passed the ap• States and Britain. The total in• best energy supply. The first praisal by the China State Exam• vestment for the project came two-square-kilometre area of the ination and Test Centre concern• to-711 million yuan. During the Yantai Development Zone has ing Quality of Air-Conditioning test period, the main mill im• been completely finished and Equipment. The company's Ge• ported from France turned out 0.2mm thin sheet, the first thin• work on the zone's electricity, neral Manager He Lumin noted nest of its kind in China. heat, water supply and drainage, that the long service life of the The first-stage project will telecommunications and road product is one of its most out• produce 300,000 tons of cold- have basically been concluded. standing features. The humidi• rolled thin sheet a year and the The "soft" foreign investment fier can work' 10,000 hours on the second-phase project will environment is improving daily. the average, or as long as its Ja• make 500,000 tons. • Yantai has established a special panese TDK counterpart. Other service centre for foreign invest• characteristics of the product in• International ment enterprises. The foreign clude less consumption of elec• economic and trade group, head• tricity and water, automatic halt Ad Exhibition ed directly by the mayor, work where there is no water within, The International Exhibition in a building where all foreign automatic control of air humidi• of Advertisement Apparatus departments are located in order ty in the room and easy oper• and Equipment, sponsored by to improve efficiency and sim• ation. The product is ensured the International Advertisement plify paper work. A foreign bus• with an adequate supply of Association, China Branch, the iness chamber of commerce water-purifying device and filth- China Advertising Association through which the mayor fre• removing agent. for Foreign Economic Relations quently conducts direct negotia• The product is good for and Trade and other organiza• tions with foreign businesses and health, dispels static electricity. tions will be held this May for settles any problems that may It can also be used in industrial six days at the Beijing Exhibi• occur in foreign investment en• and agricultural production and tion Centre. terprises has been set up. scientific research. During the exhibition, the by Wang Rong The company now enjoys a I China International Advertise- ready market in the United I ment Forum, a combination of Made in Beijing, States, Denmark, Thailand and I academic discussions on adver- East European countries. The ! tisement, advert works and ap- Humidifier Sells Weil company is now pooling its ways I paratus will also take place. and means to further improve its : At this exhibition the best ad- The high quality, ultrasonic products so as to carve a larger ! vertising in China and abroad, wave humidifier developed and share of the international mar• 1 and graphic design equipment will be on display; domestic and produced by the Beijing Yadu ket. • Artificial Environment Science foreign advertising agents and companies will be introduced; and Technology Co. has been and a variety of commercial and well received by domestic consu• Shanghai's Largest industrial enterprises, domestic mers, foreign embassies and bus• IMetallurgical Venture and foreign, will publicize their iness offices residing in China. products. For example, the British embas• The Shanghai Yichang Light The ads shown will have been sy in China bought one humidi• Gauge Sheet Co. Ltd., jointly es• used in broadcasting, TV, fier for trial use and two months tablished by the United States newspapers, magazines, posters, later purchased another 90. The Shanghai Pacific Joint-Stock Co. printed matter, bill boards, neon US Telegrani and Telephone Co. and the Shanghai Jiushi Co., re• signs, and display cases. Adver• China office bought 84 humidi• cently began trial-production. tising companies and enterprises fiers in the past year. Cold- rolled thin slab is in are invited to participate and ex• So far, more than 4,000 humi• short supply in Shanghai. The hibit their best ads, advanced difiers have been used to humi• city consumes more than .200,- graphic design equipment and dify offices and apartments of 000 tons but can only produce apparatus. foreign embassies and business 5,000 tons a year. Given this. by Li Ming

BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 31 CULTURE / SCIENCE Xiao Youmei—Pioneer of Modern Chinese Music sensation to listen to the works of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven being played by a Chinese or• n late December 1990, people chestra. from Chinese music circles In 1927, the conservatory was I gathered at the Central Con• banned by the warlords. Xiao servatory of Music in Beijing to moved to Shanghai where he mark the 50th anniversary of the founded China's first formal death of Xiao Youmei, one of the musical institution. The Nation• pioneers of modern Chinese mu• al Academy of Music (later sic. changed to the National Institute Xiao Youmei has been praised of Music, predecessor of today's for establishing a landmark in Shanghai Conservatory of Mu• the history of Chinese music by sic). Xiao taught in this school making great contribution to the for the rest of his life. development of modern Chinese The National Institute of Mu• music. Xiao began to study West• sic turned out a large number of ern music in the early 20th cen• talented musicians. Many of to• tury when he was a student at the day's Chinese music celebrities Tokyo Musical School. Later, he studied there. More than 20 of its continued his study of musical Xiao Youmei. graduates have been listed in the composition, theory and con• music volume of the Encyclope• ducting in Germany at the ' na's first standard professional dia Sinica. Therefore, the school Konigliches Konservatorium Zu institution of musical education. is considered the cradle of mod• Leipzig and the Stern Musik- With this, Xiao "ignited the fire ern Chinese music. skule. Xiao graduated from the of Western musical education in On one occasion Xiao Youmei Leipzig University with a Ph. D. China," as was stated by a re• was told by a music professor searcher at the North Illinois that one of his students, Yi Kaiji, In 1920 Xiao returned to University. Before that, Western had to withdraw from the school China and became a professor of music was virtually unknown in because of his inability to pay music at the Musical Research China. A head of the Conserva• the fees. Shortly afterwards, Yi Society of Peking University. In tory of Music, Xiao set up the Kaiji was given a job teaching at May 1922, initiated by Xiao, the first Chinese string orchestra he a nearby school of music. Yi la• Musical Research Society was conducted, probably making him ter found out that it was Xiao changed to the Conservatory of China's first string orchestra con• Youmei who had given him the Music of the Peking National ductor in the real sense. In the job to enable him to support his University, which became Chi- 1920s in China, it was quite a studies. Now Yi is the dean of

Group picture taken in Nanjing in 1912: Xiao Youmei (first left, front row) and Sun Yat-sen (third left, front row); a picture of the Xiao family in the 1920s.

32 BEIJING REVIEW, MAKCH 18-24, 1991 CULTURE/SCIENCE the Piano Department of the Xiao published his "Collection his students to examine the Central Conservatory of Music. of Modern Musical Pieces" and shortcomings of traditional Yi's students, Liu Shikui and "Collection of Modern Songs" Chinese music in order to reform Bao Huiqiao, have won prizes at I which became the first group Chinese music in the future. both the International Chopin I of professional works ever pub- Xiao was also a close friend of Piano Competition and the Chai- I lished by a Chinese composer. Sun Yat-sen. While studying in kovsky Piano Competition, be• I For a long time, Xiao was mis• Japan, Xiao once gave accommo• coming the first Chinese mu• judged as being an advocate of dation to Sun who had been fol• sicians to win high awards at "totally Westernizing" Chinese lowed by the detectives of the international competitions. music. In fact, Xiao attached Qing Government. After the suc• One of Xiao's chief policies in great importance to the'study of cess of the 1911 revolution, Xiao running the school in Shanghai traditional Chinese music. His served as a secretary in the pres• was to invite Western musicians doctoral thesis, "Chinese String ident's office of the Republic of to teach there. Russian pianist Orchestra Before the 17th Cen• China. Xiao also wrote a song Zakarov was one of them. Zaka- tury—A Historical Survey," was to lament over the death of Sun rov studied under Liszt and was still considered an important Yat-sen. In 1931, Japanese in• a former piano professor at the work in the study of the develop• vaders occupied China's nor• Peterburg Musical Academy. It ment of ancient Chinese music. theast. Xiao organized the Anti- was due to Xiao's repeated invi• In the early 1920s, Xiao invited Japanese Support Society. He tations that Zakarov remained in Chinese folk artist Liu Tianhua also held concerts to raise money China and taught at the school. to teach at the Musical Research to support the anti-Japanesewar. Society of the National Peking Xiao died in Shanghai in 1940. Zakarov once told his Chinese Xiao's contributions and talent students that at first he refused University. Liu later became are being carried on by members Xiao Youmei's invitation be• a famous Piba (a traditional of his family. His niece, Xiao cause he did not want to teach Chinese plucked musical instru• Shuxian, influenced by her uncle elementary music; it was Xiao's ment) and Erhu (a traditional during her childhood, later went sincerity that persuaded him to Chinese musical instrument) on to study music in Germany stay on. master. Xiao also set up the So• and is now a professor at the As one of the pioneers of mod• ciety for the Reform of Tradi• Central Conservatory of Music. ern Chinese music education, tional Chinese Music. In his mu• Xiao Shufang, another niece, is Xiao devoted much energy to the sic schools, Xiao required that all a renowned Chinese painter. His popularization of music educa• the students master at least one ' eldest son, Hsiao Chin, is a pro• tion. He compiled and edited a kind of traditional Chinese mus• fessor at the Milan Academy of large number of music textbooks ical instrument and be famihar Fine Arts in Italy. Hsiao Chin for Chinese middle schools, in• with national music while stu• has donated money to the Cen• cluding vocal, organ, piano and dying Western music. In 1939, tral Conservatory of Music and violin texts. His "A General In• Xiao offered a course named the Shanghai Conservatory of troduction to Music" has opened "History of the Development of Music to establish a Xiao You- up the world of music to many Traditional Music" to give an mei Study Society in memory of Chinese students. outline of the history of Chinese his father. Xiao also composed some of music before the year 1795 to his by Cheng Gang the earliest modern Chinese mus• students. Xiao also encouraged ical works including "String Quartet," a brass piece, " March World Cup Bowling Championship to be Held in Beijing Against the Storm," two piano pieces, "Serenade" and "The La• ment March," a cello solo, "Au• The World Cup Bowling known for its high quality equip• tumn Thought" and an orches• Championship will be held in ment and management, was cho• tra work, "The New Dance China in November 1991. This is sen as the site for the competi• of Rainbow-Coloured Feather the first bowling championship Clothes." Most of Xiao's works to be held in China. Teams of 49 tion. The World Cup Bowling were largely influenced by Ger• countries and regions have al• Championship, held annually, is man music as is best manifested ready signed up for the competi• the largest bowling competition in one of his string quartets dedi• tion. The bowling centre of the in the world. There have been cated to Froulein Mollendorf, a Holiday Inn Lido Beijing, a large 26 competitions since it began in German girl with whom he fell bowling ground established in 1965. in deep love. In 1922 and 1923, China several years ago and by Lou Linwei

BEIJING REMEW, M\RCH 18-24, I»91 33 TOURISM

Three Tourism Festivals in Hunan

unan, an inland province leaves) on the fifth day of the 1 scapes. During the festival, peo• in southern China, will fifth month of the lunar calendar ple will have the rare opportuni• each year. The Miluo River in ty to participate in such tourist H sponsor three interna• activities as mountain-climbing, tional tourism festivals: the Mil• Hunan Province is the birthplace karst explorations and river raft• uo River Dragon Boat Festival of the Dragon Boat Festival in ing. In addition, participants will (June 16-18), the Fireworks Fes• China. be able to visit local minority tival (September 8-10) and During the festival, people can nationality villages. An interna• Zhangjiajie Forest Protection view ancient sacrificial rites and tional symposium on forest pro• Festival (November 8-12). boating scenes and participate in tection, exhibitions on forest Miluo River Dragon Boat Fes• many local cultural activities. ecology, potted landscapes and tival: According to historical re• Fireworks Festival: Hunan flowers and special local prod• cords, the Qin troops attacked Province is the largest fireworks ucts as well as economic and and captured the capital of Chu producer and exporter in China. trade talks will also be held in 278 B.C. during the Warring Its products won a golden medal there. States period. Upon hearing the in the Fourth International Fire• With a long history and beau• works Competition held in tiful natural scenery, Hunan is news, Qu Yuan, a poet in ex• home to more than 40 tourist ile, threw himself into the Mil• Monte Carlo in 1986. The fes- attractions. For example, a tomb uo River in a show of patriotism, iI tival will be held in Changsha, dating back in West Han Dynas• To protect his body from being capital of the province. Relevant ty (from 206 BC to 25 AD) was dismembered by fishes, local departments will hold economic discovered in the 1970s on the people cast many glutinous rice and trade talks with foreign bus• outskirts of Changsha. In recent balls on the river. This gradually inessmen. years, the provincial government turned into the custom of hold• Forest Protection Festival: has paid special attention to the ing a boating competition and Rich not only in zoological and development of its tourism in• eating Zongzi (a pyramid-shaped botanical resources, Zhangjiajie, dustry by improving transporta• dumpling made of glutimous China's first national forest park, tion and hotel facilities. rice wrapped in bamboo or reed is also unique in natural land- by Han Baocheng

34 BEIJING REVIEW, MARCH 18-24, 1991 ART PAQE

Winter.

The Brick Engravings of Wang Jinxu Wang Jinxu, born in Henan Province in 1939, is now a professional painter at the Political Department of the Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Here are four of his New Houses of the Dai Nationality. works.

An Orchard. Pagoda Forest. Ideal Humidifier

You're sure to be satisfied with our Yadu cubic cm). ultrasonic YC-D2(X) humidifier. • Power source AC220v, 50Hz. It has the following features: • Humidity: 400cc/h. • A long-life (over 10,000 hours) for all • Suitable for room area: 15-20 square m. major Japan-made parts. • Power consumption: 55w. • Easy adjustment of quantity and direction • Volume of water tank: 7.5L of spray. • Range of automatically controlled humid• • Automatic operation humidity-control ity: 30-80RH. provides consistent indoor level of humidity. • Size (mm) 340W x 185D x 336H. • Highly reliable design, stops automatically • Net weight/gross weight 2.7kg/3.3kg. when container is empty. • Technology standard American UL998 • Contains large volume of negative anion type. in spray (density of spraying vent is 7,300 Yadu Science & Technological Co. of Artificial Environment Address: 118 Weigongcun, Haidian Distria, Beijing, China Postcode 100081 TeL 8416819, 8416820