McHenry County Water Resources Action Plan 2020 Update
Prepared by: Water Resources Action Plan Task Force and Department of Planning and Development
McHenry County Water Resources Action Plan 2020 Update
Adopted By the McHenry County Board Resolution No. R-202011-10-290 On November 17, 2020
County Board Chairman Jack D. Franks
Michele Aavang John Jung, Jr. Michael Skala
Carlos Acosta Jim Kearns Larry W. Smith
Pamela Althoff Mary T. McCann Jeffrey Thorsen
Kay R. Bates Suzanne Ness Michael Vijuk
Yvonne Barnes Robert "Bob" Nowak Kelli Wegener
Chris Christensen Lori Parrish Charles "Chuck" Wheeler
Stephen Doherty John Reinert Thomas Wilbeck
Joseph Gottemoller Carolyn Schofield Paula Yensen
Authors: Scott Kuykendall with Dennis Sandquist, Joanna Colletti, and Kim Kolner (McHenry County Department of Planning and Development)
Editor: Kitty Malik
Photos: Most of the photos were taken in McHenry County by Scott Kuykendall
Cover: Original Artwork by Tom Cubr titled: Fox River near Lake Defiance The composition embodies a mosaic of water resources and land uses along the Fox River in McHenry County
Tom Cubr is an artist from Harvard, Illinois. Tom’s paintings, drawings, and collages adhere to the formalist principle of creating art for art’s sake. His approach combines elements of design to create images that appeal to his sensibilities. Tom’s series of “Terraforma Compositions” are Formalist Abstractions inspired from perceptual elements such as color, lines, shapes, and textures that he observes in aerial imagery. https://tomcubr-artist.com/home.html
Acknowledgments Water Resources Action Plan Task Force Members: (attended four or more meetings)
Algonquin Public Works, Michele Zimmerman Baxter & Woodman, Carolyn Grieves Baxter & Woodman, Joel Krause Berkshire Hathaway Home Services Starck Real Estate, Dianne Ocheskey Bluestem Ecological Services, Sarah Voska Cary Public Works, Erik Morimoto Cary Public Works, Courtney Sage Cary Public Works, John Stein Crystal Lake Park District, Ann Viger Environmental Defenders of McHenry County, Nancy Schietzelt Flint Creek/Spring Creek Watersheds Partnership, Faye Sinnott Fox Lake Public Works, Kealan Noonan Geosystec Consultants, Dennis Dreher Heartland Realtor Organization, Neeley Erickson HR Green, Chad Pieper Huemann Well, Joe Huemann Huntley Public Works, Tim Farrell Integrated Lakes Management (ILM), Lisa Woolford Izaak Walton League, Dean Farr Kane County Division of Environmental and Water Resources, Jessica Mino Lakewood Public Works, Gary Zickuhr Land Conservancy of McHenry County, Lisa Haderlein Land Conservancy of McHenry County, Randy Schietzelt McHenry County College Sustainability Center, Kim Hankins McHenry County Conservation District, Dave Brandt McHenry County Conservation District, Carolyn Campbell McHenry County Division of Transportation, Samantha Dittrich McHenry County Division of Transportation, Ernest J. Varga McHenry County Farm Bureau, Dan Volkers McHenry County Department of Health, Zachery Bauke McHenry County Schools Environmental Education Program (MCSEEP), Larry Fischer McHenry-Lake County Soil and Water Conservation District, Spring Duffey Openlands, Ders Anderson Paddle the Kish, Pat Lawlor Parker Fen, Jewel Hahn Resident, Larry Spaeth Sierra Club, Cindy Skrukrud Thelen Sand and Gravel, Ron Raupp Woodstock City Council, Jim Prindiville Woodstock Public Works, Will Smith
Acknowledgments
McHenry County Board Participants:
Jim Kearns, Suzanne Ness, Lori Parrish, Carolyn Schofield, Paula Yensen
With Additional Support From:
Algonquin Township Highway District Illinois Tollway Alliance for Water Efficiency International ROW Association Barrington Area Council Of Governments Lake County Public Works Barrington Hills Board of Health Lake County Stormwater Management Barrington Township Commission Boone County Conservation District Lake in the Hills Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Liberty Prairie Foundation Planning (CMAP) McHenry County Department of Health Citizens Climate Lobby McHenry County Conservation District City of Crystal Lake McHenry County Environmental City of Harvard Education Program (MCSEEP) City of Harvard National Resource Conservation service Nippersink Creek Watershed Association City of McHenry Pepper Construction City of Rockford United States Geological Survey Crystal Lake Park District Village of Algonquin Engineering Enterprises Village of Algonquin Environmental Consulting & Technology Village of Algonquin Geosyntech Consultants Village of Barrington Go Green Barrington Village of Barrington Hills Illinois Assoc. of Aggregate Producers Village of Bull Valley Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Village of Lake Barrington Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Village of Lakewood Illinois Nature Preserves Commission Water Quality Association Illinois State Geological Survey Winnebago Co. Highway Department Illinois State Water Survey
Thank you to all who attended WRAP Task Force meetings, answered questions, or provided feedback
Acknowledgments
Guest Speakers: (in order of appearance)
Illinois State Geological Survey, Jason Thomason (Geology and Water Resources of McHenry Co.) McHenry County Conservation District, Ed Collins (Natural Systems and Surface Waters in McHenry Co.) Illinois State Water Survey, Walt Kelly (Groundwater Quality in McHenry Co.) Illinois State Water Survey, Daniel Abrams (Groundwater Quantity in McHenry Co.) Wetlands Research, Inc., Donald Hey/Kathy Paap (Wetlands to Reduce Chloride from Winter Rd Maint.) U.S. Geological Survey, Amy Gahala (Monitoring Groundwater Quality and Quantity in McHenry Co.) U.S. Geological Survey, Robert Kay (Study of Water Use in McHenry Co.) Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, Nora Beck (Projected Water Use - Chicago Region to 2050) Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant, Sarah Zack (Contaminants of Emerging Concern) Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Richard Cobb (Water Pollution and Pollution Prevention) Engineering Enterprises, Inc., Jeff Freeman (Wastewater Treatment Systems) Water Quality Association, Kristin Lodygowski (Water Treatment Systems) Illinois Department of Natural Resources (Retired), Gary Clark (Illinois Water Laws) Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Karen Katamay (NPDES and MS4 Permitting) McHenry Co. Planning and Development, Joanna Colletti (McHenry Co. Stormwater Mgmnt Ordinance) Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Paul Osman (Flooding in Illinois) Illinois State Water Survey (Emeritus), Dr. Jim Angel (Increasing Precipitation in Chicago Region) McHenry Co. Planning and Development, Joanna Colletti (Floodplain and Flooding in McHenry Co.) Baxter and Woodman, Paul Siegfried/Dan Bounds (Approaches to Address Local Flooding) McHenry Co. Planning and Development, Scott Kuykendall (Sensible Salting and Water Resources) Illinois Tollway, Bryan Wagner (Illinois Tollway Stormwater and Environmental Initiatives) McHenry Co. Division of Transportation, Ernest J. Varga/Scott Hennings (Transportation to 21st Century) McHenry Township Road District, David Kattner (Native Pollinator Plants in McHenry Township ROW’s) Hanes Geo Components, Dan Salsinger (Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Best Management Practices) Environmental Consulting and Technology, Inc., Jason Cooper (Green Infrastructure for Development) Geosyntec Consultants, Lee Hauser/Brian Valleskey (Industrial Development Best Mngmnt Practices) Alliance for Water Efficiency, Bill Christiansen (Water Conservation in a Nutshell) Pepper Construction, Susan Heinking (Saving Water One Building at a Time) Illinois Farm Bureau, Lauren Lurkins (Agricultural Conservation Practices to Protect Soil and Water) Illinois Nutrient Research and Education Council, Julie Armstrong (Nutrients - Water Quality Research)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION 1. McHenry County Environment 12 2. McHenry County Demographics 19 3. McHenry County Land Use 23
SECTION II: WATER RESOURCES 4. General Water Resources 1 5. Water Resources of McHenry County 23 6. Water Quality 62 7. Water Conservation 130
SECTION III: SIGNIFICANT WATER ISSUES 8. Climate Change 1 9. Flooding 18 10. Drought 58 11. Green Infrastructure 68
SECTION IV: LAND USES 12. Residential and Commercial Development 1 13. Industrial Development 23 14. Transportation 59 15. Agriculture 81 16. Open Space 112 17. Recreation 129 18. Golf Courses 142
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
The McHenry County Water Resources Action Plan (WRAP) 2020 Update is intended to serve as a resource that residents, businesses, municipal staff, and elected officials can use to understand McHenry County’s water resources. The WRAP describes the groundwater and surface water resources in McHenry County, identifies potential threats to those resources, and provides best management practices that can be employed to protect them.
McHenry County residents are fortunate to have ample water resources. The scale and quality of these resources are unique and contribute to an attractive quality of life for our residents, businesses, and visitors. However, these water resources are vulnerable and need to be protected or restored in order to continue providing the benefits that we depend on. The health of water resources in McHenry County will shape the future of our communities.
Water is also the foundation of the local economy, since people will not invest in homes and businesses if they do not have access to safe, clean, reliable, and affordable water sources. McHenry County’s water resources include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands as well as several different groundwater aquifers that provide sources of drinking water. McHenry County relies exclusively on groundwater for all its potable water needs, so protecting the aquifers is of critical importance. With the county’s population projected to grow from approximately 308,000 in 20191 to almost 479,000 people by 2050,2 sustainable management and protection of groundwater supplies will become increasingly important.
Students learning about pollution at a Groundwater Festival sponsored by the McHenry County Schools Environmental Education Program (MCSEEP)
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Executive Summary
McHenry County is located in Northeast Illinois, approximately 45 miles northwest of Chicago. It is one of the “collar counties” surrounding Chicago in an area that is commonly referred to as the Chicago Region. From the 1950’s to the early 2000’s, the Chicago Region and McHenry County experienced explosive growth. With this rapid growth came ever greater demands for water from McHenry County’s groundwater aquifers. As populations grew and development increased, the risk for water pollution also increased. At the same time, the natural recharge of water into the aquifers was reduced as soils were paved over or compacted during development. Each of these challenges raised significant concerns about the ability of McHenry County’s aquifers to support continued population growth.
Water Resources Planning History
To address these concerns, the County Board commissioned the preparation of a Groundwater Resources Management Plan (GRMP) in 2001. The purpose of the GRMP was to better understand the groundwater resources in the county and their capacity to meet the county’s future needs. This was the first comprehensive study of the county’s water resources, and it examined both water supplies and future water demands. The GRMP was completed in 2006. The Plan verified the types of groundwater aquifers that supply potable water for the county, evaluated supply and demand for the aquifers, and identified numerous potential threats to the water supplies. Key points of the GRMP included3: • McHenry County utilizes three main types of groundwater aquifers:
o Shallow sand and gravel aquifers – Areas of sand and gravel with wells generally located within 200 feet of the land surface. Groundwater comes from rainfall or snowmelt that infiltrates through soil and fills the pore spaces between the sand and gravel. These aquifers are the primary source of water for private wells and provide the largest volume of water of the aquifer types.
o Shallow bedrock (Silurian limestone-dolomite) aquifers – Located in fractures of limestone or dolomite bedrock with wells that are generally within 100 to 300 feet of the land surface. Because they rely on the movement of water through fractures, the location of functional aquifers and the volume of water produced is variable.
o Deep sandstone bedrock (Cambrian-Ordovician) aquifers – The common names for these aquifers are the St. Peter (upper) and the Ironton-Galesville (lower). They are composed of sandstone bedrock with wells generally within 800 to 1,300 feet. These provide most of the water for many municipalities. Groundwater recharge to the St. Peter is generally from Boone County, with a smaller amount of recharge coming from the far west of McHenry County. The Ironton-Galesville aquifer is recharged from south- central Wisconsin.
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Executive Summary
• The sustainable yield of an aquifer is the amount of water that may be safely pumped from an aquifer over a long period of time without causing overall declines in water levels.3 If the total discharge from an aquifer exceeds the recharge rate, water levels in the aquifer will drop. Groundwater aquifers in McHenry County have limited capacity, and excessive withdrawals can adversely impact adjacent wells by lowering water tables, or deplete groundwater levels to the point where further withdrawals are no longer feasible.
o Groundwater is a common pool resource. Aquifers are often available to a number of individual users each of whom, absent government regulation or institutional arrangements, may attempt to make unlimited use of the resource. Combined unregulated withdrawals may exceed recharge, leading to depletion of the aquifer.
o Shallow Aquifers – Some shallow aquifers will be more vulnerable to depletion than others. The potential for exceeding sustainable yield in shallow aquifers can vary depending on factors such as aquifer size, permeability of soils, presence of impermeable layers above an aquifer that can limit recharge, and the level of demand.
o Deep Sandstone Aquifers – These aquifers supply water for all of Northeast Illinois (and other states). Since the mid-1900’s, withdrawal rates from the sandstone aquifers have exceeded their estimated sustained yield. Heavy pumping in some areas resulted in water levels dropping by more than 850 feet from their original levels.3 Although demand from these aquifers continue to change, the GRMP recommended that “[T]he deep bedrock aquifer should not be relied upon as a sustainable source of additional water to accommodate McHenry County’s or the region’s future water demands.”3 This recommendation emphasizes the importance of protecting the shallow aquifers and implementing water conservation practices in order to maintain water supplies and safely accommodate future needs. • While the potential for contamination of deep bedrock aquifers from pollutant migration from the land surface is low, the shallow aquifers (sand and gravel aquifers and the shallow bedrock aquifers) are susceptible to contamination.
o Deep bedrock aquifers have thick layers of impermeable material separating them from the shallow aquifers, preventing or limiting the ability of materials to migrate downward. However, other pathways, such as improperly abandoned wells, may pose a threat to water quality in the deep bedrock aquifers.
o The same forces that allow precipitation to infiltrate and recharge the shallow aquifers may also carry pollutants from the land surface to contaminate groundwater.
o The potential for groundwater contamination grows proportionally as population and business development increases in an area. This threat includes spilling of hazardous materials on the surface and increased discharge of fully or partially treated wastewater and wastewater treatment residuals.
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Executive Summary
• Although more difficult to measure, another important aspect of groundwater use is the potential impact on natural wetlands, fens, streams, and lakes. These natural areas are dependent on groundwater discharges to the surface and excessive pumping may reduce or eliminate these flows. • The GRMP suggested several approaches for developing a plan to protect groundwater quality and quantity in McHenry County:
o Create a position responsible for groundwater management at the county level. o Expand educational programs. o Land purchase/leases, donations or creation conservation of easements to protect groundwater recharge areas.
o Establish an expanded household hazardous waste collection. o Develop a countywide contingency plan that addresses chemical contamination of water supplies, terrorist attacks, and any other threat to water supply wells.
o Prepare and adopt countywide groundwater water protection ordinances as authorized by Illinois Groundwater Protection Act and/or through zoning.
o Investigate the feasibility of creating a water authority to regulate groundwater withdrawals.
o Contract with the Illinois State Water Survey and Illinois State Water Survey to complete studies of shallow groundwater aquifers within the county.
o Investigate the enactment of new state laws regulating groundwater withdrawals.
At the direction of the County Board, a Water Resources Manager was hired in 2007 and a Task Force was convened to focus on solutions to water quality and quantity concerns identified in the GRMP. The Task Force consisted of staff from County government along with volunteers from municipalities, townships, other government agencies, businesses, and other organizations. In 2011, the Task Force completed the Water Resources Action Plan (WRAP) which was subsequently adopted by the County Board.
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Executive Summary
WRAP Accomplishments
The preparation of the 2011 WRAP helped raise public awareness about water resources. The collaborative process helped foster cooperation between groups that have continued their efforts outside of the Task Force. The WRAP led the county to develop pollution prevention programs, expand educational outreach on water resource issues, obtain grants, and to work with top scientific agencies on a number of initiatives. As a result of these accomplishments, McHenry County is highly regarded as a leader in water resources protection. Significant accomplishments include:
• 2008 – In coordination with the Illinois State Water Survey, members of the WRAP Taskforce and County staff developed a Sensitive Aquifer Recharge Areas (SARA) map. The SARA map identified soils in the county with the greatest potential for infiltration by water or pollutants into the groundwater aquifers. • 2009 – The county sponsored its first snow and ice workshop that provided training for Sensible Salting practices that maintain safe roads while minimizing salt use to help protect water resources from pollution caused by salt. These workshops have continued to be held annually and have trained over 1,000 people.
• 2009 – In coordination with the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Geological Survey, a network of groundwater monitoring wells and stream gauges were installed at locations across the county. The monitoring wells continuously measure and record water levels in the county’s sand and gravel aquifers. These aquifers are the largest source of water for the county and will be critical for meeting water demands of a growing population. The data is available online at the interactive US Geological Survey National Water Information System mapping website.
• In 2010, the US Geological Survey used the monitoring well network to conduct a comprehensive study of the county’s groundwater quality. Groundwater samples collected across the monitoring well network were analyzed for a broad spectrum of potential pollutants, including major ions, pesticides, metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The McHenry County Water Quality Study is available on the McHenry County Water Resources website.
• 2011 – The Illinois State Geological Survey completed 3-Dimensional (3D) mapping of the county’s subsurface geology and aquifers. The 3D mapping significantly improved understanding of the county’s surficial geology, groundwater aquifers, and groundwater recharge zones. The 3D mapping is a powerful tool that is available to the public and can be used for planning, zoning, and water resource protection. The 3D mapping information can be accessed online through the McHenry County 3D Geologic Mapping Tool that is maintained for McHenry County by the Illinois State Geological Survey.
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Executive Summary
• 2013 – The Illinois State Water survey completed a Groundwater Simulation Modeling and Potentiometric Surface Mapping project that improved understanding of aquifer drawdown, groundwater flow, and future availability of groundwater.
• 2017 – At the direction of the County Board, Planning and Development hired a Water Resources Specialist to fill the position that had been vacated in 2012. The Water Resources Specialist focuses on groundwater protection, scientific projects and studies relating to water resources, expanding public education and outreach regarding water, and helping to set policies and plans that protect water resources for future generations.
• 2017, 2018, 2019 – To expand public education, Planning and Development began hosting an annual McHenry County Water Forum. Each year the event focuses on a water related topic and includes presentations from experts on the topic. The Water Forums are free and open to the public. The events provide an opportunity for residents, business leaders, municipal staff and elected officials in McHenry County to learn about water resources from some of the most knowledgeable professionals in their fields. The attendance has been strong with up to 200 people participating at the events.
• 2018 – The SARA Map was updated using data from the 3D modelling that the Illinois State Geological Survey completed in 2011. The updated SARA map was added as a GIS layer on the County’s PlanDev interactive on-line mapping tool.
• 2020 – The US Geological Survey is replicating the 2010 McHenry County Water Quality Study, collecting and analyzing groundwater samples from the countywide monitoring well network. The 2020 water quality study is also testing for “contaminants of emerging concern” to address pollutants that are not currently regulated but likely will be in the near future. The water quality studies will be conducted every 10 years in order to help proactively identify and correct issues that could impact the quality and quantity of groundwater in McHenry County.
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Executive Summary
WRAP 2020 Update
While the 2011 WRAP was successful and produced many accomplishments toward protecting water resources, the information in the Plan was over a decade old and in need of updating with the latest information. In 2019, the Water Resources Specialist and staff from Planning and Development began the task of updating the WRAP for completion in 2020. The update expands on many of the topics introduced in the original WRAP by providing more detailed, up-to-date information that is directly relevant to McHenry County. Information in the WRAP Update is reinforced with useful graphics and imagery to further assist readers.
A WRAP Task Force was convened in March of 2019. Significant effort was made to include a very diverse group of stakeholders. The Task Force members included elected officials, municipal staff, water resource engineers, planners, ecologists, water treatment companies, aggregate industry professionals, real estate professionals, environmental organizations, and members of the general public. The Task Force met monthly from March 2019 to February 2020. Each meeting focused on specific topics that were being addressed in the WRAP Update and had experts in relevant fields give presentations. The presentations provided Task Force members with a foundational understanding of the WRAP topics. Presentations were followed by charrettes or group discussions to explore the material more thoroughly. Draft chapters of the WRAP were reviewed and discussed at meetings. Feedback from the Task Force was applied to the WRAP. At least 164 people participated in the Task Force meetings, with up to 60 people attending regularly. Correspondence with the Task Force continued electronically throughout development of the Plan. The WRAP update has been completed by Planning and Development staff with significant stakeholder support and input.
First Task Force meeting for the WRAP 2020 Update
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Executive Summary
Plan Purpose
The WRAP 2020 Update incorporates the latest science, trends, and analyses to help McHenry County residents, businesses, municipalities, and elected officials understand their unique water resources; empower communities to protect, preserve and enhance water resources for current and future generations; and to help McHenry County continue its leadership role in protecting increasingly scarce and vulnerable water resources.
The WRAP concentrates on water resource issues that are specific to McHenry County. The WRAP is intended to serve as a local, educational resource that can help to raise awareness about water resources in McHenry County. It provides a foundation for public outreach and education by the County, municipalities, schools, organizations, institutions, or individuals. Ultimately, it is hoped that information in the WRAP will lead to policy, land use, and zoning decisions that prioritize and protect water resources.
The WRAP Update is separated into four main sections: I. Introduction – Provides general information about McHenry County’s environment, economy, and land uses. II. Water Resources – Provides a general overview about water followed by detailed information about McHenry County’s water resources, water quality, and water conservation. III. Significant Water Resource Issues – Covers major water resources issues such as climate change, flooding, drought, and green infrastructure that have relevance to all water related issues covered in other chapters IV. Land Uses – Identifies different land uses in McHenry County, explores how those land uses may impact water, and provides best management practices that can be used to mitigate those impacts.
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Executive Summary
Priority Concerns
Though seemingly abundant, water is a scarce resource throughout much of the world. While around 75% of the planet is covered by water, only 1% of it is freshwater that is accessible.4 That 1% of freshwater must be shared by over 7 billion human beings as well as other living beings that depend on freshwater for survival. The United Nations estimates that by the year 2025, around 1.8 billion people will suffer from absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world’s population could be living under water stressed conditions.5 Worldwide, over a billion people do not have access to safe water and over 2 billion people live without adequate sanitation.6 Children are most susceptible to pollution and every day 6,000 children die of water-related illnesses.6
The water resources enjoyed by the residents of McHenry County are unique in the world. Without protection, however, many of the problems that cause scarcity and disease elsewhere, such as unregulated overuse and pollution, could impact McHenry County. If properly managed, McHenry County’s water resources are capable of sustainably supporting life, health, and economic opportunity and deserve to be respected and protected. As identified in the GRMP, the 2011 WRAP, and studies by state and federal agencies, water in McHenry County is vulnerable to a variety of threats. The primary concerns addressed by the WRAP update include: • Overconsumption • Groundwater Recharge • Aquifer Depletion • Water Pollution • Degradation of Natural Resources and Aquatic Environments • Flooding and drought • Need for Water-Related Education, Planning and Policies
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Executive Summary
Useful Websites and Resources
McHenry County Water Resources Action Plan 2020 Update https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning-development/water- resources/water-resources-action-plan-new
McHenry County Water Resources Division Website https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning-development/water- resources
McHenry County Groundwater Management Plan https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning-development/water- resources/groundwater-resources-management-plan
McHenry County Water Resources Action Plan (WRAP) 2011 https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning-development/water- resources/water-resources-action-plan
McHenry County - USGS Monitoring Well Network Data – Interactive Website https://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov/countymap.asp?sa=IL&cc=111
USGS Water Quality Study for McHenry County https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/home/showdocument?id=78779
McHenry County – ISGS 3D Geologic Mapping – Interactive Website https://maps.isgs.illinois.edu/vxs/McHenry/
Zoom in on the area of interest in the county. You can click on any of the black lines to view an existing transect or you can create your own transect. To create your own, click on the zig/zag line near the top left corner of the map, then move your cursor to one side of your area of interest to start the line, then drag your cursor across the area of interest, then click twice to complete the transect. A cross-section view will then be generated that shows a color coded profile view of the areas geology. The lighter colors are areas of sand and gravel that can serve as recharge zones or aquifers, darker colors are silts or clays that are less permeable or impermeable.
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Executive Summary
Endnotes: Executive Summary
1 https://www.census.gov/
2 https://datahub.cmap.illinois.gov/dataset/2050-forecast-of-population-households-and- employment/resource/c6424fa7-3547-4cfc-995b-01ba784cd6ce
3 https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning- development/water-resources/groundwater-resources-management-plan
4 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater- crisis/#:~:text=While%20nearly%2070%20percent%20of,trapped%20in%20glaciers%20and%20snowfield s
5https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml#:~:text=Did%20you%20know%3F,living%20und er%20water%20stressed%20conditions.
6 https://www.unicef.org/media/media_21423.html
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SECTION I: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 – MCHENRY COUNTY ENVIRONMENT
Overview - McHenry County is located in Northeast Illinois, approximately 35 miles northwest of downtown Chicago. McHenry is considered one of the “collar counties” surrounding the City of Chicago in an area commonly referred to as the Chicago Region. McHenry County is bordered by Lake County to the east, Cook, Kane and DeKalb Counties to the south, Boone County to the west, and Kenosha and Walworth Counties in the State of Wisconsin to the north. The County Seat is Woodstock, Illinois. McHenry County has a land area of approximately 611 square miles, which makes it the 34th largest county in Illinois.1 Political jurisdictions within the county include 17 townships and 30 municipalities.
Figure 1-1: Map of McHenry County showing municipalities, townships, and major roads.
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Section I | Chapter 1 | McHenry County Environment
Environment – With its rolling morainal hills, majestic oak forests, diverse wetlands, and numerous groundwater aquifers, the topography, ecology, and geology of McHenry County is distinctly unique from the rest of Illinois. The landforms that make up today’s landscape have been shaped by geologic forces spanning hundreds of millions of years. The sandstone of the deep bedrock aquifers, which are a vital source of water for McHenry County residents, were formed during the Cambrian-Ordovician period that lasted from 541 million years ago2 until around 444 million years ago.3 This was a time of tectonic activity and climatic changes in which ice caps repeatedly melted and reformed. When ice caps melted, water levels across the planet rose, creating vast oceans that deposited material that would eventually form the county’s sandstone aquifers.
458 Million Years Ago
North America
Figure 1-2: Map of the earth during the Middle Ordovician period of geologic history when the area that would become McHenry County was covered by ocean.
Much of the limestone and dolomite that make up the county’s shallow bedrock aquifers formed during the Silurian period around 443 million to 416 million years ago, when shallow seas covered the interior of what is now the United States.4 Starting around 2.3 million years ago, glaciers began to form and move across the region in four major glacial advancements (Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoisan, and Wisconsinan).
The effects of the Wisconsinan glaciation, which began approximately 75,000 years ago and lasted until about 12,000 years ago, had the greatest influence on the current landscape seen today. The glaciers scoured the land surface as they moved, collecting vast amounts of rock, gravel, sand, and soil materials. These materials were deposited as glaciers retreated or melted. The deposited sand and gravel form the shallow groundwater aquifers that provide most of the drinking water for the county today.
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Section I | Chapter 1 | McHenry County Environment
Figure 1-3: Maps showing a few of the expansions and retreats of glaciers across McHenry County during the Wisconsinan glaciation. The most recent of these events formed the current landforms in McHenry County. The edge of the glacier in the map from 20,500 years ago closely aligns with the ridge forming the drainage divide that directs water in the east half of the county to the Fox River and water in the west half of the county to the Kishwaukee River. This ridgeline also closely aligns with Route 14.
Erosion and deposition created by the glaciers reshaped the land, creating geologic formations known as moraines, kames, drumlins, eskers, and kettles. A prominent north-south moraine, the Marengo Ridge, occurs in the western part of McHenry County, in line with the towns of Harvard and Marengo. Other prominent moraines in McHenry County include the Woodstock Moraine and the Barlina Moraine. The highest elevation in the county is about 1,190 feet above sea level and is located approximately 4.5 miles northeast of Harvard, on part of the West Chicago Moraine. The lowest elevation is about 730 feet at the point where the Fox River leaves the county, south of Algonquin.
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Section I | Chapter 1 | McHenry County Environment
As the climate shifted following the retreat of the glaciers, so did the vegetation, ultimately forming a mosaic of natural habitats including prairie, wetland, savanna, oak hickory forest, lakes, rivers, and streams. For thousands of years, these natural resources supported a diversity of wildlife and large numbers of Native American cultures. More recently, the abundant water, rich loam and silt-loam soils, and habitable environment have attracted agricultural and urban development. Although European settlement has altered the region, natural habitats and open landscapes continue to shape the character of McHenry County, while providing recreational opportunities and natural beauty that support a high quality of life.
View of morning fog over McHenry County from the Camelback Kames in Glacial Park (McHenry County Conservation District)
Watersheds – McHenry County has two major watershed areas, the Upper Fox River watershed and the Kishwaukee River watershed. The eastern half of the County is drained by the Fox River, which flows to the south. The main tributaries of the Fox River include Boone Creek, Nippersink Creek, and Sleepy Hollow Creek (also known as Thunderbird Lake Drain). The western half of the county is drained by the Kishwaukee River, which flows generally towards the west. Piscasaw, Coon, and Rush creeks are tributaries to the Kishwaukee River.
Climate – From 1990 and 2015, the average temperature in McHenry County was about 21 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and about 71 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) in the summer.5 The lowest recorded temperature was on January 11, 1979 in Marengo, at minus 29 °F6. The highest recorded temperature was on July 14, 1936 in Marengo, at 109 °F.6 Over the last century, the average temperature in McHenry County has increased by approximately 1.5 °F.7 Warmer air increases evaporation, which contributes more water to the air. For every degree of temperature increase, the air can hold 4% more water.7 The result is increased precipitation.
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Section I | Chapter 1 | McHenry County Environment
Figure 1-4: Graph depicting the approximately 1.5 °F increase in average temperature in Northeast Illinois over the past century.7
On average, McHenry County receives 37 inches of rain and 35 inches of snow per year.8 Like the rest of Illinois, McHenry County has experienced a wetter climate in recent decades; these trends are expected to continue.9 The rate of precipitation in McHenry County has increased around 5% over the last century.7
Figure 1-5: Graph depicting an approximate 5% increase in average precipitation in Northeast Illinois over the past century.7
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Section I | Chapter 1 | McHenry County Environment
It is not just the amount of precipitation that has increased: the intensity of the storms is increasing as well. The increased precipitation is occurring in fewer storms, as more precipitation falls in each of these events. The increasing volume and intensity of precipitation events can overwhelm the soil’s ability to absorb water and the existing infrastructure, which was designed at a time when precipitation rates were lower. Some communities may need to adapt to the increasing rates of precipitation. New development should be designed for anticipated precipitation levels rather than historical data.
Figure 1-6: Graph depicting the number of extreme storm events in Northeast Illinois over the past century.7
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Section I | Chapter 1 | McHenry County Environment
Useful Websites and Resources
McHenry County Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (2017) https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/home/showdocument?id=77420
McHenry County Water Forum https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning-development/water- resources/water-forum
Endnotes: Chapter 1 – McHenry County Environment
1 McHenry County Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (2017)
https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/home/showdocument?id=77420
2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian
3 https://www.britannica.com/science/Ordovician-Period6 https://worldpopulationreview.com/us- counties/states/il
4 https://www.livescience.com/43514-silurian- period.html#:~:text=The%20Silurian%20Period%20occurred%20from,and%20sea%20levels%20were%20 rising
5 The Weather Warehouse. (2016). Weather Source API [NWS Database]. Retrieved from http://weatherwarehouse.com/WeatherHistory/PastWeatherData_MchenryStrattonLD_McHenry_IL_Ja nuary.html
6 http://www.usa.com/mchenry-county-il-natural-disasters-extremes.htm
7 Presentation by Dr. Angel, State Climatologist, Illinois State Water Survey https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/home/showdocument?id=94787
8https://www.bestplaces.net/climate/county/illinois/mchenry#:~:text=McHenry%20County%2C%20Illin ois%20gets%2037,inches%20of%20snow%20per%20year
9 https://www.isws.illinois.edu/statecli/climate-change/NE-IL-trends/rainfall.ht
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Section I | Chapter 2 | McHenry County Demographics
CHAPTER 2 – MCHENRY COUNTY DEMOGRAPHICS
Population – Between 1836 until 1950, McHenry County experienced a steady rate of continuous population growth. Then from around 1950 until the great recession started in 2007, the county’s population grew exponentially, from about 50,000 to over 300,000 people.10 The county is now the 6th most populated county in Illinois.2 Before the recession, McHenry County’s population was projected to grow to 450,000 by 2030.3 Over the past decade, the county’s population has held consistently at around 308,000.1
Figure 2-1: Population growth in McHenry County from 1900 to 20181.
The projected population growth has now been revised. Population levels are still expected to increase, albeit at a slower pace. The Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP) projects that the population of McHenry County will grow to 374,989 by 2030, and 478,639 by 2050.4
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the estimated population of McHenry County in 2019 was 307,774.1 The 2019 population estimates for individual municipalities and unincorporated townships in McHenry County are provided below.
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Section I | Chapter 2 | McHenry County Demographics
McHenry County Municipalities - Estimated 2019 Population Algonquin (pt) Fox River Grove (pt) Island Lake (pt.) McHenry Ringwood 22,084 4,102 4,746 27,061 813 Barrington Hills (pt.) Greenwood Johnsburg Marengo Spring Grove 1,290 226 6,368 7,437 5,706 Bull Valley Harvard Lake in the Hills Oakwood Hills Trout Valley 1,084 9,060 28,634 2,028 513 Cary Hebron village Lakemoor (pt.) Port Barrington (pt) Union 18,067 1,183 2,495 969 553 Crystal Lake Holiday Hills Lakewood Prairie Grove Wonder Lake 39,829 579 4,001 1,931 3,882 Fox Lake (pt.) Huntley village (pt.) McCullom Lake Richmond Woodstock 488 21,325 1,008 1,904 25,240 Municipal Total 244,606 Table 2-8: Municipalities and approximate number of residents. (pt) – Indicates that only part of the municipality is located in McHenry County. Only residents within McHenry County are included in these estimates.
Unincorporated Townships - Estimated 2019 Population Alden Coral Greenwood McHenry Seneca 1,355 2,885 3,690 14,989 2,205 Algonquin Dorr Hartland Nunda 9,580 2,554 1,980 12,312 Burton Dunham Hebron Richmond 1,729 1,095 1,123 1,701 Chemung Grafton Marengo Riley 1,360 1,842 1,310 1,458 Unincorporated 63,168 Township Total Table 2-9: Townships and approximate number of residents.
Municipal Estimated 2019 Population Total 244,606 Unincorporated Township Estimated 2019 Population Total 63,168 Combined County Population Total 307,774 Table 2-10: Combined total for approximate number of residents.
McHenry County sits amidst three regional hubs that attract both development and population growth. The most powerful of these is the County’s proximity to the regional employment hub of Chicago. The nearby northwestern suburbs serve as large employment centers to which residents can easily commute. McHenry County is also located 20 miles due east of Rockford, in nearby Winnebago County, with an estimated population of over 150,000. Lastly, the County’s northern border forms a portion of the Illinois-Wisconsin state line and is just six miles from the Lake Geneva area, a popular tourist destination.
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Section I | Chapter 2 | McHenry County Demographics
Economics – In 2019, the total Gross Regional Product (GRP) for McHenry County was $11,546,679,404 and there were 168,781 people in the county’s labor force (162,811 employed, 5,970 unemployed).5 The largest industries in the county are listed below, along with the number of jobs they provide; the average earnings for workers; and their GRP for 20185.
Industry Type # Jobs Earnings/Worker GRP Manufacturing 15,124 $73,361 $2.10B Government 15,015 $65,554 $1.05B Retail Trade 13,814 $33,510 $850.82M Health Care & Social Assistance 11,364 $58,495 $785.48M Accommodation & Food Services 9,357 $19,176 $285.70M Construction 8,689 $74,063 $883.81M Administrative & Support & Waste Mgmt. & 7,962 $43,072 $483.30M Remediation Services Professional, Scientific, & Technical Svc 4,801 $67,822 $557.07M Other Services (except Public Admin) 4,566 $33,653 $242.63
Wholesale Trade 4,268 $75,884 $837.29M Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation 2,210 $21,574 $90.31M Finance and Insurance 2,193 $75,910 $541.10M Transportation & Warehousing 2,088 $66,185 $231.14M Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting 1,615 $52,778 $137.06M Educational Services 1,390 $26,175 $45.04M Real Estate & Rental and Leasing 1,065 $52,137 $391.76M Management of Companies & Enterprises 943 $132,956 $144.14M Information 855 $51,158 $161.40M Utilities 101 $99,345 $42.15M Mining, Quarrying, & Oil & Gas Extraction 48 $81,717 $11.58M Table 2-11: 2018 Economic Data for McHenry County (Industry Type, Number of Jobs, Average Earnings per Worker, and Gross Regional Product). Data source: the McHenry County Economic Development Corporation.6
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Section I | Chapter 2 | McHenry County Demographics
Useful Website and Resources
McHenry County Government Home https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/home
McHenry County Economic Development Corporation https://www.mchenrycountyedc.com/
Endnotes: Chapter 2 – McHenry County Demographics
1 https://www.census.gov/
2 https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-counties/states/il
3 McHenry County Groundwater Resources Management Plan, Report 2 Groundwater Resources https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/home/showdocument?id=8620
4 https://datahub.cmap.illinois.gov/dataset/2050-forecast-of-population-households-and- employment/resource/c6424fa7-3547-4cfc-995b-01ba784cd6ce
5 McHenry County Labor Report https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/home/showdocument?id=95545
6 https://www.mchenrycountyedc.com/dashboard/
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
CHAPTER 3 – LAND USES
Land uses in McHenry County were reviewed as part of the McHenry County 2030 Comprehensive Plan.1 The Land Use map (Figure 3-3) and supporting information in the Comprehensive Plan shows a mix of land uses that varies across the County. The land uses in 2009 included Estate Residential, Single-Family Residential, Multifamily Residential, Mixed Use, Retail, Office/Research/Industrial, Open Space, Government/Institutional, Mining, Agricultural, and Vacant. These land uses were based on the County’s property assessment records and GIS parcel data from August 2009. According to the Comprehensive Plan, the distribution of land use in 2009 included:
• Agricultural 61%
• Open Space 11%
• Residential 16%
• Government/Institutional 2%
• Commercial Retail 1%
• Industrial 1%
• Earth Extraction 2%
• Vacant 6%
Figure 3-1: Pie chart showing the percentages of land use in McHenry County for 2009 based on the McHenry County 2030 Plan.
The 2030 Comprehensive Plan also provided planning for future land uses. The Future Land Use map (Figure 3-4) presents a geographic pattern for future development and redevelopment activities, as well as the preservation of natural, water, and agricultural resources. The Future Land Use planning and map are intended to help steer the location and type of future development and direct the preservation of agricultural and natural resources.
Development of the Future Land Use map was based on ten principles, derived through a series of meetings between County Board District members and Regional Planning Commission (RPC) members. The principles were endorsed by the RPC and the County Board Planning and Development Committee for use in creating the Future Land Use map. The RPC considered these principles in the development of the Future Land Use map:
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
1. Accommodate and direct growth by designating broad land use categories on the Future Land Use map including residential, non-residential (or employment), mixed use, public and private open space, and natural resource areas;
2. Support a diversity of land use options and designate land use that is compatible with the surrounding neighborhood and community character (urban, small town, suburban, rural);
3. Protect/preserve sensitive natural resource areas countywide, including within municipalities;
4. Encourage compact contiguous development;
5. Support higher density, infill development and redevelopment, including Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and Traditional-Neighborhood Design (TND), where appropriate;
6. Designate long-term future office/research/industrial employment centers;
7. Designate future land use consistent with protecting aquifer recharge (volume and quantity) in sensitive aquifer recharge areas;
8. Protect and preserve high-quality agricultural lands for agricultural use;
9. Promote land use best management practices; and
10. Support transportation recommendations contained in County-adopted transportation plans.
• Agricultural 45%
• Open Space 12%
• Environmentally Sensitive 18%
• Residential 21%
• Government/Institutional 1%
• Commercial Retail 1%
• Industrial/Office 2%
• Mixed Use 0.4%
Figure 3-2: Pie chart showing percentages of future land use in McHenry County for 2030 based on the projections in the McHenry County 2030 Plan.
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
The Future Land Use map includes the following land-use districts: Environmentally Sensitive, Public Open Space, Agriculture, Estate, Residential, Retail, Office/Research/Industrial, Mixed Use, and Government/Institutional. The map also identifies TOD overlay districts and the location of existing aggregate extraction sites.
The Future Land Use districts, as defined in the 2030 Comprehensive Plan, are described below.
• Environmentally Sensitive – includes existing floodplains, floodways, wetlands 10 acres and larger from the Advanced Identification (ADID) inventory, and most McHenry County Natural Area Inventory (MCNAI) sites. In order to present the geographic distribution of environment resources countywide, Environmentally Sensitive areas are also mapped within existing municipal boundaries. Mapped Environmentally Sensitive areas include adjustments to accommodate areas committed for development and to incorporate additional environmental resource areas as identified by the RPC.
Development near Environmentally Sensitive areas must be designed to minimize adverse impacts to natural resources. This is particularly true regarding unique resources such as the Huntley, Union, Marengo (HUM) Prairie. While not included in the Environmentally Sensitive district, the RPC also considered hydric soils and sensitive aquifer recharge areas in their development of the Future Land Use map.
• Protected Open Space – includes existing state and municipal parks, as well as the properties and easements held by the McHenry County Conservation District, the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, the Land Conservancy of McHenry County, the Boone Creek Watershed Alliance, and the Barrington Area Conservation Trust. These areas are deemed unavailable for future development. Future Public Open Space areas are not designated, except in unique circumstances (such as where designated in a municipal future land-use map). Most new Public Open Space will be established within areas identified as Environmentally Sensitive, Agricultural, or within one of the other land-use districts. The development of parcels adjacent to Public Open Space should consider opportunities for greenways, interconnected park land, and green buffers.
• Agriculture – represents existing agricultural areas, including cropland, pastureland, farm yards, and farmsteads that should remain in agricultural use through the 2030 planning horizon. Development in the Agriculture district should be strictly limited to agricultural, agricultural residences, and agricultural support uses. All other proposed developments within the Agriculture district should be scrutinized for compatibility with agricultural uses. Existing residential parcels within the Agriculture district should not be used as a basis for justifying approval of new residential developments in the Agriculture district.
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
• Estate – includes existing and proposed areas for single-family residential uses at gross densities of one to five acres per dwelling unit. Estate land use is generally designated in areas that are not projected to have access to public sewer and water. Estate development is appropriate in unincorporated areas under county jurisdiction and within municipalities that do not provide public sewer and water services. Where appropriate, conservation design is encouraged in order to cluster lots and maintain common open space areas within estate developments. Increased estate densities are encouraged where appropriate; however, estate development in close proximity to a municipality should take into consideration that municipality’s densities.
• Residential – includes existing and proposed areas for single-family and multi-family residential uses at gross densities of less than one acre per dwelling unit. Approximately 6% of the residential land use will consist of multi-family uses, such as apartment and condominium buildings with common exterior entrances and interior hallways. Most single-family and nearly all multi-family residential development will occur following municipal annexation, particularly annexations into municipalities that provide public sewer and water.
Within the Residential district, development densities should consider nearby land uses and zoning; the availability of transportation, infrastructure, water supply, and other public services; environmental limitations and other factors required by County ordinances; state statutes; and case law. To make efficient use of the County’s limited land resources and infrastructure, residential densities should be increased where appropriate based on consideration of relevant factors. Where appropriate, conservation design, traditional-neighborhood design, and transit- oriented design are encouraged.
• Retail – includes existing and proposed areas intended to accommodate all types of commercial businesses that sell goods and provide services to the public. These areas are generally designated at nodes around major street intersections. Most retail development is expected to occur following municipal annexation, particularly into municipalities with public sewer and water. Within sensitive aquifer recharge areas, retail uses should be limited to 50% impervious surface coverage.
• Office/Research/Industrial – includes existing and proposed areas for office, research, industrial, warehousing, and wholesale trade uses. The Office/Research/Industrial district is generally designated in close proximity major arterial roadways and railroads. Most Office/Research/Industrial development will occur after annexation into municipalities. Some Office/Research/Industrial development, particularly uses that require large acreages and generate limited water usage, may occur in unincorporated areas. Within sensitive aquifer recharge areas, Office/Research/Industrial uses should be limited to 50% impervious surface coverage and be properly designed to contain any potential contaminants from polluting the aquifers.
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
• Mixed Use – includes existing and proposed areas for development of retail or office uses in combination with residential uses. Mixed Use is primarily designated near existing community centers and near existing or potential future Metra stations. In addition to being designated as a primary future land use, Mixed Use development is also appropriate within the Transit-Oriented Development Overlay district.
• Government/Institutional – includes existing major government, institutional, airport, utility, and other tax-exempt uses. Except where identified in municipal or township future land-use maps, locations for new Government/Institutional use are not identified on the Future Land Use map. Most new Government/Institutional uses will be accommodated within the other land use districts.
• Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Overlay – includes a ½-mile radius around existing and potential future Metra commuter rail stations. These areas should be considered for retail, office, and residential mixed-use development, redevelopment, and infill development as appropriate, based on compatibility with surrounding land-use patterns and densities. Mixed- use development near transit stations can reduce the demand for residential land uses in other portions of the County; increase transit ridership; reduce automobile usage, energy consumption, and pollution; promote economic development; and contribute to affordable housing. This plan supports the creation of 1,000 new housing units near each existing station and 2,000 new housing units near each future station.
• Earth Extraction Overlay – existing sand and gravel extraction sites are identified on the Future Land Use map with a point symbol. Sand and gravel extraction is an interim land use. Individual sand and gravel extraction areas may or may not remain in use through the 2030 planning horizon.
The reclamation plans for existing unincorporated sand and gravel extraction sites call for the return of the land to agricultural uses following the completion of aggregate extraction activities. This Plan supports the reclamation of lands for other beneficial purposes consistent with adjacent land uses. Such purposes include agriculture, wildlife preservation, public education, new development opportunities, open space, and recreational uses.
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
) The The map Figure was 18 in the 2030 Plan. ( 2009 Land Use Map from the McHenry County 2030 Plan. Plan. 2030 County McHenry the Map from Use Land 2009 3: - Figure 3 Figure
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
) in the 2030 Plan.
23 The map was Figure ( Land Use Map from the McHenry County 2030 Plan. Plan. 2030 County McHenry the from Map Land Use
30 Future 20 4: - Figure 3 Figure
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Section I | Chapter 3 | McHenry County Land Uses
Useful Websites and Resources
McHenry County 2030 Comprehensive Plan https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning- development/planning-zoning-and-land-use/plans-and-planning-documents/2030-comprehensive-plan
McHenry County 2030 and Beyond (Comprehensive Plan Update) https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning- development/planning-zoning-and-land-use/plans-and-planning-documents/2030-beyond-plan
Endnotes: Chapter 3 – McHenry County Land Uses
1 https://www.mchenrycountyil.gov/county-government/departments-j-z/planning- development/planning-zoning-and-land-use/plans-and-planning-documents/2030-comprehensive-plan
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