History of Ralston Purina Co. and the Work of William H. Danforth and Donald E. Danforth

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Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 1

HISTORY OF RALSTON PURINA CO.

AND THE WORK OF

WILLIAM H. AND DONALD E. DANFORTH,

PROTEIN TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL,

AND SOLAE WITH SOY (1894-2020):

EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK

Compiled

William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi

2020

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews, without written permission from the publisher.

Published by: Soyinfo Center P.O. Box 234 Lafayette, CA 94549-0234 USA Phone: 925-283-2991 www.soyinfocenter.com

ISBN 9781948436267 (new ISBN Ralston without hyphens) ISBN 978-1-948436-26-7 (new ISBN Ralston with hyphens)

Printed 13 Sept. 2020

Price: Available on the Web free of charge

Search engine keywords:

History of Ralston Purina Co. Biography of William H. Danforth (1870-1955) History of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soy Biography of William Henry Danforth (1870-1955) History of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soybeans William Henry Danforth’s work with soybeans History of Ralston Purina Co. and Soy History of Ralston Purina Co. and Soybeans Biography of Donald E. Danforth (1898-1973) Biography of Donald E. Danforth (1898-1973) Bibliography of Ralston Purina Co. Donald Henry Danforth’s work with soybeans Bibliography of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soy Bibliography of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soybeans History of Protein Technologies International Bibliography of Ralston Purina Co. and Soy History of The Solae Co. Bibliography of Ralston Purina Co. and Soybeans

Chronology of Ralston Purina Co. Chronology of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soy Chronology of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soybeans Chronology of Ralston Purina Co. and Soy Chronology of Ralston Purina Co. and Soybeans

Timeline of Ralston Purina Co. Timeline of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soy Timeline of Ralston Purina Co.’s Work with Soybeans Timeline of Ralston Purina Co. and Soy Timeline of Ralston Purina Co. and Soybeans

Contents

Page

Dedication and Acknowledgments...... 4

Introduction and Brief Chronology, by William Shurtleff ...... 5

About This Book ...... 10

Abbreviations Used in This Book ...... 11

How to Make the Best Use of This Digital Book - Three Keys ...... 12

Full-Page Graphics ...... 14-16, 27-29

Genealogies of Three Danforth Families ...... 17-26

Introducing Soyinfo Center ...... 30

History of Ralston Purina Co., William H. and Donald E. Danforth, Protein Technologies International Solae & Soy: 1091 References in Chronological Order ...... 31

Contains 98 Photographs and Illustrations

Subject/Geographical Index by Record Numbers ...... 471

Last Page of Index ...... 518

DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Japanese translation and maps: Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. This book is dedicated to Ralston Purina Co. and to William H. Danforth - two great soy pioneers. Loma Linda University, Del E. Webb Memorial Library (Seventh-day Adventist): Janice Little, Trish Chapman.

We would also like to thank our co-workers and friends at Soyinfo Center who, since 1984, have played a major role in Part of the enjoyment of writing a book lies in meeting collecting the documents, building the library, and producing people from around the world who share a common interest, the SoyaScan database from which this book is printed: and in learning from them what is often the knowledge or skills acquired during a lifetime of devoted research or Irene Yen, Tony Jenkins, Sarah Chang, Laurie Wilmore, practice. We wish to give deepest thanks... Alice Whealey, Simon Beaven, Elinor McCoy, Patricia McKelvey, Claire Wickens, Ron Perry, Walter Lin, Dana Scott, Jeremy Longinotti, John Edelen, Alex Lerman, Lydia Of the many libraries and librarians who have been of great Lam, Gretchen Muller, Joyce Mao, Luna Oxenberg, Joelle help to our research over the years, several stand out: Bouchard, Justine Lam, Joey Shurtleff, Justin Hildebrandt, Michelle Chun, Olga Kochan, Loren Clive, Marina Li, University of California at Berkeley: John Creaser, Lois Rowyn McDonald, Casey Brodsky, Hannah Woodman, Farrell, Norma Kobzina, Ingrid Radkey. Elizabeth Hawkins, Molly Howland, Jacqueline Tao, Lynn Hsu, Brooke Vittimberga, Tanya Kochan, Aanchal Singh. Northern Regional Library Facility (NRLF), Richmond, California: Martha Lucero, Jutta Wiemhoff, Scott Miller, Special thanks to: Tom and Linda Wolfe of Berwyn Park, Virginia Moon, Kay Loughman. Maryland; to Lorenz K. Schaller of Ojai, California; and to Wayne Dawson (genealogist) of Tucson, Arizona. Stanford University: Molly Molloy, who has been of special help on Slavic-language documents.  For outstanding help on this Ralston Purina Co. book we thank: Susan W. Vorih, Ted Aarons, Clyde Boismenue, National Agricultural Library: Susan Chapman, Kay Derr, Nancy Boyer, Robert A. Boyer, Thomas J. Brennan, F.E. Carol Ditzler, John Forbes, Winnifred Gelenter, Henry Calvert, Greg Caton, Steve Chen, Russell L. Cooper, Wayne Gilbert, Kim Hicks, Ellen Knollman, Patricia Krug, Dawson, Steve Demos, Sue Dibb, David Duggan, Mike Sarah Lee, Veronica Lefebvre, Julie Mangin, Ellen Mann, G. Fitzpatrick, Peter Golbitz, Richard F. James, Bruce Josephine McDowell, Wayne Olson, Mike Thompson, Kirk, Richard S. Leiss, Bill Limpert, Matt Malone, Ron Tanner Wray. McDermott, Dinah McElfresh, Mark Messina, Edwin Meyer, G.C. Mustakas, Ted Nordquist, Greg Patton, Tim Redmond, Library of Congress: Ronald Jackson, Ronald Roache. Catherine Richardson, Keith Schopp, Jeanne Seibert, Oak B. Smith, Ken Steffens, Armin Wendel, Ralph Wilkinson, Lane Medical Library at Stanford University. Walter J. Wolf.

Contra Costa County Central Library and Lafayette Library:  Finally our deepest thanks to Tony Cooper of San Ramon, Carole Barksdale, Kristen Wick, Barbara Furgason, Sherry California, who has kept our computers up and running since Cartmill, Linda Barbero. Sept. 1983. Without Tony, this series of books on the Web would not have been possible. Harvard University’s Five Botanical Libraries (especially Arnold Arboretum Library): Jill Gelmers Thomas. This book, no doubt and alas, has its share of errors. These, of course, are solely the responsibility of William Shurtleff. French translation: Martine Liguori of Lafayette, California, for ongoing, generous, and outstanding help since the early  This bibliography and sourcebook was written with the 1980s. Dutch translation: Sjon Welters. French translation hope that someone will write a detailed and well-documented Elise Kruidenier. German translation Philip Isenberg, history of this subject.

INTRODUCTION

Brief Chronology/Timeline of Ralston Purina Soon many other companies, including those outside the food industry, would start to use this slogan.

1870 Sept. 10 – William Henry Danforth is born in 1902 – Will Danforth contacts Dr. Ralston again to seek Charleston, Mississippi County, Missouri, the 2nd child and his endorsement for the Purina whole wheat cereal. Dr. eldest son (who survived childhood) of Albert Hampton Ralston agrees on the condition that his name be added to the Danforth (1842-1900) and Rebecca Hannah Lynn (1842- company name. So in 1902 Danforth changes his company’s 1913). He is one of 6 brothers and sisters. name to Ralston Purina Co. (Gray. 1994, p. 22; Mix. 1995, p. 119-21). 1894 Jan. 8 – The Robinson-Danforth Commission Co. is incorporated in St. Louis, Missouri. The founders, William 1903 April – Ralston Purina Foods fi rst uses the word H. Danforth (lived 1870-1955), George Robinson, and “Checkerboard” in a full-page ad (in Smart Set). William Andrews belong to the same church. The original “He remembered the children of a family in his boyhood capitalization is $12,000. The company begins by making who were always clothed from the same bolt of checkered horse and mule feed; their product is mixed with shovels on gingham. The checkerboard shirt or dress quickly identifi ed the fl oor of a back room. each member of the family, and Mr. Danforth thought it would work with the products he manufactured. The Purina 1894 Oct. 25 – William Danforth is married to Miss Adda Checkerboard has become one of the most famous and De Villers Bush in St. Louis, Missouri (St. Louis Globe- effective trademarks in American business (Ralston Purina Democrat. 1894. Oct, 25, p. 7). Co. 1978. Oct. “William H. Danforth.” News release). In the succeeding two years two children are born – Dorothy H. and Donald E. Danforth (Wayne Dawson. 2020. 1904 – The St. Louis World’s Fair, also known as the Family group record). Louisiana Purchase Exposition is held at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904 to commemorate the centennial of the purchase of 1896 March – Danforth becomes president of the company the Louisiana Territory (in 1804). Ever the alert businessman, and on May 26 of that year he becomes the majority Will Danforth takes advantage of this by selling his cereal stockholder. The next day the mill is completely destroyed – “the most perfect whole wheat food ever made” – in an by the worst tornado in St. Louis’ history. outside carrying bag covered with a checkerboard pattern, “Will Danforth went to the bank and negotiated a loan with the word “Ralston” written across the top of both sides. solely on the strength of his determination to make good. He even distributes posters titled “You Will Never Forget the From these beginnings grew the Ralston Purina Company, World’s Fair and Your Ralston Box: Begin to Live – now!” and the man William H. Danforth” (Ralston Purina Co. In volume 1 of a two-volume book on the fair, in the 1978. Oct. “William H. Danforth.” News release). section titled “The Concessions,” a full-page table (page 587) states the Ralston Purina Co. sold $17,263.10 of “Purina 1897 – A certain Dr. Ralston has founded the Ralston Health Foods” – breakfast cereals. Club and is promoting whole grain (especially whole-wheat) health foods and breakfast cereals. William Danforth asks if 1909 – William H. Danforth and a group of friends in St. his company could make the cereal; Dr. Ralston said “Yes.” Louis revive the old custom of meeting to sing Christmas By June 1897 the Ralston Health Club Breakfast Food was carols. They do this for the sheer pleasure of singing and of being made by Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri (Slosson, bringing Christmas songs to others. There is no particular E.E. 1897. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, plan or organization. The group of carolers grows each year, Bulletin No. 33. June. p. 76-77, 80). and they fi nd themselves the recipients of many gifts, wholly unsolicited. Such gifts are turned over to the Children’s Aid 1899 Dec. – Purina Mills advertises its Ralston Breakfast Society. Then in 1924, the Christmas Carols Association is Food in Scribner’s Magazine in a full-page ad (p. 65). formed and the Danforth genius for organizing is applied. Up to the time of his death he had been the Association’s 1900 April – “In fi ve minutes its cooked” reads the slogan only president (Ralston Purina Co. 1978. Oct. “William H. for Ralston Breakfast Food in McClure’s Magazine, together Danforth.” News release). with (for fi rst time) the slogan “Where Purity is Paramount.”

1917-1918 – “During the First World War, Mr. Danforth (Fortune. 1948). served with the Third Division, American Expeditionary Forces. His keen sense of sales promotion, which 1933 Oct. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in St. Louis, characterized his entire business life, followed him to Missouri – “in the heart of America’s greatest soybean the battlefi elds of France as he observed the enthusiastic growing area.” It will keep the meal and sell the oil (St. Louis connotation that the word ‘chow’ brought to soldiers in the Globe-Democrat. 1933. June 28, p. 17; Republican Tribune fi eld. Rations labeled ‘chows’ seemed to out-taste and out- {Union, Missouri}. Nov. 24, p. 7). satisfy just plain food, so when he returned to his business after the war, he applied the name ‘Chow’ to all livestock and 1935 Jan. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Circleville, poultry feeds which his company manufactured. Thus came Ohio. “Two expellers to begin operation Jan. 15 have into being the famous ‘Purina Chows.’ (Ralston Purina Co. capacity of 1,200 bushels daily.” Ralston Purina expects 1978. Oct. “William H. Danforth.” News release). to crush 300,000 bushels of soybeans in 1935 (Circleville, Herald. 1934. Dec. p. 1). 1926 – Ralston Purina Co. establishes a 712-acre research farm at Gray Summit (43 miles southwest of St. Louis), 1936 Sept – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in St. Osceola, Missouri to test, under real-life conditions, the effectiveness Arkansas. (Courier News. June 3. p. 1). of its various scientifi cally-formulated livestock, pet, and poultry feeds. 1938 Sept. – In a full-page ad, Purina Mills claims to be “the Those who attend the American Soybean Association’s largest user of soy bean oilmeal” in the USA. “Our twenty- 26th Annual Convention, held in St, Louis, visit the farm two plants require the meal from over 3,000,000 bushels of on 31 Aug. 1946. This farm is “conducted like any modern soybeans annually to make Purina Chows”(Proceedings of American farm. The farm and laboratories are staffed by the American Soybean Association. Rear cover). almost 200 scientifi cally trained and practical research workers... Over 3,000 head of livestock and 45,000 poultry 1942 Dec. 1 – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Iowa Falls, are handled annually” (Soybean Digest. 1946. July, p. 8-10). Iowa (Soybean Digest. 1943. Jan.). Purina research work with soybean oil [meal] dates back to when this meal had to be imported from Manchuria. When 1945 June. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Kansas the value of soybean oil meal was proven, the company City, Missouri (Soybean Digest. 1945. June 14). began to establish soybean processing plants in different sections of the United States (Chemurgic Digest. 1946. Oct, 1947 – Ralston Purina is now operating six crushing plants. 31, p. 347-49). All are using expellers rather than solvent extraction.

1929 Oct. 29 – U.S. stock market crash heralds the Great 1949 July – Ralston fi rst begins using solvent extraction Depression, which lasts until about 1942. when crushing soybeans. It does this at its plants in Iowa Falls, Iowa (Soybean Digest. p. 44). 1930 Oct. – Ralston Purina fi rst starts crushing soybeans and using them in its livestock and poultry Chows at 804 North 1949 Aug. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Fourth St., Lafayette, Indiana. In Sept., it begins advertising Bloomington, Illinois (Pantagraph {Bloomington. Illinois}. locally for soybeans (Journal and Courier {Lafayette, 1948. June 15; Soybean Digest. 1948. July, p. 32). Indiana}. Sept. 22. p. 15; Sept. 26, p. 15). By July 1933, it enlarges and modernizes this plant (Journal and Courier, 1952 March – Ralston announces that it will add two July 13, p. 1, 13; Oct. 29, p. 19), which is in operation by 17 soybean solvent extraction plants, one at Kansas City and Jan. 1934. one at Decatur, Illinois. The latter is in conjunction with the new Shellabarger mill which Ralston has just purchased 1931 – William H. Danforth writes I Dare You, which he has (Soybean Digest. p. 26) printed privately for personal friends and daring youth. His plan of four-fold personal development, which became the 1953 Sept. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Decatur, famous checkerboard logo, was think tall, smile tall, live tall, Illinois (Decatur Daily Review). and stand tall. 1955 Dec. 24 – William H. Danforth, founder and a noted 1932 – William H. Danforth names his son, Donald, philanthropist, dies at his home in St. Louis, at age 85 of a president – in charge of running the company from day to heart attack. His son, Donald, succeeds him as chairman of day – and himself chairman of the board. By 1948 Donald the board (St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Dec. 25, p. 1, 4; 1956. has increased company sales tenfold since taking offi ce Jan. 4. p. 15; Soybean Digest. 1960. Dec. p. 12).

“The Ralston Purina Company, which Mr. Danforth A and Edi-Pro N, were sold to food processors (Susan W. founded, has over 60 manufacturing plants in the United Vorih. 1993. Personal communication). States, Canada, Central and South America and Europe. The company is the world’s largest manufacturer of balanced 1960 March – By this date Ralston Purina is using solvent rations for livestock and poultry. It is a major manufacturer extraction at its plants in Bloomington and Decatur, Illinois; of breakfast cereals, and one of the hundred largest Iowa Falls, Iowa; and Kansas City, Missouri (Soybean Blue corporations of America. Mr. Danforth was also a director Book. 1960. p. 56-74). of several large corporations. But his work with and for American youth was the source of his greatest satisfaction” 1961 – Ralston Purina makes its fi rst edible soy protein (Ralston Purina Co. 1978. Oct. “William H. Danforth.” News product, a soy protein isolate (Dave Stone. 1982. Jan 13. release). Personal communication). However others give the date as 1960 and “after 1962” (F. Calvert. 1984. Feb. 19. Personal 1956 – “Ralston introduced Purina Dog Chow which communication). becomes the market leader in just over a year. Purina Cat Chow followed in 1962 and was also successful” (Gray 1961 – Protein Technologies International dates its origin 1994, p. 101). from this year. “Since its start in 1961, the business has evolved from a small, food-grade soy isolate facility in 1958 Dec.– Ralston Purina becomes involved with isolated Louisville, Kentucky, to an international supplier of protein, soy proteins through the acquisition of four soybean polymer, and fi ber products with offi ces worldwide” (Oil processing plants from Procter & Gamble (Buckeye Mill Gazetteer. 1987. Oct.) Division) (Susan W. Vorih. 1993. Personal communication). 1962 – Robert Boyer joins the research staff of Ralston 1958 Dec. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Louisville, Purina as a Protein Scientist; he continues to work there until Kentucky (State Times {Jackson, Mississippi} 1958. Nov. 4). his retirement in 1971 (Cereal Foods World. 1976. July. p. 297-98). 1958 Dec. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Memphis (Binghampton) Tennessee (State Times {Jackson, 1962 Oct. – Ralston Purina Co., Special Soy Products Dept. Mississippi} 1958. Nov. 4). starts to make Textured Edi-Pro (Spun Soy Protein Fibers) at its plant in Louisville, Kentucky (Dave Stone. 1982. Jan 13. 1958 Dec. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in New Personal communication). Madrid, Missouri (State Times {Jackson, Mississippi} 1958. Nov. 4). 1963 Sept. - Mr. Frank Calvert was hired to head up Ralston Purina’s R&D work on food-grade isolated soy protein in 1958 Dec. – Ralston starts crushing soybeans in Raleigh, St. Louis. Calvert received a BS degree in chemistry from North Carolina (State Times {Jackson, Mississippi} 1958. the Edison Institute of Technology while working at the Nov. 4). Ford Motor Co. [with Robert Boyer] in Dearborn, Michigan. In 1965 Calvert was named director of soybean research, 1959 June – Ralston starts to make ProCote, industrial soy and in 1967 director of research of the Protein Division. In protein for coating paper, at its plant in Louisville, Kentucky 1969 Calvert was promoted to director of research, New (Susan W. Vorih. 1993. Personal communication). Venture Management, and fi nally in 1971 vice president and research director, New Venture Management. During 1959 late – Ralston Purina began research on food-grade these years, Calvert developed new soy protein isolation isolates starting in late 1959 under the direction of Mr. processes, 70 percent soy protein concentrate products, and Bill Brew in St. Louis. Many consultants were paid for modifi ed soy protein coating compositions for industrial information. Pilot plant work was also performed in St. Louis use. Calvert is considered a visionary in soy protein research prior to fi rst contacts with Mr. Bob Boyer. Mr. Boyer was a and the accomplishments of his career were honored when spun protein specialist… Ralston Purina began more active the Protein Technologies International plant at Memphis involvement with food-grade isolated soy proteins in 1960 was dedicated to him in 1973 in recognition of his years when the company started food-grade isolated soy protein of service and dedication to protein technology (Susan W. research and pilot plant work at its headquarters in St. Louis, Vorih. 1993. Personal communication). Missouri. A semi-works plant to produce edible soy proteins was erected in 1961 at Louisville, and both spray-dried and 1963 – Donald Danforth retires; Raymond E. Rowland is spun fi ber proteins began to be produced and sold in October named Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Offi cer 1962. The spray-dried edible isolates, brand-named Edi-Pro (The Ralston Chronicle. 1894. Inside front cover).

and Louisville, Kentucky. Japan. Nine different soy protein 1966 Oct. Ralston Purina fi rst starts to sell Supro 610 – the isolates, each with different functional properties, will be fi rst of its many Supro soy protein products (Susan W. Vorih. produced in the new plant: Edi-Pro A, Edi-Pro N, Supro 1993. Personal communication). HD-90, Supro 350, Supro 610, Supro 620, Supro 630, Supro 640, and Supro 710. A description of the properties of each 1966 – Ralston Purina achieves its fi rst $1 billion sales year is given. Some will be exported to Fuji Purina Ltd. in Japan (The Ralston Chronicle. 1894. ifc). (Food Engineering. 1977. Jan, p. 68-69).

1966 – Ralston Purina Co., Special Soy Products Dept. starts 1978 May 22-25 –Ralston Purina expresses its deepening to make Pur-A-Lec Lecithins (Standard Plastic and Fluid interest in soy protein nutrition by hosting the Keystone Grades; Bleached and Unbleached) (Soybean Blue Book. Conference on Soy Protein and Human Nutrition at the 1966. p. 106). famous Keystone ski resort in Keystone, Colorado. The event brought together the top researchers in the fi eld 1968 – R. Hal Dean is named Chairman of the Board and (Wilcke et al. 1979). Chief Executive Offi cer; he retired in 1981 (The Ralston Chronicle. 1994. Inside front cover). 1979 Jan. – Ralston Purina’s new isolated soy protein begins operations in Ypres / Ieper, Belgium. Said to be of its kind 1970 – Ralston opens Purina Protein Europe, in Brussels. in Europe, it was built at a cost of 10 million British pounds This was a sales and marketing offi ce that imported Ralston (£10 million) pounds by Ralston Purina Europe, a company Purina products from the U.S. It is still going great (Dave started by Ralston Purina in 1972 to help them enter the Stone. 1982. Jan 13. Personal communication). European market. The isolate is available in 9 different forms (Food Manufacture {London}. p. 61-62). 1970 – The ‘Protein Project’ became part of the New Ventures Group of Ralston Purina; the Project was headed by 1979 – Soy Protein and Human Nutrition, edited by Harold Paul H. Hatfi eld. Included in this early business development L. Wilcke, Daniel T. Hopkins, and Doyle H. Waggle is team were Dr. D.H. Waggle, R&D; Mr. Henry T. James, published by Academic Press (New York, NY; xiv + 406 p.) Director of Engineering, now retired; and B.P. Schwartz, It contains the Proceedings of the Keystone Conference held Manufacturing. This team, working as a multi-functional in Keystone, Colorado, May 22-25, 1978. The conclusions and multi-disciplined team, emphasized process reliability, presented in this book are: superior quality and performance products, combined with “(1) isolated soy protein, when measured by human a worldwide perspective of market development (Susan W. nutritional studies, is comparable in protein quality to other Vorih. 1993. Personal communication). high-quality protein sources such as meat, milk and eggs; “(2) due to its quality, latest information shows that 1973 July 14 – Donald Danforth, retired chairman of the properly processed isolated soy protein is a protein source Ralston-Purina board, dies at age 74. Under Donald’s that can be used in a wide variety of food applications such leadership and vision, the company had thrived fi nancially, as infant foods, processed foods, and other modern food even during the Great Depression (St. Louis Post-Dispatch. products; and 1973. July 15. p. 3A). “(3) conventional methods of measuring protein quality for human nutrition are not adequate, and the protein quality 1974 July – Fuji Purina Protein Ltd., a joint venture of Fuji of isolated soy protein is underestimated by the conventional Oil Co and Ralston Purina Co. is established in Osaka, Japan and offi cial methods for measuring protein quality.” to make edible soy protein isolates in Japan. The fi rm, to be equally owned by both companies, will have a plant with a 1980 – Ralston Purina is the fi fth largest soybean crusher in capacity of 200 metric tons per month (Lincoln Star Journal, the USA and the world’s largest manufacturer of isolated soy 1974. July 31, p. 28). proteins. As of 1982, this joint venture is still in operation (Dave Stone. 1982. Jan 13. Personal communication). 1980 – Soy protein products are approved for use as a beef extender by the U.S. Armed Forces. 1976 Dec. – Ralston Purina’s Protein Division opens the world’s largest soy protein isolate plant in Pryor, Oklahoma 1981 Feb. 13 – In Louisville, Kentucky, a series of early at a cost of $15 million. The production capacity is highly morning explosions in the city’s sewers sent manhole confi dential, however it can be said that the new plant covers fl ying and left huge craters in streets. A hexane doubles the combined capacity of Ralston’s two existing leak in Ralston Purina’s Louisville plant is found to be the isolate plants in Memphis, Tennessee (opened in June 1973), culprit. Purina decides to sell six of its soybean processing

Copyright © 2020 by Soyinfo Center Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 9 plants to Cargill; a 7th at Memphis, Tennessee was closed. products were $139.8 million in 1986; $157.1 million in This removes the company from soybean commodity 1987; and $182.0 million in 1988. By April 1988 PTI offered processing. With this transaction Cargill passes ADM 20 different isolated soy protein products (Annual Report to to become America’s largest soybean crusher (Journal- Shareholders. 1987. p. 8, 15). Courier {Louisville, Kentucky}. 1981. Feb. 14. p. 1-2; C.L. Kingsbaker. 1985. June 17). 1994 Feb. 3 – Ralston Purina celebrates its 100th anniversary This event leads the company to gradually think about at the Annual Shareholders Meeting in St. Louis (The getting out of low-margin commodity businesses and into Ralston Chronicle. 1994. Inside front cover). higher-margin consumer products. 1997 Dec. 3 – Protein Technologies International, a wholly- 1981 – R. Hal Dean retires (The Ralston Chronicle. 1994. owned subsidiary of Ralston Purina Co., is acquired by Inside front cover). DuPont for $1.554 billion comprised of DuPont common stock and the assumption of certain liabilities (Annual Report 1981 July – William P. Stiritz is named CEO (The Ralston to Shareholders. 1997 (p. 1-2). Chronicle. 1994. Inside front cover). 1998 May 4 – Protein Technologies International (PTI) of 1982 Jan. – William P. Stiritz is named Chairman of the St. Louis, Missouri, submits a petition to the U.S. Food and Board (The Ralston Chronicle. 1994. Inside front cover). Drug Administration (FDA) for a heart-health claim for soy protein (Federal Register. 1998. Nov. 10). 1983 – Use of isolated soy protein in foods in the National School Lunch Program is approved by the USDA. Practically 1999 Oct. 26 – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration this means extending ground meat (as in hamburgers) to approves a heart health claim for soy protein. This health lower the cost and fat, and to increase the protein – with no claim, to be used on food labels and in food labeling, states change in fl avor. that consumption of 25 grams of soy protein per day may reduce one’s reduced risk of coronary heart disease. 1985 – In his letter to shareholders, CEO Stiritz writes: The This sets the stage for the introduction of new, great- “sale of our soybean processing [crushing] operations in tasting soy protein products (SuproVision. 1999. Dec.). January removed the Company from a commodities business and freed cash for other investment…” 2001 Aug. 9 – The word “Solae” is fi rst used as a brand Page 12: “Protein Technologies completed construction name for DuPont’s new isolated soy proteins (Philadelphia and start-up of a self-contained market development unit in Inquirer. p. 35). Memphis, Tennessee, to permit rapid scale-up and marketing of new and improved isolated soy protein products.” Sales 2001 Dec. 12 – “Nestle acquires Ralston Purina, creating of soy protein products were: $144.3 million in 1983, $154.3 Nestle Purina PetCare and helping to expand the availability million in 1984, and $126.4 million in 1985 (Annual Report of Purina products to pets and pet owners all over the world” to Shareholders 1985. Pages 12, 20). (www.purina.com/about-purina). Ralston Purina Co. ceases to exist. 1986 – Ralston Purina starts to make and sell Fibrim (Soy Fiber from Processing Isolated Soy Proteins) (Oil Mill 2003 March – DuPont and Bunge form an agriculture, Gazetteer. 1987. Oct.). nutrition joint venture named Solae, LLC (Oils & Fats International. 2003. 19(2):2). 1986 July – The Protein Division of the Ralston Purina Co. starts to publish Nutrition Overview, a glossy scientifi c 2003 June 25 – DuPont announces that it will move its newsletter mostly about soy protein nutrition. Agriculture and Nutrition Group headquarters to Des Moines, Iowa, from Wilmington, Delaware. This group 1986 Oct. – Ralston sells the Purina Mills animal feed includes DuPont Nutrition & Health, which includes The business – its earliest, basic business – resulting in an after- Solae Co. (Des Moines Register, June 26, p. 35). tax gain of $209.3 million (Annual Report to Shareholders. 1987). 2005 Feb. 12 – The Solae Company unveils a new corporate tagline – “Better Ingredients for Better Living”™. (Business 1987 July 1 – Ralston Purina Co. spins off Protein Wire). Technologies International (PTI) as a wholly-owned subsidiary to focus on sales of soy protein for food uses. Paul 2007 – Solae announces a collaboration with Monsanto Co. H. Hatfi eld is president. The company’s sales of soy protein to develop products containing omega-3 fatty acids.

ABOUT THIS BOOK 2011 May 16 – DuPont acquires Danisco, a food and ingredients company from Denmark (News Journal This is the most comprehensive book ever published about {Wilmington, Delaware}. May 17. p. 6) the history of Ralston Purina Co. It has been compiled, one record at a time over a period of 42 years, in an attempt 2012 May 1 – The Solae Co. announces that DuPont has to document the history of this important and interesting acquired Bunge’s 28% share, thus taking full ownership of subject. It is also the single most current and useful source of the company. DuPont then began the process of integrating information on this subject. Solae into Danisco (Wikipedia entry for Solae; (News Journal {Wilmington, Delaware}. May 2. p. A10, A12). This is one of more than 100 books compiled by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, and published by the Soyinfo 2015 – DuPont changes the name of Solae to DuPont Center. It is based on historical principles, listing all known Nutrition & Health. The current president is Matthias documents and commercial products in chronological order. Heinzel (Food Business News. 2014. Dec. 5). It features detailed information on: 2017 Aug. 31 – Dow and DuPont merge to form DowDuPont • 56 different document types, both published and (Web article). unpublished. • 853 published documents - extensively annotated bibliography. Every known publication on the subject in every language. • 85 unpublished archival documents. • 145 original Soyinfo Center interviews and overviews never before published, except perhaps in our books. • 80 commercial soy products.

Thus, it is a powerful tool for understanding the development of this subject from its earliest beginnings to the present.

Each bibliographic record in this book contains (in addition to the typical author, date, title, volume and pages information) the author’s address, number of references cited, original title of all non-English language publications together with an English translation of the title, month and issue of publication, and the ﬁ rst author’s ﬁ rst name (if given). For most books, we state if it is illustrated, whether or not it has an index, and the height in centimeters.

All of the graphics (labels, ads, leaﬂ ets, etc) displayed in this book are on ﬁ le, organized by subject, chronologically, in the Soyinfo Center’s Graphics Collection.

For commercial soy products (CSP), each record includes (if possible) the product name, date of introduction, manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price, storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a description of the label. Sources of additional information on each product (such as advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given.

A complete subject/geographical index is also included.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK

A&M = Agricultural and Mechanical mm = millimeter(s) Agric. = Agricultural or Agriculture N. = North Agric. Exp. Station = Agricultural Experiment Station No. = number or North ARS = Agricultural Research Service Nov. = November ASA = American Soybean Association Oct. = October Assoc. = Association, Associate oz = ounce(s) Asst. = Assistant p. = page(s) Aug. = August photo(s) = photograph(s) Ave. = Avenue P.O. Box = Post Offi ce Box Blvd. = Boulevard Prof. = Professor bu = bushel(s) psi = pounds per square inch ca. = about (circa) R&D = Research and Development cc = cubic centimeter(s) Rd. = Road Chap. = Chapter Rev. = Revised cm = centimeter(s) RPM = revolutions per minute Co. = company S. = South Corp. = Corporation SANA = Soyfoods Association of North America Dec. = December Sept. = September Dep. or Dept. = Department St. = Street Depts. = Departments tonnes = metric tons Div. = Division trans. = translator(s) Dr. = Drive Univ. = University E. = East USB = United Soybean Board ed. = edition or editor USDA = United States Department of Agriculture e.g. = for example Vol. = volume Exp. = Experiment V.P. = Vice President Feb. = February vs. = versus fl oz = fl uid ounce(s) W. = West ft = foot or feet °C = degrees Celsius (Centigrade) gm = gram(s) °F = degrees Fahrenheit ha = hectare(s) > = greater than, more than i.e. = in other words < = less than Inc. = Incorporated incl. = including Illust. = Illustrated or Illustration(s) Inst. = Institute J. = Journal J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Soc. = Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society Jan. = January kg = kilogram(s) km = kilometer(s) Lab. = Laboratory Labs. = Laboratories lb = pound(s) Ltd. = Limited mcg = microgram(s) mg = milligram(s) ml = milliliter(s)

HOW TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF THIS DIGITAL BOOK - THREE KEYS

1. Read the Introduction and Chronology/Timeline subject index entries. Thus a publication about the nutritional located near the beginning of the book; it contains value of tofu and soymilk in India would be indexed under highlights and a summary of the book. at least four headings in the subject and country index: Nutrition, Tofu, Soymilk, and Asia, South: India. 2. Search the book. The KEY to using this digital book, Note the extensive use of cross references to help you: which is in PDF format, is to SEARCH IT using Adobe e.g. “Bean curd. See Tofu.” Acrobat Reader: For those few who do not have it, Google: Acrobat Reader - then select the free download for your Countries and States/Provinces: Every record contains type of computer. a country keyword. Most USA and Canadian records also contain a state or province keyword, indexed at “U.S. States” Click on the link to this book and wait for the book or “Canadian Provinces and Territories” respectively. All to load completely and the hourglass by the cursor to countries are indexed under their region or continent. Thus disappear (4-6 minutes). for Egypt, look under Africa: Egypt, and not under Egypt. For Brazil, see the entry at Latin America, South America: Type [Ctrl+F] to “Find.” A white search box will appear Brazil. For India, see Asia, South: India. For Australia see near the top right of your screen. Oceania: Australia. Type in your search term, such as Solae or St. Louis You will be told how many times this term appears, then Most Important Documents: Look in the Index under the fi rst one will be highlighted. “Important Documents -.” To go to the next occurrence, click the down arrow, etc. Organizations: Many of the larger, more innovative, or 3. Use the indexes, located at the end of the book. Suppose pioneering soy-related companies appear in the subject you are looking for all records about tofu. These can appear index – companies like ADM / Archer Daniels Midland Co., in the text under a variety of different names: bean curd, AGP, Cargill, DuPont, Kikkoman, Monsanto, Tofutti, etc. tahu, doufu, to-fu, etc. Yet all of these will appear (by record Worldwide, we index many major soybean crushers, tofu number) under the word “Tofu” in the index. See “How to makers, soymilk and soymilk equipment manufacturers, Use the Index,” below. Also: soyfoods companies with various products, Seventh-day Adventist food companies, soy protein makers (including Chronological Order: The publications and products in this pioneers), soy sauce manufacturers, soy ice cream, tempeh, book are listed with the earliest fi rst and the most recent last. soynut, soy fl our companies, etc. Within each year, references are sorted alphabetically by Other key organizations include Society for author. If you are interested in only current information, start Acclimatization (from 1855 in France), American Soybean reading at the back, just before the indexes. Association, National Oilseed/Soybean Processors Association, Research & Development Centers (Peoria, A Reference Book: Like an encyclopedia or any other Cornell), Meals for Millions Foundation, and International reference book, this work is meant to be searched fi rst - to Soybean Programs (INTSOY, AVRDC, IITA, International fi nd exactly the information you are looking for - and then to Inst. of Agriculture, and United Nations). Pioneer soy protein be read. companies include Borden, Drackett, Glidden, Griffi th Labs., Gunther, Laucks, Protein Technologies International, and How to Use the Index: A subject and country index is Rich Products. located at the back of this book. It will help you to go directly to the specifi c information that interests you. Browse Soyfoods: Look under the most common name: Tofu, Miso, through it briefl y to familiarize yourself with its contents and Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Cheese, Soy Yogurt, Soy format. Flour, Green Vegetable Soybeans, or Whole Dry Soybeans. Each record in the book has been assigned a sequential But note: Soy Proteins: Isolates, Soy Proteins: Textured number, starting with 1 for the fi rst/earliest reference. It Products, etc. is this number, not the page number, to which the indexes refer. A publication will typically be listed in each index in Industrial (Non-Food) Uses of Soybeans: Look under more than one place, and major documents may have 30-40 “Industrial Uses ...” for more than 17 subject headings.

soybeans or soyfoods. Pioneers - Individuals: Laszlo Berczeller, Henry Ford, Documents Owned by Soyinfo Center: Lack of an * Friedrich Haberlandt, Artemy A. Horvath, Englebert (asterisk) at the end of a reference indicates that the Soyinfo Kaempfer, Mildred Lager, William J. Morse, etc. Soy- Center Library owns all or part of that document. We own Related Movements: Soyfoods Movement, Vegetarianism, roughly three fourths of the documents listed. Photocopies of Health and Dietary Reform Movements (esp. 1830-1930s), hard-to-ﬁ nd documents or those without copyright protection Health Foods Movement (1920s-1960s), Animal Welfare/ can be ordered for a fee. Please contact us for details. Rights. These are indexed under the person’s last name or movement name. Document Types: The SoyaScan database contains 135+ different types of documents, both published (books, Nutrition: All subjects related to soybean nutrition (protein journal articles, patents, annual reports, theses, catalogs, quality, minerals, antinutritional factors, etc.) are indexed news releases, videos, etc.) and unpublished (interviews, under Nutrition, in one of more than 70 subcategories. unpublished manuscripts, letters, summaries, etc.).

Soybean Production: All subjects related to growing, Customized Database Searches: This book was printed marketing, and trading soybeans are indexed under Soybean from SoyaScan, a large computerized database produced Production, e.g., Soybean Production: Nitrogen Fixation, by the Soyinfo Center. Customized/personalized reports or Soybean Production: Plant Protection, or Soybean are “The Perfect Book,” containing exactly the information Production: Variety Development. you need on any subject you can deﬁ ne, and they are now just a phone call away. For example: Current statistics on Other Special Index Headings: Browsing through the tofu and soymilk production and sales in England, France, subject index will show you many more interesting subject and Germany. Or soybean varietal development and genetic headings, such as Industry and Market Statistics, Information research in Third World countries before 1970. Or details on (incl. computers, databases, libraries), Standards, all tofu cheesecakes and dressings ever made. You name it, Bibliographies (works containing more than 50 references), we’ve got it. For fast results, call us now! and History (soy-related). BIBLIO: The software program used to produce this book Commercial Soy Products (CSP): See “About This Book.” and the SoyaScan database, and to computerize the Soyinfo Center Library is named BIBLIO. Based on Advanced SoyaScan Notes: This is a term we have created exclusively Revelation, it was developed by Soyinfo Center, Tony for use with this database. A SoyaScan Notes Interview Cooper and John Ladd. contains all the important material in short interviews conducted and transcribed by William Shurtleff. This History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: Many of our digital material has not been published in any other source. Longer books have a corresponding chapter in our forthcoming interviews are designated as such, and listed as unpublished scholarly work titled History of Soybeans and Soyfoods manuscripts. A transcript of each can be ordered from (4 volumes). Manuscript chapters from that book are now Soyinfo Center Library. A SoyaScan Notes Summary is a available, free of charge, on our website, www.soyinfocenter. summary by William Shurtleff of existing information on com and many ﬁ nished chapters are available free of charge one subject. in PDF format on our website and on Google Books.

“ Note:” When this term is used in a record’s summary, it About the Soyinfo Center: An overview of our indicates that the information which follows it has been publications, computerized databases, services, and history is added by the producer of this database. given on our website.

Asterisks at End of Individual References: Soyinfo Center 1. An asterisk (*) at the end of a record means that P.O. Box 234, Soyinfo Center does not own that document. Lack of an Lafayette, CA 94549 USA asterisk means that Soyinfo Center owns all or part of the Phone: 925-283-2991 Fax: 925-283-9091 document. www.soyinfocenter.com 2. An asterisk after eng (eng*) means that Soyinfo Center has done a partial or complete translation into English of that document. 3. An asterisk in a listing of the number of references [23* ref] means that most of these references are not about

1. St. Louis Globe-Democrat (St. Louis, Missouri). 1894. capacity for a relatively new company. Address: St. Louis, Marriages. Oct. 25. p. 7. Missouri. • Summary: “This evening at the Pilgrim Congregational Church will be solemnized the marriage of Miss Adda De 4. Maxwell, W.J. 1898. Greek letter men of St. Louis. New Villers Bush to Mr. William Henry Danforth, both of this York and Chicago: Umbdenstock. 140 p. See p. 89. * city. The bride is a daughter of Mr. Floyd E. Bush, of 5710 • Summary: “Danforth, William H.–Missouri Gamma– Cates avenue, and the groom is a member of the Robinson- Washington University–[graduated] 1892–President Purina Danforth Commission Company. Miss Mabel Evans will Mills, 8th and Gratoit–5625 Cate’s Ave.” act as maid of honor, and Mr. Harry D. Chapman, of Sioux City, will be best man. The bridesmaids will be Misses 5. Ralston Purina Company. 1898 Annual report. St. Louis, Edna Udell, Emma Hollister, Mollie Hall, Bessie Robinson, Missouri. Martha Richards and Hetta Cook, and the groomsmen • Summary: Talk with Ralston Purina Library. 1994. April. Messrs. Warren Healey, Tom Rutledge, Palmer Clarkson, The earliest Ralston Purina annual report they have is from Harry Hall, George Robinson and Albert Danforth, of 1946. Address: Ralston Purina. Charleston, Missouri. After the ceremony there will be a reception at the bride’s home, 5710 Cates avenue.” 6. Wiley, H.W. 1898. Foods and food adulterants: Cereals and cereal products. USDA Div. of Chemistry, Bulletin No. 2. Slosson, E.E. 1897. The composition of prepared cereal 13. Part 9. See p. 1343. foods. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin • Summary: In the section titled “Breakfast foods,” page No. 33. 84 p. June. See p. 76, 77, 80. 1343 states: • Summary: In table 1, “Composition of prepared cereal “15325. Ralston Health Club Breakfast Food, indorsed foods as purchased” (p. 76), in the fi rst group, showing those [sic] by Ralston Health Club, Martyn College, Washington based on wheat, is a detailed analysis of 13 breakfast foods, D.C. Manufactured by Robinson-Danforth Company, including No. 16 “Ralston Breakfast Food,” which contains proprietors, Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri. ‘A perfect 15.10% protein, the highest the group of 13. Table 2 (p. 77) food made from selected wheat, rich in gluten.’ is the same except the composition is “calculated as water- “15326. Granose Flakes. Manufactured solely by the free.” Again Ralston Breakfast Food is tops, with 16.73% Sanitarium Health Food Company, Battle Creek, Michigan. protein. ‘Represents the entire wheat berry undeteriorated by any There follows a brief description of each of the foods milling process and thrice cooked, whereby the starch is tested. On page 80 we read: “No. 16 Ralston Health Club largely converted to dextrin.’ Breakfast Food. Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri. ‘The “15329. Granulated Rye. Manufactured by the Health Ralston Health Club in analyzing the various breakfast foods Food Company, 61 Fifth avenue, New York. ‘Made from the on the market found one that proved to be the only perfect best rye, hulled by the wet process and reduced to a granular and by far the most healthful breakfast food in the country.’ meal without the injurious heating of millstone grinding.’” ‘Cooks in fi ve minutes.’ Package 5 x 2¼ x 7 inches. 20 cents. Address: Chief Chemist, USDA. Weight of contents, 31.6 ounces.” Note 1. This document proves that Purina Mills was 7. Woods, Chas. D.; Merrill, L.H. 1899. Cereal breakfast selling a breakfast cereal with the brand name “Ralston” by foods. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. June 1897, earlier than the 1898 date widely given in the 55. p. 93-106. Nov. literature. • Summary: “The general use, at the present time, of Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) cereals on the breakfast table is largely due to the improved that mentions “Purina Mills” (St. Louis), which was later condition in which these foods are now offered. Twenty named Ralston Purina Co. Address: Chemist, Laramie, years ago uncooked decorticated oats, (sold under the name Wyoming. of oat meal), graham fl our, corn meal, and hominy, all of which required long cooking, made up nearly the entire list 3. St. Louis Merchants’ Exchange. 1897. Annual Statement of breakfast cereals available to the average housekeeper. of the Trade and Commerce of St. Louis. St. Louis, Missouri: Today it is possible to purchase at a moderate price cereal Press of R.P. Studley & Co. 281 p. foods which have been previously thoroughly cooked, and • Summary: On page 134 is a table titled “Private elevators,” subsequently dried so they will keep indefi nitely.” which has four columns. For Purina: Owner: Purina Mill This report gives a chemical analysis and the “fuel Co. Name: Purina. Capacity (bulk grain): 15,000 [bushels]. value per pound” of 41 of America’s leading precooked Located: 8th and Gratoit Streets. cereal breakfast foods, found in the Bangor (Maine) market, Note 1. A St. Louis historian says that “Gratoit” is including 3 gluten preparations. The chemical composition pronounced GRAT-chut. Note 2. This seems like a large of the three gluten foods most commonly used in New

England is analyzed. These are widely prescribed for diabetic • Summary: This full-page ad contains an illustration of a patients by local physicians. The foods were Cooked Gluten, steaming pot (with handle) of Ralston Breakfast Food. The and Whole Wheat Gluten (both made by the Health Food text at the bottom reads: “The reason is that as each grain of Company of New York), and Dr. Johnson’s Glutine (made Ralston strikes the boiling water it bursts and swells up like by Johnson Educator Food Store, Boston, Massachusetts). pop corn. 1 cup Ralston–6 cups boiling water, prepares a A table shows that they contain only a little more protein breakfast for 5 persons. (16.88%, 17.89%, and 15.31% respectively), and a little less “If you have any diffi culty obtaining Ralston Breakfast carbohydrates (76.80%, 73.85%, and 82.53%) than ordinary Food from your grocer, send us his name and 2¢ stamp for a bread fl our (which contains 15.02% protein and 82.91% sample, enough for a breakfast. carbohydrates). “Purina Mills.” “Gluten preparations, containing as high as 70 per cent Note: The slogan “Where Purity is Paramount” does of protein, were on the market fi ve years ago, and there NOT appear in this ad. Address: 703 Gratiot St., St. Louis, are now preparations carrying from 30 to 50 per cent of Missouri. gluten which can be used with reasonable safety by persons suffering from diabetes... Samples of fl our made from the 9. Moore & Son. 1900. Moore’s: The proper place to trade hard spring wheat of the Northwest not infrequently carry (Ad). Evening Star (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Feb. 23. p. more protein than the sample of Dr. Johnson’s Glutine and 6. nearly as much as the two other samples here reported upon. • Summary: “Special sale of breakfast cereals. Too much can hardly be said in condemnation of the foisting, “Ralston Health Pan Cake Flour–12¢. by false statements in advertising such materials upon “Ralston Health Flour–50¢ sack. diabetic patients, imposing upon physicians as well as the “Health Food–12½¢ package. public.” “Finest quality rolled oats–35¢ stone... Another interesting wheat-based product is Ralston “Granose Flakes–15¢ package.” Address: 402 Spandia, Health Club Breakfast Food, made by the Robinson- Toronto. Phone: 804. Danforth Company. It contains 12.16% protein, 85.36% carbohydrates, and 1.56% fat. The report says of this 10. Purina Mills. 1900. “In fi ve minutes its cooked”: Ralston product: “Ralston Breakfast Food, ‘a perfect food made from Breakfast Food (Ad). McClure’s Magazine 14(6):107 selected wheat rich in gluten,’ is also apparently made from (Advertising section). April. soft winter wheat. The sample examined carries 10.70 per • Summary: A full-page ad. The top half of the ad contains cent of protein, and hence could not have been made from a an illustration of a woman at the stove (cooking Ralston ‘wheat rich in gluten.’ It is a well made preparation, but its Breakfast Food), looking over her right shoulder at a huge cost of 8 cents a pound is too high.” clock on the wall. The time is 6:55–time for breakfast. A box Other interesting observations: “There is probably no of Ralston Breakfast Food is in the right foreground. other cereal food on the market so widely and extensively The text reads: “Saves time, temper and digestion. advertised as Shredded Wheat Biscuit. For the most part Most cereals require a double boiler and at least 20 minutes its advertising matter is free from exaggerated statements.” cooking, while Ralston Breakfast Food is prepared with ease Grape Nuts are manufactured by the Postum Cereal and dispatch in a single boiler in fi ve minutes. Company. “The claims of the makers are preposterous.” “The vigor and strength imparting properties of Ralston Note the very early use of the term “Health Food” in a come from Gluterean Wheat, the whole berry of which is company name; Cooked Gluten and Wheatena were both milled into Ralston Breakfast Food. made by the Health Food Company. This was probably the “There’s not another dish so delicious for breakfast that Battle Creek Sanitarium Health Food Co. (located in Battle contains as much nutrition as Ralston Breakfast Food. Creek, Michigan; incorporated 1898, yet its forerunner, the “Ask your grocer. If he doesn’t keep Ralston, send us his Sanitarium Food Department, was making Wheatena and name, and we’ll send you a free sample. gluten products by 1882), which merged with the Sanitas Nut “Purina Mills, ‘Where Purity is Paramount.’ Food Co. (founded 1899) to become the Kellogg Food Co. in Manufacturers of Purina Health Flour, (Whole Wheat), In 5 1908. Note also that no company with “Kellogg” in its name lb. packages and 12 lb. sacks.” is listed. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. Mazama is made by the Mazama Health Food Co. (p. 2020) that contains the phrase or slogan “Where Purity is 94). Address: Orono, Maine. Paramount.” Soon many other companies, including those outside the food industry, would start to use this slogan. 8. Purina Mills. 1899. Ralston Breakfast Food: Cooks in Address: 756 Gratiot St., St. Louis, Missouri. a single boiler in fi ve minutes (Ad). Scribner’s Magazine 26(6):65 (Advertising section). Dec. 11. Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette (New York). 1900.

Department of notes and queries. 16(9):575-78. Sept. See p. Recipes’ tells of other dainty dishes.” “Purina Mills, ‘Where 576. * Purity is Paramount.’” Address: 748 Gratiot St., St. Louis, • Summary: The answer to the question “Which breakfast Missouri. foods are most nutritious?” (p. 575-76), includes: “Preparations containing admixtures of barley and rye, as in 14. Purina Mills. 1901. Ralston Breakfast Food is a hot the ‘Ralston Health Food,’... are much enjoyed by some and weather blessing (Ad). Atlantic Monthly 88(529):47. Atlantic are both wholesome and nutritious.” Monthly Advertiser. Nov. • Summary: A ¼-page ad. The top half of the ad contains 12. Photograph of Adda Danforth, William H. Danforth, with an illustration of a woman (bearing a checkerboard blouse) her two young children. 1900. in a kitchen, with a box of Ralston Breakfast Food on the shelf, and a steaming bowl of the prepared food on the shelf. A clock on the wall show’s that it’s 6:55 a.m.–time for breakfast,’ The text reads: “It cooks in 5 minutes– that’s why... With fruit you have a delicious and complete breakfast, the effect of which is to nourish every part of the body without overheating the blood. A free sample for your grocer’s name. Purina Mills. ‘Where Purity is Paramount.’” Address: 822 Gratiot St., St. Louis, Missouri.

15. Purina Mills. 1901. The world’s fare (St. Louis, U.S.A. 1903) Ralston Purina Cereals (Ad). Atlantic Monthly 88(530):119. Atlantic Monthly Advertiser. Dec. • Summary: “Don’t confound them with foods of less quality that cost just as much–every package is guaranteed to contain the ﬁ nest grain, hygienically milled to retain the nutritive elements which Nature intended. The most liked cereal of the century is Ralston Breakfast Food. It represents the high quality maintained in every checkerboard package that goes forth from Purina Mills, ‘Where Purity is Paramount.’ Accept no substitutes, be sure you get the checkerboard kind. “$1.00 and your grocer’s name brings you the full... prepaid; 5 2-lb. packages and 1 12-pound sack of Purina... Flour–the biggest dollar’s worth ever offered.” In the top 40% of the ad is an illustration of the World’s Fair–soon to be hosted by St Louis. But instead a large building there are four large boxes of cereal (Ralston Breakfast Food, PanKake Flour, Ralston Health Oats), each topped by a cupola and ﬂ ag, with tiny people walking among them. Address: Gratiot St., St. Louis, Missouri.

16. Purina Mills. 1902. Bring home a package of Ralston • Summary: The date of this photo is probably 1899 or 1900. with the basket of peaches (Ad). Smart Set (The) (New York The young girl is Dorothy, born July 1895. The baby is City) 7(4):Third from last page (unnumbered). Aug. Donald, born Nov. 1898. • Summary: A full page ad. “There’s no dish to compare with Ralston and sliced peaches. This combination (served 13. Purina Mills. 1901. Ralston Breakfast Food: A breakfast with cream and sugar) is a complete breakfast in itself–it’s for thirty people in a two pound package (Ad). Kneipp Water simply delicious. Try it tomorrow. Cure Monthly and Herald of Health (The) (New York City) “The choicest wheat (so rich in gluten) gives to Ralston 2(7):199. July. Breakfast Food its natural, wholesome ﬂ avor. Ralston is a • Summary: An illustration shows the cereal box. On the pure, simple food, easily prepared... so be sure to buy a 15- front panel: “Health. A perfect food made from selected cent package with the basket of peaches.” wheat rich in gluten.” “Sliced dates and Ralston Breakfast Across the top 1/3 of the ad is a wooden basket of Food make a delicious dessert. Our ‘Little Book of Ralston peaches with a box of Ralston Breakfast Food (with a

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 34 checkerboard border) in with the peaches. At the bottom with George Robinson and William Andrews, enters the left is an illustration of bowl of the cereal served with sliced business of feeding farm animals by founding the Robinson- peaches. To the right of it: “Purina Mills, ‘Where purity is Danforth Commission Company. The name is changed to paramount.’” Ralston Purina in 1902.”

17. Purina Mills. 1902. Get a wagon free for your children: 19. Purina Mills. 1903. Here’s a perfect feast: Ralston Ralston Purina cereals (Ad). World’s Work (The) 4(6):83 Breakfast Food and Purina PanKakes (Ad). Outlook (The) World’s Work Advertiser. Oct. (New York City) 73(5):Back cover. Jan. 31. • Summary: A ¼-page ad. The top half of the ad contains an • Summary: A full-page ad. An illustration shows these two illustration of a boy pulling a small wagon from the front and foods on a large cloth-covered tray against a read and white a girl pushing it from the rear. The wagon is piled high with checkerboard. At the bottom two corners of the ad are boxes boxes of Ralston Purina Cereals, each with a checkerboard in which the two foods are sold. border. On the side of the wagon, in big letters: “Ralston The text: “These 2 packages for 25 cents at your Purina Cereals. Famous Health Foods. grocer’s.” “Remember, these products are ‘Appreciated in The text reads: “Only one wagon to a family. Send us a Million Homes’ which is a magnifi cent recommendation. $2.00 and your grocer’s name and we will send you Freight Insist on getting Checkerboard Packages. Made by. Paid, (everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains,) an elegant “Purina Mills, St. Louis [Missouri]. ‘Where Purity in Wagon, strongly built, with iron axles, size 2 feet long by 14 Paramount.’” inches wide, containing 5 pkgs. Ralston Breakfast Food, 1 Note: This ad also appeared on the back cover of pkg. Ralston Health Oats, 1 pkg. Ralston Barlet Food, 1 pkg. Everybody’s Magazine, Feb. 1903. Purina Pankake Flour, 1 pkg. Ralston Hominy Grits and 2 12-lb sacks Purina Health Flour,–$2.00 worth of Cereals. 20. Table Talk (Philadelphia). 1903. How to follow Table “Purina Mills, ‘Where Purity is Paramount.’” Address: Talk’s bills of fare. 18(1):30-36. Jan. See p. 34. 803 Gratiot St., St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: This article begins: “Each nation has its own way of celebrating the advent of the New Year.” The section 18. Ralston Purina Co. 1902. Photograph of William H. titled “peanut butter” states: “Our vegetarian friends fi rst Danforth. introduced us to peanut butter. It has taken favorably with • Summary: The caption: “William H. Danforth, partnering the public in general, and fi rst-class grocers now sell it in bulk for about twenty cents a pound or put up in glass jars at a slightly advanced price. It is palatable and wholesome, but too rich to partake of unsparingly; the children like it spread on bread for lunch or supper, and it is a good fi ller for fi ve- o’clock tea sandwiches.” On page 30 are bills of fare (menus) for 11 days (Jan. 21-30), with dishes specifi ed for breakfast, lunch, and dinner (or breakfast, dinner, supper on some days). Foods recommended for breakfast: Ralston Barley Food, Granola, Grape Nuts, Graham Gems, Ralston Breakfast Food. Peanut butter is not mentioned on that page.

21. Ralston Purina Foods. 1903. Checkerboard package: Old John Graham said (Ad). Smart Set (The) (New York City) 9(4):Next to last page (unnumbered). April. • Summary: A full page ad. “... in his ‘Letters from a Self- Made Merchant to his Son:’ ‘It’s the quality of the goods inside the package which tells when they once get into the kitchen and up to the cook.”–and it is the quality of the foods inside the ‘checkerboard’ packages which sold Ten Million Packages in the past ten months–test them for yourselves.” Across top of ad: “Checkerboard package.” Illustration at top left of ad shows “Old John Graham.” Across bottom 1/3 of ad are three different products in their packages (L- R): (1) “Purina Whole Wheat Flour. Health Flour–Makes Brain Bread. Purina Mills, breakfast foods,” in checkerboard

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 35 sack. (2) “Ralston Breakfast Food–Purina Mills health,” in right corner is a portrait photo of a child with fairly long hair. checkerboard box. (3) Ralston KornKins–Old fashioned corn meal,” in checkerboard sack. 25. Ralston Purina Mills. 1907. Ralston Health Food (Ad). Across bottom of ad: “Appreciated in a million homes.” Pearson’s Magazine (New York) 17:In unnumbered pages of ads at rear. April. 22. Ralston Purina Company (The). 1903. Ralston Purina • Summary: A half-page vertical ad. Shows an illustration of Foods (Ad). Delineator (The) (New York City) 61(6):1090. “The Pure Food Man” holding up a box of “Ralston Health June. Food near his left shoulder with his left hand. The text on • Summary: A vertical ¼ page ad. An illustration shows a his white shirt and checkerboard apron reads: “One food man seated on a chair, holding a book at which two children you know is Pure–’Cause there’s Chemists’ Certifi cate of are looking. “Introducing the Ralston Purina Miller–a Absolute Purity on Every Package. good, wholesome fellow, who makes all the good things in Most people ‘stick’ to Ralston Health Food–tastes so checkerboard packages, at the Big Mill, ‘where purity is good–because–it is good. Not a fl uff but a staple food–hearts paramount.” of wheat–not with the color, fl avor and nutriment bleached He explains that the company makes Ralston Health out to make it white–Ralston as all the natural golden color, Oats (for cold mornings), Ralston Breakfast Food (made of sweet nut-like fl avor and wholesome deliciousness of the wheat; good year round), Purina Health Flour (for making grain. whole wheat bread). Next to his chair is a sack of Purina “Always good–kept so by our process of Sterilization.” KornKins and a box of Ralston Cereal Coffee. On his checkerboard apron is a 2nd ad, for Purina Whole Wheat Flour, which “won the Grand Prize (Highest Award) 23. Ralston Purina Co. 1905. Ralston Wheat Porridge (Ad). over all other whole wheat fl ours at the recent St. Louis Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review (Manchester, Fair.” “Ralston Purina Mills. Where purity is paramount. England). Jan. p. 14a. Checker board sacks and packages.” Address: St. Louis, • Summary: “Should be in every home. It’s good for you and Missouri; Portland, Oregon; Tilsonburg, Ontario, Canada. it tastes good. 2 lb. ‘Checkerboard’ Packet, 7½ d.” Address: London Agency: 43 Great Tower St., E.C. 26. Ralston Purina Mills. 1907. Ralston Health Food (Ad). Pearson’s Magazine (New York) 17:Near end of unnumbered 24. Ralston Purina Mills. 1906. The pure food for children: pages of ads at rear. June. Wheat hearts for little sweethearts (Ad). Outlook (The) (New • Summary: A half-page vertical ad. The top half shows an York City) 83(17):Unnumbered page near end of issue. Aug. illustration of the head and shoulders of a man with a straw 26. and grain of wheat balanced on the visor of his cap. The • Summary: A ¼-page ad. “In Ralston Health Food are bold text reads: “The Ralston miller. The pure food man.” the hearts of wheat–made into the richest, daintiest, the Checkerboard sacks and packages. most delicious of foods, rich in gluten–absolutely pure. A The bottom half of the ad shows his hands on a chemist’s certifi cate of purity on every package. checkerboard box, on the front of which is written: “I’m “No other food so perfectly meets the needs of growing proud of the Chemists’ Certifi cate of absolute Purity on every children. Not pre-digested, but easily digested–gives the package of Ralston Health Food. stomach something to do, but not too much. “’I’m proud of the healthy, happy people that eat “Not a food fad or fancy–but a staple breakfast food Ralston. with body to it. When ready to serve, 14 lbs. for 15 cents–50 “’I’m proud of the golden-yellow hearts of selected plates. wheat, with all their natural nutriment and rich, nut-like “Ralston Health Food, sterilized by our new patent deliciousness, that go into the Ralston Packages. process, is always fresh and good. Ralston retains the natural, “’Ralston isn’t mere fl uff–it’s real food, always keeps nut-brown color of the grain. good because I sterilize it.’” “Ask for Ralston this time, and insist on getting it. Your “A package makes 50 plates of food. The Ralston Miller. grocer is instructed to give you back your money if you don’t ‘Where purity is paramount.’” like the fi rst package. This ad also appears near end of unnumbered pages of “Try Purina Whole Wheat Flour–for sale by all Good ads at rear of Sept. issue, and in December issue. Address: Grocers. Ask for the checkerboard sack and get the best. St. Louis, Missouri; Portland, Oregon; Tilsonburg, Ontario, “Ralston Purina Mills. “Where Purity in Paramount” Canada. St. Louis, Missouri. Portland, Oregon. Tillsonburg, Ontario [Canada]. 27. Ralston Purina Mills. 1907. Ralston Health Food: I stand In the upper left corner of this ad is a photo of the head for purity in food. McClure’s Magazine 29(6):59 of ads at and shoulders of man wearing a brimmed cap. In the lower end of issue. Oct.

• Summary: A half page vertical ad (right half of page) near brand name. the rear of this issue shows a strong- and healthy-looking Note 2. Ralston Health Food was being advertised man standing upright, wearing a white shirt and cap. His left as early as 1905. Address: St. Louis, Missouri; Portland, land, at waist level, is holding one “ear” of a upright sack of Oregon; Tilsonburg, Ontario. Purina Whole Wheat Flour. His closed right hand rests atop a box (with a checkerboard pattern) of “Ralston Health Food” 29. Congregational Church (Shirley, Massachusetts), Ladies breakfast cereal, which rests atop the opposite side of the Sewing Circle. 1908. Choice selection of tested recipes from bag. many households. Morrisville, Vermont: Wm. H. Nichols Across the top of the ad: “The pure food man. The Cook Book Pub. Co. 105 p. See p. 44. Illust. No index. 19 Ralston miller.” Written on his white shirt: “’I’ve won the cm. Chemists’ Certifi cate of absolute Purity on every package • Summary: On the unnumbered page after page 44 (in of Ralston Health Food–the golden hearts of choicest wheat what looks like a disguised ad) are four recipes that call for with all the natural nutriment and fl avor. It’s always good Ralston Health Food: Ralston cocoanut pudding (“one cup because I sterilize it. A package makes 50 plates of Food.’” cooked Ralston”), Ralston Scalloped Oysters (“Four cups “’Where purity is Paramount.’” Mills in St. Louis, milk, one cup Ralston”), Ralston Cheese Souffl e (“One- Missouri. Portland, Oregon. Tilsonburg, Ontario, Canada. fourth cup Ralston Health Foods,... Cook Ralston and milk Address: St. Louis, Missouri. fi ve minutes”), and Ralston scalloped salmon (“Three cups of water, one-half cup Ralston Health Food,... Have water 28. Ralston Purina Mills. 1908. Ralston health food: The boiling, then stir in Ralston Health Food. Boil 10 minutes; food for growing children (Ad). Collier’s 41(5):33. April 25. add butter, yolks of eggs, pepper and salt;...)” At bottom of page: “If your grocer is not supplied with Ralston Health Foods, end us his name. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri.” The section on “Sandwiches–fi llings” (p. 16) states: “Nut–Peanuts or walnuts chopped very fi ne are an addition to almost any sandwiches.” Note: This book appears to have a 2nd title page: “The Home Comfort Cook Book,” by the same group of ladies. Address: Massachusetts.

30. Frear, William; Given, G.C.; Broomwell, A.W. 1908. Breakfast foods: Containing the results of an investigation of breakfast foods and pancake fl ours on sale in the markets of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Dep. of Agriculture, Dairy and Food Division, Bulletin No. 162. 40 p. See p. 17-19, 21. • Summary: In the analyses, “Ralston Health Food” appears under “Farina preparations” (p. 17, 19). “No. 2667 and No. 3697; Ralston Health Food: The label says ‘When you open this package you can see • Summary: A 1/8 page ad. “If you want to grow children thousands of tiny almond-colored grains... These are the who are bright, sturdy, good-natured, and healthy, feed them true Wheat-hearts, or Seeds-germs of Wheat. And these on Ralston Health Food.” It is the “ideal food for growing germs of wheat are full of the Vegetable Phosphorus that children because it is n-a-t- u-r-a-l food [natural food] and makes children grow like magic and develop strong mentally. thus easily digested and rich in nature’s own deliciousness They are what make Nerve-worn people whole again, and nutriment.” It is “not white–but has the natural golden calm, composed and restful. They are what supply new color of wheat. Ralston Health Food is sterilised–so always Mind-Power by providing the brain all the phosphorus it good. 15-cent packages make 50 plates of food.” Order it can use in heavy Thinking without exhaustion of the Nerve from your grocer today. Cells... They make good the defects in other Foods that lack Illustrations show: (1) The front and one side of a Phosphorus... Remember you can see these Wheat-hearts or package of Ralston Health Food. (2) The Ralston Miller Phosphorus germs in this very package of Ralston Health (face and cap). (3) The heads of two children growing like Food... You can’t see them in any other Cereal Food. Why?’” fl owers out of heads of wheat. “The germs are present here, as they are in Graham Note 1. This is an example of the attempt to link health, fl our, and in many other wheat preparations. They are visible packaged breakfast cereal, and the needs of children with a in other preparations, contrary to the plain implication of

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 37 this label. The composition of the food, compared with that diet. It is used in the manufacture of Hepco Flour.” Page of the pure germ, shows low protein and fat; moreover, the 400 states that “soy bean meal” [probably soy bean fl our] phosphoric acid in No. 2667 is only 0.33 per cent., not more contains 34.0% carbohydrates. “Ralston Health Food” is a than is exhibited by many other wheat preparations, such, type of “Cereal breakfast food.” Page 402 notes, under “fresh for example, as cracked wheat...” Address: 1. State College, vegetables,” that soy beans [i.e. green vegetable soybeans] University Park, Pennsylvania. contain on average 28.0% carbohydrates (range 19.3-39.0%). In the section titled “Composition of so-called diabetic 31. Ralston Purina Co. 1909. A health prescription for foods” (p. 406-17) the author notes that such foods have growing children. Rx–A liberal serving of Ralston Health been more thoroughly studied at the Agricultural Experiment Food every day... (Ad). Pearson’s Magazine (New York) Station in New Haven, Connecticut, than elsewhere. The 21(5):Unnumbered page at end. May. lengthy list that comprises most of this section is based • Summary: “–plenty of fresh air–sunshine–and sleep.” on original analyses found in Connecticut Agricultural Mothers! It’s an important question–it’s serious–this Experiment Station Reports, for 1913, Part 1; for 1914, Part choosing of the correct food for growing children. Do you 5, and for 1915, Part 5. The table contains the following want your children keen–active–bright eyed–clear skinned– columns: Date of analysis. Manufacturer and brand. Protein full of life–red blood–and energy? Do you want their nerves per cent. Carbohydrate per cent. Fat per cent. Starch per steady–and their muscles fi rm? Do you want them to play cent. and Calculated calories per 100 grams. The following well–sleep well–and study well? Then you must seriously contain soy: Cereo Co., Tappan, New York: Soy Bean Gruel consider the proper food–you must choose a food that’s full Flour (1913 [date of analysis]). Health Food Co., New York: of nutriment–phosphorus–and that is easily digested.” Protosoy Soy Flour (1913, 1914), Protosoy Diabetic Wafers “Feed them Ralston Health Food. They always like it– (1913, 1914). Jireh Diabetic Food Co., New York: Soja Bean for its good to eat and good for them to eat.” Ralston Health Flour (1913). Theo. Metcalf Co., Boston, Massachusetts: Food is sterilised by our special process.” Soja Bean Meal, 18% starch (1913). Waukesha Hepco Flour “Purina Whole Wheat Flour contains the same qualities (1913). as Ralston Health Food. Get a sack from your grocer. Packed A large number of companies in the USA and Europe in 6, 12, 24, 48 lb. bags.” make products containing gluten; among these are The “Ralston Purina Co. ‘Where purity is paramount.’” Kellogg Food Co. in Battle Creek, Michigan. The Nashville Photos show: (1) A large box of Ralston Health Food. Sanitarium Food Co. in Nashville, Tennessee makes Malted (2) A young boy and girl on roller skates, playing. Address: Nut Food, Nut Butter, Nuteysa, and Nutfoda. St. Louis, Missouri; Tillsonburg, Ontario, Canada; Portland, A list of 13 peanut butter manufacturers is given (p. Oregon. 415), including The Kellogg Co. (Battle Creek, Michigan), Beech-Nut Packing Co. (Canajoharie, New York), and H.J. 32. Francis, David R. 1913. The Universal Exposition Heinz Co. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). The fat content of the of 1904. 2 vols. St. Louis, Missouri: Louisiana Purchase various brands ranges from 42.8% to 51.3%; Kellogg’s is Exposition Co. See vol. 1, p. 587. 28 cm. 49.7%. Two companies whose peanut butter was analyzed • Summary: Also know as the St. Louis World’s Fair, in 1899 were: Atlantic Peanut Refi nery, Philadelphia, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held at St. Louis, Pennsylvania, and Peanolia Food Co., New Haven, Missouri, in 1904 to commemorate the centennial of the Connecticut. purchase of the Louisiana Territory (in 1804). Special protein preparations include Soson and Tropon In volume 1 of this two-volume book, in the section (made in Germany), and Plasmon (made in London, titled “The Concessions,” a full-page table (page 587) states England). Address: Asst. Prof. of Medicine, Harvard Medical that C.H. Sumner, concessionaire, no. 587, sold “Peanut School, Massachusetts. Butter.” Gross receipts: $705.11. Net collections: $199.87. The same page notes that the Ralston Purina Co. sold 34. SoyaScan Notes. 1916. Chronology of Procter & Gamble $17,263.10 of “Purina Foods.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. and Buckeye’s work with soybeans. 8 July 1993. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 33. Joslin, Elliott Proctor. 1916. Treatment of diabetes • Summary: 1901–Procter & Gamble (P&G) establishes mellitus, with observations upon the disease based upon one and incorporates the Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. They leased an thousand cases [5th ed.]. Philadelphia and New York: Lea & oil mill and put it under the Buckeye Cotton Oil Company Febiger. xvi + 17-440 p. 25 cm. name. The buckeye is the offi cial Ohio state tree. During its • Summary: Joslin (lived 1869-1962) recommended the early years, Buckeye crushed cottonseeds. use of Hepco Flour, a soybean product, in his diabetic diets. 1911–P&G introduces Crisco shortening–a Page 397 states: “Soya bean is also extensively used, and revolutionary new product. “The name Crisco was derived probably deserves a still wider introduction into the diabetic from the words CRYStalized Cottonseed Oil. P&G needed

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 38 the oil for Crisco, Ivory Soap, and other products. Then they formula was changed again so there was less need for this had to fi nd a market for all the cotton linters (the fuzz of protein product and it was necessary to develop outside short fi bers) stuck to the cottonseeds. So P&G started selling markets where it was used largely as a substitute for casein cotton linters (cellulose) to many different companies. in the paper trade.” 1916–By this year P&G was using soybean oil in soap. 1952–1953. Two technical bulletins dated from these 1929–Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. purchases a mill at two years state that this isolated soy protein is now named Louisville, Kentucky, and in the spring of 1931 Buckeye Buckeye Protein. It is used for paper coatings, sizings, fi re- crushes Procter & Gamble’s fi rst soybeans, using expellers, fi ghting foam, adhesives, water-dispersible paints, etc. at this mill in Louisville. 1958 July.–The name Buckeye Cellulose Corp. starts to 1935 Oct.–Buckeye starts crushing soybeans at the be used in place of the previous Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. in Binghampton mill in Memphis, Tennessee. connection with P&G’s soybean processing activities. 1939–P&G orders a solvent extraction unit for 1958 Dec. 10–Ralston Purina Co. fi nalizes the purchase processing soybeans from Hansa-Muehle in Germany. But of mills (located in Louisville, Kentucky; New Madrid, it was sitting at the docks in Hamburg, Germany, when Missouri; Memphis, Tennessee; and Raleigh, North Carolina) World War II broke out in 1939. Because of the blockade from P&G/Buckeye. Ralston Purina wanted to expand its it never left Germany. So P&G went to the French Oil Mill mixed feed operations. By 1958 the increasing importance Machinery Company in Piqua, Ohio, to have a similar unit of soybean meal for animal feed has made it desirable for designed and built to Buckeye’s specifi cations. soybean crushers to enter the mixed animal feed business. 1941 Feb.–Buckeye fi nally begins processing soybeans That was not Buckeye’s or P&G’s kind of business, so it at Louisville, Kentucky, using solvent extraction, after a became sound business policy P&G to buy soybean oil on year’s experimental work. Then during World War II, when the open market and to dispose of the facilities for crushing the cotton crop declined, there was still enough demand for soybean seeds. cellulose, that P&G bought large acreages of southern wood Note 1. In Oct. 1962 Ralston Purina produced its pine to use for its pulp. But since Buckeye’s primary job was fi rst commercial edible isolated soy proteins (under the crushing oilseeds, P&G decided to have Buckeye switch Edi-Pro brand) in this Louisville plant using technology from crushing cottonseeds to crushing soybeans, primarily to largely developed by Frank Calvert and Robert Boyer supply Procter & Gamble with soybean oil for food products when they worked as researchers for Henry Ford. By 1976 such as Crisco. Ralston Purina was the world’s leading manufacturer of 1946–P&G introduces Tide, the most successful of its edible isolated soy proteins–and this plant, purchased new line of detergents. Research on detergents increases. from Buckeye/P&G, was their fl agship plant in America. 1948–Buckeye starts solvent extraction of soybeans at 1955 Sept.–Buckeye is crushing soybeans at Little Rock, New Madrid, Missouri. Arkansas; Wilson, Arkansas; and Greenwood, Mississippi. 1949 Sept.–Buckeye is crushing soybeans at Raleigh, 1958.–Buckeye is crushing soybeans at Memphis, North Carolina. During the 1950s the company continued Tennessee (Hollywood mill) and Augusta, Georgia. studying cleaning compounds and detergents. 1978 Sept.–Buckeye Cellulose Corporation is still a 1946-47–Procter & Gamble starts using industrial- member of the National Soybean Processors Association; grade soy protein isolate, made at their Louisville plant, in it crushes soybeans in its mills at Little Rock, Arkansas; the wall cleaner named Spic and Span. Spic and Span was Augusta, Georgia; and Memphis, Tennessee (Hollywood mill launched in the 1930s by the Spic and Span Co. of Saginaw, at 1355 Lynnfi eld Road). Michigan. It was operated by two ladies who developed the 1992–P&G sells the Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., dividing recipe (which contained glue) in their kitchen and patented it into several parts. Several of the cellulose processing the process. P&G bought the company in 1945, right after operations (P&G Cellulose) are sold to Weyerhauser, and World War II. At that time the front panel of the box read: Bob Cannon, a retired P&G executive who used to run “The perfect cleaner for all painted and varnished surfaces. Buckeye, sets up a group that buys the Memphis operation. No rinsing. No wiping. P&G introduced a new, improved Bob, who lives in Memphis, has been with Buckeye for formula in about 1950–”Cleans extra fast yet extra kind about 30 years. to hands”–but no ingredients were listed on the box. In The company’s fi les in Memphis (Phone: 901-320-8100) the fall of 1946, Procter & Gamble needed a raw material are probably much more complete on soybean operations to use in the new formula of Spic and Span. It was found than those in Cincinnati. Another good person to contact that a protein product that could be made from soybeans at would be Walter L. Lingle, Jr., who was president of Louisville would supply this demand. As a result, a unit for Buckeye in 1958 at the time it sold 4 mills to Ralston Purina. making industrial-grade isolated soy protein was erected He lives in Cincinnati and has a “perfect memory” (Offi ce at the Louisville mill. This adequately took care of Procter phone: 513-621-4525). He set a lot of P&G’s international & Gamble needs. “After a few years, the Spic and Span operations.

Note 2. This information was compiled with great help analysis of the seed and soybean products during the years from Ed Rider (Corporate Archivist) and Diane L. Brown 1920, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1939, 1942. The fi rst page is an (Archivist), Procter & Gamble Co., P.O. Box 599, Cincinnati, analysis (conducted in 1920) of the oil and water content Ohio 45201-0599. the following soybean varieties listed in ascending order of oil content: Blanca (17.5% oil, 10.40% water), Amarilla, 35. Friedenwald, Julius; Ruhräh, John. 1919. Diet in health Negra, Wilson Five, Pekin [Peking], Early Brown, Gigante, and disease. 5th ed. Reset. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, Arlington, Black Eyebrow, Hahto, Biloxi (19.40% London: W.B. Saunders Co. 7-919 p. Illust. 25 cm. [4 soy oil), S.P.I. 40125 (19.60% oil, the highest). Many analyses ref] from later years are also given. • Summary: Most of the passages cited are similar to the File 2. Correspondence concerning soybeans from 1934 1913 ed., except for the following: The section titled “The to 1946. soy bean” is now on p. 135-36. A table (p. 137) shows the File 3. Donations of soybean seeds from 1928 to 1936, “Composition of fresh and dried legumes (incl. soy beans, sent from the Cuban Department of Agriculture (Agricultural cow peas, chick-peas, peanuts) with that of other foods.” At Experiment Station at Santiago de las Vegas) to farmers the top of page 137 are 4 references to soy by Ruhrah (3) and in Cuba. By March 1933 two-pound packets of unnamed Friedenwald and Ruhrah. soybean varieties were being sent to quite a few farmers. By The section on “vegetarianism” (p. 141-42) begins: 1934 ½-pound packets of each of 5 named varieties were “Theoretically vegetarians are supposed to subsist on being sent to farmers. an exclusive diet obtained from the vegetable kingdom, File 4. Donations sent out in 1937. File 5. Donations in including vegetables, cereals, fruits, nuts, etc. [sic], but as 1938-1940. File 6. Donations in 1941-1946. a matter for fact many add milk, butter, eggs, gravies and File 7. Information on the industrialization of soya in animal fats. The disadvantages of a strictly vegetable [vegan] Cuba during the years 1936-1941. Includes various letters to diet are too obvious to require comment.” and from companies, including the Ford Motor Co. and the In the chapter on “Infant feeding,” the section on “Other Compania Nacional de Aceites (both in Havana, each letter food for infants” has a subsection on “The soy bean,” which is cited separately). On 30 Jan. 1940 some 40 pounds of is now on p. 302-03. soybean meal were sent for use as pig feed. In the chapter on “Diseases in which diet is a primary File 8. Information on soil inoculated with bacteria for factor” is a section on “Substitutes for bread” (p. 596- the cultivation of soybeans during the years 1933-38, 1940, 97) which includes gluten bread and bran bread. Table 1941, 1943, 1945. 1, “Analysis of diabetic foods,” shows (p. 602) that the File 9. Soybean varieties in Cuba during the years 1930, “Ralston Health Food Co.” makes “Gluten fl our” which 1935, 1937, 1938, 1942, 1943. A document dated 15 Jan. was fi rst analyzed in 1895, then later in 1902-03. The same 1937 (cited separately) lists 18 soybean varieties that have chapter has a long table titled “Analysis of diabetic foods” germinated in Cuba owned by the Cuban Department of (p. 610-13). A 7-day vegetarian diet with a minimum of Agriculture. In the museum are six varieties that have not protein menu is recommended for treatment of cancer by germinated in Cuba. A similar list dated 18 Nov. 1938 (cited Bulkley at the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital (p. 673- separately) shows 23 soybean varieties in Cuba; twelve of 73). these are not found in the list of 15 Jan. 1937. A list dated 24 In the chapter on “Recipes” is a section on “Bread” (p. June 1942 gives 34 soybean varieties actually cultivated in 773-74) which includes whole-wheat bread, zwieback, and Cuba. bran muffi ns for constipation. A recipe for Camplin’s bran File 10. Various businesses related to soya during the cakes (p. 792) is given. The same chapter has a section on years 1933-1946. Includes letters to Ing. Antonio Portuondo “Soy bean cookery” (p. 798-810) with the same recipes as from E.F. Johnson of Purina Mills and from W.J. Morse of in the 1913 edition. Address: 1. Prof. of Gastro-Enterology; USDA (each dated 1938, and cited separately). Address: 2. Prof. of Diseases of Children. Both: Univ. of Maryland Cuba. School of Medicine and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore. 37. Hartz, Jacob; Hartz, George; Thorell, Alf. R. 1925. A record of the organization and incorporation of Hartz-Thorell 36. [Archival fi le on soybeans in Cuba: Docket (Legajo) Supply Co., a corporation. Stuttgart, Arkansas. 6 p. 36 cm. 2, fi les 1-10]. 1920-1946. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba: • Summary: The Hartz-Thorell Supply Co. company was Department of Agriculture (Departamento de Agricultura). incorporated under the laws of the state of Arkansas on 10 Unpublished documents. [Spa]* Jan. 1925, offi cially registered on 15 Jan. 1925. The capital • Summary: This is a 3½-inch thick stack of ten bound, stock was $15,000. Each share sold for $50.00. On 10 Jan. unpublished reports and collections of papers. File 1. 1925 the three founders owned the following number of Information concerning the soybean (frijol soya), with shares: A.R. Thorell: 60 shares worth $3,000. Jacob Hartz:

45 shares worth $2,250. George Hartz: 45 shares worth $2,250. The signature of each of these three men appears 40. Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). 1930. Soy three times in this document. bean mill changes hands: Local company sells plant to The charter (p. 5) states that the general nature of the Ralston Purina concern of St. Louis–manager here. Sept. 22. business was to buy and sell rice farm supplies. Offi cers: p. 15. Jacob Hartz, president. George Hartz, vice-president. A.R. • Summary: “Announcement has been made of the sale of Thorell, secretary and treasurer. the Lafayette Milling company’s soy bean mill at 800 North Talk with Marion Hartz. 1997. April 28. The record Fourth street to the Ralston Purina company of St. Louis, books of the Hartz-Thorell Supply Co. and the minute books Missouri, one of the largest food and feed manufacturing are now in the possession of Mr. Thorell’s only survivor, his concerns in the country. The company has already taken daughter Adelle, who lives in Stuttgart, never married, and over the plant and George H. Steele has arrived here from St. who is one year older than Marion. Louis to act as resident manager. Jesse C. Young will remain George Hartz was Jacob Hartz’s father and Marion’s with the establishment as buyer. The plant is engaged in grandfather. Originally named Gerhardt Hartz, he was born the manufacture of oil and meal from soy beans. This is the into a Roman Catholic family in Bavaria [Germany], and in Ralston Purina company’s fi rst soy bean mill, although the about 1870 immigrated to the USA as a young man (about company manufactures many other kinds of feed. The plant age 19) together with an older sister who was going to get is said to have a capacity of half a million bushels of soy married; she settled in Racine, Wisconsin. He was granted beans a year.” full citizenship to the USA in about 1880 at Rock Island, Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) Illinois; Marion still has the citizenship papers. George’s that mentions the Lafayette Milling Co. in Lafayette, Indiana. main business was operating the Purina Feed Agency in Stuttgart; they sold incubated eggs, feed delivered in a little 41. Ralston Purina Co. 1930. Soybeans (Ad). Journal and old Model-T Ford pickup truck, etc. George married Suzanna Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). Sept. 26. p. 15, cols. 7-8. Simon of Racine, Wisconsin; they met in Racine. Both • Summary: “We have purchased the soybean plant located families were Catholic. When George retired, Jacob Hartz at 800 North Fourth Street from the Lafayette Milling and A.R. Thorell purchased his stock; George died in about Company. We will operate this plant as soon as soybeans are 1934-35 in Stuttgart. He is buried at the Catholic Cemetery harvested and will pay the full market price for the beans. outside Stuttgart. See Mr. Jesse Young, 804 North Fourth Street, Phone 5426.” Note: This is the earliest document seen concerning the Note: This ad also appeared in the Sept. 29 (p. 13), Oct. Hartz-Thorell Supply Co., a corporation. They were not yet 1 (p. 13). Oct. 3 (p. 19), Oct. 6 (p. 15), Oct. 8 (p. 15), Oct. 13 involved with soy beans. Address: Stuttgart, Arkansas. (p. 15), Oct. 15 (p. 15), Oct. 17 (p. 19) issues. In all but the fi rst ad, the phone is given as “5421.” Address: 804 North 38. Merritt, Frank Clinton. 1928. History of Alameda Fourth St., Lafayette, Indiana. County, California. Vol. 1. Chicago, Illinois: S.J. Clarke Publ. Co. 694 p. See p. 254. Illust. Portraits. 27 p. * 42. Smith, D.B. 1930. Soy bean industry (Letter to the • Summary: In the chapter on Oakland in the 1890s, the editor). Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). Oct. 13. p. author goes block by block. giving details on the companies 6. in the major buildings. In the old Central Bank Building, on • Summary: “Editor Journal and Courier: By the purchase of the northeast corner of Broadway and 14th (p. 254): “The the soy bean oil plant on North Fourth street by the Ralston fi fth fl oor housed the Ralston Health Food Company, the Purina company of St. Louis, a new impetus is given the Mutual Benefi t Life Insurance Company,...” young soy bean industry. With the resources of the Purina Note: Frank Clinton Merritt was born in 1889. company behind the project, we may reasonably expect the gradual establishment of plants in the soy bean centers and 39. Ft. Worth Salvage Co. 1930. Fire sale: Water damaged the development of the industry to major proportions. feeds of Ralston Purina Co. (Ad). Fort Worth Record- “There is an urgent demand for soy bean oil. Many uses Telegram (Fort Worth, Texas). May 24. p. 5. have been found for it and many more will be found through • Summary: “Steer cubes, bran, shorts, egg mash, sheep research and experimentation in the future. cubes, alfalfa leaf meal, soy bean meal, steer meal, corn “The development of the soy bean industry augurs well gluten feeds, hog feed. for the farmer. There is already a very large acreage here “Sale by...” in the middle-west through its value to the soil and as a Note: This ad also appeared in the May 25 (p. 19), May valuable feed for stock, and through additional uses, we may 26 (p. 14), May 27 (p. 18), May 28 (p. 24), May 29 (p. 20), see the lowly soy bean transformed into one of the major May 30 (p. 20), May 31 (p. 10), June 1 (p. 32)... June 8 (p. crops in the middle-west and a new and most welcome help 29). Address: Taylor and Weatherford Streets. to the farmer on a rough road back to normalcy. Who knows

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 41 it may be his guiding star?” Address: Boswell, Indiana. in Prairie Farmer territory are: Allied Mills, Peoria, Illinois. Funk Bros., Bloomington and Taylorville, Illinois. Archer- 43. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. Daniels Midland Company, Chicago, Illinois, and Toledo, Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Ohio. Evans Milling Company, Indianapolis, Indiana. Manufacturer’s Address: 804 North Fourth St., Lafayette, Ralston-Purina Company, LaFayette, Indiana. Procter and Indiana. Gamble, Louisville, Kentucky. Early-Daniels Company, Date of Introduction: 1930 October. Cincinnati, Ohio. Staley Company, Decatur [Illinois]. Ingredients: Soybeans. Shellabarger Company, Decatur [Illinois].” New Product–Documentation: Ad in Journal and Courier Two photos show: “The loin and bacon on the left are (Lafayette, Indiana). 1930. Sept. 26. p. 15 “We have from a soybean-fed hog. The right from corn-fed hog.” The purchased the soybean plant located at 800 North Fourth samples on the left are soft (drooping over a pail) and fatty. Street from the Lafayette Milling Company. We will operate Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2020) this plant as soon as soybeans are harvested and will pay the that mentions Ralston Purina Co. in connection with full market price for the beans. See Mr. Jesse Young, 804 soybeans. North Fourth Street...” Ad in Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc. 46. Danforth, William H. 1931. I dare you! St. Louis: 1936. “Grow soybeans: To make the meal, to build the feeds, Privately printed (for my personal friends and daring your livestock needs.” [Aug.]. Back cover. Purina Mills youth who may cross my path). vii + 89 p. 21 cm. 10th ed. has modern soybean processing plants in three locations, published April 1941. including Lafayette, Indiana. • Summary: William Henry Danforth, born in 1870, was the USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1943. founder of Ralston Purina Co. His plan of four-fold personal “Soybean processing mills in the United States.” USDA development, which became the famous checkerboard logo, Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry. AIC-26. was think tall, smile tall, live tall, and stand tall. Contents: 10 p. Nov. See p. 2. Lafayette, Indiana: “Ralston Purina Foreword. Author’s preface. I dare you. You can be bigger Company.” (Medium = capacity between 50 and 200 tons/ than you are. Are you one of the precious few? (who dare day of soybeans). to dare). I dare you to adventure. I dare you to do things. Now for the start. I dare you to be strong. I dare you to think 44. Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). 1931. Record creatively. I dare you to develop a magnetic personality. I shipment of local soy bean oil. May 9. p. 3. dare you to build character. I dare you to share. Launch out • Summary: “Eight tank carloads of soy bean oil into the deep. I dare and share. Address: Chairman of the manufactured at the Lafayette plant of the Ralston-Purina Board, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. company on North Fourth street were shipped from the city Louis. Missouri. recently on the Monon railroad, each carload of the product representing approximately 400 acres of soy beans. 47. Ralston Purina Co. 1932. X-tra chick feed (Ad). Journal “The local factory, formerly belonging to the Lafayette and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). Feb. 26. p. 15, cols. 3-4. Milling company, is operating at full capacity, Jesse Young, • Summary: “Today there’s a new tag on the feed bag that the manager, announced Saturday. It is employing 20 men. makes it easier for you to choose feed for your chicks...” “Soy bean oil is sold by the company to many different Across the bottom of the ad in bold letters: “Always in industries and is always in demand. It is used in the the market for soybeans.” Address: 804 North Fourth St., manufacture of soap, oleomargarine, paints and varnishes, Lafayette, Indiana. salad oil and nitro-glycerin. Its newest uses are for core oil in foundries and in manufacture of disinfectants. The by- 48. Ralston Purina Co. 1932. Soybeans (Ad). Journal and product, soy bean meal, is all absorbed by the company’s Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). Aug. 16. p. 11, col. 8. various plants [for use in livestock and poultry feeds]. • Summary: “Old or new, 40¢.” “The company buys its soy beans from farmers in the Note: This small but bold ad also appeared on Aug. 18 vicinity of Lafayette.” (p. 13) and Aug. 20 (p. 11). However, in each ad the price A large photo shows a Monon line engine the railroad increased. On Aug. 18 it was 42¢ and on Aug. 20 it was 43¢. tank cars with the Ralston Purina plant in the background. 49. Gazette (The) (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). 1932. 45. Prairie Farmer. 1931. Soybeans make poor quality pork: Soya bean milling now project here: Canadian ﬂ our millers Soybean oilmeal O.K.–There is danger in feeding whole interested in English and German experiments. New product soybeans. 103(32):3, 20. Oct. 31. possible. Tests of soil in Eastern Canada may lead to crops of • Summary: When whole soybeans are fed to hogs, the soya bean. Aug. 27. p. 2. result is undesirable soft, oily pork. “Soybean mills located • Summary: “Successful experiments in milling soya bean

fl our in England and Germany have interested a group of Quebec are successful, it is hoped Canada will be in the Canadian fl our millers in the possibility of the soya bean advantageous position whereby its soya bean mills will being milled in Eastern Canada, and negotiations towards obtain their product in the country instead of having to end are already under way between the Canadian millers import it from distant North Manchuria, where production is and German interests controlling the new Berczeller process invariably haphazard as a result of fl oods and of warfare and of milling soya bean fl our, it was learned by The Gazette banditry.” yesterday. “Once defi nite arrangements have been made for the 50. Ralston Purina Co. 1932. Special report on Purina core milling of soya bean fl our in Canada, the beans will be oil. St. Louis, Missouri. * imported from North Manchuria. Later, if tests of soil in Address: St. Louis, Missouri. eastern Canada are successful, it is hoped to grow crops of soya beans in Ontario and Quebec Experiments to this effect 51. Ralston Purina Co. 1933. Cash for soy beans (Ad). already being carried out by the Department of Agriculture Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). Feb. 28. p. 9, col. of Ontario, at the Instigation of the Ralston-Purina Company, 8. of Woodstock, Ontario, and agronomists under the Hon. • Summary: “We are prepared to pay you spot Cash for Adelard Godbout, Minister of Agriculture of Quebec, are soybeans or we will make you a very liberal exchange of our also carrying out experiments in this province. full line of Purina Animal and Poultry Chows or Chicken “If soya beans–hitherto native to Chinese soil–can be Feeds.” grown in Canada, it is pointed out, the Dominion will boast Note: This ad also appeared on March 1 (p. 9) and of a rich agricultural product which can be ground for its March 2 (p. 15). Address: 804 N. 4th St., Lafayette. vegetable oil, milled as a fl our or milled as an animal feed. The oil is valuable to the chemical industry, and at the 52. St. Louis Globe-Democrat (St. Louis, Missouri). 1933. present time is sold in the San Francisco [California] market Soy bean plant completed here: New unit to furnish market at rates of 5 cents a pound for crude imported oil, 6 cents a for crop in this area. June 28. p. 17. pound for refi ned Manchurian oil, and 5½ cents a pound for • Summary: “Installation of a large new plant in St. Louis domestic refi ned oil. for the manufacture of commercial soy bean products was “Scientifi c research into the properties of the soya announced yesterday by William H. Danforth, chairman of bean–a delicacy unknown to the Occidental gourmet, but the board of the Ralston Purina Company. cherished by China’s bourgeoisie–reveals that the bean “’The addition of the new unit to the present plant is of great nutritive value, surpassing all other vegetable equipment of Purina Mills,’ Danforth said, ‘will serve two foods in view of the fact that it contains no starch or other purposes. It will furnish industry with the basic soy bean carbohydrates. Its principal constituents are protein and fat, ingredients which are used today in the manufacture of an lecithin, which is a nerve food usually found in eggs; mineral infi nite variety of products. And this St. Louis plant, located salts, and a series of vitamines. in the heart of America’s greatest soy bean producing “Hungary’s Success: During the course of the Great country, will also provide the farmers of this region a War, persistent efforts were made by several governments, profi table market for the soy beans which they raise. especially that of Germany to produce an edible food from “’Soy beans have increased much faster in commercial soya beans, particularly a food acceptable to the Occidental value than other farm products. They can be grown anywhere palate. But it was only a few years ago that a Hungarian in the corn belt or northern corn belt, and therefore the crop scientist–Dr. Berczeller–discovered a means of completely lends itself well as a substitute for corn, wheat or cotton extracting from the bean its bitter content, and of preventing wherever reduced acreage in these products is desired.’ fats from turning rancid, without impairing the food values “The new plant is installed with the latest type of of the bean, This process–the Berczeller process–has been machinery and equipment for handling and processing soy already adapted by an English company which has started beans for market. Plans for another mill in Indiana are under operations at Rickmansworth, near London, and a large way.” quantity of specially prepared soya beans are now being milled into fl our and sold to bakers, confectioners and food 53. Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). 1933. Industry manufacturers. to build new plant and enlarge operations here: Ralston- “The success of the experiments carried out in England Purina Company buys old Kern Packing site and will erect and Germany proved interesting to the Canadian millers, modern factory employing large work force–outgrows with the result that negotiations were opened with the present home. July 13, p. 1, 13, col. 5. German interests controlling the Berczeller process with • Summary: “Erection of a new and much larger home for a view towards milling soya fl our in eastern Canada. And the Lafayette branch of the Ralston-Purina company, on the if experiments in growing the soya bean in Ontario and old Kern Packing company site on lower Wabash avenue,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 43 was announced Thursday by Jesse Young, local manager.” company will make soy bean oil for use in manufacturing “Came Here in 1930: In July 1930 the Ralston company, paints, linoleum, salad and cooking oil, lubricants, of St. Louis, bought the soy bean plant of the Lafayette disinfectants and allied products.” Milling company and took over its operation, turning out soy Note: This plant had been placed in operation by 24 bean meal and oil and doing a large business in this line. The Nov. 1933. plant is still located in property of the Lafayette Ice and Coal company, on North Fourth street, in a part of the old brewery, 56. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. on which work is in progress, impetus was given to a plan to Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. move the soy bean plant and the decision followed to enlarge Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. its operations. Present quarters will be retained until the new Date of Introduction: 1933 October. building is completed. Ingredients: Soybeans. “Large Structure: The new structure will be of concrete, New Product–Documentation: “Soy bean plant completed about 220 feet long and 75 feet wide, according to Mr. here: New unit to furnish market for crop in this area.” 1933. Young, and will be built along the Monon switch, providing St. Louis Globe-Democrat (St. Louis, Missouri). June 28. p. convenient rail facilities. In addition to the soy bean 17 processing plant to be moved to the new site...” Ad in Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc. “Excellent Site: The new site, purchased of the Dryfus 1936. “Grow soybeans: To make the meal, to build the feeds, Packing and Provision company, is considered ideal in all your livestock needs.” [Aug.]. Back cover. Purina Mills respects. In addition to its location on a railway switch, the has modern soybean processing plants in three locations, plant will be easily accessible, over paved roads and streets, including St. Louis, Missouri. to farmers.” National Soybean Processors Association. 1941. Year A continued market will be provided for soy beans. Book, 1941-1942. Members. See p. 18. Ralston Purina Co., “The Ralston Purina company is described as the largest St. Louis, Missouri (J.H. Caldwell). processor of commercial feeds in the country, operating 17 USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1943. feed mills, as well as a rolled oats mill and breakfast food “Soybean processing mills in the United States.” USDA plant. Products are sold in every state of the union, and the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry. AIC-26. fi rm also enjoys a large export business in food and feeds.” 10 p. Nov. See p. 2. St. Louis, Missouri: “Ralston Purina Company.” (Medium = capacity between 50 and 200 tons/ 54. Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). 1933. Ralston- day of soybeans). Purina plant is rushed. Sept. 19. p. 9. Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product • Summary: “Work on the new plant of the Ralston-Purina made in Missouri. company on lower Wabash avenue is progressing at such a satisfactory rate that it is expected the company will be 57. Republican Tribune (Union, Missouri). 1933. Soybeans able to begin operations by the middle of October. The large an important crop. Nov. 24. p. 7. fi reproof elevator has been completed, the workmen of A.E. • Summary: “Soybeans, although tracing their origin through Kemmer, general contractor, are erecting the press room more than 5,000 years of Manchu Dynasties in China, had and the boiler room is still to be built. All the structures to ‘migrate’ to the United States to come to their own in the are of reinforced concrete. The principal output of the mill vegetable kingdom. will be soy bean oil and various feeds. About 35 men will “Introduced in this country as a farm crop only in be employed in operations when the plant opens. Jesse W. 1904, and heretofore grown by farmers chiefl y for hay, the Young is the local manager and the present plant in the soybean now has become one of America’s foremost basic building of the Lafayette Brewery, Inc., at the north end of commodities. It was estimated the 1932 crop was about North Fourth street will be moved to the new plant as soon as 16,000,000 bushels, and a large plant for the manufacture of the latter is ready.” soybean products has been constructed by the Ralston Purina Company in St. Louis, which is in the heart of America’s 55. Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). 1933. 10 new greatest soybean-producing area. This plant, the fi rst in industries established in St. Louis in September and fi ve Missouri, has just been placed in operation, and the company others expanded. Oct. 29. p. 19. is building another new one at Lafayette, Indiana. In addition • Summary: This “according to the monthly report of the to soybean meal, the company will make soybean oil for Industrial Bureau of the Industrial Club of St. Louis.” use by manufacturers of paints and linoleum, core oil for “Following are expansions: Ralston Purina Co., Inc., foundries, salad and cooking oils, soaps, greases, lubricants, 835 South Eighth street, has opened a new soy bean plant, disinfectants and allied products.” the fi rst of its kind in St. Louis. The plant will operate three shifts, 24 hours a day. In addition to soy bean meal, the 58. Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana). 1934. Ralston

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 44 plant now operating. Jan. 17. p. 12. • Summary: Lafayette’s newest important industry, the local plant of Ralston-Purina company on lower Wabash avenue, is now in operation, manufacturing soy-bean meal and oil and various livestock feeds made from corn, oats and concentrates. Thirty men are employed at the modern factory and it will afford a new market for soy-bean, corn and oats raised in this section of the state. “Jesse W. Young, resident manager, announces that the plant will require for its various products a total of 2,200 bushels of soy-beans and 1,500 bushels of corn and oats each day. Both the soy-bean department and the feed mill are fully equipped with the latest machinery, housed in buildings so designed and erected as to provide maximum effi ciency. The fi re-proof structures are commodious and include a large elevator and warehouse as well as the production departments. “Both the soy-bean products and those of the feed mill are sold generally over the country. The soy-bean meal is used in stock food concentrates and the oil has manifold uses. Some is used for salad dressing and other edible purposed and some goes into the manufacture of paints. The company also manufactures an oil for foundry use. The Louis, Missouri, and Lafayette, Indiana. “Our Processing chow foods, now being manufactured here, are for livestock Plants are in the Heart of the Soy-Belt.” Note: This is the feeding. earliest document seen (Nov. 1998) that uses the term “soy “Norman Adkins of this city, is superintendent of the belt.” Introductory message from J.H. Caldwell, Vice- plant, and H. Montgomery is western district salesman with President of Ralston Purina Co. (10 March 1934, St. Louis, headquarters at the plant.” Missouri). Two ways soybeans can make you money this year: Introduction (the corn-hog reduction program), solving 59. Ralston Purina Co. 1934. Soybeans for beginners. St. the corn acreage reduction problem, in the regular corn-belt Louis, Missouri. 10 p. Prepared by E.F. Johnson. 23 cm. rotations. Select the right variety: Varieties recommended for commercial production (Manchu, Illini, Dunfi eld, Harbinsoy), promising new varieties (Mansoy, Scioto), guide for the beginner, hay varieties (Virginia, Wilson, Peking). Seed bed preparation. Inoculation essential. Seeding: Should soybeans be seeded in rows or solid, early planting gives best yields, rate of seeding, too deep planting a serious mistake. Harvesting: Combine method recommended, grain binders used in many sections, mowing machine and windrower preferred by some growers. Threshing. Yield of grain (“Experienced growers on good soil secure yields of 30 to 40 bushels per acre consistently”). Storing seed. Marketing: Cash markets now available, how price is determined. Future outlook for soybeans: Introduction (the government is reducing cotton acreage by 35%), apparently no danger of over-production of soybeans. Chinch bugs do not destroy soybeans. A soybean program (“Increase your farm returns by substituting soybeans for oats”). Ad: Use the products that make a market for your soybeans: “Two Purina soybean processing plants are located in the heart of the Soy Belt...” Soybean oil meal is used in Purina Chows. • Summary: Discusses the advantages of soybeans in The introductory message states: “This booklet is agriculture. Contents: On the cover is a map of the Midwest published by the Purina Mills, one of the largest processors showing the company’s soybean processing plants in St. of soybeans, in the hope that it will help many corn-belt

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 46 farmers who are growing soybeans as a commercial crop for summer bringing the plant’s daily capacity up to 3,600 the fi rst time. bushels daily or 1,000,000 bushels of soybeans a year. “The material has been prepared by E.F. Johnson, Ray E. Rowland, manager of the plant, said Saturday former operator of the Johnson Seed Farms [of Stryker, that the Ralston-Purina Co. expects to crush or process Ohio], famous for their early work on soybeans. For years 300,000 bushels of soybeans in 1935. ‘We are now in the Mr. Johnson was active in Farm Bureau work and talked market for 500,000 bushels of soybeans,’ Mr. Rowland said, soybeans on hundreds of institute programs throughout ‘and we defi nitely expect to start processing January 15. the Corn Belt. He has consolidated here a summary of the “Must Ship Most: ‘We probably will ship most of the best experiences of hundreds of soybean growers in Ohio, required beans into Circleville from Illinois and Indiana Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa. this year due to the fact that soybeans are not yet available “The Ralston Purina Company uses large quantities of in Ohio. However the local company will have seed to sell soybean meal in the manufacture of Chows, and fi nd it one farmers that are interested next spring in the new cash crop.’ of the best sources of protein for the manufacture of real the manager continued. feeds for all livestock. Appreciating the need of a larger and “Soybeans will fi t nicely into the program of Illinois more uniform production, we have added a Soybean Seed farmers next year because of the fact that the corn crop Department to our organization, to cooperate with growers reduction acreage can be put in soybeans. Soybeans in solving their soybean problems, and to serve as a reliable distribute the labor better on the farm inasmuch as the beans source of seed of those commercially proven varieties that are harvested after wheat and before corn husking. The beans will give best results under average conditions.” can also be harvested and wheat seeded on the soybean Photos show: (1) E.F. Johnson (facing p. 1). (2) The ground without plowing in the fall for wheat. new Purina Mills plant at Lafayette, Indiana (p. 7). (3) New “The United States, Mr. Rowland pointed out, can additions to the St. Louis plant. “Both equipped with modern consume three times the number of bushels of soybeans that soybean processing machinery. These two plants furnish are grown today and affect the present market price. Year in corn-belt growers with the best possible market for their and year out, soybeans will compare favorably with wheat as beans” (p. 7). a cash crop, he declared. “How price is determined: Since soybeans furnish less “Wisconsin Graduate: Mr. Rowland is a graduate of the than one-twentieth of our total supply of vegetable protein University of Wisconsin college of agriculture. He taught in and are almost a negligible factor in supplying vegetable the university one year and has been with the Ralston-Purina oil requirements, prices of soybeans naturally are mainly Co. about 10 years. Before coming to Circleville he was infl uenced by the prevailing prices of oil and meal from assistant sales manager over Indiana, Ohio and Michigan. cotton seed and fl ax.” He is qualifi ed to discuss your agriculture problems, crop “Feeding tests on Purina Mills’ Experimental Farm rotation, inoculation of seed, and feeding problems.” show that feeds carrying large amounts of soybean meal give Note: This plant is in Circleville, Ohio. results similar to those secured with combination of both vegetable and animal proteins. No other vegetable protein 61. Ralston-Purina Co. 1935. Soy bean meeting called: seems to have this peculiar advantage.” Special meeting called (Ad). Circleville Herald (The) Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) (Circleville, Ohio). Jan. 12. p. 3. that mentions Ralston Purina Co. in connection with soybean • Summary: “Tuesday, January 15, 1935 crushing or work to promote soybeans production in the “Memorial Hall, 1:30 P.M. USA. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. “Circleville, Ohio “For farmers in Pickaway County interested in growing 60. Circleville Herald (The) (Circleville, Ohio). 1934. soy beans Ralston-Purina Co. plans extensive soybean market: Two “Cultural practices–seeding–and varieties of Soy Beans expellers to begin operation Jan. 15 have capacity of 1,200 to sow in this area in this area will be discussed by offi cials bushels daily; four more to be installed next summer. Dec. 1. of the Ralston-Purina Company. p. 1. “All are urged to come.” • Summary: “The Ralston-Purina Co. is installing two Note: This ad also ran in the Jan. 14 issue (p. 3). French soybean oil expellers, the latest type in soybean processing machinery. 62. Ralston Purina Co. 1935. Soybeans: A cash crop. St. “The expellers will have a capacity of 1,200 bushels Louis, Missouri. 10 p. Prepared by E.F. Johnson. Jan. 23 cm. daily. • Summary: This booklet (also prepared by E.F. Johnson) “The remaining part of the soybean unit will be the is somewhat similar to that titled “Soybeans for beginners,” last word in expelling machinery. Defi nite plans have been published by Ralston Purina in March 1934. Contents: completed for installation of four more expellers next Map of the Midwest showing the company’s soybean

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 48 processing plants in St. Louis, Missouri, Lafayette, Indiana, Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Company. and Circleville, Ohio. “Our soybean mills located to serve Manufacturer’s Address: Circleville, Ohio. you best.” Introductory message from J.H. Caldwell, Vice- Date of Introduction: 1935 January. President of Ralston Purina Co. (15 Jan. 1935, St. Louis, Ingredients: Soybeans. Missouri). Soybeans–A cash crop: Introduction, three How Stored: Shelf stable. outstanding reasons for great interest in soybeans this year New Product–Documentation: The Circleville Herald (1) Year-round cash market now established. (2) Chinch (Circleville, Ohio). 1933. July 10. p. 1, col. 8. “Crites bugs leave soybean alone. (3) Soybeans can be planted on elevators sold to Purina Co.: no fi gures made known by corn-reduction acres. Established markets necessary for counsel.” Announcement of the sale of the sales of the expansion. Soybeans are an easy crop to grow: Seedbed elevators and mills of Crites Inc. of this county to Ralston- preparation most important operation (weeds, stand, Purina Co., nationally known feed manufacturers, was made yield), a simple prescription for a good seed bed. Varieties Monday by J.C. Harlor, Columbus attorney for Crites Inc. recommended for commercial production (Dunfi eld, The purchase price of the properties was not disclosed. Manchu, Illini), recommended new varieties (Mandell, The Sterling and Frankfort properties of Crites Inc. are Scioto, Manchuria, Mukden. Note: Virginia, Wilson, not included in the sale. The deal is one of the largest in Ebony, Pekwa and Kingwa are not recommended due to Pickaway county’s history. low oil content and less attractive meal). Growing soybeans The Circleville Herald (Circleville, Ohio). 1934. Dec. commercially: Inoculation, solid or row seeding, rate of 28. p. 1. “Kiwanians hear Rowland; induct 5 new members.” seeding, date of seeding, don’t plant too deep, cultivation. “A splendid talk on soy bean production” and the “operation Harvesting: Combine method recommended, grain binders of his plant was made before the Kiwanis club Thursday used in many sections, mowing machine and windrower evening by Ray Rowland, manager of the Ralston Purina preferred by some growers, use regular grain separator for Milling Co. threshing. Yield of grain (“Soybeans will yield from 20 to 40 “Ralston-Purina Co. plans extensive soybean market: bushels to the acre... Yields of 40 to 45 bushels per acre are Two expellers to begin operation Jan. 15 have capacity of not uncommon in Illinois”). Storing and marketing soybeans: 1,200 bushels daily; four more to be installed next summer. Sell through your local elevator, value of meal and oil 1934. Circleville Herald (The) (Circleville, Ohio). Dec. determines price of soybeans. Future outlook for soybeans in 1. p. 1. “The Ralston-Purina Co. is installing two French U.S.: Introduction, increased acreage next year anticipated, soybean oil expellers, the latest type in soybean processing wide diversity of use of soybean products: Flour, soybean machinery. oil meal, soybean oil, other uses (milk, cheese [tofu] bean “The expellers will have a capacity of 1,200 bushels sprouts, fl avoring sauce, substitutes for coffee and peanuts). daily. Using soybeans to check chinch bug movement. A soybean “The remaining part of the soybean unit will be the last program. Ad: Use the products that make a market for your word in expelling machinery.” soybeans: “Three Purina soybean processing plants are Ad in Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc. located in the heart of the Soy Belt...” Soybean oil meal is 1936. “Grow soybeans: To make the meal, to build the feeds, used in Purina Chows. your livestock needs.” [Aug.]. Back cover. Purina Mills Photos show: (1) E.F. Johnson (facing p. 1). (2) The has modern soybean processing plants in three locations, 7-story Purina Mills plant at Circleville, Ohio, “complete including Circleville, Ohio. with new modern soybean processing machinery” (p. 6). USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1943. Purina Mills plants at Lafayette, Indiana, and St. Louis, “Soybean processing mills in the United States.” USDA Missouri (p. 7). Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry. AIC-26. “Future outlook for soybeans in U.S.: Previous to 1934, 10 p. Nov. See p. 3. Circleville, Ohio: “Ralston Purina 4,000,000 bushels was the largest amount of soybeans to be Company.” (Medium = capacity between 50 and 200 tons/ processed from a single crop. At least 9,000,000 and possibly day of soybeans). 10,000,000 bushels of the 1934 crop will be processed into Soybean Digest. 1946. Sept. p. 12. “Ralston Purina meal and oil... We predicted last year that the reduction in Company’s 5 soybean processing plants or cash markets for cotton-seed meal through the passage of the Bankhead Bill soybean growers.” Includes Circleville, Ohio. would result in a big increase in demand for soybean meal and in higher prices on soybeans. Both of these predictions 64. Star Press (The) (Muncie, Indiana). 1935. Soybean meet have already been proven. The big increase in soybean meal at Lafayette: several Delaware County farmers to make trip. this year still is far short of supplying the loss in cottonseed Aug. 20. p. 17. meal.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: “Delaware County farmers who turn some acreage to the cultivation of soybeans have been invited 63. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Oil Meal. to attend one of a series of soybean meetings being held

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 49 in Indiana under the auspices of the American Soybean to regulate and control the acreage of other crops. Industries Association. The limited number of programs sent here have have put forth every effort of known science to utilize this been mailed out from the offi ce of M.E. Cromer, county increase... agriculture agent, who is endeavoring to encourage the “Previous to 1928 the supply and demand for soybean formation of a large contingent from this county to make the seed was the major factor in determining prices.” Three trip to the meeting to be held at Lafayette Friday. graphs show the prices of various commodities from Jan. “Marion Russell, Hamilton Township and A.C. Franklin, 1932 to June 1935. Fig. 1 shows the prices of linseed oil, Salem Township, have already announced plans to attend, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil. For most of this time, linseed and others are interested. Persons not having automobile oil was the most expensive and cottonseed oil was the least loads or others who do not have means of conveyance are expensive, but in June 1935, cottonseed oil was the most asked to communicate with the offi ce of Mr. Cromer before expensive and soybean oil was the least expensive. Friday. If enough interest is shown it is probable that a bus Fig. 2 shows the prices of linseed oil meal, soybean oil will be chartered for the trip. meal, and cottonseed oil meal. For most of this time, linseed “Arrange Demonstrations: Demonstrations at the oil meal was the most expensive and cottonseed oil meal Lafayette meeting will be at the Purdue University Soils and was the least expensive, but in June 1935, linseed oil was the Crops experiment fi eld. Groups will be taken over the fi eld to most expensive and soybean oil was the least expensive. study work being done in soybean cultivation. Fig. 3 shows the prices of soybeans, soybean oil, “The demonstrations in which the Delaware County soybean meal. All prices have risen. bean growers are particularly interested, are to include: A table (p. 8) shows imports of soybean oil, soybean oil Rotations grown for 18 years with and without soybeans, to meal and cake, and soybeans [whole] from 1915 to 1934. show their place in rotations, and fertility effect; effect of Imports of soybean oil reached a peak of 335.9 million lb soybeans on success with clover sown in wheat; effect of in 1918 and have fallen dramatically since. Imports of meal soybeans on yields of common crops following them; effect and cake reached a peak of 85,928 tons in 1929. Imports of of various soil treatments on the soybean crop; comparison soybeans have been quite steady, averaging about 50,000 of standard and new varieties of soybeans; method and rate bushels (peak: 89,067 bushels in 1917). Three tables (p. 9) of seeding soybeans; soybeans inoculation results; discussion give fi gures for the following areas: USA, Illinois, Indiana, of hay and seed harvest; preparation of soybean ground for Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, North Carolina for the years 1922, wheat; plant breeding studies. 1924, 1927, 1930, 1934, and 1935. The tables are: 1. Total “Luncheon at noon will be followed by a program on the soybean acreage. 2. Acreage from which soybean seeds were use of soybean products. harvested. 3. Crop harvested for seed (1,000 bushels). “Movie on Evening Program: At 1 o’clock speakers are Photos show (1) “New expeller soybean oil meal plant, to discuss:” The program (speakers and topics) is given. Ralston-Purina, Lafayette, Indiana.” On the tall tower is “Representatives from industries in other states and the written “Purina Mills.” (2) “Soybean oilmeal plant, Purina soybean committee of the recently formed Farm Chemurgic Mills, Circleville, Ohio” (p. 20). Address: Ralston Purina Council will appear briefl y on this program, along with Co., St. Louis, Missouri. members of the Purdue staff. “There will be an inspection trip to the Ralston-Purina 66. Kishlar, Lamar. 1935. Soybean oil in the foundry. soybean processing plant in Lafayette, and this will be Proceedings of the American Soybean Association p. 19-20. followed by a soybean grading demonstration at Purdue 15th annual meeting. Held 21-22 Aug. 1935 at Evansville Agricultural Hall, and soybean breeding plots will be and 23 Aug. at Lafayette, Indiana. shown. In the evening the agronomists and others will have • Summary: “Whenever a hollow casting of metal is made, opportunity to see movies of soybeans as they are produced a core is used to form the hollow space in the casting. The in the Orient, and an informal round-table discussion will core must have considerable strength to withstand rough bring the program to a close.” handling and to support the weight of the molten metal. At the same time it must be of such a nature that the hot metal 65. Johnson, E.F. “Soybean.” 1935. Commercial soybean will burn away the binder of the core and the core material prices. Proceedings of the American Soybean Association will pulverize when the casting is cold so that the pulverized p. 5-9. 15th annual meeting. Held 21-22 Aug. 1935 at core material may be removed thru some small opening in Evansville and 23 Aug. at Lafayette, Indiana. the casting. Cores are usually made of a mixture of sand • Summary: “The corn belt has defi nitely added soybeans and drying oil which is formed into the desired shape and to its farm rotation. Soybean acreage in the last few years baked to give maximum strength... Soybean oil meets all of has grown by leaps and bounds, partly due to the increased the requirements for an excellent core oil and is now used acre return, partly due to weather and insect pests causing extensively in a number of the largest foundries...” Eight less injury to this legume, and partly as a result of attempts reasons are given for this widespread usage. A photo shows

• Summary: Ralston Purina now has “three modern soybean processing plants located in the heart of the soy belt. We buy beans, and we make feeds for livestock and poultry, containing soybean meal as a source of protein. We especially invite you to visit our new Lafayette plant on Friday afternoon, August 23rd.” Purina mills are at Lafayette [Indiana], Circleville [Ohio], and St. Louis [Missouri]. An illustration shows a huge bag, labeled soybeans, pouring the beans into the top of a Purina Mills soybean crushing plant. Out of the bottom of the plant, ﬂ owing like a small river into a checkerboard bag labeled “Purina Chows,” is soy bean meal; soy bean oil ﬂ ows out and down on the right. a Purina Mills “soybean oilmeal plant” at Circleville, Ohio. Address: Manager of Research, Ralston-Purina Co., St. 68. Flour & Feed. 1936. New soybean committee. 36(9):19. Louis, Missouri. Feb. • Summary: “The Grain & Feed Dealers’ National 67. Purina Mills. 1935. Grow soybeans: To make the meal, association has appointed a soybean committee to to build the feeds, your livestock needs (Ad). Proceedings of disseminate information to members. the American Soybean Association p. 50 (Back cover). “The committee is expected to inaugurate a campaign of education on soybeans. There are many things connected with the handling of soybeans that many grain and feed dealers do not know. Future markets on soybeans will be necessary before long. One of the things the new committee might straighten out is the confusion in the public mind about the difference between soybean oilmeal and the whole soybeans. The Chicago packers at a recent meeting stated emphatically that raw [sic, whole] soybeans fed to hogs make soft, oily pork, which must be discounted in price. The faults commonly attributed to whole soybeans do not apply to soybean oilmeal. These two supplements are different in composition and produce different results when fed to pigs. “Following are the members of the committee: “Austin D. Sturtevant, chairman, Bartlett-Frazier Co., Chicago, Illinois; H.R. Schultz, Standard Soybean Mills, Centerville, Iowa; Harold L. Gray, Crabbs, Reynolds, Taylor Co., Crawfordsville, Indiana; Arthur C. Smith, Archer- Daniels-Midland Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Lew Hill, Lew Hill Grain Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; H.W. Glessner, Baldwin Elevator Co., Decatur, Ill.; Ray Rowland, Ralston Purina Co., Circleville, Ohio; P.C. Knowlton, Knowlton Grain Co., St. Louis, Missouri.”

69. Farm Chemurgic Council. ed. 1936. Proceedings of the Second Dearborn Conference of Agriculture, Industry, and Science. Dearborn, Michigan: Farm Chemurgic Council; New York: The Chemical Foundation, Inc. 409 p. Held 12-14 May 1936 at Dearborn, Michigan. • Summary: The conference is sponsored by the Farm Chemurgic Council and The Chemical Foundation, Inc.

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 51 to “Advance the industrial use of American farm products 35,000 attend nationwide meetings. Geographically, public through applied science.” Mr. Wheeler McMillan, Permanent meetings have included every section of the country. “The Chairman. Mr. Victor H. Schoffelmayer, Permanent actual number of meetings organized specifi cally to further Secretary. Contents: Introductory. 1. Council luncheon. 2. the Council’s activities or at which the Council’s program General opening session. 3. Symposium on new things. was presented, was in excess of 100, and the combined total 4. Power alcohol. 5. Starches and sugars. 6. Plastics. 7. attendance is estimated in round numbers at about 35,000.” Cellulose. 8. Farm chemurgic banquet. 9. Soy bean. 10. The Soy Bean Committee (p. 391, 396-97). The meeting Insecticides and fertilizers. 11. Closing general session. 12. was called to order by Edward J. Dies, Executive Secretary Business session. 13. Appendix. of the National Soy Bean Processing Association [National The Soy bean is the only crop discussed as such. Soybean Processors Association], Board of Trade Building, Chapter IX (p. 243-67) contains the six papers presented: Chicago. Members present included E.D. Funk, Burlison, 1. Soy beans as a farm crop, by Mr. E.D. Funk; 2. The and Kraybill. Those present by invitation included Dr. J.W. processing of soy beans, by Mr. Clark Bradley; 3. The rôle of Hayward of Archer Daniels Midland Co. (Milwaukee, soy bean oil in paint formulation, by Mr. E.E. Ware; 4. Soy Wisconsin), E.E. Roquemore of Allied Mills (Chicago, bean proteins, by Mr. W.J. O’Brien; 5. Soy bean chemistry, Illinois), E.F. Johnson and Lamar Kishlar of Ralston-Purina by Dr. H.R. Kraybill; and 6. Mixing soy bean oil and tung Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). Other members listed as being oil, by Mr. F. Taggart. A discussion followed, moderated by on the committee were Dr. A.A. Horvath, Chemist, Agric. Dr. C.C. Concannon. Exp. Station, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Of the many exhibits, the application of vegetable And Dr. Henry A. Gardner, Director, National Paint, Varnish oils in the manufacture of paints and the manufacture of & Lacquer Association, 2201 New York Avenue, N.W., molded plastics from farm grown materials were given Washington, DC. Mr. Adrian Joyce, President. The Glidden most attention. Both of these projects were demonstrated Company, 1963 Union Trust Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Note in 5 different displays. Exhibitors included: Ford Motor 2. This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2005) showing Company, I.F. Laucks, Inc. and O’Brien Varnish Company. that Dr J.W. Hayward is now working for Archer Daniels Soy bean oil for tractors (p. 360): “If he [the farmer] can Midland Co.; an expert on soybean meal, he was formerly at extract soy bean oil and run tractors on soy bean oil, he does the Univ. of Wisconsin. not have to ship the soy beans to market and pay the freight, “A sub-committee composed of Messrs. I.C. Bradley, and let the industrialist extract the oil... he can run his Diesel president of the National Soy Bean Processors Association, tractor on the oil, and be ahead of the game all around.” Also Ware and Burlison, charged with certain work, found that encourages farmers or groups of farmers to do the initial the particular activity would now be carried on by the newly steps of processing their own soybeans to make industrial organized Soy Bean Laboratory at Urbana, which under the products. Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (April direction of the Federal government, will coordinate its work 2017) that mentions the use of soybean oil as a specifi cally with that of the Experiment Stations of twelve cooperating “diesel” fuel. Many earlier documents on this general subject states. Dr. Kraybill then sketched in broad outline aims and referred to its use as “artifi cial petroleum.” purposes of the new Laboratory and indicated potential The casein plastics have increased their consumption benefi ts to all interests from grower to consumer.” during the depression. Their total now reaches 4 million “On motion of Mr. Bradley the resignation of Mr. H.G. pounds. They are used mostly in buttons and costume Atwood as Chairman of the Committee was accepted and jewelry. “Of the soya bean plastics little can yet be defi nitely Edward J. Dies, Executive Secretary of the National Soy said as to prices or possibilities. Their characteristics are Bean Processing Association, was elected as Chairman” (p. naturally similar to the casein materials and like them, they 396-97). are comparatively expensive.” Noted from the Chemurgic Photos show: (1) General view of the exhibition hall point of view is that the Ford plant output is said to be from the entrance. (2) Mr. Francis P. Garvan, father of the 300,000 pounds a year; 100,000 pounds of which represent Farm Chemurgic Council and President of The Chemical soy bean material. Foundation. (3) Dr. Charles M.A. Stine, Mr. Williams Financial report. Disbursements for the fi rst year of Haynes, Mr. Howard E. Coffi n. the Council’s activities ending April 30, 1936 (including Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (July organization expense of the First Dearborn Conference): 2019) that mentions the “National Soy Bean Processors Total Dearborn offi ce–$55,093.39. Total New York offi ce Association” (spelled with “Soy Bean” written as two (including printing and distribution of 40,000 copies of words). Proceedings of First Dearborn Conference)–$44,567.41. Note 4. This is the earliest document seen (July 2019) Total for the year–$99,660.80. All fi nancial support was that mentions Edward J. Dies in connection with the National supplied by the Chemical Foundation, Inc. Soybean Processors Association. Note the unusual spelling Conference attendance: 1000 attend second conference; of the name of the Association of which he is executive

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 52 secretary. Address: Dearborn, Michigan; New York. “Lecithin from new plants: Lecithin is used to give chocolate candy a gloss. Gumdrop manufacturers put in 70. Courier News (The)(Blytheville, Arkansas). 1936. Purina a drop of this substance to prevent hardening in storage. Company buys oil mill: acquires cottonseed crushing plant Cotton textile plants produce a soft, supple fi nish to their from Osceola Cotton Oil Co. June 3. p. 1. goods by the use of lecithin. Tanneries want their chrome • Summary: “Osceola, Arkansas–The Ralston Purina leather to take up plenty of grease and lecithin has been Co. of St. Louis [Missouri], one of the country’s large found to be the best agent to increase the absorption. manufacturers of stock and poultry feeds and other cereal “During the last decade mills for commercial extraction products, has purchased the cottonseed crushing plant of the of lecithin from soy beans were successfully operated in Osceola Cotton Oil Co., just north of town. Germany and Denmark, and, according to [Bruno] Rewald, “The new owners took possession of the plant Monday. over one million pounds are used annually in the German R.V. Mudden who has been plant superintendent for the margarine industry. For a number of years soy bean lecithin Osceola company for a number of years, has been named was imported into the United States in competition with the manager. lecithin extracted from eggs, but recently two mills were “The plant will crush both cottonseed and soybeans, Mr. constructed in this country to supply the domestic demand. Madden said today. Repairs are now being made but they Lecithin is used in margarine to secure a better distribution will be complete in time for the opening of the cotton season. of the fat. “The Osceola mill was the fi rst in Arkansas to crush “A solid made by vulcanization of soy bean oil with soybeans on a large scale and Mr. Madden is looking forward sulphur, known as factice, a compounding ingredient for the to expansion of this side of the business. The plant will be rubber manufacturer, was introduced last year... This brown prepared to handle all the yellow soybeans produced by compounder is used to increase the aging, curing, strength farmers in this section, he said. and wear resisting qualities of automobile tires and other “No changes are contemplated in the mill’s offi ce and heavy rubber products,...” the plant personnel except that the Ralston Purina people The following is a partial list of fi rms which buy soy plan to send a man from St. Louis to succeed Leo Schreick beans and make industrial [non-food, non-feed] products as cashier and bookkeeper. from them: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Milwaukee, “The Osceola Cotton Oil Co. was organized in 1898. Wisconsin makes refi ned oils and kindred products. The principal stockholders are H.J. Hale, president, J.L. Armstrong Cork Company, Lancaster, Pennsylvania Williams, Mrs. Ida Tucker and E.S. Driver of Osceola, and makes cork coverings and linoleum. Armstrong Paint and Ike Miller of Blytheville.” Address: Stuttgart, Arkansas. Varnish Works, Chicago, Illinois makes soaps and paints. The Blanton Companies, St. Louis, Missouri makes soaps. 71. Breedlove, L.B. 1936. Soy bean–The magic plant: Davies-Young Soap Company, Dayton, Ohio makes soaps. Industrial uses already manifold with more in prospect. Detroit Graphite Company, Detroit, Michigan makes soy Article XV. Chicago J. of Commerce and La Salle Street bean oil varnish. E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Journal. July 7. p. 11. Wilmington, Delaware makes paints, Duco fi nishes, • Summary: Introduction: Casein and soy bean glues. plastics. Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan makes Lecithin from new plants. Use in ice cream and soup tablets plastic automobile parts. Fischer’s Surfa-Saver, Inc., (as well as linoleum, printing inks, and lubricating oils). Cincinnati, Ohio makes soft soap. Funk Brothers Seed Industrial forms using soy beans. New laboratory to study Company, Bloomington, Illinois makes oil meal feeds. uses (regional laboratory in Illinois). The Glidden Company, Chicago, Illinois makes paints, Casein is widely used to make glue. The casein (about varnishes, lacquers. I.F. Laucks, Inc., Seattle, Washington, 18% by weight) is used with borax water and glycerine in and Portsmouth, Virginia makes glues. Paintcraft Company, a state of hydrophilic solution to form the highly cohesive Galesburg, Illinois makes paint. Peterson Core Oil and jellies called glues. Manufacturing Company, Chicago, Illinois makes core “The fi r and plywood industry of the Pacifi c coast now oils. Procter and Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio makes soaps. uses extensively glue made with soy bean casein. Over Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri, makes oil meal feeds. half of the box shook plywood industry-cut boxes made for Sherwin-Williams Company, Chicago, Illinois makes paints, assembly at the shipper’s plant–in the southern and eastern varnishes, lacquers. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company, part of this country recently has adopted soy bean glue in Decatur, Illinois makes refi ned oils and kindred products. preference to other glues. Tests by chemists of the plywood Stamford Rubber Company, Stamford, Connecticut makes industry have proven that glue made from soy bean oil will rubber compounders. Woolsey Paint and Color Company, not dissolve in water. The total consumption of soy bean Jersey City, New Jersey makes paints and varnishes. glue for various uses in the wood working industries of this The Bankhead-Jones Act of 29 June 1935 authorizes country is nearly 1,500 tons per month. the USDA to establish several specialized laboratories in the

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 53 major agricultural regions of this country. The department oilmeals–650,000 tons of oilcakes and oilmeals, and 470,000 last month designated the College of Agriculture of the tons of oilseeds. Of this, we fi nd 9,000,000 bushels of University of Illinois as the regional government research soybeans and 35,000 tons of soybean cakes and oilmeal, laboratory to serve the 12 north central states. The 3 making a yearly total consumption of 260,000 tons of objectives of the laboratory are discussed. “It is expected that soybean oilmeal and cakes.” twenty research men will soon be at work in the 6,000 square European rations are very fl exible. Examples are given feet of space that the new laboratory will occupy.” Address: (ranging from 57% to 5%) of the combined percentage of Staff member, Chicago Journal of Commerce. protein and fat from different oilseeds such as cottonseed cake, sunfl ower cake, groundnut cake, soybean cakes, copra 72. Johnson, E.F. “Soybean.” 1936. Export demand for cakes, or rapeseed cakes. soybean products. Proceedings of the American Soybean “European standards for vegetable oilmeals are much Association p. 53-54. 16th annual meeting. Held 14-16 Sept. more specifi c than American standards. It is practically in Iowa. impossible to sell a soybean cake or oilmeal of less than • Summary: “In considering European markets for soybean 48% combined protein and fat (or 44% for solvent extracted) products, soybeans and soybean oilmeals or cakes seem to analysis, and a 51% combined protein and fat is very much deserve major attention. preferred and constantly offered by Manchurian mills. “The possibilities of exporting American No. 2 yellow “Our most diffi cult problem of exporting American soybeans depends upon the following conditions: soybean oilmeals or oilcakes involves fi rst, producing “1. Manchuria with an average soybean production of a higher protein and fat analysis meal than is sold twenty times our 1936 commercial crop will control the domestically; second, packaging it in the size and type of world price in all important countries. package desired by the trade; and third, solving the problem “2. Although the quality of our soybeans is superior to of having almost no processing plants located to work meal the Manchurian shipments of the past, our soybeans do not to the seaboard economically. show as high a protein content, forcing foreign processing “European countries are much interested in our soybean plants to reduce the guaranteed protein content of the meal oilmeal. They like the uniform, high quality of the shipments manufactured. that have been made this past year. We also have a distinct “3. Labor is so cheap in China and Manchuria (about advantage in that Manchurian shipments require six to eight one-tenth of our average wage) that all Manchurian soybeans weeks on the water, while ours require three to four weeks. are exported in bags. Many processing plants in Europe do In addition, our shipments are not subject to the extreme not have facilities for unloading bulk soybeans. temperature variations enroute that Manchurian shipments “4. Until our American crop reaches a size much larger must encounter. than at present, it seems uneconomic to export soybeans “Aside from the matter of world prices, none of the and import, over present duties, vegetable oils which can be other matters are diffi cult of solution, and the future holds replaced by domestic soybean oils. plenty of excellent possibilities for a steady movement of “European countries are large buyers of soybeans, with soybean oilmeal and cake to the Scandinavian and northern Germany leading and England, Belgium, Holland, France European countries.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, and Denmark following in that order. The total import of Missouri. soybeans to the above countries approximated 100,000,00 bushels annually.” 73. Purina Mills. 1936. Here’s your best market for soybeans “Practically all European countries import tremendous and other farm produce! (Ad). Proceedings of the American quantities of vegetable protein, either in the form of Soybean Association Back cover. oilseeds or oilmeals. Germany, due to the constant shortage • Summary: “Purina Chows have used the meal from over of vegetable and animal fats, is a typical illustration of a 2,000,000 bushels of 1935 crop soybeans–thereby furnishing country importing oilseeds. The fi rst six months of 1936 a substantial and profi table outlet for your soybeans.” “Feed fi nds Germany importing approximately 1 million tons of from the Checkerboard Bag to insure getting best feed for oilbearing seeds, with soybeans making up the largest item, your animals and poultry, and to make a better market for with a little over one-third of the total tonnage.” your soybeans.” Note: This is the earliest English-language document Purina Mills are located at: Osceola, Arkansas; seen (Aug. 2016) that contains the word “oilbearing” (spelled Lafayette, Indiana; St. Louis, Missouri; and Circleville, as one word) in connection with soybeans. Ohio. “Denmark, on the other hand, is a typical example of An illustration, colored brown and yellow on white, an importing country that imports both oilbearing seeds shows a huge bag, labeled soybeans, being poured onto the and large quantities of oilmeals. Denmark imports annually top of a Purina Mills crushing plant. Out of the bottom fl ows over one million tons of oilbearing seeds and vegetable soybean meal (on the left) into a checkered bag of Purina

Chows; soy bean oil ﬂ ows out on the right.

74. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Manufacturer’s Address: Osceola, Arkansas. Date of Introduction: 1936 September. Ingredients: Soybeans. New Product–Documentation: Courier News (The) (Blytheville, Arkansas). “Purina Company buys oil mill: acquires cottonseed crushing plant from Osceola Cotton Oil Co.: June 3. p. 1 “The plant will crush both cottonseed and soybeans, Mr. Madden said today. Repairs are now being made but they will be complete in time for the opening of the cotton season. “The Osceola mill was the ﬁ rst in Arkansas to crush soybeans on a large scale and Mr. Madden is looking forward to expansion of this side of the business. The plant will be prepared to handle all the yellow soybeans produced by farmers in this section, he said.” Ad in Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc. 1936. “Here’s your best market for soybeans and other farm produce!” [Sept.]. Back cover. Purina Mills are found in four locations, including Osceola, Arkansas. Ad in Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc. 1937. “Purina brings a soybean market to your door!” [Sept.]. p. 67. “Purina’s four large plants in the heart of the soybean producing area offer a quick, convenient market for your soybean crop.” One of these soybean processing plants is in Osceola, Arkansas. Note: This is the earliest known commercial soy product made in Arkansas. However Ralston Purina no longer owned this plant by Sept. 1946 (Soybean Digest. 1946. Sept., p. 12).

75. Product Name: Soybean Meal for Livestock Feeding Beattie, Ltd., Glasgow), bean curd [tofu], soy (also called (10 Types). soya bean sauce, Chinese bean sauce, or shoyu), miso, Manufacturer’s Name: Purina Mills. fermented bean curd (p. 66-67). 4. Soya bean oil. 5. Soya Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. bean trade. 6. The soya bean in agriculture. Date of Introduction: 1936. Addenda: Soya bean products in the USA. Dieting and New Product–Documentation: International Inst. of recipes. Statistics. India. Bibliography. Agriculture. 1936. Manufacturers of industrial soy products. In the chapter on “Soya bean oil” we read (p. 75): “In p. 207. England, the bean oil trade is carried on by the following fi rms:–The British Oil and Cake Mills Ltd., the ordinary 76. Gray, George Douglas. 1936. All about the soya bean: shares of which are held by Lever Bros., Ltd., so that they In agriculture, industry and commerce. London: John Bale, are a branch of Unilever, Ltd. Sons & Danielsson Ltd. ix + 144 p. Introduction by James L. “The Hull Oil Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Hull, now North. Late curator, Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, merged in the foregoing concern. London. Index. 28 cm. [19 ref] “The Premier Oil Extracting Mills, Ltd., Hull. • Summary: A comprehensive, early work on the soybean. “Messrs. Wray Sanderson & Co., Hull. Gray was a Scotch physician. Contents: 1. Introducing the “The Medina Refi nery Ltd., Deptford, London. soya bean. 2. The soya bean plant and its cultivation. 3. “Messrs. J. Bibby & Sons Ltd., Liverpool. The soya bean as food: Dietetics, immature green beans, “The Erith Oil Works Ltd., Erith” [Kent]. mature dried beans, soya bean coffee, soya bean chocolate, The fi rst addendum, titled “Soybean products exhibited soya bean sprouts, soya bean milk, soya bean fl our (incl. by the American Soybean Association” (at Washington, DC, Berczeller fl our, Soyvita bread made by Messrs. Wm. p. 120-24) lists the following companies and each of the soy

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 56 products that they manufacture: American Lecithin Corp. ‘Heudebert’ Dietetic Food products, a French concern which (Atlanta, Georgia), Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. (Milwaukee, makes different kinds of diabetic breads.” The following Wisconsin), Armstrong Paint and Varnish Works (Chicago, recipes are then given; * = Calls for Soyolk soy fl our: Illinois), Battle Creek [Food] Factory (Battle Creek, Soybeans, southern style. Soybean salad. Roasted soybeans Michigan), The Blanton Co. (St. Louis, Missouri), Cereo [like dry-roasted peanuts]. Soybean croquettes. Soybean Co. (Tappan, New York), The Davies-Young Soap Co. souffl é. Stuffi ng for baked fi sh*. White sponge pudding*. (Dayton, Ohio), Detroit Graphite Co. (Detroit, Michigan), Shortbread*. Madeira cake*. Soya soup à la Reine (uses Eastern Health Food Stores Association (Washington, DC), Heudebert soya fl our). Soya chocolate (with soya fl our). Funk Brothers Seed Company (Bloomington, Illinois), Soya vegetable soup (with soya fl our). Soya bean sprout Harshaw Essential Foods, Inc. (Cleveland, Ohio), Keystone salad. Macaroni Mfg. Co. (Lebanon, Pennsylvania), Kloss, Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document Jethro (Takoma Park, Maryland: Fresh [soybean] milk. seen (Jan. 2013) that uses the term “soya bean sprouts” to Pumpkin pie [soybean milk and soybean fl our]. Soybean refer to these sprouts. Address: M.D. (Scotch physician), cheese. Soybean bread [20% soybean fl our]. Soybean C.B.E., England. Late medical offi cer to H.B.M. Legation, buns. Soybean sprouts. Soybean cake), Laucks, I.F., Inc. Peking, China. Lieut.-Colonel, Retired. (Bloomington, Illinois–home offi ce, Seattle, Washington), Madison Food Company (Madison, Tennessee; Vigorost, 77. Johnson, E.F. “Soybean.” 1937. Is the soybean over- Cheese [Tofu], Soybeans canned with Tomato, Soybeans exploited? Grain & Feed Review 26(5):14-18. Jan. canned plain, Dixie Fruit Crackers), Mead Johnson and • Summary: The author, a supporter of the soybean for 25 Co. (Evansville, Indiana; Makes Sobee [Infant Formula]), years, feels the potential for industrial uses of the soybean is Oriental Show-You Co. (Columbia City, Indiana), Paintcraft being exaggerated. Co. (Galesburg, Illinois), Prince Macaroni Mfg. Co. (Boston, Contents: Introduction. Soybean fl our. Green vegetable Massachusetts), Purina Mills (St. Louis, Missouri; makes soybeans. Lecithin. Soybean oil. Soybean oil vs. linseed oil. Cresol disinfectant, Purina turkey and growing fattening Soybean oil vs. cottonseed oil. Soybean oilmeal. Foreign chow, Purina lay chow, Purina egg chowder, Purina breeder competition. Industrial use of soybean oilmeal: I.F. Laucks egg chowder, Purina fi tting chow, Purina rabbit chow, and glue, The Glidden Company and paper sizing, Archer- Purina chick Growena chow, Purina 34% cow chow, Purina Daniels- Midland Company and soybean fl akes used to build chowder, Purina bulky cow chow, Purina 24% cow chow, a larger and fi rmer head on a glass of beer. Soybean oilmeal Purina pig and hog chow, Protena all mash starting and in semi-plastics (not much is used). Industrial exploitation growing food), Shellabarger Grain Products Company of cornstalks. Soybean crop and equipment increase (Four (Decatur, Illinois), Soyex Company, Inc. (Nutley, New major factors have contributed to the rapid rise in soybean Jersey), Staley Sales Corporation (Decatur, Illinois), The production: (1) Net return per acre for soybeans compared Stamford Rubber Supply Company (Stamford, Connecticut), with oats and other farm crops; (2) The peculiar resistance Dr. Roy Monier, President, Board of Managers, State of soybeans to drouth and insect damage, especially chinch Hospitals (Jefferson City, Missouri), United Drug Company bugs; (3) The benefi ts from growing the crop, both related to (Boston, Massachusetts), Vi-tone Company (Hamilton, crop rotation and soil fertility. And the government’s attempt Canada), Woolsey Paint and Color Co., C.A. (Jersey City, to control surpluses of other crops. Farmers have been New Jersey), Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, Department paid from $6 to $12 to grow soybeans instead. In response of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.). Page 120 adds: “The to these, soybean “processing plants have sprung up like exhibit also contained some 200 soybean products, mostly mushrooms everywhere”). foods, brought from the Orient by Mr. W.J. Morse, Senior Investments and crushing capacity. The soybean is Agronomist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, still a youngster. Misleading advertisements (by industrial U.S.A.” Note 1. Morse and P.H. Dorsett were in East Asia manufacturers). Processors not over-exploiting. Southern from 1929 to 1931, when they collected many samples of soybean expansion. soybeans and soyfoods. A photo shows S.F. “Soybean” Johnson. Address: In the second addendum, recipes, the author notes that Associated with Ralston Purina, St. Louis, Missouri. soy fl our is widely used in diabetic diets. Two leading fi rms Chairman, Statistical Committee, National Soybean who make soy fl our in England and who also incorporate it Processors Assoc. in various products are: Soya Foods, Ltd., Rickmansworth, Herts, and Dietetic Foods Ltd. 124 Victoria St., London, 78. Wentzville Union (The) (Wentzville, Missouri). 1937. I S.W. 1. “The former specialize in Soyolk which is fl our Dare You–A challenging book by a practical business man, prepared on the principles laid down by Professor Berczeller; July 30. p. 5, col. 5. it is a mealy powder, fatty to the touch. The latter fi rm are • Summary: “Not often does a two-fi sted, hard-hitting the sole distributors in Great Britain of the well-known business man have the time or the inclination to write from

popularity of this little book [21 cm, vii + 89 p.] grown that today it is ranked among the best sellers of the nation. “William H. Danforth, in explaining why he wrote ‘I Dare You’ says that as a business man he agrees that he should stick to business, but that he had the urge to share his philosophy with the few who are headed somewhere. ‘I Dare You’ will be passed by those who are afraid, says the author. ‘It will only bore the sophisticated and amuse the skeptic. It will antagonize some. Many will not even know what it is about. It is written only for those who believe they can be bigger and more important than they are.’ “(Editor’s Note: A folder on ‘I Dare You’ can be had for the asking by writing the ‘I Dare You’ committee, St. Louis, Missouri, 825 S. Eighth St.)” A portrait photo shows “William H. Danforth, founder of the Ralston Purina Company and author of ‘I Dare You.’”

79. Johnson, E.F. 1937. Soy Bean Committee. Soy bean products. Farm Chemurgic Journal 1(1):166-69. Sept. 17. Proceedings of the Third Dearborn Conference of Agriculture, Industry and Science. Reprinted as “Statistics of Soybean Industry” in Grain and Feed Journals Consolidated, June 23, 78(12):544. • Summary: This report, which appears in Chapter VII, “Committee reports,” discusses the need for specifi cations and standards for soy oil in interior and exterior paints. E.F. Johnson of Ralston-Purina, chairman of the Statistical Committee of the NSPA, presented statistics on production of soybean oil, meal, and fl our, and on crushing capacity. Some 95% of the soybeans processed in 1935-36 passed through the plants of NSPA members. Soy bean oilmeal (own production, bought from members, and carryover) 556,879 tons. It was used for feeds (531,081 tons; 95.4% of the total), export (25,870; 4.6%), industrial purposes (1,003; 0.18%), and unknown (935). Soy bean oil (own production, bought from non- his experiences such an inspirational book as ‘I Dare You.’ members, and carryover) 185,523,376 pounds. It was used William H. Danforth, author of this challenging volume, has for edible products (158,077,696 pounds; 85.3% of the total), drawn from the wealth of his own experiences in writing this paint, varnish, linoleum, etc. (15,292,221 pounds; 8.2%), and daring message. unknown (12,153,459 lb). “Nationally Known: As founder of a large feed and Soy bean fl our 21,915,349 pounds. cereal business, lecturer, church worker, author and world The present crushing capacity of NSPA members is traveler, William H. Danforth, chairman of the board of 42,980,000 bushels, and of non-members 2,800,000 bu, with Ralston Purina Company, has dared to do many big jobs. As new constructions, enlargements, and additions of 4,200,000 an employer he challenges the physical and mental best of bu for a total capacity (strictly soy beans) 50,080,000. every one of his thousands of employees. But his infl uence Adding to that half the capacity of cottonseed mills in soy extends outside his business organization. In the fi eld of bean areas 5,400,000 gives a total capacity of 55,480,000 bu. education, and in church circles, William H. Danforth is Industry members present at the meeting include Mr. known as the challenger who dares young people to bring out E.F. Johnson, Secretary [Edward J.] Dies, Mr. E.D. Funk, Mr. the best that is within them. H.A. Gardner, Mr. M.F. Taggert, Mr. Roquemore, Dr. W.L. “Ranks Among Best Sellers: ‘I Dare You,’ at fi rst printed Burlison, and Dr. H.R. Kraybill. [in 1931] privately for circulation among associates and Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2019) friends, has today found its way into schools, churches, that contains industry or market statistics for soy fl our by camps, and libraries all over the nation. So rapidly has the geographical region. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis,

Missouri. Agriculture, Industry and Science. New York, New York. 8 p. 18 cm. 80. Kishlar, Lamar. 1937. Some nutritive developments in • Summary: On the cover: The conference will be held at the soybean products. Oil and Soap 14(9):237-39. Sept. [6 ref] “Hotel Fontenele, Omaha, Nebraska. April 25, 26, 27, 1938. • Summary: “A paper presented at the Spring Meeting of the Purpose: To advance the industrial use of American farm American Oil Chemists’ Society, Dallas, Texas, May 13-14, products through applied science.” 1937. “Tuesday, April 26. 9:15 A.M. Soybean section: “It is the purpose of this discussion to review a few of Planning a soybean agenda for next year. Presiding: Edward the nutritive developments in soybean products which are J. Dies, Chairman, Soybean Committee. ‘Soybean oil,’ H.R. partly the reason for the popularity for these products for Kraybill (Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana), Lamar edible uses.” Address: Manager of Research, Ralston Purina Kishlar (Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri), E.E. Co., St. Louis, Missouri. Ware (Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland, Ohio). ‘Soybean oilmeal,’ J.W. Hayward (Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., 81. Purina Mills. 1937. Purina brings a soybean market to Minneapolis, Minnesota), E.S. Dyas (Iowa State College, your door! (Ad). Proceedings of the American Soybean Ames, Iowa). ‘Solving problems of southern soybean Association p. 67. growers,’ C.O. Eddy (State Experiment Station, Baton • Summary: “Purina is helping the soybean grower in three Rouge, Louisiana), Jacob Hartz (Stuttgart, Arkansas), Walter ways... First: Purina’s four large plants in the heart of the Godchaux (New Orleans, Louisiana). soybean producing area offer a quick, convenient market “General soybean section. Presiding: Eugene D. Funk, for your soybean crop.” The company has soybean mills in Bloomington, Illinois. ‘Work of the U.S. Regional Soybean Osceola, Arkansas; St. Louis, Missouri; Lafayette, Indiana; Industrial Laboratory,’ O.E. May, Director, U.S. Regional and Circleville, Ohio. Soybean Industrial Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois. ‘Value of Second: The meal from over 3 million bushels of recent developments in soybean oil to technical trades,’ M.F. soybeans went into Purina Chows last year. Taggart, (O’Brien Varnish Co., South Bend, Indiana). ‘The Third: Purina provides better-balanced feeds for story of soybean glue,’ Hugh F. Armstrong, (I.F. Laucks, livestock and poultry. “Purina soybean meal is the Inc., Portsmouth, Virginia). ‘Past and future prospects for expeller type, heated to the correct temperature to give utilization of soybean products,’ E.F. Johnson, (President, greatest feeding returns ad greatest proﬁ ts! Feed from the National Soybean Processors Association). Address: R.A. checkerboard bag to get the best feed for livestock and Boyer (Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Michigan). General poultry–and at the same time create a better market for discussion. soybeans!” The conference also included four luncheons, an agrol session (agricultural alcohol), a chemurgic banquet, a closing 82. Bean-Bag (The) (Lansing, Michigan). 1937. Johnson general section, an open form near the end, with Wheeler elected pres. of soybean processors. 20(6-7):11. Nov/Dec. McMillen (President, National Farm Chemurgic Council) • Summary: “E.F. Johnson, St. Louis [Missouri], widely presiding. Address: 654 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. known soybean authority, on October 22, was elected president of the National Soybean Processors association, 85. Purina Mills. 1938. Purina leads the parade! Largest succeeding I.C. Bradley, Taylorville, Illinois, who had served user of soy bean oilmeal (Ad). Proceedings of the American for two years. Soybean Association Back cover. Gives a brief biography of Johnson, who began to • Summary: See next page. “Our twenty-two plants require study soybeans at Purdue Univ. (Indiana) and who is now the meal from over 3,000,000 bushels of soybeans annually associated with Ralston Purina Co. of St. Louis. to make Purina Chows.” “Soybean processing plants at , Ohio. Lafayette, Indiana. 83. Johnson, E.F. 1938. Re: Sending new soybean varieties Osceola, Arkansas. St. Louis, Missouri. When you buy to Cuba. Letter to Ing. Antonio Portuondo, Agricultural Purina Chows, you make a better market for your soybeans.” Experiment Station (Estacion Experimental Agronomica) at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, Jan. 26. 1 p. [Spa]* 86. Hunter, J.E. 1938. Soybean oil meal as a vitamin • Summary: “Soybean” Johnson, who went to Cuba on supplement. In: Soybean Nutritional Research Council, ed. vacation, is sending the experiment station 3 new soybean 1938. The Composition and Nutritive Properties of Soybeans varieties with pedigrees: Mandell, Macoupin, and Higan and Soybean Oil Meal; A Literature Review. Chicago: Mame. Address: Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri. SNRC. 62 p. See p. 31-33. Oct. [13 ref] • Summary: “With our increasing knowledge of the 84. National Farm Chemurgic Council, Inc. 1938. Ofﬁ cial distribution and function of the vitamins, the importance program–Fourth Annual Chemurgic Conference of of the various ingredients in the diet becomes increasingly

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 60 evident. Soybean oil meal has been known in the industry regular dietary practice. They may, however, be shown primarily as a protein concentrate, and its vitamin content to have considerable more importance in special diets in has been considered as secondary when it is used as an pathological cases. ingredient in feed mixtures. “To date soybean oil meal fi nds its highest practical “Recent work, however, has given it a defi nite place value from the vitamin standpoint in its content of the among vitamin supplements, as well as shown it to be an vitamin B2 (fl avine) complex. Since the Sherman-Bourquin excellent source of high quality protein. technique gives it a value of about one-half that of milk and “Vitamin A: Reports in the literature (1-6), on the the Norris method gives it only one-sixth, it would appear carotene (or vitamin A) content of soybean products are that factors other than ribofl avine may be contained in confl icting, but perhaps this discrepancy is due to the soybean oil meal.” Address: USA. variation between different varieties. In any case, an analysis of over 50 varieties has been reported (7) in which a range 87. St. Joseph Gazette (Missouri). 1938. Soy beans to be of from 10 to 210 gamma of carotene per 100 grams of processed in St. Joseph: Corporation formed with capital of soybeans was recorded. This would be a range of about 0.16 $100,000. Dec. 7. p. 2-3. to 3.5 International Units of vitamin A per gram. Soybean oil • Summary: Formation of the Dannen Soy Bean meal and fl our processed in this country (7) contain about 0.3 Manufacturing Corporation was announced last night; it will of an International Unit of vitamin A per gram. soon be processing soy beans in St. Joseph. “Vitamin B1: It has been reported (7) that soybean oil “H.L. Dannen, president of the new corporation, also meal contains 1 to 2.8 International Units of vitamin B1 announced that a lease has been obtained on the Grain Belt per gram. This makes it a signifi cant source of this vitamin, Mills, Lake road; machinery has been purchased and the equal to or better than such grains as corn and wheat. plant will begin operation by Feb. 1” [actually Feb. 22, “Vitamin B2 (Flavine): Norris and his co-workers (8) according to H.L. Dannen’s 1939 appointment book]. within the past two years have shown the essential nature “Only one plant in state: The processing of oil and of ribofl avine in the diet of chicks and also demonstrated other by-products from soy beans has been a big industry its necessity for hatchability of fertile eggs. These workers in Eastern states for 10 years, Mr. Dannen said, and the have introduced the term ‘Chick Unit’ as a measure of production of the beans has been moving westward. There the ribofl avine in the feed mixture. They have found that is only one [soy bean] processing plant now operating in soybean oil meal contains 3 Chick Units per gram. Working Missouri and that is in St. Louis, he added.” Note: Ralston with rats, Levine and Remington (9) have given soybeans Purina started operating a soy bean crushing plant there in a value of 2.4 to 3.2 Bourquin-Sherman units per gram. Aug. 1935. Kishler (10) of Purina Mills agrees with these fi ndings. Since thousands of products are made from soy beans, These data make it clear that soybean oil meal contains at but edible and industrial, “there is no diffi culty in disposing least three times the value of whole grain and cereals and of the by-products. Of course the meal from the beans is about one-sixth the value of high quality dried skim milk. among the best stock feed.” “Vitamin E: Vitamin E has also been found in The articles of incorporation were fi led yesterday with considerable quantities in soybean oil. U. Suzuki (11) reports the county recorder. The shareholders of the capital stock are: that birth and normal gestation result with soybean oil as H.L. Dannen, 40 shares. His son, Dwight L. Dannen, who the only source of vitamin E. He stated that it is a much will be vice-president, 9 shares. Arline Mannscreck [H.L.’s poorer source than wheat germ oil, however. The amount daughter, Mrs. Charles Mannschreck, of St. Joseph], one remaining in soybean oil meal remains to be found by future share. A.L. Guitar and David W. Hopkins, 25 shares each. investigation. “Those fi ve also form the board of directors. The company “Vitamin F: Another of the factors associated with is incorporated for 50 years.” The goals of the enterprise are soybean oil is the anti-dermatitic factor, vitamin F, believed also described in the articles of incorporation. to be closely related to the unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic “Mr. Dannen said the Grain Belt Mills building was and linolenic acids or their isomers. Both of these acids leased ‘because it is a modern, fi reproof building and in the form of methyl esters have been shown (12) to be just what we need.’ He said some of the machinery in the effective in curing the defi ciency disease associated with the building would be used and the big presses needed would lack of this vitamin. have to be ordered from Piqua, Ohio” [from the French Oil “Vitamin K: This is a new factor which has been Mill Machinery Co.]. found to be essential in the clotting of blood. It is present Mr. Dannen has been buying soy beans for some time in abundance in soybean oil (13) but no specifi c assay of and already has 30,000 bushels on hand. He would like to soybean oil meal has been reported. operate the new plant 24 hours a day if enough soybeans can “The vitamins A, E, F and K are found in too low be obtained. “The center of the soy bean crop in Missouri quantities in soybean oil meal to make them important in is now located around Milan or Macon and is moving this

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 61 way.” Soils was very solicitous of getting favorable consideration, “The new corporation will be entirely separate from the they were very willing to lead the various offi cials at the Dannen Grain and Milling Company, of which Mr. Dannen University of Illinois to believe that the arrangement on is the head. His son, Dwight L. Dannen, is no located in St. housing and so forth was only very temporary. At that Louis operating a branch of the milling company, but will time the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils placed the new return to St. Joseph to be with new factory, he said.” building to house the soybean laboratory as the number one recommendation of the department. Today it occupies tenth 88. Levinson, Arthur A.; Dickinson, James L. Assignors to position, a point that Senator Lucas’ offi ce made very clear The Glidden Company (Cleveland, Ohio). 1939. Method of to me in discussing the possibility of some action on a new preparing feed material. U.S. Patent 2,162,729. June 20. 3 p. building. Application fi led 8 June 1938. “There is no doubt that two things have occurred with • Summary: Solvent extracted soybean meal or fl akes is the establishment of the four federal laboratories. In the fi rst texturized, as in an “Anderson expeller,” to make a feed for place, I think this increase of money has somewhat gone livestock or dogs. The meal containing 4.5 to 7% moisture is to the heads of the offi cers of the Bureau of Soils and they subjected to a pressure between 2,000 and 5,000 pounds per intimate that they might well have the full authorization square inch at a temperature between 150º and 200ºC for a for handling much more of the money that goes to the suffi cient time to toast the meal without scorching. Department of Agriculture. Such feelings are substantiated Talk with Ed Meyer, former top researcher at The by confi dential reports from some of the other departments. Glidden Co. and at Central Soya Co. 1993. May 10. The “The second important happening has been that Glidden Co. sold a textured soybean meal mainly to Morrell offi cials of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, which very & Co. for use in pet (especially dog) foods–but also to some defi nitely includes Dr. May and Dr. Knight, realize that the other dog food companies. At that time all dog food was appropriations for the four federal laboratories are a part canned (no dry or semi-moist) and this textured soy fl our of the AAA program, one of very uncertain future political kept a certain amount of its integrity during retorting–so the favor. They are determined, it seems, to make a tie-up so as dog-food people liked it. The solvent defatted soybean meal to use the soybean laboratory as a protection for those other was run through an expeller (also called a screw press) to laboratories, even I believe being perfectly willing to force give it texture, then the resulting cake was broken up into the movement of this laboratory to Peoria, as so doing would bits or grits. No die was used. Glidden’s early texturizing help protect the federal laboratories. process was covered by a 1939 patent issued to Arthur “Their present proposal, which they fi nally agreed to Levinson and James Dickinson. These two inventors never withdraw temporarily, was to have the soybean laboratory got much credit for their invention (in part because they report directly to Peoria. They also proposed to make at unfortunately did not use the term “texturize”) and it played least the acting head of the soybean laboratory an appointee no role in the subsequent technology based on extrusion. If of the Peoria laboratory and then assign him to the soybean Levinson and Dickinson had used the key term “texturize,” laboratory. their patent would have been “prior art” making it more “I had the matter of a new building up with the offi ce of diffi cult for people to subsequently be issued patents on Senator Lucas and of course there is no assurance in the fi rst extruded materials or texturizing. An expeller, which was place that any funds will be available. In the second place, designed to press the oil from oilseeds, is less well suited Senator Lucas’ offi ce was very positive that any solicitation to texturization than an extruder–which has no openings on the building must originate from the University. They also along the barrel and which gives more sheer working and reminded me that the Bureau of Soils’ position of placing the alignment of the protein to create that meatlike texture. new building in tenth position was a serious matter. Ed Meyer notes (July 1993): “After reading this “I think temporarily at least my remonstrating with them patent carefully, it is a moot point to me whether this is an slowed up any attempt to put in changes. I believe that we antecedent to Flier’s patent” [see Ronald J. Flier [pronounced have an opportunity to marshal our forces and prevent such FLEER]. 1976. U.S. Patent #3,940,495. Assigned to Ralston a calamity happening. It is my thought that possibly Mr. Purina Co.]. Address: 1. Chicago, Illinois; 2. Itasca, Illinois. Atwood should approach Secretary Wallace, that the soybean growers association and the processors association should go 89. Johnson, E.F. 1939. Re: Status of Federal Soybean directly to Jardine, and the entire situation must be gone over Laboratory. Letter to Mr. Edward J. Dies, [Head, National in detail with Dr. Burlison. Soybean Processors Assoc.], 3818 Board of Trade Building, “Confi dentially, I believe that Milner will resign in the Chicago, Illinois, June 23. 2 p. Typed, without signature. very near future and that probably Hopper will be named • Summary: “The situation at Washington [DC] as relates head of the laboratory. I am unable to advise as to how much to the future of the soybean laboratory is anything but of Milner’s action is due to dissatisfaction with the present encouraging. Two or three years ago, when the Bureau of maneuvering with the soybean laboratory and how much is

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 62 due (as he will probably claim) to his preference to stick with 91. Purina Mills. 1939. Purina leads the parade! Largest strict research and not become administrative. user of soy bean oilmeal (Ad). Proceedings of the American “The Bureau of Soils conceded that one argument I Soybean Association Back cover. made had considerable weight. I presented the argument • Summary: “Our 22 plants require the meal from over that if the Department placed the soybean laboratory subject 3,000,000 bushels of soybeans annually to make Purina to the Peoria laboratory by requiring it to report thusly, the Chows.” “Soybean processing plants at Circleville, Ohio. soybean people would have little argument to present to Lafayette, Indiana. Osceola, Arkansas. St. Louis, Missouri. Congress for the soybean laboratory not to be included as an When you buy Purina Chows, you make a better market for integral part of the Peoria laboratory. This initial step would your soybeans.” automatically block any arguments that we might try to put up to prevent a cut-off of the soybean appropriation and a 92. Shoenfi eld, Allen. 1940. Field widens for soy bean: moving of the laboratory to Peoria. Planes, cars, houses of plastics forecast. Detroit News. Aug. “Your very truly, Ralston Purina Company, E.F. 20. p. 7, col. 1. Johnson, Soybean department. • Summary: Some 200 members of the American Soybean “P.S. although I question whether suffi cient funds could Association attended meetings on the closing day of their be secured to immediately start work on a new building, my annual meeting at Dearborn Inn today. “E.F. Johnson, understanding is that it is practically impossible to secure representing a St. Louis [Missouri] processing plant such appropriates unless building plans and specifi cations [probably Ralston Purina Co.], said several airplane factories are available. With this in mind, it may be best to petition are experimenting with soy plastics for wings and fuselages.” Senator Lucas to ask for $25,000 to be used in the Robert A. Boyer, of the engineering laboratory of the Ford preparation of plans and specifi cations for such a building at Motor Co. conducted the group through a recently-opened this time.” unit of the Rouge plant, and showed them “a material closely Note 1. This is a key document for understanding why resembling wool in color and texture, made of soy bean much of the Soybean Laboratory was removed from the protein, which is to be spun and woven into upholstery for University of Illinois and merged into the Northern Regional automobiles.” Research Lab. Governor John W. Bricker of Ohio told the meeting: Note 2. On 3 July 1939 H.P. Rusk returned a copy of this “Industry is progressively turning to the farm as a source of letter sent to him by W.L. Burlison, Head, Agronomy Dep., raw material.” Univ. of Illinois. Rusk said he read it “with a good deal of interest.” 93. Burlison, W.L. 1940. Importance of soybeans to Source: Univ. of Illinois Archives, Agriculture, Dean’s American agriculture (With some notes on soybean Offi ce Subject Files 1895-1994. R.S. 8/1/2. Box 28. research). Proceedings of the American Soybean Association Folder: Soybean Regional Research Lab. Address: Soybean p. 27-30, 34-35. 20th annual meeting. Held 18-20 Aug. at Department, Ralston Purina Co. [St. Louis. Missouri]. Dearborn, Michigan. • Summary: Contents: List of 11 things that the future of the 90. Johnson, E.F. 1939. Re: Soybean laboratory at soybean as an important Illinois crop is dependent upon– Urbana and Peoria. Letter to W.L. Burlison, Head, Dep. according to G.L. Jordan, Dep. of Agricultural Economics, of Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, Aug. 7. 1 p. Univ. of Illinois. Where do we go from here in soybean Typed, without signature (carbon copy). production? Table 1–Annual production of soybeans in fi ve • Summary: “I have your letter of August 2 in which you leading countries from 1925-1939: USA, Manchuria, Chosen advise that indirectly you have learned that Dr. Markley has [Korea], Japan, Netherland India. Table 2–World production been ordered to Washington [DC]. of soybeans in 1,000 bushels (excluding China) from 1925- “My guess is that unless something drastic is done in 1939, including percentage increase each year over 1925. the way of building or housing, not only will the best men These fi gures include, in addition to the countries shown in in the soybean laboratory be moved to Peoria, but the entire Table 1, Kwantung, Taiwan, U.S.S.R., Rumania, Bulgaria, laboratory will be moved there in the not too distant future. Yugoslavia, and certain other small countries in Europe. U.S. “However, I have washed my hands of any further soybean production as a percentage of world production. activity.” Why this rapid increase in U.S. soybean production? Rapid Source: Univ. of Illinois Archives, Agriculture, Dean’s increase in U.S. soybean production during the past 6 years. Offi ce Subject Files 1895-1994. R.S. 8/1/2. Box 28. Research leads the way: List of typical research projects at Folder: Soybean Regional Research Lab. Address: Soybean larger corn belt agricultural experiment stations. Department, Purina Mills, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis. Extracts from letters on the future of soybeans in Illinois Missouri. from thoughtful observers: H.G. Atwood, Allied Mills, Inc., 26 Dec. 1939. G.G. McIlroy, President, American Soybean

Association, 7 Dec. 1939. W.J. O’Brien, The Glidden Co., it a distinct honor to have the privilege of opening this 8 Dec. 1939 (use of oil in paints). N.P. Noble, Swift and discussion on soybeans, for never before were the problems Company Soybean Mill, 8 Dec. 1939 (Swift has now built confronting this Association so serious and uncertain.” soybean mills at Cairo, Illinois; Des Moines, Iowa; and Much of the uncertainty arises from the new war in Europe. Fostoria, Ohio. Swift is using larger quantities of soybean oil “Soybean fl our production has continued around 25 million in their various products). Edward J. Dies, National Soybean pounds annually.” Processors Assn., 14 Dec. 1939. D.F. Christy, Acting The conclusion states: “With the harvesting of the crop Director, USDA Offi ce of Foreign Agricultural Relations, 17 this fall, I will have rounded out thirty years of experience Feb. 1940. E.F. Johnson, Ralston-Purina Company, 21 Dec. with soybeans [i.e. he started in 1910]. I feel ridiculous when 1939. H.P. Rusk, Dean and Director, Illinois Experiment I think back how badly even I, with all my enthusiasm, have Station, 22 May 1940. J.W. Hayward, Archer-Daniels- underestimated the possible development of soybeans. Little Midland Company, 24 May 1940. did I ever dream that I would live to see the day when the Growth in the number of soybean crushing mills in the United States would become the leading country in the world USA from about 10 in 1925 to approximately 75 in 1939. production of soybeans. Yet the United States may with this Increase in soybean yields in Illinois from 13.5 bushels/acre 1940-41 crop move to the top position in the world as the in 1925 to 24.5 bushels/acre in 1939. Growing industrial producer of soybeans. utilization of soybeans. Conclusion: “The importance of “This almost unbelievable increase has been possible soybeans to American agriculture is bound to be of greater in large measure through the friendly, cooperative spirit signifi cance as the years go by.” which has always prevailed between the growers and the Concerning research: “Our research program on processors. May this understanding of each other’s problems soybeans in this country is nothing less than remarkable. continue as we enter a new decade and an era of destiny.” In 1937 a list of soybean projects was published by H.M. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. Steece, Specialist in Agronomy, Offi ce of Experiment Stations, U.S. Department of Agriculture.” In 1937 some 95. Ralston Purina Co. 1940. This page is contributed by 53 agricultural experiment stations were conducting 258 the world’s largest consumer of soybean oilmeal (Ad). separate investigations on soybeans. “By far the largest Proceedings of the American Soybean Association p. 8. number of these have to do with the varieties and methods • Summary: See next page. A full-page ad. A large table of production.” A photo (p. 29) shows a tractor pulling a gives statistics for soybeans, soybean oil, and soybean combine harvesting soybeans in Indiana. meal each year (Oct. 1 to Sept. 30) from 1930-31 to 1940- Note: This is the earliest English-language document 41. Under “soybeans” are 3 columns (in 1,000 bushels): seen (March 2003) that uses the term “soybean research” Harvested for grain, exported, and imported. Under “soybean (see subtitle) to refer to research on soybean production. oil” are 3 columns (in 1,000 lb): Produced, exported, Address: Head, Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Illinois. imported. Under “soybean oilmeal” are 3 columns (in 2,000 lb = tons): Produced, exported, imported. 94. Johnson, E.F. “Soybean”. 1940. General review of the “Contact our processing plants when you have soybeans domestic soybean situation. Proceedings of the American to sell or soybean oilmeal to buy.” St. Louis, Missouri. Soybean Association p. 7-18. 20th annual meeting. Held 18- Lafayette, Indiana. Osceola, Arkansas. Circleville, Ohio. 20 Aug. at Dearborn, Michigan. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Growth and progress. Soybean oilmeal. Soybean oilmeal sells at too low a price. 96. Purina Mills. 1940. Purina Chows: If you are a soybean Soybean oil. 1940 crop outlook. Present fi elds of utilization grower and if you have poultry or livestock... (Ad). Soybean limited. What is the industrial utilization of soybean oilmeal Digest 1(1):Inside front cover. Nov. and oil today? Soybean oilmeal used industrially [mostly • Summary: This half-page ad continues: “Then you should in glue]. Industrial use of soybean oil. Lard and cottonseed be feeding Purina Chows. These feeds are supplements to oil vs. soybean oil. Per capita consumption of margarine your grain, and they are made to do a more profi table job in 1937 [the top 3 are Denmark, Norway, and Sweden]. of producing pork, eggs, or milk than straight grain will do. 1940 crop export possibilities. Soybeans in Germany. Other And they use soybean meal as a major source of protein. In sources of soybeans for Europe. Other minor soybean uses. fact, Purina Mills is the largest user of soybean oilmeal in the Domestic, economic and political changes [gloomy forecast]. country. Use the feeds that utilize the beans you grow!” Competitive foreign oils. Enlarging our domestic market A similar ad (with the subtitle: “If you have poultry or for domestic oils. Remove state trade barriers (in 31 states livestock and if you are a soybean grower...”) appears in the against sale of oleomargarine). Encourage the use of soybean Jan. 1941 issue (inside front cover) and March 1942 issue (p. oilmeal in plastics. 11) of this magazine. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. This excellent, in-depth analysis begins: “I consider

97. Johnson, E.F. “Soybean”. 1940. Soybeans as a chemurgic 99. Johnson, E.F. “Soybean.” 1941. Soybean as a cash crop for Missouri. In: 1940. Proceedings of First Annual crop for the South. National Farm Chemurgic Council, Missouri Conference on Farm Chemurgy. 10 p. Held at Chemurgic Paper No. 111. 4 p. June 18. Sedalia, Missouri. • Summary: Presented “at the Annual Southern Chemurgic • Summary: During the last 5 years in Missouri, total Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, June 18, 1941, soybean acreage has decreased almost 50%, while total “I will confi ne my discussion entirely to soybeans soybean acreage in the United States has increased by more harvested for grain, as I do not feel that utilization of the than 50%, from 6 million to over 9 million acres. “I am crop for hay, plowing down, or interplanting with other crops quite familiar with the history behind all of these fi gures, has any place on a chemurgic program. as in 1934 when I started my present position, my major “I wish to discuss this very important topic from two assignment was to cooperate with the various groups in viewpoints: (1) Agronomic Problems, and (2) Sale and, Missouri in promoting the growth of commercial soybeans.” Utilization of the Products, Also discusses soybeans as a cash crop, results of recent “The agronomic problem could be stated as follows: soybean experiments at the Missouri Experiment Farm Can soybeans be produced profi tably on a portion of the at Elsberry, 1940 outlook, infl uence of the European war tillable acreage in the South? There are probably six factors [World War II] on soybean outlook, domestic consumption, that contribute to a full consideration of this question. Most industrial utilization of soybean meal and oil, and chemurgic important of these are: low cost of production; high yields possibilities. per acre; varieties of high fat content; nearby marketing; In 1938, only about one tenth of 1 percent of the effect on following crops; and successful labor utilization. soybean meal produced in America went into industrial non- “Probably the most important problem facing the food uses. “Even in the soybean oil we fi nd 86 percent of Southern grower of soybeans is acquiring a fundamental the oil from last year’s crop going into edible fats and about knowledge of the soybean plant and applying it to the 14 percent used industrially, the major portion of which was growing and harvesting of the crop. The soybean is a quick in duco paints.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, growing, annual legume with a shallow root system. It is Missouri. only able to gather nitrogen from the air when properly inoculated. Its manner of growth and habits are such that it 98. Ralsoy: New U.S. domestic soybean variety. 1940. Seed is easily adapted to the machinery of those sections which color: Yellow (straw), hilum brown to dark brown. grow small grain. If a cotton farmer is going to use his • Summary: Sources: Morse, W.J. 1948. “Soybean present cotton equipment and methods for planting and varietal names used to date.” Washington, DC: Appendix cultivating soybeans, then I can defi nitely assure him that to the mimeographed report of the Fourth Work Planning his results will be unsatisfactory. The ordinary grain drill has Conference of the North Central States Collaborators of been used in most of the commercial sections for planting the U.S. Regional Soybean Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois. soybeans, regardless of whether they were seeded solid or in RSLM 148. 9 p. May 26. See p. 7. “Ralsoy–Ralston-Purina rows twenty-one to twenty-four inches apart. In the last few selection.” years there has been a tremendous increase in the acreage USDA Production and Marketing Administration [Grain planted in rows. This change from solid to row planting is Branch]. 1948. “Soybean varieties: Descriptions, synonyms largely the result of the weed problem in solid seeding and and names of obsolete or old and seldom grown varieties.” partly because of the saving of seed that can be made in Washington, DC. 25 p. Aug. See p. 15. “Ralsoy–Selection row planting. The recent introduction of planting equipment from Arksoy 2913 by G.H. Banks, Ralston Purina Co., that will plant any width row and can be converted into Osceola, Arkansas. Maturity, medium late; pubescence, gray; surface cultivators is doing much to increase the planting of fl owers, white; pods, two- to three-seeded; shattering, little; soybeans in rows. seeds, straw yellow with brown to dark brown hilum, about “Varieties for the South: Probably the biggest drawback 3,900 to the pound; germ, yellow; oil, 19.5 percent; protein, to the expansion of soybeans in the South today is lack of 44.4 percent; iodine number, 132.” varieties of proven ability to yield both in bushels per acre Bernard, R.L.; Juvik, G.A.; Nelson, R.L. 1987. “USDA and oil per bushel. At the present prices of oil, each change soybean germplasm collection inventory.” Vol. 1. INTSOY of one per cent in the fat content of soybeans justifi es a Series No. 30. p. 16-17. Ralsoy is in the USDA Germplasm change of 5 cents a bushel in the price paid for the beans. Collection. Maturity group: 13, 14. Year named or released: Most of the southern varieties range from 2 to 5 per cent 1940. Developer or sponsor: G.H. Banks, Purina Mills, lower in fat content than do beans grown today in Illinois. Osceola, Arkansas. Literature: 13, 14. Source and other No Southern grower can hope to make a profi table operation information: Selected from ‘Arksoy’. Prior designation: on his soybeans if he uses a variety in which the low fat None. Address: USA. content results in a discount of 15 to 25 cents a bushel. The work of Heartsill Banks at the Ralston Purina Company

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 66 plant at Osceola, Arkansas during the past six years has, brought about, in a large measure at least, by diverting I believe, proven conclusively that it is possible to select to other uses ships normally engaged in moving foreign or develop varieties which will have a fat yield as high as vegetable oils to the United States. I for one fear to put much those grown in the Corn Belt. In our experimental plantings dependence upon such artifi cial conditions on a long-time at this Arkansas station, we have developed selections and project. If the Fulmer Bill, which raises the duties on foreign new strains that during the past three years have consistently oils approximately 100 per cent, should be enacted, then I shown a fat content equal to the better varieties in Illinois would have much more faith in a continuation of high prices and have averaged three to fi ve per cent higher than the on both soybean and cottonseed oil in the future. parents from which these varieties originated. This is very “Can Southern Markets Absorb Meal and Oil Produced encouraging, for if I felt that the South would always be From Soybean Acreage? The marketing of soybean oil destined to grow soybeans of a low fat content, I would have and soybean oilmeal from soybeans produced in the South declined to appear on this program, as I would not be able presents a very complicated problem. For the last few years under those conditions to see any economic possibility for the South has experienced considerable diffi culty in fi nding this crop in the South. a satisfactory market at a satisfactory price for its cottonseed “Labor Utilization: Some years ago I felt that the meal and cottonseed oil. Adding a new crop like soybeans soybean might be almost a 100 per cent solution to the to your acreage in the South is going to make this problem problem of reduced cotton acreage in the South. I realize even more diffi cult, as at present cottonseed and soybean now that I was badly mistaken in that deduction. I do oil both fi nd the same outlet in the market. In a similar believe that by the use of right varieties and correct cultural manner, cottonseed meal and soybean oilmeal are largely practices, soybeans will solve the farm income problem interchangeable brought about by decreased cotton acreage. I believe the “High Meal Yield Per Acre High on Soybeans: Even soybean crop can also solve the problem of the cottonseed using ground that will yield a bale of cotton per acre, it mills by increasing their days of operation. I also believe that requires around six acres of cotton to produce one ton of the fertility of the soil can be increased by using soybeans in cottonseed meal. With ordinary yields, six acres of soybeans the place of cotton. However, I now realize that you cannot will yield approximately four tons of soybean oilmeal. Each replace acreage of a crop that requires the maximum number acre of cotton replaced with soybeans will result in a fourfold of man hours per acre with a crop that requires a minimum increase in the amount of concentrated protein meal to be number of man hours. One man with proper machines can marketed. grow and market a hundred acres of soybeans. Each of you “Soybean Oil: In the last few months considerable can answer better than I how many men would be required to progress has been made in the fractional separation of grow and market a hundred acres of cotton. soybean oil into saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Sale and Utilization of Soybean Products: I do not think The saturated acids are used in soap production, while the there is anyone in the United States who is more optimistic unsaturated offer potential possibilities as a substitute in and hopeful of the future utilization of soybean products in paint for linseed oil. Last week the University of Minnesota industry than I am. However, we must face facts, and future released information which seemed to indicate that they utilization will not furnish a market for present production. have developed a chemical treatment for soybean oil which “It is possible that with the war situation creating a shortens the drying time approximately 50 per cent. scarcity of some important metals, we may see tremendous “These new processes are only in the experimental strides in the next few months in the utilization of both stage. How rapidly they will develop is a matter of pure cotton and soybean protein in the development of a new guess-work. In the meantime, the use of soybean oil in paint plastic-like material to replace aluminum and many other has decreased due to diffi culties in securing tung oil with of our lighter alloys. Unfortunately, with the natural secrecy which to blend it. Without a doubt, some future day will fi nd that must go with any military operation, it is not possible us using large quantities of soybean oil in paint. However, to secure any accurate information as to the progress on future progress cannot make a market for this year’s crop. the utilization of plastics or plastic like substances in the “I feel at the present time that much of the increase in construction of war machines. We do know that high-speed soybean acreage which has taken place this spring in the investigation and development are under way. But until South will present a real marketing problem to many of such time as we actually see sizeable quantities of soybean the southern mills that will buy these beans in a hope of oilmeal going into industrial utilization, we will have to prolonging their period of operation. depend upon poultry, livestock and fertilizer as being the “In concluding, I feel I should call attention to a new only outlets for this commodity. utilization that bids fair to gain prominence before plastics “Today soybean oil selling at 9½ cents a pound presents and many other fantastical uses reach their goals. I refer no particular problem as far as the producers of soybeans are to the use of soybeans in the human diet. Although this is concerned. We all realize that this is an artifi cial situation not a chemurgic utilization, there is no doubt that canned

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 67 soybeans, soybean ﬂ our, and soybean milk as a portion of the diet of our most able chemists may be of material aid in quickening their brain action, increasing their endurance, and improving their powers of concentration so they may more quickly arrive at an industrial utilization of not only soybean products but cotton as well.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri.

100. Soybean Digest. 1941. To build soybean plant at Iowa Falls. July. p. 7. • Summary: “Purina Mills, St. Louis, Missouri, has announced plans for a new soybean processing and feed manufacturing plant to be erected at Iowa Falls, Iowa. The company has purchased a little more than 16 acres of ground at the edge of Iowa Falls, located on the Rock Island Railroad. “Concrete and steel storage tanks of approximately 250,000 bushels capacity will be erected, and four continuous presses with a crushing capacity of 2,800 to 3,000 bushels per day will be installed.”

101. National Soybean Processors Association. 1941. Year book, 1941-1942 (Association year). Chicago, Illinois. 53 p. • Summary: Contents: Constitution and by-laws (as amended Oct. 13, 1941; incl. committees, code of ethics). Offi cers, directors and committees for 1941-42. Membership of the National Soybean Processors Association. Trading rules governing the purchase and sale of soybean oil meal (First adopted 18 Oct. 1933). Appendix to trading rules on soybean oil meal. Trading rules on soybean oil. Appendix to trading rules on soybean oil–Offi cial testing methods. Article IX, Committees, lists and describes each. The section titled “Offi cers, directors, and committees” The following companies and organizations are (p. 14-16) states: President: Edward J. Dies. V.P., Chairman members of NSPA: Allied Mills, Inc., Board of Trade Bldg., Executive Committee: E.K. Scheiter. Secretary: E.D. Chicago, Illinois (J.B. DeHaven). Archer-Daniels- Midland Funk, Jr. Treasurer: W.G. Dickinson. Ass’t. Treasurer: F.G. Co., Box 839, Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.H. Eastman). Duncanson. Executive Committee: E.K. Scheiter, Chairman– Berea Milling Co. (The), Berea, Ohio (H.E. Carpenter). J.B. DeHaven, E.D. Funk, Jr., W.H. Knapp, W.G. Dickinson, Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. (The), Cincinnati, Ohio (W.H. Roy Hall -> D.J. Bunnell, C.T. Prideville, W.H. Eastman, Knapp). Cairo Meal & Cake Co., Cairo, Illinois (A.T. E.F. Johnson, W.E. Flumerfelt, Howard Kellogg, Jr. Madra). Central Soya Co., Inc., Fort Wayne, Indiana (Roy Board of Directors: A.M. Andreas, W.E. Flumerfelt, Hall). Clinton Co., Clinton, Iowa (E.W. Meyers). Drackett C.T. Prideville, J.H. Caldwell, E.D. Funk, Jr., E.K. Scheiter, Co. (The), Cincinnati, Ohio (Roger Drackett). Durkee J.B. DeHaven, Roy Hall -> D.J. Bunnell, H.R. Schultz, Famous Foods, Chicago. Elevators & Mills, Inc., Windfall, W.G. Dickinson, Howard Kellogg, Jr., I.D. Sinaiko, Roger Indiana (J.H. Mitchell). Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington, Drackett, W.H. Knapp, Ralph Wells, W.H. Eastman, J.H. Illinois (E.D. Funk, Jr.). Glidden Co. (The), Chicago, Illinois Mitchell. (W.G. Dickinson). Honeymead Products Co., Cedar Rapids, Standing committees: For each committee, the names Iowa (A.M. Andreas). Illinois Soy Products Co., Springfi eld, of all members (with the chairman designated), with the Illinois (I.D. Sinaiko). Iowa Milling Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa company and company address of each are given–Traffi c (Jos. Sinaiko). Laucks (I.F.), Inc., Portsmouth, Virginia (H.F. and transportation. Research. Finished materials standards. Armstrong). Old Fort Mills, Inc., Marion, Ohio (P. Turner -> Soybean grades and contracts. Trading rules–oil. Trading Hugo Melo). Plymouth Processing Mills, Fort Dodge, Iowa rules–meal. Soy fl our. Crop improvement. Soybean (C.J. Simmons). Quincy Soybean Products Co., Quincy, nutritional research council. Trade development. Edible Illinois (Irving Rosen). Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, soybean. Missouri (J.H. Caldwell). Simonsen Brothers, Quimby, Iowa

(W.E. Simonsen). Southern Cotton Oil Co. (The), Goldsboro, 3/4 of one percent is used for such industrial purposes as North Carolina (C.S. Ragan). Soya Processing Co., Wooster, waterproof glue, plastics, foundry core binders, and the like. Ohio (H.H. Heeman). Soy Bean Processing Co., Waterloo, A photo shows Lamar Kishlar. Maps show: (1) 95% Iowa (W.E. Flumerfelt). Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Buffalo, of the soybeans harvested for beans in the USA “this year New York (Howard Kellogg, Jr.). Staley (A.E.) Mfg. Co., will be harvested in seven states (Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Decatur, Illinois (E.K. Scheiter). Standard Soy Bean Mills, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Virginia). Watch the lower Centerville, Iowa (H.R. Schultz). Swift & Co., Chicago, Mississippi Valley.” (2) “Since Illinois produces about 50% Illinois (C.T. Prindeville). Terminal Oil Mill Co., Oklahoma of the soybeans harvested for seed, it is natural to expect City, Oklahoma (S.T. Davenport -> O.K. Winterringer). that central Illinois should do the bulk of the crushing. Wells (Ralph) & Co., Monmouth, Illinois (Ralph Wells). The size of discs indicates the crushing capacity of the Organizations represented on committees: American 50 most important soybean crushing centers. The total Soybean Association, Hudson, Iowa (George Strayer, D.G. estimated capacity of all these mills is 82 million bushels. Wing). Illinois College of Agriculture, Urbana, Illinois Because actual production [sic, crushing] fi gures are usually (Dr. W.L. Burlison, J.W. Lloyd). U.S. Regional Soybean confi dential, the exact bushels crushed in each city cannot be Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois (Dr. H.T. Hopper, Donald H. shown. Wheeler). Pie charts show: (1) More than 82.5% of all soybean oil Insert: New members added since publication of the produced in the United States is consumed in food products. Trading Rules Book–Bell (Wilbur) Mill, Fayette, Iowa Shortening takes 52%, margarine 21%, and other edible (Wilbur Bell). Central Iowa Bean Mill, Gladbrook, Iowa products such as salad oil consume nearly 10%. Paint uses (Paul K. Klinefelter). Dannen Grain and Milling Co., St. a mere 7.25% of the soybean oil made, and linoleum, soap Joseph, Missouri (Dwight L. Dannen). Decatur Soy Products and other technical purposes 10.75%. (2) Soybean oil now Co., Decatur, Illinois (Joseph Giovanna). Galesburg Soy takes 17.8% of the shortening market, 34% of the margarine Products Co., Galesburg, Illinois (Max Albert). Hoosier market, 8.3% of other edible products such as salad oils, Soybean Mills, Marion, Indiana (J.H. Caldwell, Jr.). Mankato 6.8% of the paint market, and 6.5% of the linoleum market. Soybean Products, Inc., Mankato, Minnesota (Frank J. Address: Research Director, Ralston Purina. Berman). Marr (Pete) Soybean Mills, Fremont, Nebraska (Pete Marr). Toledo Soybean Products, Toledo, Ohio (J.H. 104. Chemurgic Digest. 1942. Introducing–More of the Brown). Eighth Annual Chemurgic Conference speakers. Feb. 28. p. Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (July 2005) 27. that mentions Honeymead in Iowa. • Summary: Individual portrait photos (2 by 2¼ inches) of Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2005) seven speakers are shown. One of these speakers is “E.F. that mentions Quincy Soybean Products Co. (Quincy, (Soybean) Johnson, Manager, Soybean Dept., Ralston Purina Illinois) or Irving Rosen. Address: 3818 Board of Trade Company.” Building, Chicago, Illinois. 105. Dies, Edward J. 1942. Soybeans: Gold from the soil. 102. Year Book and Trading Rules. 1941-1988. Serial/ New York, NY: The Macmillan Co. 122 p. April. Index. 21 periodical. National Soybean Processors Association. cm. Revised ed. March 1943. 122 p. Includes index, Illust., Annual. First volume titled Year Book, 1947-48. 68 pages. 22 cm. [205 ref] Published in Chicago. Later published in Washington, DC. • Summary: A landmark popular book and a good • Summary: Succeeded by Yearbook and Trading Rules. The description of the pioneering period of soybean production fi rst issue of this periodical, for 1941-42, was titled “Year and processing in the United States. Book.” Issued annually to all members of the association Contents: 1. A certain man of science (William Morse in about October of each year. The 1981-82 Yearbook, for and Dr. C.V. Piper). 2. Vignette from antiquity (how the example, was spiral bound and 23 cm high. Address: 1800 soybean vine saved a caravan in China besieged by bandits). M. St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. 3. Birth of an industry (U.S. soybean crushing). 4. The big drive starts (A.E. Staley, Glidden, Central Soya, Buckeye 103. Kishlar, Lamar. 1942. A view of soybean America. Cotton Oil Co., Drackett Co., ADM, Allied Mills, Ralston Soybean Digest. Jan. p. 7. Purina, Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Swift & Co., Shellabarger • Summary: A graphic overview of where soybeans are Grain Products Co. Standard Soybean Mills, Iowa Milling grown and crushed in America, and how they are used. An Co.). 5. Breeding new types (Burlison, Hackleman). 6. astonishing 96% of all soybean oil meal produced in the Scientists commend product (oil and meal). 7. Lakes of oil. USA is fed to livestock, pet stock [pets], and poultry. Two 8. In the fi eld of industry (U.S. Regional Soybean Industrial percent of that soybean oil meal is milled and refi ned to Products Laboratory, and Henry Ford). 9. Listening post soybean fl our, less than 1% is used as fertilizer, and about for soy (NRRL at Peoria). 10. Whims and price turmoil. 11.

Milk for the tots of China (Dr. Harry Miller). 12. Soys in the ran low and starvation seemed inevitable. At length a home garden (“the vegetable soybean for table use,” “garden servant whispered to his master and pointed to a vinelike varieties of soybeans,” “green soybeans,” “green vegetable plant bearing some sort of legume. No one could recall soys,” “vegetable type soybeans,” “edible varieties”). 12. having seen such a plant before but all were touched with Americanizing soy foods (mainly about soy fl our and the pinch of hunger. So with grave doubts the men pounded improving its taste for use during World War II). 14. Little the beans into a thick fl our, mixed it with water, and made bean, what now? Appendix: Chronology of the soybean (27 coarse cakes. Upon these cakes the caravan survived, and entries). Bibliography. Dies was born in 1891. with renewed strength fought off the foe until help arrived. Illustrations and diagrams show: (1) Principal centers And, so the legend goes, from that day forth the miracle of U.S. soybean production (p. 19, map). “Almost 90 per bean became the staff of life in China.” Note 1. This story cent of all soybeans are harvested in Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, of the caravan besieged by bandits in China is a longer and and Ohio. If three other states are included as shown on the embellished version of the tale fi rst dreamed up and told by map–Missouri, Michigan, and Virginia–the total is 97 per H.W. Galley in Soybean Digest (Dec. 1940). cent. (2) Principal centers of U.S. soybean processing (p. 20, “True or false, the story has lived through the ages. map). Discs of different size show the various centers. Since “For the fi rst written record of the soybean one must Illinois produces 52% of the harvested soybeans, central turn to ‘Materia Medica,’ written by Emperor Shen-nung in Illinois is the center of soybean processing [crushing] in 2838 B.C. It describes many plants of China including that the USA. “Total processing capacity in late 1942 exceeded of the soybean, but even the name is clouded with antiquity. 100 million bushels for the regularly established soybean In the early Chinese history the name ‘Shi-yu’ [sic] and the processing plants.” (3) Diagram of uses of the soybean (p. ‘Ta-tou’ were applied to the soybean. These names probably 68). antedate the fi rst authoritative records of the plant.” Chapter 2, “Vignette from antiquity” begins: “Even Dies then discusses Engelbert Kaempfer, Linnaeus, and when the Pyramids were being built, three hundred years Moench. before the Tower of Babel, and twelve centuries before “Then in 1804 a Yankee Clipper ship in full sail glided Solomon fashioned his temple, the soybean was hoary with down the coast of China searching for ports for a return age. The earliest writings on the subject go back to the period cargo. Not sure of the length of the return journey, the of the Pyramids. captain ordered several bags of soybeans tossed into the hold “But of the science of soybean growing you will fi nd as a reserve food supply. And thus did the fi rst soybeans no recorded beginnings in the musty tones [sic, tomes] of enter America. Little was done about the soybeans then. oriental history. No book reveals the name of the inquisitive Note 2. This is the earliest document seen (June 2003) oriental who in the misty long ago began sowing the seeds, that further embellishes the myth of the “clipper ship” harvesting the beans, pounding them into a mash for cooking with phrases like “glided down the coast of China” or and eating, and probably boring his friends no end with tales “ordered several bags of soybeans tossed into the hold”– of their merit. There is no record depicting this unsung hero’s all supposedly in connection with the introduction of foresight in saving the seed of the magic plant against next the soybean to the United States. This is also the earliest year’s hunger. Likely as not he was a crude dreamer who document seen (Aug. 2000) that compares the age of the fumbled his hunches and accomplished little in a lifetime of soybean with that of the pyramids (in Egypt; the oldest and wrestling with the problem of proper cultivation. largest was built for Khufu at Giza in the 26th century B.C.), “Oriental literature of a later date contains much about the Tower of Babel (in Babylon [today’s Iraq]), or Solomon’s the plant but of its origin as a food product again there are Temple (in today’s Israel), arguing that the soybean was only legends. much older than all of them. “A choice vignette from antiquity on the initial use of “James Mease of Pennsylvania fi rst mentioned in soybeans runs something in this fashion. Long, long ago, American literature shortly after this importation that the far back in the dim past, a caravan pulled out of an eastern soybean was adaptable to Pennsylvania and should be China town. It consisted of a number of merchants and cultivated” (p. 9). their servants... The caravan was bound for a distant inland In Chapter 3 (p. 14) Dies notes: “The fi rst soybeans settlement intent upon disposing of its valuable wares.” After processed in this country were imported from Manchuria in trading in the north, the caravan headed home, “now laden 1911 and sold to Herman Meyer who had a small crushing with gold, silver, and choice furs received in payment for the plant in Seattle, later called the Pacifi c Oil Mills. From the merchandise. Suddenly at dusk on a day when the caravan raw material he produced the two chief products–soybean was still far from home it was surrounded by bandits who oil meal for livestock feed and soybean oil, selling the latter had learned of the rich prize at hand. Merchants and servants locally for industrial use. The meal was advertised and sold took quick refuge in a rocky defi le easy of defense. Here as ‘Proteina,’ a high-protein feed. The venture did not last they were besieged day on day until their scanty provisions for any considerable period; a few years later Meyer passed

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 70 away.” Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (May 231.302 million bu in 1937. Manchuria production rose from 2010) that mentions Herman Meyer. 113.469 million bu in 1922 to a peak of 196.949 million “Soybeans grown in this country were fi rst processed by bu in 1930, falling to 149.435 million bu in 1939. United the Elizabeth City Oil and Fertilizer Company at Elizabeth States production rose from 4.947 bu in 1924 to 106.712 City, North Carolina. W.T. Culpepper, now postmaster at million bu in 1941. Chosen [Korea] production rose from Elizabeth City, was manager of the new mill, started in 1912. 13.017 million bu in 1910 to 18.333 million bu in 1938. The fi rst domestic soybeans were crushed for commercial Japan production decreased from 17.855 million bu in 1909 purposes there in the late fall of 1915. It was a small to 13.473 million bu in 1937. Netherlands India [today’s operation.” Indonesia] rose from 2.603 million bu in 1917 to 9.873 Note 4. This is the earliest document seen (May 2010) million bu in 1938. Kwantung production rose from 375 that mentions W.T. Culpepper. thousand bu in 1911 (with a gap between 1919 and 1924) to “At that time, most of the soybeans were grown in 650 thousand bu in 1937. Taiwan production decreased from North Carolina, and the Winterville Cotton Oil Company 280 thousand bu in 1921 to 159 thousand bu in 1937. USSR at Winterville, North Carolina, purchased expellers for rose from 2.060 million bu in 1936 to a peak of 10.384 processing purposes, and these operated on soybeans for a million bu in 1932 falling to 2.504 million bu in 1934. limited period. Still another mill, operated by Havens Oil Rumania production rose from 26,000 bu in 1934 to 2.572 Company at Washington, North Carolina, crushed thirty million in 1939. Bulgaria production rose from 77,000 bu thousand bushels of beans as an experiment in 1916” in 1934 to 827,000 bu in 1939. Yugoslavia production rose “’My uncle, Jonathan Havens,’ says J. Havens Moss, from 26,000 bu in 1934 to 213,000 bu in 1939. 1909-1941. ‘was the fi rst to plant soybeans in this section, devoting Other European (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria) rose considerable acreage to the mammoth yellow [Mammoth from 55,000 bu in 1932 to 60,000 bu in 1935. With many Yellow] type which grew and matured splendidly from the footnotes. very start. Its value to the land was obvious’” (p. 14-15). Page 19: Principal centers of soybean production in the Note 5. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2016) USA. “Almost 90 per cent of all soybeans [in the USA] are which mentions that Havens Oil Co. crushed soybeans as harvested in Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio. If three other early as 1916. states are included as shown on the map–Missouri, Michigan Note 6. On the fi rst page of the copy owned by Soyfoods and Virginia–the total is 97 per cent. The size of the baskets Center is a signed inscription, in dark blue ink, which reads: is proportional to the volume produced. “With kind regards to Russell East, who has done much on Page 20: Principal centers of soybean processing behalf of the soybean–Edward Jerome Dies.” [crushing] in the USA. “As Illinois produces about 52 per Note 7. Only minor changes were made on about 13 cent of the soybeans harvested for seed, Central Illinois is pages of the revised edition published in March 1943. None the center of soybean processing as shown on this map. The of the statistics in the many tables were been updated, and discs indicate relative importance of the processing centers. the bibliography was not changed. Address: USA. Total processing capacity in late 1941 probably exceeded 90 million bushels. 106. Dies, Edward J. 1942. Soybeans: Gold from the soil Page 25: Illinois acreage and production of soybeans (Statistical tables and charts). New York, NY: The Macmillan for beans, 1919-1941. Acreage harvested increased from Co. 122 p. April. Index. 21 cm. Revised ed. March 1943. 122 3,000 acres in 1919 to 2.285 million acres in 1941. Yield, p. Includes index, Illust., 22 cm. [205 ref] in bushels per acre, rose from 10.0 in 1919 to 21.5 in 1941. • Summary: Page 5: Soybean acreage and production, 1924- Production increased from 30,000 bu in 1919 to 49.128 1941. United States crop. Soybean harvested for beans. Each million bu in 1941. crop year extends from Oct. 1 to Sept. 30. Acreage increased Pages 38-47: Soybeans: Origin and varietal from 448,000 acres in 1924 to 5,855,000 acres in 1941. characteristics. This excellent table contains 18 columns. Yield per acre rose from 11.0 bushels in 1924 to a peak of Variety. Origin (introduction from what country, selection, 20.7 bushels in 1939. Production increased from 4,947,000 or cross). Year. Days to mature. Flower color. Pubescence bushels in 1924 to 106,712,000 bushels in 1941. Sources: color. Seed characteristics: coat color, germ color, hilum (1) Crops and Markets, USDA. (2) Illinois Crop Statistics, color, seed per pad (range), seed per pound, percent oil, Circular 440-441. (3) Latest government reports, 18 Dec. percent protein. Use (green vegetable, grain, forage). The 1941. varieties are: Agate, A.K., Aksarben, Aoda, Arisoy, Arksoy, Page 10: Soybeans: production in specifi ed countries, Avoyelles, Bansei, Barchet, Biloxi, Black Eyebrow, Cayuga, and estimated world total, in thousand bushels, excluding Chame, Charlee, Chief, Chernie, Chestnut, Chiquita, Chusei, China. Estimated world production rose from 163.000 Clemson, Columbia, Creole, Delnoshat, Delsta, Dixie, million bushels in 1922 to 266.700 million bushels in 1940. Dunfi eld, Easycook, Ebony, Elton, Emperor, Etum, Fuji, China production rose from 210.038 million bu in 1931 to Funk Delicious, George Washington, Georgian, Giant Green,

Goku, Habaro, Haberlandt, Hahto, Hakote, Harbinsoy, boiled soybeans, stock feeds, vegetable milk [soymilk] (used Hayseed, Herman, Higan, Hiro, Hokkaido, Hollybrook, to make liquid milk products, dry soy milk products, bean Hong Kong, Hoosier, Hurrelbrink, Illini, Ilsoy, Imperial, curds, soy cheese), debittered soybeans (used to make full Ito San, Jogun, Kanro, Kanum, Kingwa, Kura, Laredo, fat soy fl our, soy coffee, soy butter, soy cereal). Soybean oil Lexington, Macoupin, Magnolia, Mamloxi, Mammoth meal, soybean fl our, soy lecithin, crude soybean oil (used Brown, Mammoth Yellow, Mamredo, Manchu, Mandarin, to make fatty acids, alkyd resins. glycerine, core oils, soft Mandell, Mansoy, Medium Green, Midwest, Mingo, Minsoy, soaps, hard soaps, insecticides, and many non-food products Missoy, Monetta, Morse, Mount Carmel, Mukden, Nanda, mentioned above). Refi ned soybean oil (used to make food Nanking, Norredo, Ogemaw, Old Dominion, Oloxi, Ontario, products–vegetable shortening, margarine, salad dressing, Osaya, Otootan, Ozark, Palmetto, Patoka, Pee Dee, Peking, edible oils, frying oils). Address: USA. Pine Dell Perfection, Pinpu, Richland, Rokusun, Sato, Scioto, Seminole, Seneca, Shiro, Sioux, Sooty, Sousei, 107. Ralston Purina Co. 1942. Extends greetings to soybean Southern Green, Southern Prolifi c, Soysota, Suru, Tarheel growers and handlers... (Ad). Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 26. Black, Tastee, Toku, Tokyo, Virginia, Waseda, Wea, White • Summary: “... who attended the Annual Meeting of the Biloxi, Willomi, Wilson, Wilson Five, Wisconsin Black, American Soybean Association, September 15-16-17, at Wood’s Yellow, Yelredo, Yokoten. Note: This long table Lafayette, Indiana. When you are at home visit any of our “Specially prepared by the Division of Forage Crops and plants at St Louis, Missouri; Lafayette, Indiana; Circleville, Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.D.A. Ohio; Iowa Falls, Iowa.” Page 53: “United States crop production of soybean A one-third page square ad, in red, black and white. oil meal and soybean oil, 1924-1940.” This valuable table is poorly titled. It has 5 columns: (1) Year. (2) Production 108. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Oil Meal. of soybeans. Increased from 4,947 bu in 1924 to 106.712 Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. million bu in 1941. (3) Crushings [crushed]. Increased Manufacturer’s Address: Iowa Falls, Iowa. from 307,000 bu in 1924 to 64.180 million bu in 1941. (4) Date of Introduction: 1942 December. Production of meal. Increased from 7,400 tons in 1924 to Ingredients: Soybeans. 1.5369 million tons in 1941. (5) Production of oil. Increased How Stored: Shelf stable. from 2.269 million pounds in 1924 to 565.169 million New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest. 1943. pounds in 1941. “Iowa Falls Purina mill.” Jan. p. 4. A photo shows the “new Page 58: Soybean oil imported and exported, 1912- soybean processing plant of the Ralston-Purina Company, 1940. Imports rose from 24.959 million lb in 1912 to a peak which began operations December 1 [1942] at Iowa Falls, of 335.984 million lb in 1918, decreasing to 4.848 million lb Iowa.” in 1940. Domestic and foreign oil exported decreased from USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1943. 34.803 million lb in 1919 (For 6 months beginning July 1) to “Soybean processing mills in the United States.” USDA 15.953 million lb in 1940. Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry. AIC-26. Page 61: Soybean oil: factory consumption by classes of 10 p. Nov. See p. 2. Iowa Falls, Iowa: “Ralston Purina products, 1931-1940. Compounds [shortening] and vegetable Company.” (Medium = capacity between 50 and 200 tons/ cooking fats rose from 10,869 lb in 1931 to 212.317 million day of soybeans). lb in 1940. Oleomargarine rose from 623,000 lb in 1931 Soybean Digest. 1949. July. p. 44. “To open new plant.” to 87.106 million lb in 1940. Other edible products rose “The new soybean solvent processing plant at Iowa Falls, from 180,000 lb in 1932 to 39.980 million lb in 1940. Soap Iowa, is scheduled to begin its operations about July 15.” rose from 3.816 million lb in 1931 to 17.612 million lb in 1940. Paint and varnish rose from 6.256 million lb in 1931 109. U.S. War Department. 1942. World War II draft to 29.828 million lb. Linoleum and oilcoth rose from 2.612 registration card for Donald Beach. Washington, DC. million lb in 1931 to 29.828 million lb in 1940. Printing • Summary: This government record (Serial No. 1867, Order ink rose from 33,000 lb in 1931 to 82,000 lb in 1940. No. 11293) shows: Miscellaneous rose from 2.051 million lb in 1931 to 16.538 (1) Name (print): Donald Danforth (middle initial none). million lb in 1940. Foots and loss rose from 1.625 million (2) Place of residence: 17 West Brentmoor, Clayton, St, lb in 1931 to 20.924 million lb in 1940. The total of these Louis, Mo. uses for soybean oil rose from 27.885 million lb in 1931 to (3) Mailing address: Same as above. 431.641 million lb in 1940. (4) Telephone: Pa. 2928. Page 68: Diagram of uses of the soybean. The major (5) Age in years: 43. Date of birth: Nov. 12, 1898. categories are: Green soybeans, used as fresh vegetables or (6) Place of birth: St. Louis. Mo in canned vegetable salads. Dry soybeans, used for seed or (7) Name and address of person who will always know to make bean sprouts, soup, soy sauce, roasted soybeans, your address: Wm. H. Danforth, 17 Kingsbury Pl., St. Louis,

Mo. changes have been made on the following pages: 20, 28, 70- (8) Employer’s name and address: Ralston Purina Co., 73, 84-85, 90-94, 121-22. None of the statistics in the many 835 S. 8th, St. Louis, Mo. tables have been updated, and the bibliography is unchanged. (9) Place of employment or business: Same. Address: USA. I affi rm that I have verifi ed above answers and that they are true. [Registrants signature]: Donald Danforth. 112. Soybean Digest. 1943. Kishlar heads oil chemists. June. p. 4. 110. Soybean Digest. 1943. Iowa Falls Purina mill. Jan. p. 4. • Summary: “At the annual meeting of the American Oil • Summary: A photo shows the “new soybean processing Chemists’ Society in New Orleans [Louisiana], Lamar plant of the Ralston-Purina Company, which began Kishlar, St. Louis, was elected President for the coming year. operations December 1 [1942] at Iowa Falls, Iowa.” The Dr. Kishlar is Manager of Research for the Ralston Purina plant is equipped with “six French presses, and has a daily Company. He has been identifi ed with research on soybean processing capacity of 4,000 bushels. Plans are to produce products since the pioneer days of the soybean’s American 100 tons of soybean meal and over 4,000 gallons of oil Development... Dr. Kishlar is... Chairman of the Soybean daily. Grain storage capacity is 500,000 bushels; oil capacity Nutritional Research Council.” 80,000 gallons. A feed mixing unit for the Purina line will be maintained in conjunction with the processing plant.” There 113. RSLM (U.S. Regional Soybean Laboratory is a photo and biographical sketch of Donald B. Walker, the Mimeograph, Urbana, Illinois). 1943. Edible soybean plant’s manager. He went to Iowa Falls this summer from producers and distributors*. No. 101. Nov. 15. 3 p. Not for Circleville, Ohio. publication. • Summary: Varieties: Aoda (5 producers and distributors). 111. Dies, Edward J. 1943. Soybeans: Gold from the soil. Bansei (19). Easycook (8). Emperor (2). Etum (4). Funk Rev. ed. New York, NY: The Macmillan Co. 122 p. March. Delicious (3). Giant Green (4). Higan (1). Hokkaido (10). Index. 21 cm. First published in April 1942. [205 ref] Imperial (1). Jogun (5). Kanro (1). Kanum (1). Rokusun (4). • Summary: See next page. This revised edition is very Sac (1). Sonsei [sic, Sousei] (4). Toku (1). Willomi (1). similar to the fi rst edition published in April 1942. Minor Growers include:

Lee Chambers, Route 1, Kokomo, Indiana. Muntz-McLaughlin Co., Holgate, Indiana. O.M. Scott & Sons, Marysville, Ohio. Ray Monier, Carrollton, Missouri. Rufus Gillett, Mazomanie, Wisconsin. Russell-Heckle Seed Co., 16 S. Trout Street, Memphis, Tennessee. Strayer Seed Farms, Hudson, Iowa. The Marsh Foundation, Van Wert, Ohio. T.W. Wood and Sons, Richmond, Virginia. W. Atlee Burpee Co., Clinton, Iowa. Footnote: *”This partial list is furnished for your convenience, with no discrimination intended and no guarantee of seed quality, varietal purity, or any other factors involved in the purchase or distribution of seed implied. Additions to this list will be welcomed.”

114. Purina Mills. 1943. Purina’s soybean processing plants are in the “Food for Victory” crusade (Ad). Soybean Digest. Nov. Inside front cover. • Summary: This half-page ad states that the crusade is to “help the farmers of America produce efﬁ ciently the most meat, milk, and eggs from the supplies of feed now available. Purina’s four soybean processing plants–every man and every machine–are in this crusade producing to capacity.” These plants are located at St Louis, Missouri; Iowa Falls, Iowa; Lafayette, Indiana; Circleville, Ohio. “Food will win the war and write the peace!” Illustrations show: (1) A sack of Purina Chows, with a checkerboard design on it. (2) A farmer standing next to small a “Food for Victory Crusade” sign with the words “Meat,” “Milk,” and “Eggs” each on its own line below the sign Associated Seed Growers, Inc., 301 Kentucky Ave., Note: This ad also appeared in the Sept. 1944 issue (p. Indianapolis, Indiana or New Haven, Connecticut (handles 76) and in the Nov. 1944 issue (p. 17). By Sept. 1944 Purina Bansei {wholesale only}, Emperor, Giant Green, Jogun, had ﬁ ve processing plants, the newest one located in Kansas Toku, and Willomi). City, Missouri. Charles Siner, Route 2, Terre Haute, Indiana. Charles V. Holderman, 458 N. Hartmen St., Napanee, 115. USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1943. Indiana. Soybean processing mills in the United States. USDA Bureau Charlton-Davis Co., Inc., Norfolk, Virginia. of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry. AIC-26. 10 p. Nov. Corneli Seed Co., 101 Chouteau Ave., St. Louis, Revised edition, 1948. CA-5, 14 p. Missouri. • Summary: “The following list of soybean processing Donald Walker, c/o Ralston Purina Co., Circleville, mills is divided into three parts: (1) mills in which soybeans Ohio. regularly constitute the bulk of the throughput, (2) mills E.F. Johnson, 1151 Claytonia Terrace, Richmond which are currently under construction or whose construction Heights, Missouri. is being seriously considered, and (3) mills which are Farmer Seed & Nursery Co., Faribault, Minnesota. engaged in soybean processing temporarily or part time, or Fred H. Scholl, Memphis, Indiana. which have otherwise participated in the soybean program George A. Mitchell, Vineland, New Jersey. by signing a soybean processor contract. It must be realized G.G. McIlroy, Irwin, Ohio (wholesale only). that changes are occurring very rapidly at the present time, Holmes Seed Co., 224 Cleveland Ave., Canton, Ohio. throughout the entire soybean processing industry. International Nutrition Laboratory, Mt. Vernon, Ohio. “Solvent extraction plants in group No. 1 are designated J.B. Lucas, Franklin, Kentucky. with an asterisk (*). Many of the solvent type mills also

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 74 contain expellers and screw presses. After the name of each New York: Buffalo–Spencer Kellogg and Sons (M). mill in group No. 1, the letter S, M, or L is used to designate Oswego–Oswego Soybean Products Corporation (M). whether it is a small, medium, or large installation. These Ohio: Berea–Berea Milling Company (M). Cincinnati– ratings are only approximate and divide mills into three Drackett Company (M)*. Circleville–John W. Eshelman and capacity groups: S (small), capacities less than 50 tons of Sons (M); Ralston Purina Company (M). Fostoria–Swift soybeans per day; M (medium), capacities between 50 and and Company (M). Marion–Old Fort Mills, Inc. (M). New 200 tons per day; and L (large), capacities over 200 tons per Washington–Ohio Soya Company (S). Painesville–A.E. day.” Staley Manufacturing Company (L). Toledo–Archer-Daniels- (1) Mills specializing in soybeans: Midland Company (L); Toledo Soybean Products Company Arkansas: West Memphis–Arkansas Mills, Inc. (S). (M). Wooster: Soya Processing Company (M). Wilson–Wilson Seed and Feed Company (S). Pennsylvania: Jersey Shore–Pennsylvania Soy Bean California: Oakland–Albers Brothers Milling Company Cooperative Association (S). (S). Tennessee: Memphis–Buckeye Cotton Oil Company Illinois: Bloomington–Funk Brothers Seed Company (M). (M). Cairo–Swift and Company (M). Champaign–Swift and Virginia: Norfolk–Davis Milling Company (S). Company (L). Chicago–Archer-Daniels-Midland Company Portsmouth–Allied Mills, Inc. (M); I.F. Laucks, Inc. (S). (M)*; The Glidden Company (L)*; Norris Grain Company Wisconsin: Milwaukee–Archer-Daniels-Midland (S); Spencer Kellogg and Sons (L). Decatur–Archer- Company (M). Daniels-Midland Company (L)*; Decatur Soy Products Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2005) Company (M); Spencer Kellogg and Sons (L)*; A.E. that mentions Dannen Mills (St. Joseph, Missouri) in Staley Manufacturing Company (L). Galesburg–Galesburg connection with soybeans. Soya Products Company (M). Gibson City–Central Soya Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document Company, Inc. (L). Monmouth–Ralph Wells and Company seen (Sept. 2003) that contains the term “screw presses” (or (S). Peoria–Allied Mills, Inc. (L). Quincy–Quincy Soybean “screw press”) in connection with mechanical pressing of Products Company (M). Springﬁ eld–Illinois Soy Products soybeans to give oil and meal (one of two documents). Company (M). Taylorville–Allied Mills, Inc. (M). Indiana: Decatur–Central Soya Company, Inc. (L)*. 116. Univ. of Illinois, College of Agriculture. ed. 1944. Indianapolis–Evans Milling Company (M). Lafayette– Report of the First Soybean Processors’ Conference. Urbana, Ralston Purina Company (M). Marion–Hoosier Soybean Illinois: University of Illinois and Soybean Processors Mills, Inc. (M). Windfall–Elevators and Mills, Inc. (S). Cooperating. 51 p. Held 24 Feb. 1944 at Univ. of Illinois, Iowa: Cedar Rapids–Honeymead Products Company Urbana. [26 ref] (M)*; Iowa Milling Company (M). Centerville–Standard • Summary: “The First Soybean Processors’ Conference Soybean Mills (M). Clinton–Clinton Company (M)*. Des was held in the Illini Union, University of Illinois, Urbana, Moines–Spencer Kellogg and Sons (M); Swift and Company Illinois, February 24, 1944. The suggestion for the (M). Fayette–Wilbur Bell, Inc. (S). Fort Dodge–Plymouth conference originated with the processors and the program Processing Mills (M [co-op]). Gladbrook–Central Iowa was arranged by the Department of Agronomy, University of Soybean Mill (S). Iowa Falls–Ralston Purina Company Illinois, in consultation and cooperation with the processors (M). Quimby–Simonsen Soybean Mill (M). Sioux City– and the U.S. Regional Soybean Laboratory.” Sioux Soya Company (S). Waterloo–Soy Bean Processing Program. Chairman: W.L. Burlison. Opening the Company (M) conference, by Edward J. Dies, President, National Soybean Kansas: Emporia–Kansas Soy Bean Mills, Inc. (M). Processors’ Association, Chicago, Illinois. How soybean Kentucky: Henderson–Ohio Valley Soy Bean varieties behave, by R.F. Fuelleman, Dep. of Agronomy, Cooperative Association (M). Louisville–Buckeye Cotton Univ. of Illinois (UI). Creating new kinds of soybeans, by Oil Company (L)*. Owensboro–Owensboro Grain Company C.M. Woodworth, Dep. of Agronomy, UI. Soybeans do (S). have serious diseases, by W.B. Allington, U.S. Regional Michigan: Dearborn–Ford Motor Company (M)*. Soybean Laboratory, U.S. Dep. of Agric (USDA). The Milan–Ford Motor Company (S)*. Saline–Ford Motor place of soybeans in the rotation, by M.D. Appleman, Dep. Company (S)*. of Agronomy, UI. Does fertilizing soybeans pay?, by A.L. Minnesota: Mankato–Mankato Soya Products Company Lang, Dep. of Agronomy, UI. What does it cost to produce (S). Minneapolis–Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (S). soybeans, by R.H. Wilcox, Dep. of Agric. Economics, UI. Missouri: Galesburg–Spring River Mill (S). St. Joseph– Luncheon–Gothic and Federal Room. Illini Union. Dannen Mills (M). St. Louis–Ralston Purina Company (M). Afternoon: Chairman–W.L. Burlison. Soybeans in Nebraska: Fremont–Pete Marr Soybean Processing Illinois–Review and Preview, by J.C. Hackleman, Dep. of Company (S). Omaha–Allied Mills, Inc. (M). Agronomy, UI. The work of the U.S. Regional Soybean

Laboratory–Jackson L. Cartter, U.S. Regional Soybean Within a few days after Pearl Harbor the farmers of America Lab., USDA. The soybean in the postwar World, by Lamar were asked to increase their soybean acreage by a large Kishlar, Ralston-Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. Practical margin over 1941. They responded by raising a crop of about problems of the soybean processor, by D.J. Bunnell, Central 187 million bushels which would have been even larger if Soya Co., Chicago, Illinois. Other soybean investigations in weather and the shortage of manpower had not reduced the progress (informal), by W.L. Burlison, Dep. of Agronomy, net return. The 1943 crop was another big one, estimated at and E.W. Lehmann and D.G. Carter, Dep. of Agric. 196 million bushels. In 1943, the weather man helped the Engineering, UI. farmer so that the quantity of the beans harvested and the On pages 50-51 is list of the name, address, and quality of both the oil and the protein made from the beans organization of the conference attendees. Address: Urbana, probably will considerably exceed the value which would Illinois. be indicated by a comparison of the acreage fi gures alone. In only 20 years the soybean has multiplied itself nearly 40 117. Kishlar, Lamar. 1944. The soybean in the postwar times–an astonishing record. But it does not indicate what world. National Farm Chemurgic Council, Chemurgic Paper the soybean can do in the postwar-world. No. 304. 5 p. March 31. [2 ref] “Soybean oil does not directly substitute for coconut • Summary: “Before the Tenth Annual Chemurgic or palm oils which have been cut off by the war, because Conference, St. Louis, Missouri. March 31, 1944. coconut and palm oils have some unique properties not “The production and preservation of food is man’s oldest found in domestic oils. Under emergency conditions there is and greatest problem. Wars have been lost, nations destroyed, a shifting of all oils and fats so that, in general, any good oil because the food supplies failed. In the global wars which fi nds a place for itself in the national economy and helps take we are now fi ghting more lives have been lost, more people up the impact caused by supplies which have been curtailed. maimed through lack of proper food than because of all the If soybean oil could take the place of all the fats and oils bullets and bombs and all the other destructive machines of which have been cut off by the war it would require about Mars combined. What is more tragic, for a generation after 166 million bushels of soys each year to do the job. The total peace is restored in this warring world this terrible toll of domestic crush last year was only 132½ million bushels, or death and impairment will continue to be collected. only eighty percent enough to do the replacement job alone. “Food will be the world’s dominant problem not only In recent weeks 150 million pounds of lard were consigned in 1944 but also for the decade after bombers have been to the soap kettle. It will require the oil from 18 million converted into transport and jeeps into tractors. Even if bushels of beans, which is 16 percent of last years crush, to victory comes in 1944 we will still have the problem of a produce enough shortening to replace the lard so used. hungry world. In the years from 1918 through 1924 there “On the protein side of the ledger we are equally far was greater misery and suffering in Europe than during from the saturation point. It is generally agreed that for World War I itself. effi cient production of livestock and poultry, high protein “The most outstanding contributions toward food concentrates should be fed with carbohydrate feeds in a ratio production and preservation have always been made in of about 1 to 6. On the basis of December 1st crop report, periods of war. The development of canning, which has done supplies of the four principal feed grains, corn, oats, barley more to distribute our food wealth equitably than any other and grain sorghums, are expected to total about 106 million development, was the result of the Napoleonic conquests. tons. More wheat and rye will be fed to livestock in this Napoleon, hard-pressed to feed his sailors and soldiers crop year than in previous years and the supply of wheat during his Egyptian campaigns, offered a prize of 12,000 millfeeds will be somewhat larger. Thus the supplies of all francs, equivalent to about $35,000, to the one who could carbohydrate feeds may be about 117¼ million tons. (1) fi nd a better way to preserve food. Nicolas Appert, a Paris “At a ratio of 1 to 6 it would require 20 million tons confectioner, won the prize by being the fi rst to preserve of high protein feeds (oil meal equivalent) to adequately food by sealing it in large glass bottles. Thus war was the balance the carbohydrate feed available for effi cient cause of a development in food technology which has livestock and poultry production. Supplies of high protein revolutionized the food habits of the civilized world. feeds are now estimated at 10.6 million (1) tons (oil meal “In a similar way a war has given the soybean its big equivalent). Simple arithmetic shows that there is a shortage opportunity. With the entrance of the United States into of 9.4 million tons of high protein concentrates which, if it World War II both our fats and our protein situations were could be supplied by the soybean, would require 376 million transformed from a condition of plenty to one of scarcity. bushels or nearly three times our present crush to supply the “It was most fortunate that the soybean had secured a protein shortage alone. Thus, although we sometimes reach fi rm position in the domestic economy before war clouds temporary man-made saturation points in our climb toward a appeared and that its production had grown from a mere greater industry, we are far from the point where the soybean 5 million bushels in 1924 to 107 million bushels in 1941. will fi ll the total theoretical demand for either oil or protein

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 76 concentrates. The reason we sometimes reach temporary 118. Kishlar, Lamar. 1944. The soybean in the postwar world saturation points in peacetime years is because of man’s (Continued–Document part II). National Farm Chemurgic inability to equitably distribute the bounty of the land so that Council, Chemurgic Paper No. 304. 5 p. March 31. [2 ref] our livestock and poultry is adequately fed in times of peace. • Summary: (Continued): “In the early days of the soybean’s “Even in normal peacetime years the livestock and domestication large quantities of cottonseed oil and animal poultry of the United States are not fed on an average on fats were available at low prices. Partly because of the price a desirable or effi cient protein level. The Feed Industry situation then existing and partly because of the romantic Council have estimated that if all the livestock and poultry attraction of creating new industrial uses, most of the being fed in 1944 were fed a protein level equal to the creative thinking was devoted to developing soybeans with average fi gures on protein consumption during normal years, high iodine number oil, and greater progress was made along when the stock had to be fed on the stock pile of homegrown this line. and purchased feed alone with roughage, it would require “In 1933, just ten years ago, less than one million 14.1 million tons of high protein feeds exclusive of alfalfa pounds of soyoil were used for all edible purposes while 22 meals. This is an increase of 3.5 million tons over our present times that amount were used for soap, paint, linoleum and in high protein concentrate supplies. It would require twice our similar mechanical products. Today, the fi gures are reversed record crush of soybeans of this year to make up the defi cit. and nearly 1-1/5 billion pounds are used for food while Thus the United States has always been short of protein less than 1/60 that amount fi nds its way into mechanical concentrates for economical and effi cient meat, milk and egg industry. Thus the soybean fi nds its greatest opportunity production. in the postwar world in the food fi eld. If the soybean is to “This year a large part of the vegetable oils produced retain its share of the edible oil market, soybean varieties will be made into edible products such as shortening, yielding light-colored, bland-fl avored oils with low iodine oleomargarine and salad oil. Today and tomorrow the numbers are desired. It is no longer enough to evaluate a demand is for food and more food. soybean variety by its yield of seed alone. The quality of “One day peace will return to this war-torn world and the protein and oil produced from the seed must also be such things as ceiling prices and trade restrictions will evaluated if the soybean is to retain its dominant position. be lifted. Then soyoil must compete on its own merits in The grower of the soybean will be a most important factor in a world full of other fats and oils. Keen men, far-seeing the campaign of the soybean to capture its rightful place in corporations and progressive associations are planning their the food fi eld of the postwar world. Each year many beans postwar program right now to meet competition of a postwar become impaired; some become damaged by nature’s causes, world. others become injured because of the frailty of man, and “If we study the consumption of primary vegetable oils many become needlessly harmed because the producer of in 1943 we fi nd that 98½ percent of the soyoil found its the beans did not realize what became of his raw material way into food products where it commanded the best price. and how greatly a little damage can affect the fi nal quality The remaining 1½ percent found, its way into soaps, paints, of his product. Tremendous advancement has been made in linoleum, printing inks, core oils and similar mechanical uses the science of refi ning fats and oils in the last forty years. It where, in general, it competes with the cheaper oils such as was not until 1902 that Norman, an English chemist, made fi sh oil and inedible animal greases. In 1941, a more normal the fi rst commercial application of hydrogenation, which year, the ratio between food and technical uses was about 3½ is the combining of hydrogen gas with vegetable oils to to 1. We must plan our campaign so that in normal years we harden the liquid oils into solid or semi-solid fats. At about secure a larger share for food uses. the same time, David Wesson, an American, was developing “Soyoil is very versatile. It has many properties which his epoch-making process for the vacuum deodorization make it desirable as food oil. At the same time, it has many of edible fats and oils. Without this, hydrogenation would qualities which recommend it for technical uses. Chemists have been impractical for food, because the hydrogenation have a test for evaluating the drying properties of an oil; it process produced a strong unpleasant fl avor which had is called the iodine number of the oil. The higher the iodine to be removed. It was not until the fi rst World War that number of the oil the better it is for technical purposes shortenings which had a neutral fl avor, odor, and color where quick-drying properties are desired. On the other were produced solely from vegetable oils. In more recent hand, for edible uses an oil with low iodine value is prized, years, manufacturing methods have been further improved because low iodine number indicates better keeping qualities. by processing molten oils through special machines. Cottonseed oil has an iodine number of about 100-108, These quickly chill and plasticize the mixture until it has soyoil has an iodine value of about 123-143, while linseed special physical properties highly prized by the baker. The oil has a high iodine value of about 195-200” (Continued). incorporation of inert gas instead of air has given additional Address: Ralston-Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri. improvement to the fl avor and keeping quality of the product until now the supremacy of lard is threatened.

“Within a few short years, the oil technologist has does about high yields and low refi ning losses. Moreover, created new man-made products from vegetable oils which, the soybean technologist must think as much about on their own merits, have crowded many animal fats proper cooking and extraction to give better fl avor, better formerly used into the soap kettle. The oil chemist needs the uniformity, and better growth in oil meal as he does about continued help of the grower of vegetable oil seeds so that percent nutrients printed on the tag. It is fi nal results–not the products which the chemist makes may continue to hold printing on the label–which will count in this postwar world. this supremacy. The modern oil chemist has a whole bag of “If the soybean is to retain its leadership in the world tricks for decoloring dark oils and for removing unpleasant of tomorrow, the grower, the processor and the refi ner must odors and fl avors. But these modern refi ning methods are think more about Mr. Boss, the man who uses the fi nal relatively costly, require special handling of the oil, and product. If the soybean is to move into the postwar world reduce the manufacturing capacity. The excessive treatment without serious repercussions, we who are helping to guide which many dark oils require removes some of nature’s its destiny must see in each bushel of soybeans not just 60 protective substances from the oil so that the resulting pounds of seeds–we must adjust our vision to see in each product may have a poorer keeping quality. In too many bushel 10½ pounds of margarine or 8.4 pounds of shortening cases, the chemist fails to remove all of the odor and color or 8.4 pounds of salad oil which will, in turn, produce from and the resulting refi ned oil must be diverted into a product 13 to 25 pounds of salad dressing depending on the kind. of lower quality than intended. We must not only see in each bushel fi fty pounds of soybean “Thirty-six percent of all the soybeans grown in the oil meal. We must also see in each bushel fi fty pounds of United States last year were harvested in Illinois. Eighty- the highest quality protein which when properly balanced fi ve percent of all soybeans harvested for seed in 1943 were with the right amounts of carbohydrates, vitamins, and trace grown in the four states of Illinois, Iowa, Indiana and Ohio. minerals will help produce more milk, more butter, more (2) The reason that the soybean is concentrated in these beef, more pork or more chicken to feed a hungry world. states is not entirely because these states pioneered in the “1. Feed Supplies and Needs. Feed Industry Council, growing of this crop nor that the farmers in this area are January 1944. (based on January 1, 1944 Crop Report) more experienced in its cultivation. Part of the cause of the “2. United States Department of Agriculture Crop phenomenal growth of the soybean in this section is due to Report, December 19, 1943.” Address: Ralston-Purina the soil and the climate. Company, St. Louis, Missouri. “Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and Indiana have a potential yield over 1,000 pounds of soybean oil meal per acre. This fi gure 119. Soybean Digest. 1944. Iowa processors hold forth at is based on the average yield of soybeans per acre for 1942 Ames. March. p. 10. and 1943. (2) Missouri and the lower half of Michigan • Summary: “About 40 soybean processors of Iowa and and Wisconsin have a potential yield of from 750 to 1,000 surrounding states and others connected with the processing pounds of soybean oil meal per acre. The other states industry attended the fi rst annual Iowa Soybean Processors’ bordering this area have a potential yield of only 500 to Conference held at Iowa State College March 9. Dr. 750 pounds per acre, or only about half the average yield of H.D. Hughes, head of the Farm Crops Department of the the four leading states while the remaining states have slim college, was chairman of the conference. Papers presented possibilities except for isolated areas. “As new varieties of soybeans are developed which yield better on southern soil in southern climate and as the farmers in the states where soybean culture is still new become experienced the states in the low yielding areas may advance into higher yielding areas. It was not until 1944 that Ohio, Indiana and Iowa took their place beside Illinois in the top yield group. “The soybean grower can no longer be satisfi ed with bushels per acre alone. The soybean crusher must broaden his horizon to think beyond goals measured in terms of tons of oil meal and pounds of oil. The soybean technologist of the postwar world must think as much about color, odor, fl avor and keeping quality of this oil as he

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 78 by members of the college staff covered studies of the Ernie Lyster, Iowa Soya Co., Redfi eld; H.R. Schultz, agronomic and economic phases and work with the solvent Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., Centerville; Donald B. Walker, extraction process. Speakers included Dr. Hughes; I.J. Ralston Purina Co., Iowa Falls; Odell Simonsen, Simonsen Johnson, crop breeding; C.R. Weber, assistant agronomist, Mill Rendering Plant, Quimby; W.E. Simonsen, Simonsen United States Department of Agriculture; A.I. Englehorn, Mill Rendering Plant, Quimby; soils; W.H. Pierre, professor of agronomy; L.K. Arnold, “Ed O`Connor, Soy Bean Processing Co., Waterloo; chemical engineering department; E.L. Barger, agricultural E.L. Dutcher, Swift & Co., Des Moines; Hjalmer Johnson, engineering research; and C.E. Malone, farm management Ralston Purina Co., Iowa Falls; A.J. Monach, Dannen Grain specialist. & Milling Co., St. Joseph, Missouri; Charles E. Nelson, “Other speakers included Edward J. Dies, president Thomson’s Soya Mill, Hiawatha, Kansas; A.G. Thomson, of the National Soybean Processors Association, Chicago; Thomson’s Soya Mill, Hiawatha, Kans.; J.J. Thomson, Lamar Kishlar, president of the Oil Chemists’ Association, Thomson’s Soya Mill, Hiawatha, Kans.; and J. Morgan St. Louis; and Howard Roach, vice president of the American Wilson, Honeymead Products Co., Spencer.” Soybean Association, Plainfi eld, Iowa. “Some of the papers presented at the Iowa conference 120. Soybean Digest. 1944. Purina builds new plant at are published in this issue. It is hoped to carry more of them Kansas City [Missouri]. April. p. 10. in later issues. • Summary: “The Ralston-Purina Co. on March 17 began “The processors ‘kicked off’ with a dinner at the the construction of a large soybean processing plant in the Sheldon-Munn hotel the evening before the conference, and industrial area of North Kansas City [Missouri]. It will be the organized the Iowa Soybean Processors Association. The largest in the Kansas City area and will further fortify it as a 31 soybean processors in the state are members. Donald major soybean market. The plant is scheduled for completion B. Walker, manager of the Iowa Falls plant of the Ralston by Oct. 1, and will have a capacity of 4,000 bushels a day. Purina Co., was elected president of the Association. It is The property adjoins Purina’s feed mill in Kansas City.” planned to make the conference an annual affair to enable Mr. G.H. Banks will be in charge of the new plant. the industry to keep in close touch with the work being For 7 years Mr. Banks has been head of the company’s conducted at the college. experiments at its plant in Osceola, Arkansas. Before that, he “Those present: Representatives of processing was head of the Arkansas Experiment Station at Stuttgart. companies who attended the meeting included: Don Edison, “The company has embarked on a program of soybean Farmers Grain Dealers Association, Fort Dodge, Iowa; education and development as a pay crop as it did in Ralph Wells, Ralph Wells and Co., Monmouth, Illinois; Arkansas.” H.R. Straight, Iowa Soya Co., Redfi eld; Howard L. Roach, J. Roach Sons, Inc., Plainfi eld; L.O. Hauskins, Cargill, Inc., 121. Soybean Digest. 1944. Grits and fl akes from the Cedar Rapids; industry: Purina Mills taps Kishlar. June. p. 17. “R.W. Jurgins, West Bend Elevator Co., West Bend; • Summary: “Pointing toward post-war action, Purina Mills, C.K. Gordon, Farmers Co-op Elevator Co., Martelle; Glen St. Louis [Missouri], has announced the establishment of Pogeler, North Iowa Cooperative Processing Association, a new division designed to work on post-war problems. A Manly; E.O. Woodard, Western Soybean Mills, Sioux Falls, commodity development division has been formed with S.D.; J.L. Parmenter, Big 4 Co-op, Sheldon; Harry Grubs, Lamar M. Kishlar, former manager of Purina research Farmers Co-op. Elevator Co., Hubbard; Edward J. Dies, laboratories, as director.” H.C. Schaefer has been named to National Soybean Processors Association, Chicago; Walt manage the company’s research laboratory. Flumerfelt, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis [Minnesota]; Karl Nolin, Farmers Co-op Association, Ralston; C.M. 122. Soybean Digest. 1944. Grits and fl akes from the Gregory, Farmers Co-op Co., Dike; Eugene E. Woolley, industry: Ralston Purina promotes Donald Walker. July. p. General Mills, Inc., Belmond; Hjalmar N. Johnson, Ralston 20. Purina Co., Iowa Falls; Bob Scroggs, Sioux Soya Co., • Summary: “Donald B. Walker, manager of the Ralston Sioux City; Clark A. Cooley, Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Purina soybean processing plant in Iowa Falls, Iowa, since Des Moines; Hugh Sanders, Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Des its opening in the fall [Dec. 1] of 1942, will become assistant Moines; manager of the grain division of the Ralston Purina Co. in “Victor Claude, Boone Valley Co-op, Eagle Grove; St. Louis, Missouri, about Aug. 1. Hjalmar Johnson, assistant A.F. Leathers, Swift and Co., Des Moines; Art Kliever, manager of the Iowa Falls plant, will succeed Walker.” Sioux Soya Co., Sioux City; M.R. Eighmy, Cooch Mill and Elevator Co., Lincoln; H.E. Schroeder, Muscatine Processing 123. National Soybean Processors Association. 1944. Year Corporation, Muscatine; C.F. Marshall, Allied Mills, Inc., book, 1944-1945 (Association year). Chicago, Illinois. 71 p. Chicago; L.J. Murphy, Allied Mills, Inc., Omaha [Nebraska]; • Summary: Contents: Constitution and by-laws (incl.

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 79 committees, code of ethics). Offi cers, directors and Minnesota (Julius Hendel); Springfi eld, Illinois (Eric Nadel); committees for 1944-45. Membership of the National Cedar Rapids, Iowa (L.O. Hauskins); Fort Dodge, Iowa Soybean Processors Association. Trading rules governing the (H.E. Marxhausen). Central Iowa Bean Mill, Gladbrook, purchase and sale of soybean oil meal. Appendix to trading Iowa. Central Soya Co., Inc., Chicago, Illinois; Gibson rules on soybean oil meal: Offi cial methods of analysis City, Illinois; Decatur, Indiana (3 members). Clinton Co., (moisture, protein, oil, crude fi ber–offi cial). Trading rules Clinton, Iowa (E.W. Myers). Concord Soya Corporation, on soybean oil. Appendix to trading rules on soybean oil: Concord, Michigan (W.C. Whittecar). Dannen Grain & Uniform sales contract, refi ning loss method (cup refi ning Milling Co., St. Joseph, Missouri. Decatur Soy Products test, tentative offi cial centrifugal refi ning test), soybean oil Co., Decatur, Illinois (Jasper Giovanna). Drackett Co. (The), bleach test–refi ned oils, free fatty acids, tentative method of Cincinnati 32, Ohio (Roger Drackett). Elevators & Mills, grading soybean oil for green color, offi cial method for oil Inc., Windfall, Indiana (Mr. June S. Mitchell). Fairfi eld Soy sampling, standard specifi cations for crude soybean oil for Mill, Fairfi eld, Iowa (Jos. Sinaiko). Farmers Cooperative technical uses, moisture and volatile matter (vacuum oven Assn., Ralston, Iowa (Karl Nolin). Farmers Cooperative method, hot plate method), modifi ed Gardner break test, Co., Dike, Iowa (C.M. Gregory). Farmers Cooperative iodine number–Wijs method, unsaponifi able matter, offi cial Elevator, Martelle, Iowa (C.K. Gordon -> H.B. Lovig). chemists and samplers for oil. Fayette Soy Bean Mill, Fayette, Iowa (J.M. Durfey -> W.V. Article IX, Committees, lists and describes each. Clark). Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington, Illinois (H.A. The section titled “Offi cers, directors, and committees” Abbott). Galesburg Soy Products Co., Galesburg, Illinois (p. 13-20) states: President: Edward J. Dies. V.P., Chairman (Max Albert). General Mills, Inc., Vegetable Oil and Protein Executive Committee: E.K. Scheiter. Secretary: C.E. Butler. Div., Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.H. Eastman); Belmond, Treasurer: E.F. Johnson. Ass’t. Treasurer: F.G. Duncanson. Iowa (W.E. Flumerfelt). Glidden Co. (The), Cleveland, Executive Committee: E.K. Scheiter, Chairman, D.J. Ohio (P.E. Sprague); Chicago, Illinois (A.A. Levinson -> Bunnell, C.E. Butler, Edward J. Dies, Jasper Giovanna, S.F. R.R. Stegler). Gooch Milling & Elevator Co., Lincoln, Johnson, Mr. June S. Mitchell, H.R. Scroggs. Nebraska (M.R. Eighmy). Hemphill Soy Products Co., Board of Directors (Term expiring Sept. 1945): C.E. Kennett, Missouri (W.A. Hemphill). Hiawatha Soybean Mill, Butler, H.L. Dannen, Roger Drackett, Howard Kellogg, Jr., Hiawatha, Kansas (A.G. Thomson). Honeymead Products W.H. Knapp, H.R. Scroggs. (Term expiring Sept. 1946): Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa (D.O. Andreas -> Osborn Andreas); H.A. Abbott, D.J. Bunnell, H.E. Carpenter, J.B. DeHaven, Spencer, Iowa (J.M. Wilson -> Steve Burke); Washington, Philip S. Duff, P.M. Jarvis. (Term expiring Sept. 1947): Iowa (Hugo Lensch). Hoosier Soybean Mills, Marion, J.H. Caldwell, Jasper Giovanna, Mr. June S. Mitchell, E.K. Indiana (J.H. Caldwell, Jr.). Huegely Elevator Co., Nashville, Scheiter, H.R. Schulze, P.E. Sprague. Illinois (J.W. Huegely). Hulcher Soy Products, Virden, Standing committees: For each committee, the names Illinois (Norman E. Hulcher). Iowa Soy Co., Redfi eld, Iowa of all members (with the chairman designated), with the (E. Lyster -> H.R. Straight). Kansas Soybean Mills, Inc. company and company address of each are given–Traffi c (The), Emporia, Kansas (Ted W. Lord). Laucks (I.F.), Inc., and transportation. Research. Technical. Soybean grades Portsmouth, Virginia (H.F. Armstrong). Mankato Soybean and contracts. Oil trading rules. Meal trading rules. Soy Products Inc., Mankato, Minnesota (Frank J. Bergman -> fl our. Crop improvement. Soybean research council. Trade W.A. Berge). Marr (Pete) Soybean Mills, Fremont, Nebraska development. Edible soybean. Handwritten on blank facing (Pete Marr). Mellott Grain Co., Mellott, Indiana (Milford pages: Contract. Margarine. Wartime exports (11 March Knowles). Muscatine Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa 1945). Soybean oil meal industry advisory committee. (G.A. Kent). Old Fort Mills, Inc., Marion, Ohio (Ralph Kail). Nominating committee (16 July 1945). Uniform rules and Owensboro Grain Co., Owensboro, Kentucky (William M. standards committee for soybean oil meal (14 Sept. 1945). O’Bryan). Pillsbury Soy Mills, Clinton, Iowa (Raymond C. Urea yield committee (14 Sept. 1945). Ilstrup); Centerville, Iowa (H.R. Schultz). Procter & Gamble The following organizations, and individuals are Distributing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Procter & Gamble, members of NSPA: Albers Milling Co., Seattle, Washington Ivorydale, Ohio (W.H. Knapp). Producers Cooperative (W.P. Kyle). Allied Mills, Inc., Board of Trade Bldg., Oil Mill, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (O.K. Winterringer). Chicago, Illinois (6 members). Archer-Daniels-Midland Quincy Soybean Products Co., Quincy, Illinois (Irving Co., Box 839, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Chicago, Illinois; Rosen). Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri (E.F. Decatur, Illinois; Toledo, Ohio (5 members). Berea Milling Johnson); Kansas City, Missouri (G.H. Banks); Lafayette, Co. (The), Lexington, Ohio. Blanton Mill (The), St. Indiana (Ralph Guenther); Iowa Falls, Iowa (H.N. Johnson); Louis, Missouri. Boone Valley Cooperative, Eagle Grove, Circleville, Ohio (Hal Dean). Shellabarger Soybean Mills, Iowa. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. (The), Cincinnati, Ohio; Decatur, Illinois (W.L. Shellabarger). Simonsen Brothers, Louisville, Kentucky; Memphis, Tennessee. Cairo Meal Quimby, Iowa (W.E. Simonsen). Sioux Soya Co., Sioux & Cake Co., Cairo, Illinois. Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, City, Iowa (H.R. Scroggs). Southern Cotton Oil Co. (The),

Goldsboro, North Carolina (C.S. Ragan); Tarboro, North desirable chemical characteristics were discussed. Carolina (W.A. Moore). Soya Processing Co., Wooster, Ohio “Dr. H.D. Hughes, head of the Iowa State College (H.H. Heeman). Soy Bean Processing Co., Waterloo, Iowa Department of Agronomy, I.J. Johnson of the college (C.E. Butler). Soy-Rich Products, Inc., Wichita, Kansas agronomy staff, and R.R. Kalton of the U.S.D.A. Bureau of (B.S. Brooks). Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Buffalo, New Plant Industry, conducted the soybean tour. York; Chicago, Illinois; Decatur, Illinois; Des Moines, Iowa “The new Lincoln soybean variety, seed for which (Howard Kellogg, Jr.). Staley (A.E.) Mfg. Co., Decatur, was released only to certifi ed growers this year, has been Illinois (E.K. Scheiter); Painesville, Ohio (H.D. Egly -> hybridized with Richland in an experiment at the Agronomy Thomas Longbons). Swift & Co., Chicago, Illinois (P.M. farm in an attempt to improve its lodging resistance. Jarvis). Swift & Company Oil Mill, Cairo, Illinois (W.B. “Other hybridization work on soybeans involves Stone). Swift & Company Soybean Mill, Champaign, Illinois crossing vegetable types with the fi eld type to try to give (N.P. Noble). Swift & Company Soybean Mill, Des Moines, the former the height and yield of the latter. No conclusive Iowa (A.F. Leathers). Swift & Company Soybean Mill, results have been obtained in this experiment to date. Fostoria, Ohio (S.D. Hollett -> H.S. Byrd). Toledo Soybean “Last year an experiment was begun in which hail Products Co., Toledo, Ohio (J.H. Brown). Wells (Ralph) & damage was simulated in soybeans to test its effect on Co., Monmouth, Illinois (Ralph Wells). West Bend Elevator lodging, maturity and yield. Co., West Bend, Iowa (R.W. Jurgens). Western Soybean “Variety yield test plots have been established at Mills, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (E.A. Woodward). Williams Kanawha, Cherokee, Cresco, Hudson and Ottumwa. Milling Co., Sac City, Iowa (Leo W. Williams). “Processors Meet: The Iowa and Western Soybean Organizations represented on committees: American Processors Association met at the Sheldon-Munn Hotel at Soybean Association, Hudson, Iowa (George Strayer, Ames from 10 a.m. to 12 on the same day, holding a round- Howard Roach). Illinois College of Agriculture, Urbana, table discussion of the various problems confronting the Illinois (Dr. W.L. Burlison, J.W. Lloyd). U.S. Regional processing industry. Soybean Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois (Dr. R.T. Milner). “H.N. Johnson, manager of the Ralston Purina Co.’s Handwritten: New members added since publication Iowa Falls, Iowa, processing plant, was in charge of the of the Trading Rules Book–Big 4 Cooperative Processing meeting. As the organization is rotating chairmen with a new Assn., Sheldon, Iowa (Morel M. Stientjes, Mgr., April one at each meeting, Mr. Johnson appointed Clark Cooley, 1945). Delphos Grain & Milling Co., Delphos, Ohio (Floyd Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc., Des Moines, as chairman of E. Hiegel, Pres., Aug. 1945). Haynes Soy Products Inc., the next meeting. Portland, Indiana (W.V. Helfi ker, Offi ce Mgr., May 1945). “After a noon luncheon the group took part in the Field Holland Pioneer Mills Inc., Ohio City, Ohio (G.A. Holland, Day at the college.” Pres., March 1945). Jamesville Mills, Inc., Jamesville, A photo shows a group of men in white hats and white Wisconsin (A. Roger Hook, Mgr., Oct. 1945). Kansas Soya shirts standing in a fi eld of soybeans: “One of three groups at Products Inc. (The), Kansas City, Kansas (Richard Lord, V.P. the Iowa State College Agronomy Field Day September 16. & Treas., Oct. 1943). North Iowa Cooperative Processing I.J. Johnson discusses the objectives of the soybean breeding Association, Manly, Iowa (Glenn Pogeler, Mgr., Nov. 1944). program.” Honeymead plant in Spencer, Iowa, bought Doughboy Mills, Inc., New Richmond, Wisconsin (4 Dec. 1945). Washington 125. Markley, Klare S.; Goss, Warren H. 1944. Soybean Soy Mill: Name changed by Joe Sinaiko from Honeymead’s chemistry and technology (Continued–Document part II). plant in Washington, Iowa (19 Dec. 1945). Brooklyn, New York: Chemical Publishing Co. vii + 261 Note: This is the earliest document seen (March 2008) p. Foreword by Edward Jerome Dies, President, Soybean that uses the name “North Iowa Cooperative Processing Nutritional Research Council. [684 ref] Association.” The word “Cooperative” is spelled without a • Summary: (Continued): Page 207-216: Table 20: Soybean hyphen. Address: 3818 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 4, processing [crushing] mills in the United States. These Illinois. mills are divided into 3 types: (1) Mills specializing in soybeans (p. 207-10; 73 such mills). (2) Soybean mills 124. Soybean Digest. 1944. Agronomy fi eld day at Ames. under construction or contemplated (p. 210-11; 39 such Oct. p. 8. mills). (3) Temporary and part time soybean mills (p. 211- • Summary: “Visitors at Agronomy Field Day at Iowa State 16; 222 such mills). Solvent extraction plants in group 1 are College, Ames, September 16, were taken on a conducted designated with an asterisk (*). These mills are organized tour of the corn and soybean test plots. The groups were in a 3-column table: alphabetically by state, and with each shown demonstration material consisting of about 40 state alphabetically by city, and with each city, alphabetically varieties of soybeans grown throughout the Central region. by company name. Here we will list only type 1, “Mills Yield, lodging resistance, plant height, seed quality and specializing in soybeans.”

“Arkansas: West Memphis: Arkansas Mills, Inc. (S). (S). Painesville: A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company (L). Wilson: Wilson Seed and Feed Company (S). Toledo: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (L). Toledo: “California: Oakland: Albers Brothers Milling Company Toledo Soybean Products Company (M). Wooster: Soya (S). Processing Company (M). “Illinois: Bloomington: Funk Brothers Seed Company “Pennsylvania: Jersey Shore: Pennsylvania Soy Bean (M). Cairo: Swift and Company (M). Champaign: Swift and Cooperative Association (S). Company (L) Chicago: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company Tennessee: Memphis: Buckeye Cotton Oil Company (M)* Chicago: The Glidden Company (L)*. Chicago: Norris (M). Grain Company (S). Chicago: Spencer Kellogg and Sons (L). Virginia: Norfolk: Davis Milling Company (S). Decatur: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (L)*. Decatur: Portsmouth: Allied Mills, Inc. (M). Portsmouth: I.F. Laucks, Decatur Soy Products Company (M). Decatur: Spencer Inc. (S). Kellogg and Sons (L). Decatur: A.E. Staley Manufacturing “Wisconsin: Milwaukee: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (L). Galesburg: Galesburg Soya Products Company (M).” Address: 1. Principal Chemist, Southern Company (M). Gibson City: Central Soya Company, Inc. Regional Research Lab., New Orleans; Northern Regional (L). Monmouth: Ralph Wells and Company (S). Peoria: Research Lab.; 2. Senior Chemical Engineer, Northern Allied Mills, Inc. (L). Quincy: Quincy Soybean Products Regional Research Lab., Peoria, Illinois. Company (M). Springfi eld: Illinois Soy Products Company (M). Taylorville: Allied Mills, Inc. (M). 126. Bunnell, D.J. 1945. Birth and development of a new “Indiana: Decatur: Central Soya Company, Inc. (L)*. industry. Soybean Digest. March. p. 8-10. Indianapolis: Evans Milling Company (M). Lafayette: • Summary: European companies pioneered the manufacture Ralston Purina Company (M). Marion: Hoosier Soybean of solvent extraction plants for soybeans. In the mid-1930s, Mills, Inc. (M). Mellott: Knowles and Sons, Processors (S). the fi rst complete plants of this type were imported to Windfall: Elevators and Mills, Inc. (S). the USA from Germany. It took only a few years for the “Iowa: Cedar Rapids: Honeymead Products Company U.S. soybean processing industry to recognize the basic (M)*. Cedar Rapids: Iowa Milling Company (M). advantages of the solvent extraction process. Today solvent Centerville: Standard Soybean Mills (M). Clinton: Clinton extraction equipment comprises about 22% of U.S. soybean Company (M)*. Des Moines: Spencer Kellogg and Sons processing capacity. (M). Des Moines: Swift and Company (M). Fayette: Wilbur In 1934, Central Soya Company started with six Bell, Inc. (S). Fort Dodge: Plymouth Processing Mills (M). expellers which had a capacity of 2,400 bushels per day. In Gladbrook: Central Iowa Soybean Mill (S). Iowa Falls: 1937, we imported from Germany an extraction unit having Ralston Purina Company (M). Quimby: Simonsen Soybean a capacity of 9,000 bushels per day. By this time we had also Mill (M). Sioux City: Sioux Soya Company (S). Waterloo: added four expellers to the original six. Our operation was Soy Bean Processing Company (M). carried on at one location, namely, Decatur, Indiana. Today Kansas: Emporia: Kansas Soy Bean Mills, Inc. (M). we have three plants; one in Illinois, the original, one in “Kentucky: Henderson: Ohio Valley Soy Bean Indiana, and one in Ohio. We are operating 38 expellers; the Cooperative Association (M). Louisville: Buckeye Cotton extraction unit has been improved and its capacity increased Oil Company (L)*. Owensboro: Owensboro Grain Company until now our company has a total daily crushing capacity (S). of 44,000 bushels per day. This is a growth of about 1,800 “Michigan: Dearborn: Ford Motor Company (M)*. percent in one decade.” Milan: Ford Motor Company (S)*. Saline: Ford Motor Note: This is the earliest document seen (Jan. 2009) Company (S)*. concerning soybean crushing statistics in the United States. Minnesota: Mankato: Mankato Soya Products Company “The reasons for the many interests to enter the fi eld (S). Minneapolis: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company (S). of soybean processing were divergent in accordance with “Missouri: Galesburg: Spring River Mill (S). St. Joseph: the special activities of these fi rms. Old, oil seed processors Dannen Mills (M). St. Louis: Ralston Purina Company (M). who dominated the technical [industrial] oil fi eld–such as Fremont: Pete Marr Soybean Processing Company (S). Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. and Spencer Kellogg & Sons– Omaha: Allied Mills, Inc. (M). approached soybeans to round out their complete line of “New York: Buffalo: Spencer Kellogg and Sons (M). technical oils. Another group which included Central Soya Oswego: Oswego Soybean Products Corporation (M). Company, Ralston Purina and Allied Mills had faith in soy “Ohio: Cincinnati: Drackett Company (M)*. Circleville: protein as an important ingredient to round out their mixed John W. Eshelman and Sons (M). Circleville: Ralston feed manufacturing operations. A third group was made up of Purina Company (M). Fostoria: Swift and Company (M). edible oil refi ners and included A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., Swift Lexington: Berea Milling Company (M). Marion: Old Fort & Co., Procter & Gamble, and Durkee Famous Foods, all of Mills, Inc. (M). New Washington: Ohio Soya Company whom led the research which opened new uses for soybean

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 82 oil for edible purposes. Louis. At a time when southern labor could be hired at 20 “The last important group to have entered the soybean cents an hour this was not so serious a problem as now when fi eld have been large fl our millers such as General Mills and labor costs 45 to 55 cents an hour.” Pillsbury Flour Mills who were drawn to soybeans now that soy fl our is being accepted more generally by the bakery 128. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. trade. Success in such a short period of time can be attributed Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. to the fact that laboratory research was conducted from so Manufacturer’s Address: Kansas City, Missouri. many different viewpoints at the same time.” Date of Introduction: 1945 June. The more that soybean processors got to know the Ingredients: Soybeans. soybean, the more products they realized could be made New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest. 1945. from it: lecithin for many uses; soy fl our for bakers, the “Purina opens new plant at Kansas City” [Missouri]. June. candy trade, meat packers, U.S. retail stores, and Lend-Lease p. 14. “A new soybean processing plant with four super- overseas. In short, companies began to diversify. “Staley, expellers having an annual capacity of 1,000,000 bushels originally oil refi ners and corn processors, advertises soy opened June 1 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the fi fth soybean fl our in your New York subways. Archer-Daniels and The plant of Purina Mills...” Glidden Co. fi nd themselves in the mixed feed business, Soybean Digest. 1946. Sept. p. 12. “Ralston Purina while Spencer Kellogg, technical oil specialists, now Company’s 5 soybean processing plants or cash markets for distribute shortening to the bakery trade. These are but a soybean growers.” One of the fi ve plants is in Kansas City, few examples of the different avenues into which soybean Missouri. processors have been led.” Photos show: (1) Portrait of D.J. Bunnell. (2) Indiana 129. Soybean Digest. 1945. Purina opens new plant at Farm Bureau Cooperative Association extraction plant Kansas City [Missouri]. June. p. 14. at Danville, Indiana, constructed during 1944 in a large • Summary: “A new soybean processing plant with four Quonset hut. Address: Until recently vice president of super-expellers having an annual capacity of 1,000,000 Central Soya, Inc. bushels opened June 1 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the fi fth soybean plant of Purina Mills... 127. Soybean Digest. 1945. Ralston Purina sells Osceola, “John C. Skaggs, manager of Purina’s Kansas City Ark., plant. Developed Ralsoy strain. May. p. 7. operations, William H. Kamp, superintendent, and Hartzell • Summary: “The cottonseed processing mill and S. Banks [sic, George Heartsill Banks] supervisor of soybean dehydrating plant of the Ralston Purina Co., at Osceola, operations, are in charge of the new plant which is the fi fth Arkansas, has been sold to Lee Wilson & Co., of Wilson soybean unit for Purina... Arkansas, at a sale price of $175,000, it is announced by E.F. “To stimulate soybean acreage, approximately 15,000 Johnson, manager of the soybean and oil meal division of the bushels of adapted high-yielding seed varieties have been Purina Co. It is understood that Wilson & Co., will continue distributed by Purina through county agents and other operating the Osceola mill. agricultural agencies to farmers in western Missouri and “Ralston Purina Co. purchased the plant 10 years northeast Kansas.” ago with the plan of developing it into a major soybean processing location. Realizing that no processing plant can 130. Johnson, E.F. “Soybean”. 1945. Soybeans in the operate unless the farmers in the area can produce the needed postwar world. Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 19, 20, 31. raw material at a profi t, the fi rm spent between $10,000 and • Summary: Editor’s introduction: “Whither the miracle $15,000 in research and experimental work.” bean? A thousand and one factors, from the tariff to the G.H. Banks, who was manager of the Arkansas plant acreage of King Cotton, bear on the answer to that question. until his recent transfer to take charge of the fi rm’s new The author, one of the most experienced men in the soybean processing plant at Kansas City, Missouri, “developed the industry–he has been associated with it as grower or Ralsoy strain which, in addition to outyielding the parent processor, since 1911–leads off with a highly stimulating stock some 4 to 6 bushels to the acre, showed an oil content discussion.” around 19 percent as compared to 16 to 17 percent for the “Since I am not a prophet, not endowed with any Arksoy. peculiar visionary aptitude, my acceptance of assignment, “However, after four or fi ve years of crushing soybeans ‘Soybeans in the Postwar World’, must come under the old at Osceola failure to show profi ts resulted in a careful adage–’Fools rush in where angels fear to tread!’ Such a analysis of the whole operation. It was discovered that status naturally gives me unlimited rights in selecting the it required from eight to 10 times as much manpower to method of treatment of the subject. produce a ton of soybean oil meal at the fi rm’s Osceola “Rather than be guilty of the error of many hydraulic plant as compared with its expeller plant at St. prognosticators in trying to convince the audience (readers

determine the price the grower will receive for the soybeans he grows. With this brief review of our basic economics, we can now consider some of the uncertain factors that will determine the place of soybeans in postwar era. “Governmental Regulations: An emergency factor that nullifi es many of the basic economic infl uences, is governmental control of all oilseeds and a law requiring the government to guarantee 90 percent of parity prices for a 2 year period following termination of war with Japan. During this 2 year period the future of soybeans through subsidy to growers and others, might easily be expanded to a pinnacle of mythical size that would collapse like the well known bubble. On the other hand, soybean utilization might suffer untold damage by drastic penny-pinching whims. The parity price, or any governmental price established, is by itself of little importance. The issue becomes, ‘What is the relationship of any such established price to prices of other farm commodities?’ The net return per acre as compared to that of other crops will determine the acreage of soybeans, not only in the 2-year postwar era, but always. If ceiling and fl oor prices are continued on soybean products their in this case) of the logic of their deductions, I prefer to cite relationship to prices of all other similar products is the as completely as time and space will permit, the factors that issue. Many of us doubt if a correct relationship between will in the end determine the place of soybeans in any era. such commodities can ever be determined without the In such an approach a few fundamental questions must be constant aid of free and unhampered markets and a return of considered: (1) Why do farmers grow soybeans? (2) Why normal distribution methods. are plants built for processing soybeans and soybean oil? “Reciprocal Trade Agreements: The new reciprocal trade (3) Why do consumers buy soybean products? A correct agreement gives the president power to reduce the existing and complete analysis of these three questions will give duties of vegetable oils and meals by 50 percent. The story any analyst the answer to the major issue, ‘Soybeans in the of the growth of soybeans in the U. S. has many chapters Postwar World.’ dealing with the serious threat of cheap foreign, oils and “In spite of all camoufl age as to why people do things; meals. Older members of the American Soybean Association why laborers work in a mill, why farmers plow fi elds, why are only too well aware of the battle of existence resulting money is invested in enterprise, why soybean oil meal is fed from the fl ood of these products. A 50 percent reduction in in place of something else, the fi nal answer in the end always duties and tariffs on foreign vegetable oils and meals could pivots around ‘money’, or in a nicer phrase we all like reduce the present 200 million bushel yearly crop to a few better, ‘profi t’. Some would interpret this as ‘better living million and bankrupt every processing plant in the U.S. Will standards’, ‘higher plane of civilization’, or even ‘better efforts to appease political relationship with neighboring world conditions’. Regardless of what you call it, all are nations sacrifi ce the soybean grower and industry? thinking of money to be received, or profi t. “Competitive Crops: The major competitor of soybeans “Price of Soybeans: The price of soybeans is the major is King Cotton. Many proposals are under consideration for a issue. To the grower the price of soybeans means price solution of the cotton problem, and although these proposals per bushel, times bushels per acre, less cost of producing, differ widely, they are all predicted on a drastic reduction plus any benefi cial soil effects. To the processor the price of cotton acreage. Such a reduction will naturally reduce of soybeans means what he can afford to pay for a bushel supplies of cottonseed oil and meal thereby increasing the of soybeans. This price will always be the value of the outlet and demand for soybean oil and oil meal. Will the products produced, less the cost of producing and marketing South replace much of this cotton acreage with soybeans and these products, less a reasonable profi t. To the consumer by so doing actually increase the total supply of vegetable oil of soybean products the price of soybeans means what he and vegetable oil meals? is willing to pay for these commodities as compared to the “Better Livestock Feeding: Some energetic and possibly cost of similar competitive products. Strange as it may seem, ambitious animal nutrition expert has worked out data but in a free economy the last fi ve words in the preceding to prove that if all livestock and poultry were fed correct sentence determine price per bushel of soybeans. In other rations, it would require eight or ten times as much total words, ‘Cost of similar competitive products’ will in the end protein as is used today.

“There can be no question but that conditions the past 3 132. Soybean Digest. 1945. Quarter century with Purina Co. years have developed much improved feeding of livestock Oct. p. 23. and poultry. Will that improvement continue? Will we hold • Summary: “Donald Danforth, president of the Ralston gains already made if prices drop to even favorable pre-war Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., marked his 25th anniversary with levels? “Personally, the question perplexes me. Everything I read proves that a balanced ration–one with all the required protein–results not only in cheaper gains or production, but invariably these cheaper gains are the direct result of consuming less total feed. So I am bothered–if everybody incur the wrath of every livestock lover in the nation. “Plastic, glues, synthetic rubber–these products represent another very diffi cult group of compounds as these would replace wood, natural rubber, steel and other metals. The possibilities are there. But can soybean products be produced at a competitive cost? “Constant improvement takes place in equipment and methods for removing the oil from soybeans as well as in the preparation of fi nal products. These costs are already very low, so low that even a 50 percent saving would make only a few cents per bushel change in the price of soybeans. War time stimulation has expanded the soybean crushing industry beyond a probably stable soybean production. “This is some of the evidence. Much more could be added and some of the above expanded. Each of you may add your bit to the above and answer the major question. the company recently. As you weigh each particle of evidence you will gradually “Danforth is a secretary of the American Youth become more and more thankful that the American Soybean Foundation, secretary-treasurer of the Danforth Foundation, Association is on hand to constantly watch and direct a trustee of Princeton University and Berea (Ky.) College, these new developments and keep you advised through the a member of the board of governors of the Automobile Soybean Digest. From the processors I bring you a sincere Club of Missouri, and director of the St. Louis Chamber of request that you always remember that we only exist because Commerce, Y.M.C.A., and the First Bank of East Prairie, you soybean growers made our existence necessary.” Missouri. A large portrait photo (p. 20) shows ‘Soybean’ Johnson. A large portrait photo shows Donald Danforth. Address: Manager, Soybean and Oil Meal Div., Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. 133. Massey, George F. 1945. Contribution of power machinery. Soybean Digest. Nov. p. 18-19. 131. Purina Mills. 1945. Right on the buckle of the Soybean • Summary: Today only one-fi fth as much labor is required Belt! (Ad). Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 87. to produce a bushel of soybeans as was required in 1920, • Summary: See next page. A full-page ad. “Purina Mills thanks to ever-improving farm machines–especially the now has 5 soybean processing plants or cash markets for combine, which resulted from the marriage of the grain soybean growers. With the addition of its Kansas City harvester and the grain thresher. “It was fortunate for the plant this year, Purina Mills provides another in a chain of American soybean industry that the combination of the grain strategically located markets for you soybean growers.” harvester and thresher into one fi eld-operating unit, known These plants are located at: Iowa Falls, Iowa; Circleville, as the combine, came along when it did. Without such a Ohio; Lafayette, Indiana; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, machine the soybean could never have advanced by such Missouri. “Buy the feeds that use the soybean. Buy Purina leaps and bounds into the very middle of our agricultural Chows.” Illustrations show: (1) A belt with buckle wrapped picture.” around a white outline map of the United States. The belt “Certainly the soybean belt could never have been is made of soybeans and a sort of display screen in the served by the combine without the tractor. Now the self- buckle shows the location of the 5 Purina Mills soybean propelled combine, in all its up-to-date array of rubber tires crushing plants. (2) An open bag of Purina Chows, with a and expert design, has entered the scene and, with the war checkerboard design on it. behind us, will effect even larger economies with adequate factory production.

“Essentially it is a one-man outfi t built around a tractor. Chicago, will become executive secretary November 1. It short-cuts the whole harvesting operation. Many soybean Mr. Dies has been head of the two organizations for growers hail it and are eager to use it when the time comes, nearly 10 years. During that decade “the soybean industry perhaps a season or so after V-J Day.” has risen from a 30 million dollar a year business to a 500 G. Heartsill Banks was the fi rst American to demonstrate million dollar a year business. Members of the National that the narrow-row method of planting and cultivating Soybean Processors Association represent 95 percent of soybeans had great merit. He did this in about 1915 at the total regular soybean processing capacity, and range Colton College, a few miles outside Memphis, Tennessee, from various small cooperative units to some of the planting the soybeans in rows 16 inches apart. Today Banks largest corporations in their respective fi elds. The Soy is superintendent of the new Ralston-Purina soybean mill in Flour Association represents more than 90 percent of total Kansas City, Missouri. production.” Offi cers point with pride to the fact that under the 134. Purina Mills. 1945. You know what these are! But what leadership of Mr. Dies there has never been confl ict with is this? (Ad). Soybean Digest. Nov. p. 29. any government agency, “and relations have been uniformly • Summary: A half-page ad. At the end of the sentence “You harmonious with competitive industries despite the great know what these are!” are two bold black arrows pointing to expansion of the soybean industry. The same industry an illustration of a group of 8 soybeans. Below this sentence policies, it was stated, will be retained.” in small print: “They’re beans from the plant the Chinese call ‘little honorable plant.’ Sure, the rich, tremendously valuable 136. Soybean Digest. 1945. “Soybean” Johnson leaves and important Soybean!” Purina Co. Dec. p. 24. At the end of the sentence “But what is this?” are two • Summary: “E.F. (Soybean) Johnson, manager of the more bold black arrows pointing to an abstract illustration soybean and oil meal division of Ralston Purina Co., St. of a soybean crushing mill. Below this in small print: “It’s Louis, and one of the old-timers in the soybean business, the new Purina Mills Soybean processing plant at Kansas resigned Nov. 9. He has been succeeded by Donald B. City–the 5th in the chain of Purina plants spotted around the Walker, former manager of Ralston Purina soybean plants at soy belt at St. Louis, Missouri; Circleville, Ohio; Lafayette, Circleville, Ohio and Iowa Falls, Iowa, and for the past two Indiana; Iowa Falls, Iowa; and, now, Kansas City, Missouri. years grain buyers for Purina Mills at St. Louis. Five strategically located cash markets for soybean farmers. “’Soybean’ has announced no plans for the present A third, long, wide black arrow, on which is written beyond a long vacation, the fi rst in 41 years.” A photo shows (in white) “and this” points to an illustration of bag of E.F. Johnson. Purina Chows, with a checkerboard design on it. Below this lower wide arrow, in small print, we read: “That’s easy. Of 137. Soybean Digest. 1946. Purina Mills’ new Kansas City course, it’s that famous Purina Checkerboard bag–symbol of unit. Jan. p. 28. Purina’s feed-making reputation built in a half century in the • Summary: The new soybean processing unit, added to business.” the Kansas City, Missouri, plant of Purina Mills, started Below the bag, in the lower right corner of the ad is a operation on 27 May 1945. It has been working 7 days a bold black box, inside of which is written: “Soybean growers week, 24 hours a day. The new unit employs the latest cooker know when they feed their livestock or poultry good Purina type expellers made by the French Oil Mill Machinery Chows they’re using a feed that uses the product they raise. Co. Approximately 1,000 bushels of soybeans are handled They know, too, that the feed in the Checkerboard bag is through each expeller per day. Photos show the outside always top quality.” and inside of the mill. On the outside, in huge letters inside a checkerboard outline, is written “Purina Mills. Purina 135. Soybean Digest. 1945. Dies to head processor, soy fl our Chows. Horses. Cows. Hogs. Poultry. Checkerboard bags.” boards. Nov. p. 32-33. • Summary: “Edward J. Dies, Chicago [Illinois], was elected 138. Soybean Digest. 1946. “Meet me in St. Louis.” At chairman of the board of the National Soybean Processors ASA’s 26th annual convention, Aug. 29-31. July. p. 8-10. Association at a recent meeting of the directors and will • Summary: The American Soybean Association’s 26th represent the industry in Washington [DC]. He is succeeded Annual Convention will be held on August 29-31 in St. as president of the Association by his assistant, R.G. Louis, Missouri, at the Hotel Jefferson. The theme: Industrial Houghtlin, formerly of Ralston Purina Co. utilization of soybeans. The preliminary program is shown “Mr. Dies has also been elected chairman of the board on p. 10. of the Soy Flour Association for which he will likewise “Convention visitors who make the trip Aug. 31 to continue to direct policy. R.G. Brierley, Minneapolis the Ralston Purina Co., research farm near Gray Summit, [Minnesota], will succeed him as president, and A.E. Leger, Missouri, will fi nd a 712-acre place conducted like any

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 87 modern American farm. business down near the riverfront in St. Louis whose main “The farm and laboratories are staffed by almost 200 product was a horse and mule feed sold locally. Even scientifi cally trained and practical research workers... Over though the company was small and had limited resources, 3,000 head of livestock and 45,000 poultry are handled its founder, William H. Danforth, was a man of boundless annually. vision, courage, and ability. From this small company has “The Ralston Purina Co. was founded in 1893 by Wm. grown the Ralston Purina Company, which is today one of H. Danforth. Chief product at fi rst was horse and mule feed. the largest producers of commercial feeds.” Note: This is the The research farm was set up 20 years ago to test under only document seen which implies that Ralston Purina was actual farm conditions all ingredients and formulas for a established in 1893. business that was then rapidly expanding to serve all parts of “In 1926, a research farm was set up for proving the nation.” and testing, under actual farm conditions, all ingredients “Realizing the value of soybean oil meal, the Ralston in laboratory-developed formulas. This Research Farm Purina Co. established one of fi rst soybean processing consisting of 712 acres, is located near Gray Summit, plants in the United States at Lafayette, Indiana. A little Missouri...” 43 miles southwest of St. Louis. later a processing unit was installed at the St. Louis “The Purina Research Farm has pioneered in the plant. Following these two, a processing unit was built at development and use of many new ingredients used in Circleville, Ohio, which was the fi rst soybean processing commercial feeds... Purina research work with soybean oil plant in Ohio. In 1942, a processing plant was built at Iowa [meal] dates back to when this meal had to be imported from Falls, Iowa and in 1944, a unit installed at Kansas City” Manchuria. The few soybeans grown in the United States [Missouri]. at that time were for feed. When the value of soybean oil A large aerial photo shows the 712-acre Ralston Purina meal was proven, the company began to establish soybean Co. research farm at Gray Summit, Missouri. processing plants in different sections of the United States. Today, Purina has fi ve soybean processing plants and yet 139. Ralston Purina Co. 1946. Ralston Purina Company’s these plants are able to produce only approximately one half 5 soybean processing plants or cash markets for soybean the soybean meal needed, which means that much of the growers (Ad). Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 12. meal used must be purchased from other processors. • Summary: A full page ad. The 5 processing plants are “Almost in every place where Purina established a in: St. Louis, Missouri; Kansas City, Missouri; Lafayette, soybean crushing plant, the crushing capacity at the time far Indiana; Iowa Falls, Iowa; and Circleville, Ohio. exceeded the supply of soybeans in the immediate territory. An isolated photo shows each of the fi ve mills. Across However, as soon as the plants were built, soybean acreage the bottom of the ad: “Buy the feeds that use the soybean. increased rapidly in the vicinity as farmers had a ready Buy Purina Chows.” An illustration shows an opened sack of market for their crops.” “Purina Chows” with a checkerboard pattern on it. Photos show an aerial view of the research farm, a portrait of William H. Danforth, founder of Ralston Purina 140. Soybean Digest. 1946. Heartsill Banks goes to Korea. Company, and various parts of the farm. Sept. p. 78. Note: By 1934-1936 soybean meal made by Ralston • Summary: “Heartsill Banks, for the past 2 years manager Purina Co. was fi rst used in the company’s feeds. of the soybean division for the Kansas City [Missouri] plant of Ralston Purina Co., has resigned to accept a position in 142. Ralston Purina Company. 1946. Annual report. St. charge of rice experimentation and breeding work for the Louis 2, Missouri. 12 p. War Department in the American occupied territory in Korea. • Summary: Although the Ralston Purina Co. was founded Mr. Banks embarked for Korea September 3. He will be in 1898, this is the earliest annual report owned by the stationed at Seoul.” company’s library (as of Nov. 1998). “Mr. Banks has been well known in the soybean industry Contents: Plants of the Ralston Purina Company (shown for many years. Prior to his assignment in Kansas City, he on a map of the United States and Canada). President’s letter was in charge of agronomy operations for Ralston Purina at to the stockholders, from Donald Danforth, dated 20 Dec. Osceola, Arkansas. He was instrumental in developing the 1946. Ralston Purina Company and domestic subsidiaries Ralsoy” soybean variety. consolidated statement of profi t and loss: Year ended Sept. A photo shows Mr. Banks. 30, 1946. Ralston Purina Company and domestic subsidiaries balance sheet as of Sept. 30, 1946 (2 pages). Notes to 141. McIntosh, Otis. 1946. Purina Research Farm. fi nancial statements. Accountant’s report, by Peat, Marwick, Chemurgic Digest. Oct. 31. p. 347-49. Mitchell & Co., Certifi ed Public Accountants, St. Louis, • Summary: “In 1893 when the country was traveling on Missouri, dated 6 Dec. 1946. bicycles and four-legged horsepower, there was a little Products of the Ralston Purina Company: Ralston

Cereals (Ralston wheat cereal, Instant Ralston for quick equipment, processing capacity, and storage capacity. cooking, Shredded Ralston, Bite size ready-to-eat, Ry- “Information was obtained through questionnaires sent Krisp whole rye wafers); Purina Chows–Balanced rations directly to the processing companies. for livestock and poultry (for chickens, turkeys, ducks, Arkansas–Blytheville: Swift & Co. Little Rock: Rose dairy cows, calves, beef cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, dogs, City Cotton Oil Mill. West Memphis: Arkansas Mills. rabbits, laboratory and fur animals). A personal message to California–Fresno: Oil Seed Products Co. Oakland: stockholders from the chairman of the board of directors, Albers Milling Co. by William H. Danforth.” Illustrations show of a bag of Illinois–Alhambra: Alhambra Grain & Feed Co. Purina Chows and a box of Ralston Cereals, each with the Bloomington: Funk Bros. Seed Co. Cairo: Cairo Meal and checkerboard design. Cake Milling Co. Cairo: Swift & Co. Champaign: Swift The company has 29 plants in the USA–stretching from & Co. Chicago: Allied Mills, Inc. Chicago: Central Soya coast to coast, and from Houston, Texas, to Minneapolis Co., Inc. Chicago: The Glidden Co. Chicago: Spencer [Minnesota]–plus one in Montreal, Canada. In St. Louis Kellogg & Sons. Chicago: Swift & Co. Decatur: Decatur is the Purina Research Farm, a plant, and the company’s Soy Products. Decatur: Spencer Kellogg & Sons. Decatur: general offi ces. The lifting of government controls and A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Galesburg: Galesburg Soy Products restrictions provides great challenges and opportunities for Co. Gibson City: McMillen Feed Mills. Kankakee: Bordens the company. Soy Bean Products Co. Mascoutah: Ph.H. Postel Milling Co. For the fi scal year ended 30 Sept. 1946, net sales were Monmouth: Ralph Wells & Co. Nashville: Huegely Elevator $160.2 million, net income was $161.4 million, and net profi t Co. Pana: Shellabarger Soybean Mills. Peoria: Allied Mills, was $4.053 million. Total current assets are $35.5 million. Inc. Quincy: Quincy Soybean Products Co. Roanoke: Eureka William Henry Danforth, born in 1870 and now age Milling Co. Rock Falls: Sterling Soybean Co. Springfi eld: 76, was the founder of Ralston Purina Co. His plan of four- Cargill, Inc. Taylorville: Allied Mills, Inc. Virden: Hulcher fold personal development, became the company’s famous Soya Products. checkerboard logo. His “Personal Message to Stockholders” Indiana–Bunker Hill: Ladd Soya Co. Danville: states: “While this is a fi nancial statement, it must be evident Hendricks County Farm Bureau Co-op. Assn. Decatur: to all that there is far more to a successful company than Central Soya Co. Ft. Wayne: Central Soya Co. Frankfort: merely dollars and cents. Since I have been active in our Swift & Co. Lafayette: Ralston Purina Co. Marion: Hoosier company from it’s founding, I would like the privilege of Soybean Mills. Portland: Haynes Soy Products. Rushville: adding a very personal word to this report. Rush County Farm Bureau Co-op. Assn. “Our company stands Foursquare before the world Iowa–Belmond: General Mills, Inc., Chemical Div. represented by our famous Checker trademark. Cedar Rapids: Cargill, Inc. Centerville: Pillsbury Mills, “Our people stand Foursquare. They are physically Inc. Clinton: Pillsbury Mills, Inc. Des Moines: Spencer strong, mentally alert, socially adjusted to their fellow men, Kellogg & Sons, Inc. Des Moines: Swift & Co. Dike: and grounded in character, honesty and religion. Farmers Cooperative Co. Dubuque: E.E. Frith Co. Eagle “Our products stand Foursquare, and return full value Grove: Boone Valley Cooperative Processing Assn. Fairfi eld: to those who purchase them. Our cereals–Ralston, Shredded Doughboy Industries. Fort Dodge: Borden’s Soybean Ralston and Ry-Krisp–add to the good health of our nation. Processing Co. Fort Dodge: Cargill, Inc. Gladbrook: Farming has been raised to a higher and more profi table level Central Iowa Bean Mill. Hubbard: Hubbard Soybean Mill, because of results from the use of our Purina Chows and Inc. Iowa Falls: Ralston Purina Co. Manly: North Iowa Purina Sanitation Products. You can use and boost our whole Cooperative Processing Assn. Marshalltown: Marshall Mills, line with confi dence–and as a stockholder like you should. Inc. Martelle: Farmers Cooperative Elevator. Muscatine: “A message like this at the end of a fi nancial statement Hawkeye Soy Products. Muscatine: Muscatine Processing may be a bit unusual, but I wanted to say to you in a personal Corp. Plainfi eld: Roach Soybean Mills. Quimby: Simonsen way that with superior products, with right living and high Mill–Rendering Plant. Ralston: Farmers Cooperative Assn. ideals, we can have confi dence in the days ahead. Redfi eld: Iowa Soya Co. Sac City: Williams Milling Co. “My appreciation goes to our Purina Family, both Sheldon: Big 4 Cooperative Processing Assn. Sioux City: employees and stockholders, for service well done. Daringly Sioux Soya Co. Spencer: Cargill, Inc. Washington: Cargill, yours, William H. Danforth.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Inc. Waterloo: Borden’s Soy Bean Processing Co. West Bend: West Bend Elevator Co. 143. Soybean Blue Book. 1947. Processors of soybeans [USA Kansas: Coffeeville [Coffeyville]: Consumers and Canada]. p. 44-64. Cooperative Assn. Soybean Mill. Emporia: Kansas Soybean • Summary: Processors are listed by state (alphabetically), Mills, Inc. Girard: Farmers Union Jobbing Assn. Hiawatha: and within each state alphabetically by city. For each fi rm Thomson Soy Mill. Kansas City: Kansas Soya Products Inc. is given the offi cers, brand names, type of processing Wichita: Soy-Rich Products, Inc.

Kentucky–Henderson: Ohio Valley Soybean as manager of the oilseeds and oil meals departments... Cooperative. Louisville: Buckeye Cotton Oil. Co. Johnson’s work in Arkansas where he developed the Ralsoy Owensboro: Owensboro Grain Co. variety, will be remembered–it completely changed the Louisiana–Alexandria: Red River Cotton Oil Co. soybean outlook there... ‘Soybean’ is a graduate of Indiana Michigan–Concord: Concord Soya Corp. Saline: University and holds BS and MS degrees from Purdue... He Soybrands, Inc. was formerly in charge of soybean operations for Ralston Minnesota–Mankato: Mankato Soybean Products, Inc. Purina Co., at St. Louis.” A photo shows Johnson. Minneapolis: Archer Daniels Midland Co. Minneapolis: Cargill, Inc. Minneapolis: General Mills, Inc. Minneapolis: 145. Kimbrough, Mary. 1947. 10,000 witness gay pageantry Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. Preston: Hubbard Milling Co. at veiled prophet ball: another rich chapter in St Louis Missouri–Kansas City: Ralston Purina Co. Kennett: history. St. Louis Star and Times (St. Louis, Missouri). Oct. Hemphill Soy Products Co. Mexico: M.F.A. Cooperative 9. p. 22. Grain & Feed Co. St. Joseph: Dannen Grain & Milling Co. • Summary: The veiled prophet queen is Dorothy Claggett St. Louis: Blanton Mill, Inc. St. Louis: Ralston Purina Co. Danforth. “Chosen by His Mysterious Majesty, the Veiled Trenton: Central Farm Products Co. Prophet, as ‘the fairest maid of his beloved city, Miss Nebraska–Fremont: Fremont Cake & Meal Co. Lincoln: Dorothy Claggett Danforth today reigns as St. Louis’ new Gooch Milling & Elevator Co. Omaha: Allied Mills, Inc. Queen of Love and Beauty.” New York–Buffalo: Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. Her paternal grandfather, William Henry Danforth, Oswego: Oswego Soy Products Corp. “launched the now nationally-known Ralston Purina Co. North Carolina–Clayton: Central Oil & Milling Co. in 1893 at the age of 22, just one year after his graduation Farmville: Farmville Oil & Fertilizer Co. Hartford: Southern from Washington University with a degree in mechanical Cotton Oil Co. New Bern: New Bern Oil & Fertilizer Co. engineering. North Dakota–Grand Forks: North Dakota Mill & “After serving as the president of the company for 36 Elevator. years, the elder Danforth relinquished that post in 1932 to his Ohio–Bellevue–Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. son Donald, father of Queen Dorothy, who then was 12 years Circleville: John W. Eshelman & Sons. Circleville: Ralston out of Princeton University...” Address: Star-Times Women’s Purina Co. Cortland: Richards Milling Co. Delphos: Delphos Editor. Grain & Milling Co. Fostoria: Swift & Co. Lexington: Lexington Soy Products Co. Marion: McMillen Feed Mills, 146. Soybean Digest. 1947. New laboratory. Oct. p. 24. Inc. Ohio City: Holland Pioneer Mills, Inc. Painesville: • Summary: “Consolidation of all research laboratory A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Springfi eld: Farm Bureau Cooperative facilities by the Ralston Purina Co., in a new modern Assn. Toledo: Toledo Soybean Products Co. Wooster: Soya 4-story building, which provides approximately 30,000 Processing Co. square feet of fl oor space, has been announced by Donald Oklahoma–Oklahoma City: Producers Cooperative Oil Danforth, president. The building includes 35 individual Mill. laboratory units engaged in research in human foods, animal Pennsylvania–Jersey Shore: Penna Soy Bean Co. feeds, sanitation products, agricultural chemicals, and farm South Dakota–Sioux Falls: Western Soybean Mills. supplies.” Tennessee–Memphis: Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. A photo shows the new laboratory. Its location is not Tiptonville: West Tennessee Soya Mill, Inc. given, but it is probably in Missouri. Virginia–Norfolk: Davis Milling Co., Portsmouth: Allied Mills, Inc. Portsmouth: Monsanto Chemical Co. 147. Chicago Daily Tribune. 1947. List 771 ‘big’ grain Wisconsin–Janesville: Janesville Mills, Inc. dealers: Midwest area men are named. Tell Lindheimer, Rice Canada–Toronto: Dominion Linseed Oil Co. Toronto: holdings. Dec. 23. p. 1. Toronto Elevators Ltd. Toronto: Victory Mills, Ltd. • Summary: “A [partial] list of 711 names of ‘big traders’ in Note: This is the earliest document seen (Nov. 2007) commodity markets was made public in Washington [DC] which appears to show clearly that M.F.A. [MFA; Missouri yesterday by Agriculture Secretary Anderson.” The names Farmers Association] is now processing soybeans in Mexico, listed were mainly those of professional market operators, Missouri. brokers, food processors and other commercial interests. The nature of the interests of each individual or company on the 144. Soybean Digest. 1947. E.F. Johnson joins Louisville list was classifi ed by Anderson as either “long” or “short,” fi rm. July. p. 30. and as either “hedging,” “speculative” or “spreading.” A • Summary: “After a year’s rest from processing and long interest is one in which a trader contracts to buy a contract problems, E.F. ‘Soybean’ Johnson has joined commodity (such as wheat or soybeans) at a certain price in Louisville Soy Products Corp., Louisville, Kentucky, the future. A short trader is one who contracts to deliver a

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 90 commodity in the future at an agreed price. Milling Co. later became part of Allied Mills, which crushed Companies listed included: Cargill, Inc. (Minneapolis soybeans in the plant at Peoria, Illinois. [Minnesota]). Continental Grain Co. (Chicago, Illinois). 1904–Northrup King Co. begins manufacturing feeds at Honeymead Products Co. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa). Ralston Minneapolis, Minnesota. Founded by J.E. Northrup, Preston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). King, and C.C. Massie. 1920–Nutrena Mills, Kansas City, Kansas, founded by 148. Wherry, Larry. 1947. The golden anniversary of Van Roy Miller. Note: in Oct. 1945 Cargill purchased (for scientifi c feeding. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Business Press. $1.6 million) the three Nutrena feed mills at Kansas City, 120 p. No index. 22 cm. Kansas; Coffeyville, Kansas, and Sioux City, Iowa. • Summary: American Mfgrs. Assoc. calls it the only history 1920–Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, of feed manufacturing in the U.S. Scientifi c feeding was Minnesota, begins manufacturing livestock and poultry built on an understanding of the importance of protein and feeds. Name in 1947: Pillsbury Mills, Inc. a realization that protein was often the limiting factor in the 1925–Purina Experimental Farm established by Ralston production of meat, milk and eggs. Early sources of protein Purina Co. at Grays Summit, Missouri. were often by-products, such as corn gluten and cottonseed 1928–General Mills, Inc. is organized, including meal. Washburn Crosby Company, Red Star Milling Company, Appendix I, titled “Chronological history of feed Royal Milling Company, Kalispell Flour Mills Company and manufacturing,” covers the period 1875-1945 in the USA. Rocky Mountain Elevator Company. Some important dates: 1929–Allied Mills, Inc., is formed as a result of the 1864–Emil Wolff, a German chemist, publishes his fi rst merger of American Milling Company and the McMillen feeding standards. Known as the Wolff-Lehmann standards, Company. The principal brand names of these predecessor they indicated the amount of crude protein needed by companies, namely “Amco” and “Wayne” were continued different classes of animals; however they were not widely after the merger. Now (probably meaning in 1947) operates used. 7 major feed plants: Peoria, Illinois; Omaha, Nebraska; Fort 1875–John W. Barwell of Leicester, England, brings a Wayne, Indiana; East St. Louis, Illinois; Buffalo, New York; feed manufacturing business to the USA, locating in Chicago Memphis, Tennessee; and Portsmouth, Virginia. and Waukegan, Illinois. 1932–Honeymead Products Company, Cedar Rapids, 1886–Albers Milling Co. is founded by Bernard Albers Iowa, founded by R.P. Andreas. Operating 3 mills... one at at Seattle, Washington. In 1895 they began manufacturing Cedar Rapids, one at Spencer, and one at Washington, Iowa. feeds. In 1929 this company merged with the Carnation The fi rm name was originally “Andy’s Feeds, Inc.,” changed Company. By 1947 Albers operated fi ve feed mills: Seattle, to “Honeymead” in 1936. Note: In 1938 the Honeymead Washington; Portland, Oregon; Oakland, California; Los name was fi rst used; the family-owned Honeymead plant Angeles, California; and Peoria, Illinois. began operating in Cedar Rapids in Oct. 1938. In 1944 1894–Robinson-Danforth Commission Company, St. the Honeymead plant in Spencer, Iowa, began operation, Louis, Missouri, begins making mixed feeds. In 1898 the followed in early 1945 by the plant in Washington, Iowa. brand name “Purina” is adopted, and Purina Mills become 1933–Archer Daniels Midland Company [feed mill], part of the new corporation, Ralston Purina Co., headed by Minneapolis, Minnesota, founded by George A. Archer and William H. Danforth. By 1947 they operated more than 30 John W. Daniels. feed mills. 1935–McMillen Feed Mills, Inc., Division of Central 1896–Dr. C. Lehmann, of the Berlin Agricultural High Soya Company, Inc., founded by D.W. McMillen, Sr. School, modifi es Wolff’s feeding standards to create the Operates 4 feed mills: Decatur, Indiana; Gibson City, Illinois; Wolff-Lehmann standards, which soon become widely used Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; and Marion, Ohio. in Europe and the United States in computing livestock 1936–The Glidden Company of Cleveland, Ohio, began rations; they emphasized that protein was often the limiting manufacturing feeds under the name of Holland Mills, at factor in the production of meat, milk, and eggs. One of Piqua, Ohio. This plant was later destroyed by fi re, but feed the fi rst protein supplements was corn gluten feed. The operations were reestablished at Indianapolis as the Glidden American Glucose Co. in Buffalo, New York, sold a feed Co. Feed Mill Division with brand names of Glidden and called “Buffalo Feed.” After about 1900 cottonseed meal, Capitol. and tankage and meat scraps from packing houses, started to 1938–Cargill, Inc., of Minneapolis, Minnesota, founded be widely used. in 1865 by W.W. Cargill, begins manufacturing feeds. In 1898–American Milling Company organized as a 1945 they bought the Honeymead plant in Cedar Rapids. consolidation of Marsden Company and American Milling As of 1947 they operate feed plants at: Minneapolis; Cedar Company, by Colonel A.G. Winter. Plants at Owensboro, Rapids, Iowa (two plants); Fort Dodge, Iowa; Spencer, Iowa. Kentucky; Peoria, Illinois; Linden, Indiana. Note: American Address: Chicago, Illinois.

managers and sales employees, 77 have been with Purina 149. Fortune. 1948. Cow chows–and wow: The story virtually all of their working lives.” of Ralston Purina, biggest producer of feed in the land. Donald Danforth, son of the founder graduated from 37(1):84-91, 146, 149, 151-52, 154, 156. Jan. Princeton in 1920, He then served a 12-year apprenticeship, • Summary: An excellent history of the Ralston Purina Co. learning every aspect of the family business. In 1932 he of St. Louis, Missouri, the largest producer of animal feeds in replaced his father as president. Now age 49, he runs the America. The company traces its origins back to 1893 when company and has increased Purina’s sales tenfold since it was known as the Robinson Commission Co. It sold mule taking offi ce. His father likes to say that Donald has an and horse feed (a mixture of corn, oats, and molasses) to executive mind whereas he has a pioneer mind. planters along the Mississippi River. Thanks to some money In 1945 Ralston-Purina became a corporation, even given to him by his father, young William Danforth acquired though it had a net worth of $27.7 million. It needed more control of the business and began to make chicken and dairy money for growth than it could fi nance from earnings. This feeds, and Purina, a whole-wheat cereal. initial public stock offering (IPO) increased the company’s For more than 50 years it has made animal feeds based net worth by 36%. on scientifi c research that lead to 100 different complex Purina’s chows are tested under real-life situations at its formulas–different for each animal at each stage in its 738-acre experimental farm at Gray Summit, about 40 miles growth. southwest of St, Louis. The goal is to help farmers raise livestock and poultry Color photos show: (1) William H. Danforth (founder as effi ciently and inexpensively as possible. Today Ralston and chairman of the board). (2) Donald Danforth, president. Purina is the leader–by far–in America’s $2.5 billion mixed (3) Queen Dorothy C. Danforth. (4) Grand Ole Opry, and feed industry. Tom Mix, sponsored by Purina. (5) Purina’s biggest and The company is known to consumers mainly for the best feed mill at Buffalo, New York. The red and white breakfast cereals and Ry-Krisp it makes, yet the company is checkerboard is everywhere. basically a feed manufacturer–known to farmers as Purina Mills. Last year (ended 30 Sept. 1947) the company’s sales 150. Soybean Digest. 1948. Grits and fl akes... from the world of breakfast cereals and Ry-Krisp crackers accounted for of soy: Ralston Purina Co. plant in Iowa Falls, Iowa. May. p. only $10-12 million of the company’s total sales of $208.5 42. million. On the other hand, sales of Purina Chows (feeds) • Summary: “Work is expected to start soon on construction accounted for about $190 million or roughly 91% of total of two additions which will double the processing capacity sales. Chicken feed accounted for more than half of Purina’s of the Ralston Purina Co. plant in Iowa Falls. Contract has feed volume and one chicken feed formula, Broiler Chow, been let to Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. accounted for about one-sixth of the chicken feed volume, In Note: Blaw-Knox makes solvent extractors. 1947 profi ts were $7.6 million. As large as it may seem, Purina does only 6% of the 151. Soybean Digest. 1948. Purina’s new Iowa elevator U.S. commercial feed business today of 30 million tons. (Photo caption). May. p. 38. Still, it is the giant of the industry, Second largest producer • Summary: Below a large aerial photo with the very large is the Cooperative Grange League Federation Exchange of words “Purina Chows” on a checkerboard background Ithaca, New York. Of the roughly 6,000 smaller U.S. mixed visible on two faces, the caption reads: feed companies, only about 30 make as much as 100,000 “This new elevator providing storage capacity for tons a year. 820,000 bushels of grains in addition to previous facilities Each year, Purina crushes about 8 million bushels of has been put into operation at Iowa Falls, Iowa, by the soybeans for their meal, and sells of the 8 million gallons of Ralston Purina Co., manufacturers of Purina Chows, oil which it views as a byproduct. Manager H.N. Johnson reports. The new structure is 296 feet Except when he is away on hunting trips or fl ies east long and 177½ feet high and includes 26 tanks, star bins and to attend Board meetings of the New York Life Insurance a head house. Bins are 120 feet high and 20 feet in diameter. Co., “he shows up at the offi ce every day. A wispy-haired Unloading facilities include a concrete hopper with carload and frail-boned man, he still stands erect and has retained capacity for rail car and two truck dumps of 30-ton capacity much of the vitality of his youth.” He likes others to share each. Iowa Falls is one of fi ve Purina plants specially his views. Purina employees are not allowed to smoke in equipped for soybean processing.” their offi ces. “Men who once worked for the company insist that a man cannot expect far at Purina unless he is active in 152. Pantagraph (The) (Bloomington, Illinois). 1948. the church, moderate in smoking and drinking, and agrees Ralston-Purina buys local site: construction of $2,000,000 with everything the Danforths say.” There are apparently plant started. June 15. p. 3. many who do share his views, “for of the company’s 107 top • Summary: “The Ralston-Purina company of St. Louis

[Missouri] Tuesday began construction of a 2 million dollar manufacturing and soybean solvent extraction plant... July. soybean solvent extraction plant in Bloomington. A check p. 32. for $15,000 in payment for a nine acre site on the city’s west • Summary: “... at Bloomington, Illinois. Storage capacity side closed negotiations. will be in excess of 2 million bushels. Processing plant will “Tuesday morning contractors began excavating for have a capacity of 250 tons per day, the Chow plant 200 tons the plant located in a triangle bounded by West Olive street, on an 8-hour basis. The plant will employ about 150 people.” Euclid avenue and the Jacksonville branch of the GM&O [Gulf, Mobile and Ohio] railroad. 154. USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. 1948. “Problems settled: The St. Louis fi rm Monday night told Soybean processing mills in the United States. USDA Bureau the board of directors of the Bloomington Association of of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry. CA-5. 14 p. Sept. Commerce that it would exercise its option to purchase the • Summary: Footnote: “This is a revision of AIC-26 [Nov. ground. A Tuesday morning meeting completed negotiations 1943]–Revised June 1946 under the same title.” which have been carried on since April 16. Conferences “The following list of soybean processing mills is between owners of the property, Ralston-Purina and the A of divided into three parts: (1) Mills specializing in soybeans. C, and company surveys settled problems concerning water (2) Mills processing soybeans on part-time basis. (3) supply, sewage disposal and soil bearing qualities. Distribution of soybeans processed by solvent extraction, “Crosby Construction company of Chicago has the job screw press, and hydraulic press methods (Estimates based of building the 33 concrete grain storage tanks which will on data compiled by Bureau of the Census in cooperation have a capacity of more than 2,000,000 bushels. In addition with the Northern Regional Research Laboratory). A year to the operation of a soybean solvent extraction plant, the by year table from crop year 1936-37 to 1946-47 (Oct. to company will manufacture livestock and poultry feeds. Oct.) shows the number of tons processed and the percentage “The soybean plant will have a capacity of 250 tons of of the total processed by each of the three processes. The soybeans a day while the Chow (feed) manufacturing unit percentage processed by solvent extraction doubled from which will also be built here will have a capacity of 600 tons 13.2% to 26.6% while the percentage processed by hydraulic a day. press dropped by half from 18.4% to 9.5%. The total tons of “May Employ 150: Ray Rowland, vice president in soybeans processed rose 8.2 fold from 619 to 5,107 during charge of operations for Ralston, said Bloomington was the 11 year period. selected as the plant site primarily because it is located in the Processors are listed by state (alphabetically), and within center of a soybean and corn producing area. each state alphabetically by city. Three symbols are used “The company offi cials predicted that soybean and feed (in parentheses) to express each plant’s processing capacity operations would employ about 150 men. in tons of soybeans per day: S = Small–less than 50. M = “Upon completion of negotiations that brought the plant Medium–50 to 200. L = Large–more than 200. Three other to Bloomington, Ned E. Dolman, chairman of the A and C symbols are used to express the type of soybean processing new industries committee expressed his gratitude for the equipment used: X = Extraction (solvent). P = Screw press co-operation his group has received. ‘At no time has the [or expeller]. H = Hydraulic press. Association of Commerce had better co-operation from all “1. Mills specializing in soybeans. Arkansas–West parties concerned in an industrial development matter,’ Mr. Memphis: Arkansas Mills, Inc. (MX). Wilson: Wilson Soya Dolan declared. Corporation (MXP). Delaware–Laurel: Laurel Processing “According to M.E. Crosby, president of the Co. (SX). construction fi rm which will build the plant, grain storage “Illinois–Alhambra: Alhambra Grain and Feed Co. tanks will be ready to receive soybeans grown in this area by (SP). Bartonville: Allied Mills, Inc. (LP). Bloomington: Oct. 15.” Funk Brothers Seed Co. (MP). Ralston Purina Co. (LX). A large photo on this page bears this caption: “Ralston Champaign: Swift and Co. (LXP). Chicago: Archer-Daniels- Here–Sale of the site of Ralston-Purina’s plant was Midland Co. (MX). The Glidden Co. (LXP). Spencer completed by this group Tuesday morning. Left to right, Kellogg and Sons, Inc. (LP). Colchester: Colchester seated, Walter Yoder, local counsel for Ralston; Mrs. Tom Processing Co. (SP). Decatur: Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. Moore, trustee and individual owner of the property; Bernard (LXP). Decatur Soy Products Co. (MP). Spencer Kellogg Grimes, Mrs. Moore’s attorney; Robert P. Tate, A of C and Sons, Inc. (LXP). A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. (LXP). representative; standing, Donald K. English, Ralston’s chief Galesburg: Galesburg Soy Products Co. (MP). Gibson City: engineer; Dr. Tom Moore; Cottrell Fox, Ralston counsel; Central Soya Co., Inc. (LXP). Kankakee: Borden’s Soy P.A. Washburn, A of C president.” Processing Co. (MX). Mascoutah: Phillip H. Postel Milling Co. (SP). Monmouth: Ralph Wells and Co. (SP). Nashville: 153. Soybean Digest. 1948. Grits and fl akes... from the world Huegly Elevator Co. (SP). Norris City: Norris City Milling of soy: Ralston Purina Co. has purchased the site for a Chow Co. (SP). Pana: Shellabarger Soybean Mills (MP). Poplar

Grove: Northern Illinois Processing Corporation (SP). Mankato, Inc. (LXP). Minneapolis: Crown Iron Works Co. Quincy: Quincy Soybean Products Co. (MP). Roanoke: (SX). Preston: Hubbard Milling Co. (SP). Eureka Milling Co. (SP). Rock Falls: Sterling Soybean Co. “Missouri–Kansas City: Ralston Purina Co. (MP). (SP). Springfi eld: Cargill, Inc (MP). Taylorville: Allied Mills, Kennett: Hemphill Soy Products Co. (MP). Mexico: MFA Inc. (MX). Virden: Hulcher Soy Products Co. (SP). Cooperative Grain and Feed Co. (MP). New Madrid: “Indiana–Bunker Hill: Ladd Soya, Inc. (MP). Danville: Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. (MX). St. Joseph: Dannen Mills, Hendricks County Farm Bureau Cooperative Association Inc. (MXP). St. Louis: Blanton Mill, Inc. (MP). Ralston (SX). Decatur: Central Soya Co., Inc. (LXP). Frankfort: Purina Co. (MP). Pennsylvania–Jersey Shore: Pennsylvania Swift and Co. (MX). Indianapolis: The Glidden Co. (LX). Soybean Cooperative Association (SP). Rossmoyne Lafayette: Ralston Purina Co. (MP). Marion: Hoosier Processing Co. (?). Paoli: The Great Valley Mills (?). South Soybean Mills (MP). Oaktown: Knox County Farm Bureau Dakota–Sioux Falls: Western Soybean Mills (MP). Cooperative Association (SP). Portland: Haynes Soy “Tennessee–Tiptonville: West Tennessee Soya Mill, Products, Inc. (MP). Rockport: Martin Serrin Co., Inc. Inc. (LXP). Virginia–Harrisonburg: Central Chemical (SP). Rushville: Rush County Farm Bureau Cooperative Corporation of Virginia (SP). Norfolk: Davis Milling Co. Association (SP). Wabash: Wabash County Farm Bureau (SP). Portsmouth: Allied Mills, Inc. (MP). Wisconsin– Cooperative Association (SP). Janesville: Janesville Mills, Inc. (SP). Menomonie: “Iowa–Belmond: General Mills, Inc. (LX). Cedar Northwest Cooperative Mills (SP). Rapids: Cargill, Inc. (MX). Iowa Milling Co. (MP). “Mills processing soybeans on part-time basis.” Centerville: Pillsbury Mills, Inc. (MP). Clinton: Pillsbury Alabama (6 mills), Arkansas (13), California (7), Florida (1), Mills, Inc. (MX). Des Moines: Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Georgia (7), Illinois (2), Iowa (2), Kansas (1), Louisiana (9), Inc. (LX). Swift and Co. (MP). Dike: Farmers Cooperative Minnesota (2), Mississippi (13), Missouri (1), New York (2), Association (SP). Dubuque: E.E. Frith Co. (SP). Eagle North Carolina (14), North Dakota (1), Ohio (2), Oklahoma Grove: Boone Valley Cooperative Processing Association (13), Pennsylvania (2), South Carolina (4), Tennessee (4), (SP). Fairfi eld: Doughboy Industries, Inc. (MP). Fayette: Texas (27), Wisconsin (1). Fayette Soybean Mill (SP). Fort Dodge: Cargill, Inc. (LXP). Note: This is the earliest document seen (June 2018) Gladbrook: Central Iowa Soybean Mill (MP). Hubbard: that mentions Crown Iron Works Co. in connection with Boone Valley [Cooperative] Processing Association (SP). soybeans or with solvent extraction plants. Iowa Falls: Ralston Purina Co. (LXP). Manly: North Iowa Cooperative Processing Association (SP). Marshalltown: 155. Banks, George Heartsill. 1948. South goes east [to Marshall Mills, Inc. (SP). Martelle: Farmers Cooperative Korea]. Soybean Digest. Oct. p. 16-18. Elevator (SP). Muscatine: Hawkeye Soy Products Co. (SP). • Summary: Mr. Banks, formerly associated with Ralston Muscatine Processing Corporation (MX). New Hampton: Purina Co., recently returned from a governmental mission Eastern Iowa Milling Co. (SP). Plainfi eld: Roach Mills (SX). of almost 2 years in Korea. In this paper, presented at the Quimby: Simonsen Mill Rendering Plant (MP). Ralston: American Soybean Convention in Memphis, Tennessee, he Farmers Cooperative Association (SP). Redfi eld: Iowa Soya tells of soybeans in Korea, where there is no national debt, Co. (MX). Sac City: Williams Milling Co. (MP). Sheldon: no income tax, and where women do all the work. South Big Four Cooperative Processing Association (MP). Sioux Korea is about the size of Arkansas. 75% of the land is steep City: Sioux Soya Co. (MP). Spencer: Cargill, Inc. (SX). and mountainous, and thus entirely unsuited for crops. On Washington: Cargill, Inc. (MX). Waterloo: Borden’s Soy the remaining small area of arable soil struggle about 20 Processing Co. (LXP). West Bend: West Bend Elevator Co. million Koreans. The farms are small; in some provinces (SP). they average less than 2.5 acres. In South Korea every “Kansas–Coffeyville: Consumers Cooperative farmer grows some soybeans but one has “to look hard and Association Soybean Mill (MP). Emporia: Kansas Soya long to fi nd even a small fi eld of soybeans. They are grown Products Co., Inc. (MXP). Girard: Farmers Union Jobbers in gardens, on the dikes in the rice-paddies, and among the Association (SP). Hiawatha: Thomson Soy Mill (SX). trees. The most widely grown varieties are large-seeded Kansas City: Kansas Soya Products Co., Inc. (MP). Wichita: yellow beans with a short, stiff stalk. Almost all of the beans Soy-Rich Products, Inc. (MXP). Kentucky–Henderson: Ohio are consumed at home. Soybean processing [i.e., crushing] Valley Soybean Cooperative (MXP). Louisville: Buckeye plants as we know them do not exist... The Koreans eat Cotton Oil Co. (LXP). Louisville Soy Products Corporation soybeans in many ways, including soysauce, soy sprouts, (MX). Owensboro: Owensboro Grain Co. (MXP). soy curd, and green soybeans. They press out some oil in “Maryland–Baltimore: Soya Corporation of America the home or farm village and use the oil for cooking and the (MP). Michigan–Concord: Concord Soya Corporation meal for feeding farm animals.” Rice is the predominant (SP). Saline: Soybrands, Inc. (SX). Minnesota: Lakeville: crop. “Korea, along with its neighbors in the Orient, is Consumers Soybean Mills, Inc. (MP). Mankato: Honeymead defi nitely a ‘have-not’ nation.” They waste nothing, recycle

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 94 everything, and use human wastes (night soil) for fertilizer. Hoosier Soybean Mills, Inc., Iowa Milling Co., Louisville Agriculture is run by hand-power. Soy Products Corp. (E.F. Johnson), Northern Regional A portrait photo shows George H. Banks. Research Laboratory, Pillsbury Feed Mills, Ralph Wells and Company, Ralston Purina Co., Roach Soybean Mills 156. Chemurgic Digest. 1948. New plant for soybeans. Oct. (Howard L. Roach), Shellabarger Soybean Mills, Simonsen p. 18.. Mill-Rendering Plant, Sioux Soya Co., Southland Cotton • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co. has contracted for Oil Co., Soya Processing Co., Spencer Kellogg Co., Swift construction of a new soybean solvent extraction plant, to & Company, Toledo Soybean Products Co. Address: 3818 be built by Blaw-Knox Co., at Bloomington, Illinois. It will Board of Trade Building, Chicago 4, Illinois. have a daily capacity of 200 tons. The same two companies also are in a contract for construction of a similar plant at 160. Ralston Purina Co. 1949. Ralston Purina Company’s Iowa Falls, Iowa.” 5 soybean processing plants or cash markets for soybean growers (Ad). Soybean Digest. May. p. 50. 157. Soybean Digest. 1948. Johnson to Delphos. Oct. p. 34. • Summary: A half-page ad. The 5 processing plants are • Summary: “Delphos Grain and Soya Processing Co., in: St. Louis, Missouri; Kansas City, Missouri; Lafayette, Delphos, Ohio, have added E.F. “Soybean” Johnson to their Indiana; Iowa Falls, Iowa; and Circleville, Ohio. staff, as assistant manager in charge of soybean operations. An isolated photo shows each of the fi ve mills. Across “’Soybean’ Johnson is well known to the soybean and the bottom of the ad: “Buy the feeds that use the soybean. feed trade, having been with Ralston Purina Co. at St. Louis Buy Purina Chows.” An illustration shows an opened sack of [Missouri] for many years. “Purina Chows” with a checkerboard pattern on it. “He is a graduate of Indiana State University and Purdue University. He taught at Ohio State University. 161. Pantagraph (The) (Bloomington, Illinois). 1949. Crosby “Johnson’s interest in soybeans is well known in the boss, worker fi ght–250 laid off: Ralston-Purina work stalled soy belt and especially in northwestern Ohio where he owns after scuffl e. Aug. 12. p. 3. and operates several farms. Some of his farms have had 40 • Summary: “A fi ght between a hoisting engineer and percent of the acreage in soybeans for over 30 years.” the superintendent of the Crosby Construction company Thursday put 250 men off the construction job at the Ralston 158. Soybean Digest. 1948. Grits and fl akes... from the world Purina Company, it was learned. A clash between Vern of soy: William H. Danforth, president of Ralston Purina Creemens, the engineer, and Ray Fransham, the construction Co.,... Dec. p. 32. company boss occurred Tuesday, and was an outgrowth, it • Summary: “... was honored on the anniversary of his 55th was said, of continued disagreement between the Crosby year as a member of the St. Louis Merchants Exchange with company and the engineers.” The confl ict is discussed at a reception on the fl oor of the Exchange November 15. He length. has been a member longer than any other living person.” Note: These ongoing problems will cause a delay in the completion of Ralston Purina the plant. 159. National Soybean Processors Association. 1948. Year book, 1947-1948 (Association year). Chicago, Illinois. 71 p. 162. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. • Summary: The section titled “Offi cers, directors, and Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. committees” (p. 12-15) lists the following standing Manufacturer’s Address: Bloomington, Illinois. committees and the companies and individuals that are Date of Introduction: 1949 August. members of each: Traffi c and Transportation, Research, Ingredients: Soybeans. Technical, Soybeans Grades and Contracts, Oil Trading New Product–Documentation: Pantagraph (The) Rules, Meal Trading Rules, Crop Improvement, Soybean (Bloomington, Illinois). 1948. “Ralston-Purina buys local Research Council, Trade Development, Edible Soybean, site: construction of $2,000,000 plant started.” June 15. p. Uniform Rules and Standards for Soybean Oil Meal, Fire 3. “According to M.E. Crosby, president of the construction Insurance Committee. fi rm which will build the plant, grain storage tanks will be The following organizations and individuals are ready to receive soybeans grown in this area by Oct. 15.” members of NSPA: Allied Mills, American Soybean Pantagraph (The) (Bloomington, Illinois). 1949. Association (George M. Strayer), Archer-Daniels-Midland “Crosby boss, worker fi ght–250 laid off: Ralston-Purina Co., Borden’s Soy Processing Co., Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., work stalled after scuffl e.” Aug. 12. p. 3. Note: These Cargill, Inc., Central Soya Co., Clinton Industries, Inc., ongoing problems will cause a delay in the completion of Decatur Soy Products Co. Drackett Co., Durkee Famous Ralston Purina the plant. Foods, Funk Bros. Seed Co. (E.D. Funk, Jr.), General Soybean Digest. 1949. July. p. 44. “To open new Mills, Inc., Glidden Co., Gooch Milling and Elevator Co., plant.” “Construction on the new Ralston Purina plant at

Bloomington, Illinois, has progressed to such an extent that copies. Assessments: Regular $.0004 per bushel, 40 cents per the company will begin processing soybeans and grains there 1,000, $400 per million. Max. $3,200 per year. Min. $100 on August 15, according to Donald Danforth, president. per year. July 6 meeting decreases the regular assessment to “On July 1 Nat B. Morey, present assistant manager $0.0003 per bushel. of Purina’s Buffalo, New York mill, will take over the The section titled “Offi cers, directors, and committees” management of the new Bloomington plant. Jay Clark will (p. 12-15) states: President: R.G. Houghtlin. V.P., be the superintendent, and John O’Connor will be manager Chairman Executive Committee: G.G. Golseth. Secretary: of the grain department. W.L. Shellabarger. Treasurer: H.E. Carpenter. Executive “Formal opening at Bloomington is tentatively Committee: R.G. Golseth, Chairman, H.E. Carpenter, E.A. scheduled for early fall. When the plant is in full operation, Cayce, Philip S. Duff, W.H. Eastman, Jasper Giovanna, R.G. total personnel will be about 150 people. The new soybean Houghtlin, W.L. Shellabarger. solvent processing plant at Iowa Falls, Iowa, is scheduled to Board of Directors (Term expiring Sept. 1950): D.O. begin its operations about July 15.” A portrait photo shows Andreas, E.A. Cayce, Jasper Giovanna, R.G. Golseth, H.R. Nat B. Morey. Schultz, H.R. Scroggs. (Term expiring Sept. 1951): Dwight McCubbin, K.; Ritz, G.J.; Barnebey, H.L. 1950. Dannen, Roger Drackett, W.H. Eastman, R.B. Jude, W.H. “Purina’s new Iowa Falls plant.” Soybean Digest. Knapp, Karl Nolin. (Term expiring Sept. 1952): S.E. Kramer, March. p. 24, 27. The new plant at Iowa Falls, Iowa, is a Philip S. Duff, D.W. McMillen, Jr., Clarence E. Peters, J.J. soybean solvent extraction plant built by Blaw-Knox Co. Quinlan, Ralph Wells. Ralston Purina Co. is opening an almost identical unit at Standing committees: For each committee, the names Bloomington, Illinois. of all members (with the chairman designated), with the Soybean Digest. 1950. April. p. 36. “Grits and fl akes... company and company address of each are given–Traffi c Ralston Purina Co. will hold the grand opening of the new and transportation. Technical. Soybean grades and contracts. Purina mill at Bloomington, Illington, April 12. Governor Oil trading rules. Meal trading rules. Crop improvement. Adlai Stevenson will cut the ribbon that offi cially starts the Soybean research council. Uniform rules and standards for company’s newest mill.” soybean oil meal. Safety and insurance. Lecithin. Regional: Ohio, Michigan, and East; Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, 163. National Soybean Processors Association. 1949. Year Wisconsin; Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota; book, 1949-1950 (Association year). Chicago, Illinois. 73 p. Missouri, Kansas, and Mississippi River Delta Sections. • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: Handwritten on blank facing pages: Nominating committee. “Year Book and Trading Rules, 1949-1950.” Contents: Reception committee. Offi cial weights committee. Crop Constitution and by-laws (incl. committees, code of ethics). Improvement steering committee. Two new members Offi cers, directors and committees for 1949-50. Membership (people; Francis E. Calvert, The Drackett Co., Oct. 1949). of the National Soybean Processors Association. Trading The following organizations, and individuals are rules governing the purchase and sale of soybean oil meal. members of NSPA: Albers Milling Co., Los Angeles, Appendix to trading rules on soybean oil meal: Offi cial California (W.P. Kyle). Allied Mills, Inc., Board of Trade methods of analysis (moisture, protein, oil, crude fi ber– Bldg., Chicago, Illinois; Peoria, Illinois; Taylorville, offi cial, sampling of soybean oil meal). Trading rules Illinois; Omaha, Nebraska; Portsmouth, Virginia. Archer- on soybean oil. Appendix to trading rules on soybean Daniels-Midland Co., Box 839, Minneapolis 2, Minnesota; oil: Uniform sales contract, standard specifi cations for Chicago, Illinois; Decatur, Illinois; Fredonia, Kansas. Big crude soybean oil for technical uses, methods of analysis 4 Cooperative Processing Assn., Sheldon, Iowa (Chas. (A.O.C.S. offi cial methods): Refi ning loss (expeller and W. Hanson). Blanton Mill, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri (Ross hydraulic soybean oil)–Ca 9a-41, refi ning loss (extracted A. Woolsey, Jr.). Boone Valley Cooperative Processing soybean oil)–Ca 9b-46, refi ning loss (degummed hydraulic Assn. Eagle Grove, Iowa (Edward Olson); Hubbard, Iowa and extracted types soybean oil)–Ca 9c-49, refi ning loss (D.E. Weld). Borden’s Soy Processing Co., Chicago 4, (degummed expeller type soybean oil)–Ca 9d-49, bleaching Illinois (C.E. Butler -> J.R. Pentis); Kankakee, Illinois; test (refi ned soybean oil)–Cc 8b-49, grading soybean oil for Waterloo, Iowa. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. (The), Cincinnati, color (N.S.P.A. tentative method), color–Wesson method Ohio (W.H. Knapp); Louisville, Kentucky; New Madrid, using Lovibond glasses–Cc 13b-45, sampling–C 1-47, fl ash Missouri; Raleigh, North Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee. point (A.O.C.S. tentative method–Cc 9b-48). Moisture and Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.O. Andreas); volatile matter: Vacuum oven method–Ca 2d-25. Break Springfi eld, Illinois (Eric Nadel); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (C.W. test–Modifi ed Gardner method–Ca 10-40. Iodine value–Wijs Bohlander); Fort Dodge, Iowa (H.E. Marxhausen -> R.F. method–Cd 1-25. Unsaponifi able matter–Ca 6a-40. Hubbard); Spencer, Iowa (W.J. Wheeler); Washington, Iowa Handwritten: Soybean Farming is now available; prices (Hugo Lensch). Central Iowa Bean Mill, Gladbrook, Iowa are given for non-members and members, for 100 to 1,000 (Paul H. Klinefelter). Central Soya Co., Inc., Fort Wayne

2, Indiana (E.W. McMillen, Jr.); Gibson City, Illinois (T.H. Milling Co., Mascoutah, Illinois (A.S. Lee). Quincy Soybean Allwein); Decatur, Indiana (C.I. Finlayson); Marion, Ohio Products Co., Quincy, Illinois (Irving Rosen). Ralston Purina (R.W. Fay). Clinton Industries, Inc., Clinton, Iowa (E.W. Co., St. Louis 2, Missouri (D.B. Walker); Kansas City, Myers). Colchester Processing Co., E. St. Louis, Illinois Missouri (F.G. Franze); Lafayette, Indiana (Ralph Guenther); (E.L. McKee). Concord Soya Corporation, Concord, Iowa Falls, Iowa (H.N. Johnson); Circleville, Ohio (A.V. Michigan (Harold K. Rapp; crossed out). Consumers Co- Couch); Champaign, Illinois -> Bloomington, Illinois (N.B. op Assn., Kansas City 13, Missouri (F. Dean McCammon). Morey). Roach Soybean Mills, Plainfi eld, Ohio (Howard Consumers Soybean Mills, Minneapolis 15, Minnesota L. Roach). Shellabarger Soybean Mills, Inc., Decatur 30, (Riley W. Lewis). Dannen Grain & Milling Co., St. Joseph, Illinois (W.L. Shellabarger). Simonsen Mill Rendering Missouri (Dwight L. Dannen). Decatur Soy Products Co., Plant, Quimby, Iowa (W.E. Simonsen). Sioux Soya Co., Decatur, Illinois (Jasper Giovanna). Delphos Grain and Sioux City 2, Iowa (J.L. Ward). Southern Cotton Oil Co. Soya Products Co., Delphos, Ohio (Floyd E. Hiegel). (The), Goldsboro, North Carolina (W.V. Westmoreland); Doughboy Industries, Inc., Fairfi eld, Iowa. Drackett Co. Tarboro, North Carolina (W.A. Moore). Southland Cotton (The), Cincinnati 32, Ohio (Roger Drackett). Eastern Iowa Oil Co., Paris, Texas (Richard H. Blyth). Soya Processing Milling Co., New Hampton, Iowa (G.A. Ward). Farmers Co., Wooster, Ohio (H.H. Heeman). Soya Extraction Div., Cooperative Assn., Ralston, Iowa (Karl Nolin). Farmers Continental Grain Co., Columbus 9, Ohio (D.H. Wilson– Cooperative Co., Dike, Iowa (C.M. Gregory). Farmers company crossed out). Soy-Rich Products, Inc., Wichita, Cooperative Elevator, Martelle, Iowa (H.B. Lovig). Fayette Kansas (Ralph S. Moore). Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Inc., Soybean Mill, Fayette, Iowa (L.A. Rose). Fremont Cake Buffalo 5, New York (Robert B. Jude); Chicago, Illinois; and Meal Corp., Fremont, Nebraska (Harry E. Wiysel). Decatur, Illinois; Des Moines, Iowa; Bellevue, Ohio (Harry Frith (E.E.) Company Inc., Dubuque, Iowa (E.M. Weicher). Stokely). Sterling Soybean Co., Inc., Rock Falls, Illinois Funk Bros. Seed Co., Bloomington, Illinois (H.A. Abbott). (Edward J. McGinn). Swift & Co., Union Stock Yards, Galesburg Soy Products Co., Galesburg, Illinois (Max Chicago 9, Illinois (S.E. Cramer). Thomson Soya Products, Albert). General Mills, Inc., Chem. Div., Minneapolis 1, Hiawatha, Kansas (A.G. Thomson). Toledo Soybean Minnesota (W.H. Eastman); Belmond, Iowa (E.E. Woolley). Products Co., Toledo, Ohio (J.H. Brown). Wells (Ralph) & Glidden Co. (The), Chicago 39, Illinois (R.G. Golseth). Co., Monmouth, Illinois (Ralph Wells). West Bend Elevator Gooch Milling & Elevator Co., Lincoln 1, Nebraska (M.R. Co., West Bend, Iowa (R.W. Jurgens). Western Soybean Eighmy). Haynes Soy Products Inc., Portland, Indiana Mills, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (E.A. Woodward). Williams (Clarence E. Peters). Hemphill Soy Products Co., Kennett, Milling Co., Sac City, Iowa (Leo W. Williams). Missouri (W.A. Hemphill). Holland Pioneer Mills, Inc., Organizations represented on committees: U.S. Regional Ohio City, Ohio (G.A. Holland). Honeymead Products Co., Soybean Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois (John C. Cowan, R.T. Mankato, Minnesota (L.W. Andreas); Hoosier Soybean Milner). Mills, Inc., Marion, Indiana (J.H. Caldwell, Jr.). Huegely Handwritten: New members added since publication Elevator Co., Nashville, Illinois (J.W. Huegely). Hulcher of the Trading Rules Book–1949. Falk & Co., Pittsburgh, Soy Products, Virden, Illinois (Norman E. Hulcher). Iowa Pennsylvania (Willard Lighter, Jan. 1950). Minnesota Milling Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa (Jos. Sinaiko). Iowa Linseed Oil Co., Minneapolis 21, Minnesota (R.J. Lundquist, Soy Co., Redfi eld, Iowa (H.R. Straight). Ipava Farmers May 1950). Farmers & Merchants Milling Co., Glencoe, Processing Co., Ipava, Illinois (F.P. Brown). Janesville Minnesota (L.H. Patten, Mgr., May 1950). Riverside Oil Mills, Inc., Janesville, Wisconsin (A. Roger Hook). Kansas Mill, Marks, Mississippi (William King Self, Aug. 1950). Soya Products Co. (The), Emporia, Kansas (Ted W. Lord); Planters Manufacturing Co., Clarksdale, Mississippi (A.K. Kansas City 3, Kansas (Richard W. Lord). Ladd Soya, Inc., Shaefer, Sept. 1950). Bunker Hill, Indiana (Wayne Ladd). Lexington Soy Products Associate Members: Arcady Farms Milling Co., Co. (The), Lexington, Ohio (H.E. Carpenter). Louisville Chicago 6, Illinois. Armour & Co., Chicago 9, Illinois Soy Products Corp., Louisville, Kentucky (H.A. Miller). (John H. Noble). Aubrey & Co., Louisville, Kentucky. Marshall Mills Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (J.I. Johnson). Best Foods, Inc., New York, NY. Capital City Products Muscatine Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa (G.A. Kent). Co., Columbus, Ohio. Cooperative Mills Inc., Baltimore North Iowa Cooperative Processing Association, Manly, 30, Maryland. Cox (Chas. M.) Co., Boston, Massachusetts. Iowa (Glenn Pogeler). Northwest Cooperative Mills, St. Foxbilt Inc., Des Moines, Iowa. Humco Co. (The), Memphis Paul, Minnesota (Anthony H. Roffers). Ohio Valley Soybean 1, Tennessee. Kraft Foods Co., Chicago, Illinois. Lever Bros Co-op, Henderson, Kentucky (G.W. Allen). Owensboro Co., Lever House, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Pittsburgh Grain Co., Owensboro, Kentucky (William M. O’Bryan). Plate Glass Co., Paint Div., Pittsburgh, PA. Procter & Pacifi c Vegetable Oil Corp., San Francisco 7, California Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Spartan Grain & Mill Co., (B.T. Rocca, Jr.). Pillsbury Soy Mills, Clinton, Iowa (H.R. Inc., Spartanburgh, South Carolina. Tuckers (Mrs.) Foods, Schultz); Centerville, Iowa (H.R. Schultz). Postel (Ph. H.) Inc., Sherman, Texas. Wilson & Co., Chicago, Illinois.

Handwritten: New Associate Members: Clark Mills Inc., rice farmers of the Grand Prairie section of Arkansas who Minneapolis 15, Minnesota. were driving themselves to ruin with a one-crop program Note: Apparently Continental Grain Co. was not a of rice. Rice takes a tremendous amount of nitrogen from member this year. They were a member by 1975. Address: the soil and nothing was being done to replace this needed 3818 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 4, Illinois. element. “In conjunction with the Peoples National Bank of 164. Soybean Digest. 1949. Honorary life members Stuttgart [in about 1925] the Hartz-Thorell Co. bought 25 [American Soybean Assoc.]: Keller E. Beeson, Jacob Hartz bushels of Laredo soybeans. These beans were put out with Sr., E.F. (“Soybean”) Johnson. Sept. p. 36, 85, 86. key farmers over the Grand Prairie in small quantities and • Summary: Keller E. Beeson, extension agronomist at were planted on land that had been in rice the previous year. Purdue University and former president of ASA, was When the benefi cial results that followed were noted [the born on March 18, 1894 at Columbia City, Indiana. Now rice farmers used the soybeans as a hay crop], a never ending deceased, he had been an extension agronomist at Purdue search for the most suitable varieties was begun. Mr. Hartz beginning in 1924. He cooperated with the railroads in and his partner soon found themselves in the seed business running the educational “Soybean Special” trains through [starting about 1926] where the former has remained ever Indiana. Before the days of the Soybean Digest, Mr. Beeson since. pioneered the preparation of the printed report of the annual “Mr. Hartz had a manifold job, the chief of which meeting, which was ready for distribution at the meeting. He his boys have always referred to as ‘Pop’s Preaching the also started the mimeographed circular letters that went out Soybean Gospel’ to farmers and agricultural leaders in at intervals to the membership. These were forerunners of the Arkansas and the South. In their contacts and travels many Digest. years later they are continually running into men who “Jacob Hartz, Sr., Arkansas farm and seed leader, and say that Mr. Hartz started them in the soybean business. onetime president of ASA, was born at Racine, Wisconsin, He found a market for the farmer’s bean crop and was on April 4, 1888 the son of German immigrants. He was one instrumental in having favorable freight rates established for of eight children. Because of his father’s poor health he was soybeans and other Arkansas farm products. forced to leave school after completing the eighth grade. “In 1936 the Hartz-Thorell Supply Co. designed and “At the age of 20 he went to work as a traveling constructed what remains the most modern and effi cient seed salesman for the P & O Plow Co. and spent several years in cleaning processing plant in the South. “The Hartz-Thorell Arkansas. partnership was dissolved in June, 1942. Mr. Hartz and his “In 1917 Mr. Hartz moved to Wheatley, Arkansas, two older sons, B.J. and Jake, Jr., acquired the seed end of and went into the hardware business. In 1924, he moved to the business which they operate under the title Jacob Hartz Stuttgart, Arkansas, his present home. There he joined his Seed Co. father and A.R. Thorell in the Hartz-Thorell Supply Co. “Mr. Hartz worked diligently in several seed which grew and prospered and became the leading farm organizations such as the Arkansas Seed Growers machinery business in the state. Association, the Arkansas Seed Dealers’ Association, and the “It was early in this business that Mr. Hartz became Southern Seedsmen Association. He was elected president interested in soybeans and started on the journey that was of the fi rst two and fi rst vice-president of the third, a South- to make him one of the soybean pioneers and leaders of the wide seed dealers association. In all of the organizations South. Hartz was looking for a soil building crop to save the he has fostered the soybean and guided its progress. He

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 98 served many years on the Arkansas State Plant Board. In this Delphos Grain & Soya Products Co. capacity he helped in the fi rst certifi cation of soybean seed in the state. 165. Soybean Digest. 1950. Purina’s newest soybean market “There is one other organization that he has helped to (Ad). Jan. p. 42. build, one that is dear to his heart, the American Soybean • Summary: See next page. A half-page ad. “New Association. He was elected the fi rst Southern director and Bloomington, Illinois, plant will process 250,000 bushels a has served in that capacity until the present. He is a former month! vice president of the Association. “One of the world’s best customers for the soybean–the “The above are some of the things that long ago Ralston Purina Company–announces a new market–the just- earned for Mr. Hartz the deserved title of ‘Soybean King of completed 250,000-bushels-a-month plant at Bloomington, Arkansas.’” Illinois. This makes six cash markets serving you who have “E.F. Johnson, affectionately known as ‘Soybean’ by soybeans to sell.” an entire industry, ha been a real pioneer and has made a Across the top of the ad are small aerial photos of contribution both as a grower and processor. He was born at Ralston Purina’s soybean solvent plants at (1) Circleville, Stryker, Ohio, 59 years ago [ca. Oct. 1889]. He received his Ohio; (1) Lafayette, Indiana; (3) Kansas City, Missouri; (4) education at the University of Indiana, Purdue University, St. Louis, Missouri; Iowa Falls, Iowa. In the center is the and Ohio State University. He started his fi rst soybean plots new plant at Bloomington, Illinois. In the lower right is a in the spring of 1912 and has been a grower ever since. At distinctive bag of Purina Chows. present, he is a producer of edible varieties. He was a teacher This ad also appeared in the Sept. issue (p. 98). of extension work for 7 years and an assistant professor for 2 years. For a time he was agricultural director for the Soo 166. McCubbin, K.; Ritz, G.J.; Barnebey, H.L. 1950. Line. He is now affi liated with the Delphos Grain & Soya Purina’s new Iowa Falls plant. Soybean Digest. March. p. 24, Products Co., Inc., at Delphos, Ohio. He served as president 27. of both the American Soybean Association and the National • Summary: In late 1949 the Ralston Purina Co. began Soybean Processors Association, and as treasurer of the latter operation of a new solvent extraction plant, with a organization. He has been actively interested in the National capacity of 200 tons/day of soybeans, built by Blaw-Knox Farm Chemurgic Council since its inception. Mr. Johnson Construction Co., at Iowa Falls, Iowa. The new extraction has always been very active in the work of the American plant adjoins an existing installation which consists of an Soybean Association, serving on programs and committees. expeller plant, storage silos, a meal blending and bagging One of the early annual meetings of the Association was unit, and a mixed feed plant. Ralston is opening an almost held on his farm. He was one of those whose efforts and identical unit at Bloomington, Illinois. encouragement brought about the founding of the Soybean “The new extraction plant adjoins an existing Digest.” installation which consists of an expeller plant, storage silos, Photos show: (1-3) Individual portraits of Keller Beeson, a meal blending and bagging unit, and a mixed feed plant. Jacob Hartz, Sr., and E.F. Johnson. (4) Three U.S. Regional The expeller plant has a capacity of 140 tons of soybeans per Soybean Laboratory agronomists at the ASA convention: day. The silos have a capacity of about 1,300,000 bushels of Dr. Lewis Saboe, Columbus, Ohio; Leonard F. Williams, beans and will serve as a storage supply for both plants. Urbana, Illinois; Albert H. Probst, Lafayette, Indiana. “The Blaw-Knox solvent extraction unit is designed to Note 1. Concerning E.F. “Soybean” Johnson: There are process soybeans containing 19 to 22 percent oil by weight many published lists of the presidents, offi cers, and directors and 9 to 14 percent moisture; it will produce about 9,000 of the American Soybean Association (ASA). E.F. Johnson gallons of soybean oil and 160 tons of meal per day when is never listed as a president, or as an offi cer, or as a director operating at designed capacity. of the ASA. In 1937-38 he was elected president, chairman “Hexane recovery from the oil and meal is essentially of the executive committee, and chairman of the statistical complete, but small normal losses through the vent system committee of the National Soybean Processors Association are guaranteed to be less than 0.7 percent of the weight of (NSPA). Strangely enough, one E.C. Johnson of Stryker, beans processed, or. in this case, 1.4 tons per day. The new Ohio (the same small town in which E.F. Johnson was born plant has been operating well within all the guaranteed and raised and lived until the 1930s) was vice-president of performance requirements. the ASA in 1924 and 1925, yet several extensive searches by “The processing of beans is divided for convenience experts in Stryker, Ohio, can fi nd no evidence that a person into two parts: the preparation of the beans for the extraction named E.C. Johnson ever lived in Stryker (See 1999 letter process, and the extraction itself. For complete safety, each from Jane Anderson of Stryker). Her theory is that E.F. and part is carried out in a separate building. In the preparation E.C. were one and the same person. building the beans are fi rst broken up by cracking mills, Note 2. This is the earliest article seen that mentions the and are then run through a steam heated conditioner which

regulates the moisture content to around 11 percent and heats extractor, they are drained, automatically dumped, and the the beans to plastic state. The thermo-plastic beans are then extracted fl akes are conveyed to the desolventizing system passed through fl aking rolls which fl ake the bean particles for hexane recovery. to a thickness of about 8 to 10 thousandths of an inch. “The fl akes pass through a desolventizer which The preparation of the beans, as the name implies, serves evaporates most of the hexane by means of recirculated to condition the beans in order to permit more complete superheated hexane vapor. The solvent vapor produced is extraction of the oil in the process. condensed and piped to a decanter. The fl akes then pass to “The fl aked beans are then conveyed to the extraction a deodorizer where the last trace of solvent is removed by building by a system of conveyors and elevators. The treatment with a small quantity of live steam. extractor used in this plant is an improved vertical unit “The next step is the toasting operation in which the which provides co-current and multiple step counter- meal is uniformly cooked at about 15 psig in a Blaw-Knox current extraction. The fl akes are fed through the top of the ‘Pressure Toaster.’ The toasting operation is very important extractor to downward moving baskets. As the baskets move in the processing of the soybean meal since it breaks down downward, the fl akes are sprayed with ‘half-miscella’ (which the complex protein molecules which cannot be assimilated is a mixture of soybean oil and hexane, rich in hexane) by some animals. The toaster is designed so that the variables producing full miscella, which consists of about 25 percent of time, temperature, and moisture can be controlled oil and 75 percent solvent. The baskets, after traveling independently to give the exact degree and type of cooking downward in the half-miscella spray, then move upward desired. After toasting, the meal is cooled and returned to counter-current to a spray of clear hexane producing the half- the preparation building for further processing including miscella used in the other part of the extractor. The combined pulverizing and sifting. It is then conveyed to the mixing co-current and counter-current fl ow results in a low residual plant where it is blended into the various Purina ‘Chows’ oil content in the fl akes, because the low oil content fl akes which are fed to everything on the farm from chickens to are extracted with clear fresh hexane which removes all cattle. but traces of the oil. As the baskets return to the top of the “Returning to the extraction step, the hexane must be

recovered from the oil to complete the process. The full that offi cially placed the mill in operation and congratulated miscella is pumped from the bottom of the extractor through the city of Bloomington on securing the huge modern bag fi lters to remove any solid particles which might clog the plant that “represents an important expansion of an old and heat exchangers and evaporators. The miscella is then run honorable company.” to a rising fi lm evaporator operating at atmospheric pressure “Others taking part in the ceremonies were Donald which removes the major portion of the hexane, then passes Danforth, Purina president; Cecil R. Cone, mayor of through a fl ash tank to a falling fi lm evaporator operating Bloomington; Nat Morey, manager of the new plant; and under vacuum. This removes all but a trace of the hexane E.H. Hamel, sales manager for Purina’s Grainbelt-Western which is then completely removed in a packed column by region. stripping with superheated steam. The fi nished oil is pumped “The plant has an annual capacity of 2½ million bushels to one of several large rail siding storage tanks. Complete oil of soybeans. Storage facilities of the elevators total 2 million handling facilities at the site include a tank carloading station bushels. Unloading and transfer capacity is approximately for bulk shipment of the oil. 15,000 bushels an hour.” “This solvent extraction plant was sold on a ‘turn- A photo shows Adlai Stevenson as he cuts the ribbon. key’ basis. Chemical plants division designed the process, Looking on, left to right: Bloomington mayor Cecil Cone; furnished all the equipment. designed and constructed the Nat Morey, manager of the Bloomington Plant; and Donald buildings, installed the equipment in the buildings, and Danforth, president of the company. placed the plant in operation. A staff of Blaw-Knox trained engineers took charge of initial operation of the plant.” 169. Soybean Digest. 1950. Honorary life members Three photos show the plant and its equipment. Address: [American Soybean Assoc.]: George Heartsill Banks, Taylor Chemical Plants Div., Blaw-Knox Co. Fouts, Edward Jerome Dies. Sept. p. 18, 81. • Summary: George Heartsill Banks, age 57, was born at 167. Soybean Digest. 1950. Grits and fl akes... from the world Raines, Tennessee. He graduated with a BSc degree from of soy: Ralston Purina Co. will hold the grand opening of the the University of Missouri in 1914. “He was director of new Purina mill at Bloomington, Illinois, April 12... April. p. fi eld service for the Arkansas Cotton Growers Cooperative 36. Association from 1921 to 1926 in Little Rock, Arkansas. • Summary: “Governor Adlai Stevenson will cut the ribbon He was Director in Charge of the Rice Branch Experiment that offi cially starts the company’s newest mill.” Station at Stuttgart, Arkansas, from 1926 to 1937. He was with Ralston Purina Co. at Osceola, Arkansas and Kansas 168. Soybean Digest. 1950. Open new Purina plant at City, Missouri, from 1937-1946. While at Osceola, Mr. Bloomington, Illinois. May. p. 32. Banks did the selection work on Ralsoy, which became one • Summary: “More than 600 feeders, dealers and others of the most popular soybean varieties in the South.” In 1946 interested in agriculture attended dedication ceremonies he discontinued his work with soybeans and began to work for the new Ralston Purina Co. solvent extraction plant at with rice experimentation and breeding, largely in Korea. In Bloomington, Illinois, April 12. Jan. 1950 he became ill while on a trip to Asia (Japan). He “Governor of Illinois Adlai Steven. son cut the ribbon died in a Los Angeles, California, hospital on 10 Aug. 1950.

Taylor Fouts, native of Camden, Indiana, pioneer on Shellabarger mill announced: Ralston Purina Co. would soybean grower, and the fi rst president of the ASA, went to buy processing plant, 9 elevators. Feb. 23. p. 10. college at Purdue University. Mr. Fouts has been one of the • Summary: “The Ralston Purina Co. is negotiating to buy true soybean pioneers. His father fi rst procured free soybean the new Shellabarger Mills, Inc., soybean plant at 2200 seed from the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1896 or North Twenty-second street and nine grain elevators owned 1898. Fouts began growing soybeans in 1904, after he by the Shellabarger company, Donald Danforth, president of graduated from college. “Soybean days in cooperation with Ralston Purina, announced today in St. Louis [Missouri]. Purdue University were held in 1910 and 1916 at the Fouts William L. Shellabarger, president of Shellabarger Mills, farm, which became known as Soyland.” These soybean Inc., confi rmed reports that negotiations are in progress. meetings helped to create widespread interest in the crop. It “Both men labeled as ‘premature’ reports that the deal was Fouts’ intense enthusiasm that helped to attract to the has already been closed. crop many other leaders who became nationally known later. “The nine grain elevators involved in the negotiations “And in 1920 a Cornbelt soybean conference was held at are owned by the Shellabarger company and are located at: Soyland. At this conference, the National Soybean Growers “Warrensburg, Association was formed.” The name was later changed to the “Elwin, American Soybean Association. “Fouts was elected president “Pana, at this meeting, and so became the fi rst president of the “Raymond, American Soybean Association. He was elected president of “Craig, the Association again in 1928.” “Ospur, Edward Jerome Dies, formerly the president of the “Dunkel, National Soybean Processors Association, was a staff “Westervelt, correspondent of the Associated Press and a magazine writer “Ohlman, before launching his Chicago public relations bureau. In “Mr. Shellabarger and Mr. Danforth declined to disclose 1936, when the soybean crop was only 33 million bushels, the amount of money involved. his agency was engaged by the National Soybean Processors “Mr. Shellabarger said the expected change in ownership Association to correct certain adverse publicity. Soon will result in no changes of personnel or policies at the he became president of the expanding trade group, and elevators. continued in offi ce until 1945, when he resigned and went to “Simultaneously with the announcement of the live in Washington [DC]. He has retained a connection with negotiations for the Shellabarger property, the Ralston the soy fl our industry as director of the Soya Food Research company announced plans to build a new solvent processing Council. Mr. Dies is the author of 8 books, one of them on soybean plant in Kansas City, Missouri. soybeans–”Gold from the Soil”. Photos show Banks, Fouts, “Mr. Danforth said the Ralston company is switching and Edward Jerome Dies. from the expeller to the solvent process in producing soybean meal. 170. Soybean Digest. 1950. New unit by Purina. Oct. p. 32, “The Shellabarger plant here has a capacity of 10,000 34. bushels of soybeans daily. It employs the solvent process. • Summary: “Donald Danforth, president of the Ralston “When construction of the plant was announced in Purina Co., has announced that his company plans to install September 1950, the building cost was listed at $500,000.” a complete new soybean solvent extraction unit at its present Note: The sale to Ralston Purina was completed on May Lafayette, Indiana, location. The new unit, when completed, 1. will materially increase the soybean crushing facilities of the company at Lafayette. 172. Soybean Digest. 1952. The cover picture: Funk opens “The contract for furnishing all equipment, engineering new solvent unit. Feb. p. 9 + cover. and services in connection with the complete new plant has • Summary: At the beginning of this year, the Funk Bros. been awarded the French Oil Mill Machinery Co. of Piqua, Seed Co. began operation of a new 200-ton-capacity solvent Ohio, who will act as engineers, general contractor and extraction unit in Bloomington, Illinois. They make “Funk’s” equipment suppliers. soybean oil meal and “Minrol Soy.” In addition to being a “The construction of the building, structures and soybean processor, Funk Bros. also produces soybeans and foundations, setting of machinery and conveyors, piping and other farm seeds, and the famous “Funk’s G Hybrid” seed plumbing, electrical wiring (insulation, painting and other corn. The new plant, which increases Funk’s processing work involved in the project) will be subcontracted by the capacity by more than one third, is a horizontal hexane French Oil Mill Machinery Co.” solvent extraction unit made by French Oil Mill Machinery Co. Eugene D. Funk is president of the fi rm. Harold A. 171. Decatur Daily Review (Illinois). 1952. Sale negotiations Abbott is manager of the soybean division. A large cover

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 102 photo shows Funk’s new solvent unit next to a railroad meetings committee chairman, presided at the luncheon in siding. In the left background is another solvent extraction the Decatur Club building.” plant operated by Ralston Purina Co. in Bloomington. 176. Decatur Herald (The) (Decatur, Illinois). 1952. Plant 173. Soybean Digest. 1952. Purina adds two solvent plants. closes for repairs. May 24. p. 3. March. p. 26. • Summary: “The Checkerboard Soybean Co., formerly • Summary: “Donald Danforth, president of Ralston Purina Shellabarger Mills, Inc., will shut down its plant today for a Co., St. Louis, Missouri, announced Feb. 23 that his fi rm will four or fi ve week repair program. construct a new soybean solvent processing plant at Kansas Russell Baer, general manager and vice president of City, Missouri, according to the Associated Press. the plant, announced the shut down yesterday. He said the “At the same time Danforth announced the purchase by closing was ordered so that all the plant machinery and his fi rm of Shellabarger Mills, Inc., which he said owns a facilities might be overhauled. newly constructed solvent plant at Decatur, Illinois. “Thirty-two men employed in the plant have been asked “The Kansas City installation will be built at the site to take their annual vacations during the shut-down period, of the fi rm’s present expeller plant which is a part of the Mr. Baer Said. company’s Kansas City chow mill.” “’We will attempt to fi nd work in the plant repair project for those men who are not on vacation,’ he said. 174. Decatur Herald (Illinois). 1952. Ralston Purina offi cers “The sale of the Shellabarger plant to the Ralston Purina honored (Photo caption). May 2. p. 10. Co. was completed here May 1.” • Summary: The caption below the photo reads: “William H. Danforth, left, chairman of the board of Ralston Purina Co., 177. Soybean Digest. 1952. The cover picture [Ralston talks with Russell Baer, center, and Dr. J. Walter Malone, Purina’s new plant at Lafayette, Indiana]. July. p. 8. president of Millikin university. Mr. Baer has been named • Summary: See next page. “The view shown on the cover general manager and vice president of the Shellabarger Mills, is one that will be afforded to the people who attend the Inc., plant taken over yesterday by Ralston Purina. The plant American Soybean Association convention at Lafayette, has been named the Checkerboard Soybean Co. Mr. Danforth Indiana, Sept. 9 to 11. and other offi cers of the company were guests at a luncheon “The photo shows Ralston Purina Co.’s new solvent in the Decatur Club yesterday.” extraction plant [which crushes soybeans giving soy oil and Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2016) soybean meal] and Chow mill at Lafayette. The new solvent that contains the term “Checkerboard Soybean Co.” soybean unit replaces the old, less effi cient mechanical Expeller unit that had been in continuous operation for a 175. Herald and Review (Decatur, Illinois). 1952. number of years. Shellabarger gets citation. May 2. p. 3. “In announcing the new unit at Lafayette, Donald • Summary: “William L. Shellabarger, president of Danforth, president of Purina, stated that soybean oil meal Shellabarger Mills, Inc. yesterday received a grain industry is one of the most important ingredients used in Purina citation at a luncheon in honor of the Ralston Purina Co. The Chows. He said, ‘Since the Expeller process of producing Ralston Purina Co. took over the Shellabarger Mills Inc., soybean oil meal was fast becoming obsolete, it seemed plant here offi cially yesterday. necessary to replace the Expeller facilities at Lafayette with “It was presented by Jasper Di Giovanna who was a solvent plant in order to best serve the interest of Purina’s present in Chicago recently when it was announced by the customers.’ National Soybean Processors association. Mr. Di Giovanna is “Elaborate safety devices have been built into this plant. president of Decatur Soy Products. It’s equipped with automatic, deluge fi re fi ghting protection, “The resolution, from the association board, recognized and the best equipment fi nd operating safety rules are used to Mr. Shellabarger’s years of service and contributions to the prevent sparks or fl ames.” growth and welfare of the soybean processing industry. “William Huge of Central Soya Co., Decatur, Indiana, 178. Bethke, R.M. 1952. How much soybean oil meal can was elected association secretary in Mr. Shellabarger’s place we use? Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 49. in the Chicago meeting. • Summary: “It has been estimated that between 1940 “Yesterday meeting in honor of Ralston Purina featured and 1950 there was a 20 percent increase in the use of the appearance of top company executives including William concentrated feeds. If we make similar progress in the H. Danforth, chairman of the board. effi cient production of meat, milk and eggs in the 1950 and “The board also met in the Citizen’s National bank to 1960 periods as we did in the preceding decade and provide give fi nal approval to the transfer. our increased population with comparable living standard, “Dr. J. Walter Malone, Association of Commerce then all concentrate feeds used will probably increase 17%.

To take care of this increase, we could easily use 17% more– A portrait photo shows R.M. Bethke. Address: Ralston about 1 million tons–of soybean meal or its equivalent in Purina Co. 1960 than in the year 1950-51.” A table shows the production of oilseed meals, meat 179. Burlison, W.L. 1952? Looking ahead with soybeans. scraps, tankage and fi sh meal in the USA from 1925-26 to Urbana, Illinois. 14 p. Undated. Unpublished manuscript. 1950-51 (thousands of tons). Soybean meal has increased • Summary: Dr. Burlison, who had retired in June 1951, at by far the fastest rate, from 8.6 to 5887.6. Cottonseed prepared this undated, handwritten manuscript for a talk meal has decreased from 2564 to 1719. Linseed meal has on soybeans he gave or intended to give in about 1954. remained unchanged. Copra has increased slightly from 66 Contents: Introduction. 1. The challenge of the past: to 143. Peanut meal has increased signifi cantly from 10.7 to Publications, research, extension work, early soybean 151.3. Total oilseed meal and cake has more than doubled farmers (Stoddard of Carlinville), American Soybean from 3373 to 8631. Soybean as a percentage of total oilseed Association, soybean processors in the USA and Illinois, meals has skyrocketed from 0.3% to 68.2%. Illinois Farm Advisers Assoc., H.G. Atwood and the Peoria Meat scraps and tankage has increased about 50% from Plan, establishment of Regional Soybean Laboratory 1936 550 to 785. Fish cake and meal has increased from 69 to 215. is most signifi cant recent event in soybean history (part Total high protein supplements has increased from 3993 to is located in Peoria, headquarters in Urbana, Illinois), the 9631. challenge, Illinois still leads in soybean production. Soybean as a percentage of total protein supplements 2. The facts of the present: Strong interest by the has skyrocketed from 0.2% to 61.1%. university, researchers, farmers, and processors, average

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 104 yield has more than doubled. manager of the Decatur, Illinois, fi rm, reports that a marked 3. The promise of the future: Industrialists predicted gain in production has been made through additions to the needs for the future (See Soybean Digest, Sept. 1952. R.M. plant, changes in machinery, and modifi cations in processing. Bethke of Ralston Purina Co., H.C. Black of Swift & Co., Also, in conformance to strict safety policy, complete deluge J.C. Konen of Archer Daniels Midland Co., Ward Calland and sprinkling fi re control systems have been installed. of National Crop Improvement Council, Mitsuo Hirano, “A subsidiary of Ralston Purina, the Checkerboard president of Association of Oil and Fats Manufacturers of Soybean Co. was formerly Shellabarger Mills. The property, Japan, J.C.A. Faure of International Association of Seed which includes country elevators, was purchased in February Crushers, E.M. Learmonth of British Soya Products Ltd. last year to replace Purina’s older Expeller operations.” (London), USDA Offi ce of Agricultural Experiment Stations, A large aerial photo shows the former Shellabarger Mills George Strayer of American Soybean Association). in Decatur, Illinois. As early as 1897 in Illinois, “the soybean showed great future promise. To date our College of Agriculture has 181. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. published 32 bulletins and 42 circulars and many hundreds Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. of journal articles and pamphlets of various kinds. This is Manufacturer’s Address: 2200 North 22nd St., Decatur, truly a fi ne record.” Illinois. Today in the United States there are 260 plants which Date of Introduction: 1953 September. process soybeans; 37 of these are in Illinois. Ingredients: Soybeans. “It should be noted that the fi rst recorded effort to New Product–Documentation: Decatur Daily Review fi nd an outlet for surplus [soybeans] was in 1921 when the (Illinois). 1952. Sale negotiations on Shellabarger mill president of the Illinois Farm Advisers Association contacted announced: Ralston Purina Co. would by processing plant, the industry for the purpose of fi nding a possible outlet in 9 elevators. Feb. 23. p. 10. Note: The sale of the plant to Illinois to handle our soybeans. Our soybean production Ralston Purina was completed on May 1. was just getting under way which meant some uncertainty in Soybean Blue Book. 1953. “Processors of soybeans– soybean supplies. Illinois. Decatur–Checkerboard Soybean Co.” Plant at “This uncertainty continued until 1928 when, because Pana. Affi liate of Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis [Missouri]. of heavy abandonment of winter wheat in Illinois, it seemed Head soybean buyer and plant manager: R.E. Baer. Plant necessary to turn to soybeans for a part of the acreage if superintendent: Ira Abbott. Hexane solvent. Processing some assurance could be given that a sudden increase in capacity: 250 tons/day. Storage capacity: 1 million bushels. production would not result in ruinous prices. After some Served by IC, WAB, ITC, NYC RR. negotiations with the late H.G. Atwood a price was set for soybeans as far as his company was concerned. So far as 182. Product Name: Buckeye Protein (Industrial Soy we know, this is the fi rst instance of a case where the price Protein Isolate). was fi xed before that crop was produced. This was a very Manufacturer’s Name: Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. important move in giving soybeans considerable stability. Manufacturer’s Address: Louisville, Kentucky. “The most signifi cant recent event in soybean history Date of Introduction: 1953. was the establishment in 1936 of the Regional Soybean Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 50 lb multiwall paper bags. Laboratory a part of which is now located in Peoria, Illinois, How Stored: Shelf stable. and a section devoted to soybean breeding with headquarters New Product–Documentation: Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. at this university.” 1953. “Buckeye Protein Technical Bulletin.” This isolated “Illinois is still by long odds the leading soybean- soy protein is manufactured in Louisville, Kentucky. producing state. Of the state’s 102 counties, 41 produced B.J. Gantt. 1959. Aug. “Buckeye Manufacturing from 1- to almost 4 million bushels in 1951. Outside of history.” “Soybean Protein: In the fall of 1946, Proctor & Illinois there are only 21 counties in the nation that produced Gamble needed a raw material to use in the new formula 1 million bushels of soybeans last year. Four Illinois counties of Spic and Span. It was found that a protein product that grew between 3 and 4 million bushels in 1951.” Champaign could be made from soybeans at Louisville would supply this County leads the nation with almost 4 million bushels. demand. As a result, a protein unit [for making industrial- Address: Univ. of Illinois. grade isolated soy protein] was erected at the Louisville Mill and adequately took care of the Proctor & Gamble needs. 180. Soybean Digest. 1953. Changes by Checkerboard After a few years, the Spic and Span formula was changed Soybean Co. May. p. 18. again so there was less need for this protein product and it • Summary: “Substantial changes have recently been was necessary to develop outside markets where it was used completed at the Checkerboard Soybean Co., to step up largely as a substitute for casein in the paper trade.” production of hexane processed meal. Russell E. Baer, Talk with Ed Rider, corporate archivist, Procter

& Gamble Co. 1993. July 8. In 1953 Buckeye started stability, and a panel discussion of factors limiting the manufacturing industrial soy protein isolates for sale to other utilization of soybean oil were among the items on the companies at its plant in Louisville, Kentucky. A technical program.” bulletin dated 1953 states that the isolates were used for “Present members of the Soybean Research Council: paper coatings, sizings, fi re-fi ghting foam, adhesives, water- H.C. Black, Chairman, Swift & Co., Chicago, Illinois. dispersible paints, etc. This plant was purchased by Ralston M.L. Brinegar, Allied Mills, Inc., Libertyville, Illinois. Purina Co. in Dec. 1958. J.W. Hayward, Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Albert C. Groschke, The Borden Co., New York, 183. Danforth, William H. 1953. I dare you. Four-fold NY. H.L. Craig, The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, development: Think tall, stand tall, smile tall, live tall. 15th Ohio. W.W. Cravens, Central Soya Co., Inc., Decatur, ed. St. Louis: Privately printed. xi + 134 p. 18 cm. * Indiana. Stuart Bauer, The Drackett Co., Cincinnati, Address: Ralston Purina. Ohio. Fred H. Hafner, General Mills, Inc., Chemical Div., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Max A. Jeter, The Glidden Co., 184. Terrill, R.L. 1954. The soybean research council: Indianapolis, Indiana. J. Wesley Nelson, Cargill, Inc., Information gathered by processor group benefi ts entire Minneapolis, Minnesota. Everett Blasing, Pillsbury Mills, soybean industry. Soybean Digest. July. p. 18-20. Inc., Clinton, Iowa. Harold L. Wilcke, Ralston Purina Co., • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Annual meeting. Meal St. Louis, Missouri. Robert L. Terrill, Spencer Kellogg & in feeds. A good overview of the goals and activities of Sons, Inc., Buffalo, New York. John C, Cowan, Northern the SRC which “is offi cially a standing committee of the Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois. National Soybean Processors Association.” In 1952 the SRC conducted a “broad program of study Its “work is of considerable indirect benefi t to soybean with regard to the position of soybean oil meal in animal growers because the information it develops concerning feedstuffs. It was attempted to establish two broad principles: many of the technical aspects of the soybean industry one, the effect of various types of processing (expeller basically serves to increase the utilization of soybean vs. solvent, etc.) on the nutritional quality of soybean products. Its activities range from studies relating to breeding oil meal, and two, whether or not this nutritional quality and cultural practices on soybeans to the utilization of could be predicted on the basis of chemical tests.” Soon all the multitudinous soybean-containing products of today’s manufacturers were invited to submit samples for evaluation. market. In virtually no other American industry do the In 1953 another soybean oil meal survey, even more processors involved maintain entirely at their expense a ambitious than the fi rst, was undertaken. Address: Spencer group of technical experts whose basic purpose is to gather, Kellogg & Sons, Inc., Buffalo, New York. evaluate, and distribute technical information for the benefi t of the entire industry.” 185. Soybean Digest. 1954. Grits and fl akes... from the world Total membership now stands at 14. Membership is of soy: George E. Pierce, vice-president of Ralston Purina made up not only of men from various member fi rms but Co. of Canada, Ltd.,... Nov. p. 30. may also include members of outside organizations, for • Summary: “... and manager of the Purina plant in example Dr. J.C. Cowan, head of the oil and protein division Woodstock, Ontario, has announced purchase by his of the Northern Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria, company of a tract of land near Toronto for expansion. A mill Illinois. will be built some time in the future on the eight-acre tract The chairman of the council is elected by vote and to manufacture the full line of Purina feeds for livestock and generally by custom serves for at least 2 years. Dr. Howard poultry.” C. Black (of Swift & Co., Chicago) is the current chairman. The council maintains a survey (library) of literature 186. Soybean Digest. 1955. The Ralston Purina Co., St. pertaining to the soybean. “For the past nine years, the Louis, Missouri, will build a new feed mill at Springdale, Soybean Research Council has sponsored an Annual Flavor Arkansas. Feb. p. 28. Stability Symposium, and much of the progress in bringing • Summary: “The new mill will have a capacity of about soybean oil to its present status as the major edible oil 75,000 tons of broiler and turkey feeds annually.” of the United States can be traced to material sponsored, encouraged, and presented at these meetings. These papers 187. Wilcke, H.L. 1955. A report on soybean oil meal–A are later presented at the appropriate technical society, but primary source of amino acids. Soybean Digest. Feb. p. 20- the symposium method is such as to encourage free and 21. frank discussion and interchange of information...” “The • Summary: “Soybean oil meal oil meal as it is produced most recent symposium was conducted in October 1953 at today is actually the ground, toasted soybean from which Chicago, with Harry L. Craig as chairman. Deodorization the oil has been extracted. From each bushel of soybeans techniques, objective methods of grading fl avor and fl avor weighing 60 pounds, approximately 11 pounds of oil and 48

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 106 pounds of soybean oil meal are obtained. This leaves a one must be processed to make it the most effective protein pound or 1.67 percent shrink. supplement. This is not due to the fat content of the bean, but “The soybean oil meal as produced under normal there are several factors involved in the improvement of the conditions today is made up of the entire bean, minus the quality of the protein supplement of the soybean by heating. oil, but with no other additives. While the composition of “First of all, there seems to be some factor in soybeans the various strains of soybeans will vary somewhat, the which functions as an inhibitor, making the lysine of the raw average percent of hulls on the beans and which are included soybean unavailable to the pig and to the chick, particularly. in the meal is only about 4 percent. No attempt is made to Fortunately, this inhibiting factor is destroyed by heat, and adjust protein levels and none are necessary because of the when the soybean oil meal is toasted, this factor disappears fairly uniform protein content when the oil is extracted to a and the young growing animal may utilize the protein given level. Actually, the composition of the solvent process satisfactorily. soybean oil meal, which makes up more than 95 percent of “It was the discovery that heating improved the quality the total soybean oil meal produced today, is approximately of the protein in soybean oil meal that really accounted for 45 percent protein, ½ to 1.3 percent fat, and 6 percent of the rapid growth of the soybean industry in this country. fi ber. Since that discovery, the soybean industry has been working “In table I we have listed the total amount of non- constantly to discover the best combination of heat, moisture, roughage feeds estimated to be needed for the various classes and time which will produce the best quality meal and at the of livestock in the United States during the year 1953-54. It same time avoid overheating in the product that is produced. will be noted in this table that swine, poultry, and dairy cattle “When soybean oil meal is overheated certain of the consumed by far the major part of the high protein feeds. amino acids, particularly lysine and probably methionine, “It will also be noted that the ratio of high protein feeds become unavailable to the young, growing animal. to the carbohydrate carrying feed is rather low. Because of Therefore, there is an optimum method of processing, below this it is important to utilize our supplies of oil meals in the which an inhibiting factor operates, and above which the most effi cient manner. amino acids are not available to the young, growing animal. “Actually our high protein feeds serve as a means “Much work has been done in attempting to devise rapid of providing the amino acids lacking in the cereal grains chemical tests which will evaluate the biological value of consumed by our farm animals. This is the primary function soybean oil meals. Unfortunately, no such simple test has of soybean oil meal. It is not, generally speaking, a good been developed as of this date. One of the tests that is used source of some of the vitamin factors which we fi nd in some most frequently, and which receives the most publicity, is the of the animal protein supplements, but it does provide good modifi ed Caskey-Knapp urease test. quality protein. “Urease Test: In the raw soybean there is an enzyme, “In table II we have listed the lysine, tryptophane, urease, which is inactivated by the application of heat. and methionine content of several of the high protein Therefore, a measure of the urease content of the resulting supplements and in some of the grains. These are three of meal provides some measure of the heat that has been the essential amino acids which are most likely to be lacking applied to that soybean oil meal in processing. in grain, and it will be noted that soybean oil meal is a “It may be seen readily that this test breaks down when relatively good source of lysine, although not as good as fi sh meals are overheated because when all of the urease has meal or meat scrap. Lysine is usually the fi rst limiting amino been inactivated, obviously it can no longer serve to measure acid defi ciency in the cereal grains when they are used as the amount of heat that has been applied beyond the point sources of protein for young growing animals. of destruction of the total amount of urease. Therefore, the “In table III we have listed the amino acid requirements urease test as used in plant control operations today in many of weaning pigs and young poultry. From this it may be seen plants is a means of measuring the degree of processing that the requirements of these young animals for lysine, and evaluating the point at which the heating has been methionine, and tryptophane are higher than we would completed. expect to fi nd in the grains. For that reason they must be “Unfortunately, there is not a high degree of correlation supplemented with high protein supplements such as the oil between the urease readings and the biological value of meals and animal protein supplements. the soybean oil meal produced. Within limits, it serves its “Since the supply of animal protein supplements is purpose but its functions are limited. defi nitely limited, it is necessary that we obtain the bulk of “There is hardly any product on the market which does our supplementary proteins from the oil meals in order that not have problems of one type or another. Every industry grains may be used effi ciently and in order to support normal must recognize its problems and do its best to correct them. growth in young, growing animals. I feel that the soybean industry has done a very fi ne job in Processing Needed: This function cannot be this respect. We must have continued vigilance and efforts accomplished by the ground raw soybean, but the bean to improve the product in order that we may meet the

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 107 requirements of the vastly increased numbers of livestock The following organizations, and individuals are and poultry necessary to produce the foods for our growing members of NSPA: Albers Milling Co., Los Angeles, population in this country.” California (W.P. Kyle). Allied Mills, Inc., Board of Trade A small portrait photo shows Dr. Harold L. Wilcke. Bldg., Chicago, Illinois; Peoria, Illinois; Taylorville, Note: This is the earliest English-language document Illinois; Omaha, Nebraska. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., seen (Dec. 2017) that contains the term “fi rst limiting amino Box 839, Minneapolis 2, Minnesota; Mankato, Minnesota; acid” (related to protein quality) in connection with soy. Decatur, Illinois; Baldwin Oil Mill, Inc., Foley, Alabama Address: PhD, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. (W.H. Sessions). Belzoni Oil Works, Belzoni, Mississippi (Irby Turner). Big 4 Co-op. Processing Assn., Sheldon, 188. National Soybean Processors Association. 1955. Year Iowa (Chas. W. Hanson). Boone Valley Co-op. Processing book, 1955-1956 (Association year). Chicago, Illinois. 48 p. Assn., Eagle Grove, Iowa (Edward Olson). Borden’s Soy • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: Processing Co., New York 17, New York (E.J. Brubaker); “Year Book and Trading Rules, 1955-1956.” Contents: Waterloo, Iowa; Chicago 4, Illinois (James R. Pentis); Constitution and by-laws and code of ethics. Offi cers, Kankakee, Illinois. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. (The), Cincinnati directors and committees for 1955-56. Membership of the 1, Ohio (W.H. Knapp, R.B. Williams); Little Rock, Arkansas; National Soybean Processors Association. Trading rules Wilson, Arkansas; Louisville, Kentucky; Greenwood, on soybean oil meal. Appendix to trading rules on soybean Mississippi; New Madrid, Missouri; Raleigh, North oil meal: Offi cial methods of analysis (moisture, protein, Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee. Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis 15, oil, crude fi ber {only method numbers listed}, sampling of Minnesota (M.D. McVay, Jay Haymaker); Chicago 3, Illinois soybean oil meal). Trading rules on soybean oil: Tentative (W.B. Saunders); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (C.W. Bohlander); refi ned oil specifi cations. Appendix to trading rules on Fort Dodge, Iowa (W.J. Wheeler); Washington, Iowa (Hugo soybean oil: Uniform sales contract, standard specifi cations Lensch); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.F. Hubbard). Central for crude soybean oil for technical uses, grading soybean oil Iowa Bean Mill, Gladbrook, Iowa (Paul H. Klinefelter). for color (N.S.P.A. tentative method), methods of analysis Central Soya Co., Inc., Fort Wayne 2, Indiana (W.E. Huge); (A.O.C.S. offi cial methods): Soybean oil, crude; soybean oil, Gibson City, Illinois (Newell Wright); Decatur, Indiana refi ned; soybean oil, refi ned and bleached; soybean oil for (T.H. Alwein); Marion, Ohio (W.E. Mann); Chattanooga, technical uses; soap stock, acidulated soap stock and tank Tennessee (R.W. Fay). Checkerboard Soybean Co., Decatur bottoms (only method numbers listed). 30, Illinois (R.E. Baer). Colchester Processing Co., E. St. The section titled “Offi cers, directors, and committees” Louis, Illinois (E.L. McKee). Consumer’s Soybean Mills, (p. 12-15) states: President: R.G. Houghtlin. V.P., Chairman Inc., Minneapolis 15, Minnesota (Riley W. Lewis). Dannen Executive Committee: Dwight L. Dannen. Secretary: E.A. Grain and Milling Co., St. Joseph 1, Missouri (Dwight L. Cayce. Treasurer: H.A. Abbott. Executive Committee: Dannen). Delphos Grain and Soya Products Co., Delphos, Dwight L. Dannen, Chairman, D.O. Andreas, H.A. Abbott, Ohio (Floyd E. Hiegel). Delta Cotton Oil and Fertilizer Co., R.G. Golseth (term ending Sept. 1956). E.A. Cayce, A.C. Jackson, Mississippi (Alfred Jenkins). Drackett Co. (The), Hoehne, R.G. Houghtlin, W.E. Huge (term ending Sept. Cincinnati 32, Ohio (Roger Drackett). Farmers Cooperative 1957). Assn., Ralston, Iowa (Karl Nolin). Farmers Cooperative Board of Directors (Term expiring Sept. 1956): E.A. Co., Dike, Iowa (C.M. Gregory). Fremont Cake and Meal Cayce, Jasper Giovanna, Willard C. Lighter, M.D. McVay, Co., Fremont, Nebraska (Harry E. Wiysel). Funk Bros. Seed Ralph S. Moore, Clark Yager. Term expiring Sept. 1957: Co., Bloomington, Illinois (H.A. Abbott). Galesburg Soy D.O. Andreas, Earl J. Brubaker, Dwight L. Dannen, R.B. Products Co., Galesburg, Illinois (Max Albert). General Jude, W.H. Knap, Glenn Pogeler. Term expiring Sept. 1958: Mills, Inc., Chem. Div., Minneapolis 1, Minnesota (Sewal D. S.D. Andrews, Jr., S.E. Cramer, A.C. Hoehne, W.E. Huge, Andrews, Jr.); Belmond, Iowa (Walter B. Hotvet); Rossford, Donald C. Ogg, J.J. Quinlan. Ohio (Glenn W. Martin). Glidden Co. (The), Chicago 39, Standing committees: For each committee, the names Illinois (Willard C. Lighter). Gooch Milling & Elevator of all members (with the chairman designated), with the Co., Lincoln 1, Nebraska (M.R. Eighmy). Haynes Milling company and company address of each are given–Traffi c and Co., Inc., Portland, Indiana (Clarence E. Peters). Holland transportation. Technical. Soybean grades and contracts. Oil Pioneer Mills, Ohio City, Ohio (G.A. Holland). Honeymead trading rules. Meal trading rules. Crop improvement council. Products Co., Mankato, Minnesota (D.O. Andreas, L.W. Soybean research council. Uniform rules and standards for Andreas); Huegely Elevator Co., Nashville, Illinois (J.W. soybean oil meal. Safety and insurance. Lecithin. Regional: Huegely). Illinois Soy Products, Springfi eld, Illinois (Jasper Ohio and East; Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Wisconsin Giovanna, Eric Nadel). Iowa Milling Co., Cedar Rapids, and Northwestern Missouri; Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Iowa (Joe Sinaiko, Bob Scroggs). Iowa Soy Co., Redfi eld, South Dakota; Kansas, and Western Missouri; Southeastern Iowa (Donald C. Ogg). Ipava Farmers Processing Co., Missouri and the Mississippi River Delta Sections. Ipava, Illinois (Phil. Snedeker). Kansas Soya Products

Co. (The), Emporia, Kansas (Elmer L. Buster). Lauhoff 189. Soybean Digest. 1955. Soybean Digest is 15 years old. Soya Co., Danville, Illinois (R.G. Golseth). Marshall Mills Nov. p. 8-9. See also Dec. 1955, p. 7. Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (J.I. Johnson). McKee Feed & • Summary: “The Soybean Digest is 15 years old this Grain Co., Muscatine, Iowa (L.R. McKee). Mid-States month. The fi rst issue appeared in November 1940. Fats and Oils Corp., Peru, Indiana (Oren P. Cochran); “Fifteen years ago this past August the American Indianapolis, Indiana (Paul J. Sicanoff). Minnesota Linseed Soybean Association decided to establish an offi cial monthly Oil Co., Minneapolis 21, Minnesota (R.J. Lindquist, Jr.). publication at its annual convention at Dearborn, Michigan. Mississippi Cottonseed Prod. Co., Jackson, Mississippi One purpose was to publish the proceedings of Association (H.E. Covington). Muscatine Processing Corp., Muscatine, conventions. Iowa (G.A. Kent). North Iowa Cooperative Processing “But some Association leaders foresaw a much larger Association, Mason City, Iowa (Glenn Pogeler). Ohio role for the Digest. They thought it could become the voice Valley Soybean Co-op, Henderson, Kentucky (A.I. Reisz). of an entire industry. We believe it has. Owensboro Grain Co., Owensboro, Kentucky (William M. “This magazine was born in the early days of World O’Bryan). Pacifi c Vegetable Oil Corp., San Francisco 7, War II when a hungry world was beginning to cry for fats California (B.T. Rocca, Jr.). Pillsbury Mills, Inc., Clinton, and proteins–and offering the comparatively new soybean Iowa (Clark Yager, D.B. Long, E.A. Blasing). Planters crop a challenge and an opportunity. And it was pushing the Manufacturing Co., Clarksdale, Mississippi (A.K. Shaifer). American Soybean Association into broader fi elds. Quaker Oats Co. (The), Chicago 54, Illinois (K.N. Tilden). “In 1940 the nation had already produced a 90-million- Quincy Soybean Products Co., Quincy, Illinois (Irving bushel soybean crop, and was soon to produce a 100-million- Rosen, Norman Rosen). Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis 2, bushel crop. By the war’s end the annual crop was almost Missouri (Donald B. Walker); Kansas City, Missouri (F.G. 200 million bushels. Franze); Bloomington, Illinois (D.D. Rowland); Lafayette, “Some men thought the soybean would slip back to Indiana (Ralph Guenther); Iowa Falls, Iowa (H.N. Johnson). a place of minor importance as soon as the war was over. Riverside Oil Mill, Marks, Mississippi (William King Self). Instead, the really tremendous growth of the crop and Sisketon Cotton Oil Mill, Inc., Sisketon, Missouri (P.B. industry was about to begin. The 1955 crop of soybeans is Bartmess). Sioux Soya Mills, Div. of Sioux Industries, Inc., almost double the 200 million bushels of 1946, and nobody Sioux City 2, Iowa (John W. Zipoy). Southern Cotton Oil now believes we have reached the peak! Co. (The), Goldsboro, North Carolina (W.V. Westmoreland); “There is good evidence that the fact that the soybean Tarboro, North Carolina (W.A. Moore). Southland Cotton has now reached an unchallenged position as the leading Oil Co., Div. of Anderson Clayton Co., Paris, Texas (James producer of the nation’s vegetable fats and proteins has been R. Gill). Soy-Rich Products, Inc., Wichita, Kansas (Ralph due to the leadership within the Association and the industry. S. Moore). Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Inc., Buffalo 5, New It could have been otherwise. York (Robert B. Jude); Chicago, Illinois; Decatur, Illinois; “The Soybean Digest is proud to have been a part of this Des Moines 6, Iowa; Bellevue, Ohio; El Centro, California. growth. Swift & Co., Union Stock Yards, Chicago 9, Illinois (S.E. “Plastic Fords were creating a sensation when the Digest Cramer). Tri-County Co-op Soybean Assn., Dawson, was founded. (Editor Strayer was soon to observe soberly Minnesota (J.C. Givens). Wells (Ralph) & Co., Monmouth, that plastics were consuming less than ½% [= half of 1%] of Illinois (Ralph Wells). West Bend Elevator Co., West Bend, the soybean crop.) Iowa (R.W. Jurgens). West Tennessee Soya Mill, Inc., “The Digest carried an article the fi rst year on the use Tiptonville, Tennessee (Peter Frederickson). of soy fl our by the German fi ghting forces–Hitler’s secret Associate Members: American Feed Stores Home weapon. Hitler’s legions have long since descended into Organization (The), Minneapolis, Minnesota. Armour & Co., dust. But soy fl our is an even better food fortifi er now than it Chicago 9, Illinois (John H. Noble). Best Foods, Inc. (The), was in 1940. New York 17, NY. Capital City Products Co., Columbus 16, “Indiana was starting a soybean yield contest, one of Ohio. Clinton Foods Inc., Clinton, Iowa. Cooperative Mills the best and fi rst. Illinois University’s G.L. Jordan was Inc., Baltimore 30, Maryland. Cox (Chas. M.) Co., Boston, predicting a 90¢ average price for 1940-crop soybeans. Massachusetts. Humco Co. (The), Memphis 1, Tennessee. “The Ogden and Chief soybean varieties were Kraft Foods Co., Chicago, Illinois. Lever Bros Co., New announced. York 22, New York. Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati 1, “Some of the fi rst year’s headlines are reproduced on Ohio. Spartan Grain & Mill Co., Inc., Spartanburgh, South this month’s front cover. Carolina. Tuckers (Mrs.) Products, Div. of Anderson Clayton “Growth of the Soybean Digest during its fi rst 15 years Co., Sherman, Texas. Wilson & Co., Inc., Chicago, Illinois. is well shown by the accompanying pictures of the increasing Address: 3818 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 4, Illinois. staff. “The Digest was only 16 pages in size the fi rst year.

Since, there have been 72 pages in some regular issues, and Photos (p. 8) show: Geo. M. Strayer, editor and founder. up to 132 pages in convention issues. G.G. McIlroy [Ohio], former president of the American “The magazine has received heart-warming support over Soybean Assoc. [ASA] with a letter he wrote on 14 Nov. the years. A surprising number of fi rst advertisers are still 1940 that was sent out to members of ASA with the fi rst with us, as shown in the accompanying list. One, Seedburo issue of Soybean Digest. Equipment Co., has carried its message in each issue of the Along the bottom of page 9 is a section titled “Growth Digest ever published. of the Staff,” with small portrait photos of the following men “We do not have a similar list of the early readers who and a caption for each: are still with us. Their number also might be a surprise. “Kent Pellett–became managing editor in 1942. R.E. “We value equally the subscribers and advertisers who Hutchison–became an advertising representative in 1942. have joined us in recent years. We are deeply grateful to all– E.E. Yeck–became an advertising representative in 1942. oldtimers and newcomers. Without them there could not be a Porter M. Hedge–became Washington, DC, correspondent in Soybean Digest.” 1944. George McCulley–became business manager in 1946. A sidebar shows: “First Year Advertisers Still with the D.C. Cobie–became director of circulation in 1952. John Soybean Digest: Hendrickson–became an advertising representative in 1942.” “Ralston Purina Co. “Urbana Laboratories 190. Burial and death record (fi ndagrave) for William H. “Central Soya Co. Danforth; died on 24 Dec. 1955 (aged 85). 1955. Oak Grove “Nitragin Co. Cemetery, Bel-Nor, St. Louis County, Missouri. “Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. • Summary: Findagrave says: “Birth: 10 Sept. 1870, “Glidden Co. Charleston, Mississippi County, Missouri. “Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. “Death: 24 Dec. 1955 (aged 85), St. Louis City, “J.I. Case Co. Missouri. “Seedburo Equipment Co. “Burial: Oak Grove Cemetery, Bel-Nor, St. Louis “National Association of Margarine Manufacturers County, Missouri. Plot: Cremation. “Agricultural Laboratories “Memorial ID: 158344419 “V.D. Anderson Co. “He was Founder of the Ralston Purina Company, later “A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. Chairman.” Note: There is no photo of his gravestone. “Albert Dickinson Co. There are links to: “Quincy Soybean Products Co. “Father: A.H. Danforth. “Iowa Milling Co. “Birth: 12 Sept. 1942. “Skelly Oil Co. “Death: 24 Dec. 1900 (aged 58). “French Oil Mill Machinery Co. “Burial. IOOF Cemetery (also known as Odd Fellows “Dannen Mills, Inc. Cemetery), Charleston, Mississippi County, Missouri. A “Allied Mills, Inc. photo shows his gravestone and a very large monument “John Deere & Co. which has Marion Danforth, Sammy Danforth, H.C. Lynn, “Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. A.H. Danforth and Rebecca H Danforth all listed. “William H. Banks Warehouses, Inc.” Mother: Rebecca Hannah Lynn Danforth. Birth: 15 July A large red graph, from 1925 to 1955, across the top of 1842, Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky. page 9 shows: “Rapid as was the growth of the Soybean crop “Death: 8 Dec. 1913 (aged 71), Charleston, Mississippi before the Digest was founded, it has been much more rapid County, Missouri. since.” However there was a basic problem with this graph. “Burial: IOOF Cemetery, Charleston, Mississippi A correction, published in the Dec. 1955 issue (p. 7) stated: County, Missouri. “It should have looked like this!” Below that was the correct “Spouse: Adda Bush Danforth. graph with this caption: Birth: 24 Oct. 1870, Missouri. “This is how the graph showing the growth of the “Married: 1894. soybean crop before and after the founding of the Soybean “Death: 2 Sept. 1956 (aged 85 [of cerebral Digest on page 9 of the November issue should have arteriosclerosis, a build-up of plaque in the blood vessels of appeared. The graph line was turned upside down and made the brain]), St. Louis City, Missouri. it appear that there had been little expansion since 1940 “Burial: Oak Grove Cemetery, Bel-Nor, St. Louis and that production had leveled out since 1947. Gremlins County, Missouri. Note: Adda’s parents were Floyd Bush and sometimes creep into the best regulated printshops! Above, Emma Bohn–according to her death certifi cate you see the graph as it should be with the big expansion in “Brother: Albert Hampton Danforth. the soybean crop coming in the past 15 years.” “Birth: 7 Nov. 1876.

“Death: Oct. 1945 (aged 68). York, $100,000 to further the spiritual growth of Vassar “Burial: Bellefontaine Cemetery, Saint Louis, St. Louis students. He headed the American Youth Foundation, which City, Missouri. maintains summer camps for teen-age youth. Children: Dorothy Danforth Compton. “Washington U. Graduate: Mr. Danforth was born Birth: July 1895, Missouri. [on 10 Sept. 1870] in Charleston, in Southeast Missouri “Death: 1974 (aged 78-79). and began his business career in St. Louis soon after his “Burial: Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, graduation from Washington University in 1892. Middlesex County, Massachusetts. “The form he headed now does a gross business of about “Plot: Pond Road, Lot 8473, Space 2. $400,000,000 annually. This year it ranked seventy-seventh A photo shows the gravestone of Dorothy and her in this respect among the country’s biggest concerns. Its husband Randolph P. Compton (18 March 1892-1987). plants are in 47 cities. Son: Donald Danforth Sr. Ralston Purina has its plants in St. Louis, Buffalo, New “Birth: 12 Nov. 1898, St. Louis City, Missouri. York; Nashville, Tennessee Fort Worth, Texas, Kansas City, Death: 14 July 1973 (aged 74). St. Louis City, Missouri. Iowa Falls, Iowa; Battle Creek, Michigan; Minneapolis, “Burial: Bellefontaine Cemetery, Saint Louis, St. Louis Minnesota; Davenport, Iowa; Bloomington, Illinois; Wichita, City, Missouri.” Address: Oak Grove Cemetery, Bel-Nor, St. Kansas; Denver; St. Johnsbury. Vermont, and other cities in Louis County, Missouri. the United States and Canada. The company manufacturers animal foods and breakfast 191. St. Louis Globe-Democrat (St. Louis, Missouri). 1955. cereals, a line of products with which Mr. Danforth has been W.H. Danforth dies; Ralston Purina founder. Dec. 25. p. 3. concerned since 1894. • Summary: William H. Danforth, noted philanthropist and “In that year he was in the Robinson-Danforth founder and board chairman of the Ralston Purina Company Commission Co., with George R. Robinson and Will died early last night after suffering a heart attack at his home Andrews. Their mill produced horse and mule fodder. at 17 Kingsbury pl. He was 85 years old. “Young Danforth built up the business by getting orders “He died as some 50,000 carolers opened Christmas from animal owners, the orders to be fulfi lled through celebrations in St. Louis sponsored by the St. Louis wholesale grocers. ‘Feed’ was replaced by the word ‘chow’ Christmas Carols Association, an organization Mr. Danforth to denote the fi rm’s animal diet product. has headed for the past 31 years. “Behind the change lay Mr. Danforth’s experience Note: This obituary is completely different from but in Europe in World War I, when he noted the tremendous shorter than that published in the Post-Dispatch. appeal the word ‘chow’ held for soldiers in the fi eld. Thus was born the term ‘Purina Chows,’ known to farmers 192. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). 1955. throughout the United States, Canada and other countries. W.H. Danforth, Ralston Purina chairman, dies: Dead at 85. Tornado Destroyed Mill: When the small mill at Twelfth Dec. 25. p. 1, 4. and Gratiot streets was destroyed by the tornado of 1896, Mr. • Summary: William H. Danforth, noted philanthropist and Danforth obtained a $10,000 bank loan. In its new mill the founder and board chairman of Ralston Purina Co. died last company started making a granulated whole-wheat product night of a heart attack at his home, 17, Kingsbury place. He for which the name ‘Purina’ was coined. Mr. Danforth then was 85 years old. became the fi rm’s president and its moving spirit. “The attack came just as Mr. Danforth, founder and “The Ralston Health Club. a popular movement of the president of the National Christmas Carols Association, and time, indorsed [endorsed] the product, which was renamed his family were awaiting the arrival of Christmas carolers. Ralston-Purina. In 1902 the company was refi nanced “A modest and retiring benefactor of numerous and took the name Ralston Purina Co., which it has since churches, colleges and universities, Mr. Danforth decried retained. publicity about his numerous gifts. “A checkerboard was adopted as the fi rm’s trademark. He and his wife, the former Adda Bush, gave money, The company’s fame was spread through checkerboard- directly or through the Danforth Foundation, for 13 chapels covered lunchboxes at the 1904 World’s Fair [in St. Louis]. in many parts of the country. “In World War I Mr. Danforth served in France as They included those at Pilgrim Congregational Church, general secretary of the Y.M.C.A. with the Third Division of Barnes Hospital, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, the Regular Army. Under shellfi re several times, he wore fi ve Florida; Berea (Kentucky) College, University of Kansas at stars on his service ribbon. Lawrence, University of Colorado at Boulder; Kansas State “Expansion of the Ralston Purina fi rm began in 1913, College at Manhattan, University of Arizona at Phoenix and with purchase or establishment of plants in other cities. An State University of Iowa at Iowa City. experimental farm of 733 acres was set up at Gray Summit, “Last Year he gave Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New Franklin county [Missouri], in 1926.

“Through the American Youth Foundation, set up in California; Mrs. Ellis Stephens, Augsburg, Germany; the 1920s, the Danforths equipped a large summer camp Lt. Donald Danforth Jr., stationed with armed forces in near Shelby, Michigan. About the same time the Danforth Germany; Dr. William H. Danforth II, Mrs. Jefferson Lewis Foundation was established to provide scholarship funds for Miller, Veiled Prophet Queen of 1947, and John Danforth, all boys and girls in many different kinds of institutions. of St. Louis, and fi ve great grandchildren.” “Became Chairman in 1932: In 1932 Mr. Danforth Note; Other books by W.H. Danforth: Russia Under became Ralston Purina’s board chairman, but no one in the the Hammer and Sickle (1927). Random Ramblings in India fi rm, least of all Mr. Danforth himself, thought of this step (1928, 151 pages). as retirement. His son, Donald Danforth, succeeded him as president and the elder Danforth thus was given greater 193. St. Louis Globe-Democrat (St. Louis, Missouri). 1955. freedom and opportunity to travel. W.H. Danforth funeral service to be private. Dec. 26. p. 3. “There followed a series books by Mr. Danforth, mostly • Summary: “A memorial service for William H. Danforth, inspirational in theme. Titles include ‘Around the World,’ who died Saturday, will be held at 3 p.m. Wednesday at ‘Fight,’ ‘Growth,’ ‘Action,’ ‘Power,’ and ‘I Dare You.’ Pilgrim Congregational Church. 826 Union bl. Interment will “From the time that William Danforth as a sickly farm be private. youth was dared by a teacher to become ‘the healthiest boy “Mr Danforth, founder of the Ralston Purina Company, in the class,’ he built his own life on the proposition that one died Saturday after a heart attack at his home, 17 Kingsbury must take a dare to achieve the greatest goals. His ‘I Dare pl. You’ is now in its sixteenth edition. “The company of which he was chairman of the board, “Messages to Employees: For nearly 40 years he had has 45 plants in the United States and Canada and is one of expressed his buoyant personality to his associates and the world’s largest manufacturers of ‘balanced rations’ for employees through an inspirational ‘Monday Morning livestock and poultry. It is a major manufacturer of breakfast Message.’ cereals.” “In one of these this year he stressed the value of being a “In 1924 he and friends organized the American Youth ‘poor changer’ in such matters as marital status, employment, Foundation with the purpose of training young men in lodge and church membership. In none of these for the last Christian ideals. 60 years he said proudly, had he ever made a change. “As the fi rst and only president of the Foundation, Mr. “Of slender build, he followed and taught his employees Danforth helped establish its Camp Miniwanka [Miniwanca] his ‘Four Square Plan’: at Shelby, Michigan, and spent 30 summers there.” Note: As “’Physical–Stand Tall! Mental–Think Tall! Social–Smile of Aug. 2020 the camp is still very active, set on 360 wooded Tall! Religious–Live Tall!’ acres and a mile of private Lake Michigan shoreline, and run “The Congregational Christian churches cited him for by the American Youth Foundation. ‘distinguished service in the fi elds of Christian leadership and education’ seven years ago. The same year he was 194. St. Louis Globe-Democrat (St. Louis, Missouri). 1956. honored by the Merchants’ Exchange on completion of 55 Donald Danforth, president, Ralston Purina Co. Jan. 4. p. 15. years’ membership. • Summary: “Donald Danforth, president of Ralston Purina “Honored by Sales Group: Last spring he was given Company, yesterday was elected also chairman of the an award for distinguished salesmanship by the Sales board to succeed to the position held by the late William H. Executives Association of St. Louis. Danforth, his father. “Last October he established the Danforth Endowment “At the same time, three vice presidents of the company Fund for expansion of Pilgrim Congregational Church work were elected to the board. They are Eldred A. Cayce, G.M. in religious education and community service. Income from Philpott and L.C. Stevenson. This expands the board to seven this fund will enable the church to employ an additional members.” staff member to direct the vacation church school and other activities. 195. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). 1956. “He was an honorary director of Washington University $1,725,000 Danforth gift to foundation: $141,000 in and a director of First National Bank in St. Louis, St. Louis charitable bequests also in Ralston Purina executives will. Union Trust Co., New York Life Insurance Co. and Illinois Jan. 11. p. 3. Terminal Railroad Co. For many years he was a Berea (Ky.) • Summary: Mr. Danforth’s will was fi led in probate court College trustee. The Danforth home here has frequently today. The $1,750,000 was a charitable stock bequest, and housed distinguished visitors to St. Louis. the $141,000 was a cash bequest to charities. “Survivors, in addition to his wife and son, include “Stock in Ralston Purina was left to employees and a daughter, Mrs. Randolph P. Compton, Scarsdale, New friends. To Gordon AM. Philpott he left 150 shares; 300 York; six grandchildren, Joseph Rand Compton, San Jose, shares to Tom Roe; 300 shares to Mrs. Evelyn J. Leatherby,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 112 and 15 shares to Mr. Frieda Gunther.” Mr. Danforth left $25,000 to each of his grandchildren: 198. Blaw-Knox Company, Chemical Plants Division. 1956. James Randolph Compton, William Danforth Compton, The majority of all soybean extraction capacity contracted Ann Danforth Compton, William H. Danforth II, Dorothy for in this country since 1947 has been built by the Chemical Danforth Miller, Donald Danforth Jr., and John Clagett Plants Division of the Blaw-Knox Company (Ad). Soybean Danforth. Blue Book. p. 13. The will explained that there was no provision made for • Summary: A full page black-and-white ad. “Each of these his wife and children since they had been amply provided plants was designed and erected to incorporate the most for during his life. “A codicil, however, directs that his son, advanced processes and equipment; each has exceeded Donald Danforth, receive $25,000 and the same amount for performance guarantees... We welcome the opportunity to his daughter, Mrs. Dorothy D, Compton. In addition he left work with you.” $500 and $7,500 in trust to Clarence Suggs, a friend.” The top half of the ad shows small photos of seven solvent extraction plants erected by Blaw-Knox and the 196. Soybean Digest. 1956. Ralston Purina founder is dead location of each: Iowa Falls, Iowa [Ralston Purina Co.]. [William H. Danforth]. Jan. p. 27. Wichita, Kansas [Soy-Rich Products, Inc.]. Decatur, Illinois. • Summary: The “85-year-old founder and chairman of Toronto, Canada. Bloomington, Indiana. Lubbock, Texas. the board of Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri, died Indianapolis, Indiana [The Glidden Co.]. Address: Chicago 1, Illinois.

199. Schafers, Ted. 1957. World’s most unusual diet kitchen. St. Louis Globe-Democrat (St. Louis, Missouri). March 24. p. 1F, 6F. • Summary: Describes the work of Dr. James E. Corbin and Joe Populaire at the Ralston Purina Co. developing feeds for monkeys, dogs, cats, laboratory mice and rats, game birds (pheasants, quail), fi sh (mountain trout, blue gills, catfi sh, minnows), and even grey crickets–which were raised for fi sh bait. Dr. Corbin, a research nutritionist, is head of “special chow research” for Ralston Purina in a large laboratory at 735 Chouteau ave. Since development of the Salk polio vaccine 3 years ago, vaccine makers have imported more than 30,000 Rhesus monkeys into the USA, mostly for use in research laboratories. Corbin’s team is now working to fi nd a new of a heart attack at his home on Christmas Eve. [24 Dec. food to replace the messy banana-fruit diet that monkeys 1955] while he and his family were awaiting the arrival of usually eat with a factory-made scientifi c food that Christmas carolers. incorporates “stabilized vitamin C” into a curly sausage- “Danforth was founder and president of the National shaped food. Monkeys now like it and thrive on it. Ralston Christmas Carol Federation. Purina has established a special factory to make this new “He was widely known as a philanthropist, having “monkey chow.” donated funds for college chapels and founded the Danforth One of America’s fastest growing businesses is Foundation which provides scholarships for college students commercial fi sh hatcheries [later call aquaculture] which in agriculture. raise game fi sh for human consumption. There are now 1,000 “The fi rm which he founded is one of the nation’s fi sh hatcheries in America. Dr. R.M. Bethke has developed leading feed manufacturers and a major soybean processor, a stabilized food on which trout grow twice as fast as on the with plants in Missouri, Iowa, Illinois and Indiana.” old diet of insects, liver, chicken and packing house waste. A photo shows William H. Danforth. They are also said to taste better. The USDA is pushing the “farm pond program” as a source of new work and income 197. Soybean Digest. 1956. Heads Ralston Purina: Donald during periods of spare time. Some farmers charge people to Danforth. Feb. p. 26. fi sh in their private ponds. • Summary: “The board of directors of Ralston Co., St. There are now 14 million licensed hunters in the USA. Louis, elected Donald Danforth, president of the company, to To serve their need for game birds, “controlled” shooting the added responsibility of chairman of the board Jan. 3. He preserves are springing up across America. succeeds his father, William H. Danforth, who died Dec. 24.” Dr. Harold L. Wilcke, assistant director of research,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 113 points out that these laboratory animals are saving thousands Association; H.J. Dutton, NU; F.B. Weakley, NU; E.L. of human lives. Last year, one laboratory produced a million Griffi n, NU; H.M. Teeter, NU; and P.D. Aines, Buckeye mice. “That is why special laboratory foods are important.” Cellulose Corp.” A photo shows Joseph Vandepopulaire offering some of the new “monkey chow” to a monkey, who passes up a 201. State Times (Jackson, Mississippi). 1958. Buckeye plant banana to grab it. Note: The process for making these feeds to close here. Cotton declines. Nov. 4. p. 5-A. [extrusion cooking] is not discussed since Ralston Purina • Summary: “The Buckeye Cellulose Corp. will close its considered it top secret. Address: Staff writer. plants here and in Macon, Georgia, at the end of the current crushing season, the fi rm announced Tuesday. President 200. Soybean Digest. 1958. Soybean utilization conference at Walter L. Lingle, Jr. said in Cincinnati, Ohio, headquarters of Peoria. Aug. p. 19. the fi rm, that the permanent closing of operations of the two • Summary: “The 1958 soybean utilization conference plants is due to continuing decline of cotton crops in this part was held recently at the Peoria laboratories of the Northern of the South.” Utilization Research and Development Division. The “Simultaneous with announcement of the closing here, conference is an annual meeting of staffs of this division of Buckeye announced plans to sell four soybean crushing mills the Agricultural Research Service, USDA, and the Soybean to Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, manufacturer of animal Research Council of the National Soybean Processors feeds. In making this announcement, Lingle said: ‘Buckeye Association. entered the soybean crushing business primarily to supply “Thirty-fi ve attended this year. The Council had held Procter and Gamble with soybean oil for food products. its annual business meeting in Peoria prior to the conference Recently, however, the increasing importance of soybean with the division. meal for animal feed has made it desirable for soybean “Value of the exchange of information made possible crushers to enter the mixed animal feed business. That’s just by the meeting was mentioned by W.D. Maclay, director not Buckeye’s or Procter and Gamble’s kind of business, so of the Utilization Division, as he welcomed the group to it became sound business policy for us to buy soybean oil on the laboratories. J.C. Cowan, chief of the Oilseed Crops the open market and to dispose of the facilities for crushing Laboratory of the division, outlined the program in oilseed soybean seed. Purchase of the mills is logical for Ralston research, pointing out that emphasis is on industrial Purina...’ The mills are located in New Madrid, Missouri; utilization of vegetable oils but that work is continuing on Louisville, Kentucky; Raleigh, North Carolina; and Memphis fl avor stability and meal. (Binghampton), Tennessee.” “W.W. Cravens, McMillen Feed Mills representative, Note: This is the earliest document seen (Oct. 2005) speaking about research that is needed, suggested that more that mentions “Buckeye Cellulose Corp.” in connection with be done on the minor components of soybean meal. J.W. soybean processing. The name “Buckeye Cotton Oil Co.” Cole, Glidden Co. representative, discussed research needed had previously been used. on soybean oil. “Others on the program and subjects they discussed 202. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. were: C.H. VanEtten, amino acids in soybean proteins; F.B. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Weakley, the alleged antithiamin factor; C.D. Evans, research Manufacturer’s Address: Louisville, Kentucky. in edible soybean oil; L.E. Gast, plasticizer studies; and H.J. Date of Introduction: 1958 December. Dutton, labeling fatty acids.” Ingredients: Soybeans. A group photo shows those “attending the soybean New Product–Documentation: State Times (Jackson, utilization conference, all standing, left to right: First / Mississippi). 1958. “Buckeye plant to close here. Cotton Front Row–F.H. Hafner, General Mills, Inc., newly elected declines.” Nov. 4. p. 5-A. “Simultaneous with announcement chairman of the Soybean Research Council; H.L. Wilcke, of the closing here, Buckeye [Cellulose Corp.] announced Ralston Purina Co., retiring chairman; R.L. Terrill, Spencer plans to sell four soybean crushing mills to Ralston Purina Kellogg & Sons, Inc.; W.D. Maclay, director Northern Co., St. Louis [Missouri], manufacturer of animal feeds.” Utilization Research and Development Division [NU]; J.C. One of the 4 mills is located at Louisville, Kentucky. Cowan, NU; C.D. Evans, NU; and C.H. VanEtten, NU. Gantt, B.J. 1959. “Buckeye manufacturing history.” “Second Row–J.W. Cole, Glidden Co.; W.N. McMillen, [Memphis, Tennessee]. 21 p. Unpublished typescript. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.; W.W. Cravens, McMillen Feed Mills; Courtesy Procter & Gamble Co. archives. In the fall of 1958, J.W. Hayward, Archer-Daniels-Midland Co.; K.F. Mattil, Buckeye decided to sell four of its soybean processing mills Swift & Co.; A.R. Baldwin, Cargill, Inc.; and L.E. Gast, NU. to the Ralston-Purina Corporation.” A P&G news release “Third / Back Row–M. J. Brinegar, Allied Mills; C.M. describing the sale is quoted at length. These mills are at Wilson, Borden Co.; A.K. Smith, NU; R.W. Jackson, NU; New Madrid, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Raleigh, North R.G. Houghtlin, president, National Soybean Processors Carolina; and the Binghampton mill at Memphis, Tennessee.

They must be delivered to Ralston-Purina in the middle of an Gantt, B.J. 1959. “Buckeye manufacturing history.” operating season–December 1, 1958. [Memphis, Tennessee]. 21 p. Unpublished typescript. Ad in Soybean Digest. 1959. “Welcome to St. Louis and Courtesy Procter & Gamble Co. archives. In the fall of 1958, Checkerboard Square.” Aug. p. 5. Ralston Purina Co. has Buckeye decided to sell four of its soybean processing mills nine soybean processing plants, including one at Louisville, to the Ralston-Purina Corporation.” A P&G news release Kentucky. describing the sale is quoted at length. These mills are at New Madrid, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Raleigh, North 203. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. Carolina; and the Binghampton mill at Memphis, Tennessee. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. They must be delivered to Ralston-Purina in the middle of an Manufacturer’s Address: Memphis (Binghampton), operating season–December 1, 1958. Tennessee. Ad in Soybean Digest. 1959. “Welcome to St. Louis Date of Introduction: 1958 December. and Checkerboard Square.” Aug. p. 5. Ralston Purina Co. Ingredients: Soybeans. has nine soybean processing plants, including one at New New Product–Documentation: State Times (Jackson, Madrid, Missouri. Mississippi). 1958. “Buckeye plant to close here. Cotton declines.” Nov. 4. p. 5-A. “Simultaneous with announcement 205. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. of the closing here, Buckeye [Cellulose Corp.] announced Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. plans to sell four soybean crushing mills to Ralston Purina Manufacturer’s Address: Raleigh, North Carolina. Co., St. Louis [Missouri], manufacturer of animal feeds.” Date of Introduction: 1958 December. One of the 4 mills is located at Memphis (Binghampton), Ingredients: Soybeans. Tennessee. New Product–Documentation: State Times (Jackson, Gantt, B.J. 1959. “Buckeye manufacturing history.” Mississippi). 1958. “Buckeye plant to close here. Cotton [Memphis, Tennessee]. 21 p. Unpublished typescript. declines.” Nov. 4. p. 5-A. “Simultaneous with announcement Courtesy Procter & Gamble Co. archives. In the fall of 1958, of the closing here, Buckeye [Cellulose Corp.] announced Buckeye decided to sell four of its soybean processing mills plans to sell four soybean crushing mills to Ralston Purina to the Ralston-Purina Corporation.” A P&G news release Co., St. Louis [Missouri], manufacturer of animal feeds.” describing the sale is quoted at length. These mills are at One of the 4 mills is located at Raleigh, North Carolina. New Madrid, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Raleigh, North Gantt, B.J. 1959. “Buckeye manufacturing history.” Carolina; and the Binghampton mill at Memphis, Tennessee. [Memphis, Tennessee]. 21 p. Unpublished typescript. They must be delivered to Ralston-Purina in the middle of an Courtesy Procter & Gamble Co. archives. In the fall of 1958, operating season–December 1, 1958. Buckeye decided to sell four of its soybean processing mills Ad in Soybean Digest. 1959. “Welcome to St. Louis and to the Ralston-Purina Corporation.” A P&G news release Checkerboard Square.” Aug. p. 5. Ralston Purina Co. has describing the sale is quoted at length. These mills are at nine soybean processing plants, including one at Memphis, New Madrid, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Raleigh, North Tennessee. Carolina; and the Binghampton mill at Memphis, Tennessee. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Soc. 1985. “Soy They must be delivered to Ralston-Purina in the middle of an pioneer bows out, others grow bigger.” March. p. 474, 476. operating season–December 1, 1958. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill ﬁ nalized its purchase of six soybean Ad in Soybean Digest. 1959. “Welcome to St. Louis and processing facilities from Ralston Purina. A 7th plant owned Checkerboard Square.” Aug. p. 5. Ralston Purina Co. has by Ralston Purina at Memphis, Tennessee, was not offered nine soybean processing plants, including one at Raleigh, for sale, but was scheduled to be closed in February. North Carolina.

204. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. 206. Decatur Herald and Review (Illinois). 1959. Soybean Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. processing draws national fi rms; solvent method used, Manufacturer’s Address: New Madrid, Missouri. replaces expellers. Oil fi nds industrial, home uses; meal Date of Introduction: 1958 December. added to feeds. Jan. 25. p. 76. Sunday. Ingredients: Soybeans. • Summary: “Central Illinois has fi ve soybean processing New Product–Documentation: State Times (Jackson, plants.” Mississippi). 1958. “Buckeye plant to close here. Cotton These fi ve plants employ about 1,250 persons and have declines.” Nov. 4. p. 5-A. “Simultaneous with announcement combined storage space of about 24 million bushels. of the closing here, Buckeye [Cellulose Corp.] announced The A.E. Staley Mfg. was the fi rst to start a soybean plans to sell four soybean crushing mills to Ralston Purina processing plant in 1922. Next came Allied Mills with Co., St. Louis, manufacturer of animal feeds.” One of the 4 the purchase of a plant in Taylorville [Illinois, from Funk mills is located at New Madrid, Missouri. Brothers] in 1931.

The Staley company completed a new soybean plant in Wayne Feeds, is the result of a merger in 1929 of American 1937, and in [Aug.] 1938 Spencer Kellogg & Sons “bought Milling Co. and McMillen Feed Co. of Fort Wayne, Indiana. the Shellabarger Grain Products Co, plant at Brush College “In 1931, Allied Mills bought Funk Bros. plant in Road and Faries Parkway.” downtown Taylorville. In May 1944, a fi re destroyed the “In 1939 Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. of Minneapolis plant. opened its plant–a plant which was pioneering the use of “In August 1944, Allied Mills built a million dollar plant solvent extraction to replace the expeller method.” on Route 48, northeast of the city. This plant, De Haven [sic, “Ralston Purina entered the scene in central Illinois DeHaven] said, became obsolete and too small in 1954. by buying the newly built Shellabarger Mills Inc. soybean “Spencer Kellogg & Sons: The Decatur mill of Spencer processing plant and country elevators in 1952. This is now Kellogg & Sons Inc., is the largest and most important Checkerboard Soybean Co. operation of the company. “Here is a brief history of each of the central Illinois “The Decatur plant, which has a storage capacity of fi ve plants. million bushels, was purchased by Spencer Kellogg in 1938. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.: In 1922, Staley was the fi rst It is one of nine grain-processing centers of the company. soybean processor in the area; it is still the largest. “Much of “The company, one of the largest processors of [the company’s] 11 million bushel terminal elevator is used vegetable oil seeds, as started in 1824, when Suplina for receiving, storing, and readying soybeans for processing. Kellogg, great-great grandfather of the current president of Although the plant uses more corn [than soybeans], the the company, embarked in the linseed oil business. nature of the soybean market generally more advanced “Spencer Kellogg & Sons Inc. was incorporated in buying and storage. 1912, and has been constantly expanding, having recently “In one two week period last fall, the Staley elevator purchased Beacon Milling Co., Cayuga, New York and took in more than 5 million bushels of soybeans. Staley Milling Co., Kansas City, Missouri. “The two initial products, soybean meal and crude “Since the purchase of the mill in 1938 from soybean oil, are further processed and refi ned to produce a Shellabarger Grain Products Co., Spencer Kellogg has been total of 67 different products used in hundreds of food items, engaged in soybean crushing at Decatur. The plant produces feed and industrial purposes. crude soybean oil, soybean oil meal and soya fl our. “Soybean processing operations employ more than 600 “The meal is used in poultry and livestock feeds. Both men and women in all phases of business.” industrial and edible fl ours are produced; the industrial fl ours Describes the old expeller method and the newer, more for use in adhesives and paper coatings, the edible fl ours for effi cient solvent extraction process. As a fi nal step, soybean use in bakery products, meal substitutes and dog foods. The fl akes are ground into meal. oil is sold for use in edible products such as shortening and “Besides a higher oil yield, the extraction process also margarine, and for use in the protective coating fi eld. allows more exact control and fl exibility in determining the “Processing operations are on a 24-hour per day basis, content and properties of the products. seven days a week, and the company employs about 200 Allied Mills, Taylorville: Dec. 1958 was the biggest people from the Decatur area, supporting a substantial yearly month, tonnage wise, for Allied Mills’ Taylor plant, payroll in the community according to J.B. DeHaven, manager. “The company started its soybean activities at Decatur. “Allied Mills, with headquarters in Chicago, now As the crop itself spread outward, the company expanded to operates the Taylorville plant as the company’s only soybean Des Moines, Iowa, Bellevue, Ohio, and more recently to the processing plant. In 1952 Allied Mills centered its soybean Minnesota area. operations at Taylorville. “While this expansion went on, the Decatur operation Allied Mills operated soybean processing plants was constantly increased. The plant continues to be the at Peoria, Illinois; Omaha, Nebraska; and Portsmouth, most important operation of Spencer Kellogg & Sons. The Virginia–in addition to Taylorville. company feels this will continue to be so as it modernizes “In 1952, also, the centering of operations in central and adds emphasis to the Decatur plant. The future of its Illinois brought about additions to the Taylorville plant. operations seems extremely bright with the continued large A 250-ton French extractor was installed, an addition was Illinois production of soybeans and improved products being made to the fl ake preparation building, and an additional one developed by the Research Laboratories of the company. million bushels storage capacity was added. The Taylorville “Products are supplied by the Decatur plant to refi neries plant, employs about 60 persons in both the plant and offi ce, at Long Beach, California; Chicago, Illinois; and Bellevue, has a storage capacity of 1,750,000 bushels, and produces Ohio, which specialize in producing a wide variety of up- soybean oil, and both 44 per cent protein meal and 50 per graded soybean oil products for the so-called industrial user. cent protein meal. “When Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. began processing “Allied Mills, which sells its feeds under the name of soybeans on a large scale 20 years ago, Decatur was the

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 116 logical location for the company’s plant. Raymond, Craig, Ospur, Dunkel, Westervelt and Ohlman. “That was in 1939, when ADM erected in Decatur the “Checkerboard Soybean Co. was formed in May nation’s largest solvent extraction plant. Previously ADM 1, 1952, when Ralston Purina bought the Decatur plant had pioneered in development of the solvent extraction of Shellabarger Mills Inc. which was built in 1950 and process, now used throughout the soybean industry. Since completed for operation by the fall of 1951. that time, ADM has doubled the capacity of the Decatur “Baer said Ralston Purina in the future will have in plant, installed a continuous-fl ow refi ning unit, added operation seven new bulk stations in Illinois to handle an edible oil refi nery and built a plant to produce vinyl expedite bulk shipments of Purina Chows. plasticizers. “Ralston Purina was founded in 1894 in a river front “The addition of a truck dump this month will enable feed store in St. Louis. The original product was a feed for Archer-Daniels-Midland to handle a 50-foot truck every four horses and mules.” minutes. “Since 1939 too, ADM has become one of the nation’s 207. Soybean Digest. 1959. Purina forms special soy three largest processors of soybeans. products division. March. p. 34. “ADM’s Decatur operations, headed by Robert S. • Summary: “A special soy products division has been White, production manager for the company’s entire formed by Ralston Purina Co. as part of the soybean division soybean division, now employ 320 persons. ADM also has with Wayne E. Tjossem as manager. Donald B. Walker is soybean processing facilities at Minneapolis and Mankato, director of the soybean division. Mr. Tjossem comes to Minnesota, and Evendale, Ohio. Purina from the chemurgy division of Central Soya Co., Inc., “Production at the Decatur plant is for both edible and Chicago [Illinois], formerly a division of the Glidden Co., industrial purposes. ADM soybean oils are used as salad where he was assistant to the vice president of that division. and cooking oils, and in the manufacture of margarine and Mr. Tjossem... will assume overall marketing responsibility vegetable shortening. for all Purina soy products other than soybean oil and meal.” “In the industrial fi eld, soybean oil is used in protective coatings [such as paints], linoleum, foundry core oils, 208. Product Name: ProCote (Industrial Soy Protein for printing inks, synthetic rubbers and plastics. They go [sic, Coating Paper). The protein goes] into glues and coatings for fi ne papers and Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. other products. Manufacturer’s Address: Plant: Louisville, Kentucky. “At Decatur, ADM produces 50 per cent soybean oil Offi ces: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63199. meal, a high protein supplement widely used by livestock Date of Introduction: 1959 June. and poultry feeders. New Product–Documentation: Letters from Susan W. “Soybean processing is only one phase of ADM’s Vorih, Communications Manager, Protein Technologies operations. Founded in Minneapolis 57 years ago as a International. 1993. June 17 and July 9. Procter & Gamble fl axseed crushing fi rm, the company now is a widely had a plant in Louisville, Kentucky, that made industrial soy diversifi ed corporation with 156 plants and elevators in protein isolates used in their Spic & Span house cleaner. 21 states and Canada. The president is John H. Daniels, a “This was not economical for P&G and conversion was grandson of the founder. made to produce industrial isolated soy proteins for the paper “Checkerboard Soybean: Checkerboard Soybean Co. not coating industry. This conversion was taking place at the only operates a soybean processing plant in Decatur, but also time of the Ralston Purina acquisition, which was fi nalized operates nine country elevators, both as storage facilities and on December 10, 1958. At this time, Ralston Purina only retail outlets for Purina Chows, the company’s feeds. had an interest in expanding its soybean solvent extraction “The Decatur soybean processing plant is one of 10 such processing capacity, but the idle isolate manufacturing plants in the United States and Mexico operated by Ralston facility just acquired became of interest. Ralston Purina Purina Co. of St. Louis. decided to modify the Louisville isolate process for paper “Checkerboard Soybean processes soybeans primarily coating products; the plant began production on June 13, as a source of protein for the Purina Chows manufactured by 1959. A series of hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed products Ralston Purina, according to Russell Baer, vice president and under the ProCote brand name was produced and sold general manager of Checkerboard Soybean. successfully to the paper coating industry. Under Protein “The Checkerboard operation involves more than 100 Technologies International management the facilities have persons in the plants, offi ce and country elevators. Storage been modifi ed and expanded to become the world’s leading capacity for soy beans includes about 600,000 bushels producer of Industrial Polymer Isolated Soy Protein products in Decatur and another 600,000 bushels at the country today.” elevators. “ProCote was Ralston Purina’s brand name for soy “The elevators are located at Warrensburg, Elwin, Pana, isolate products for paper coatings in June 1959.”

made at one of the mills whereby a load of from 15 to 18 209. Gantt, B.J. 1959. Buckeye manufacturing history. tons could be unloaded within a few minutes... In the rapid [Memphis, Tennessee]. 21 p. Unpublished manuscript. increase to soybean usage, a much larger percentage of those Corrected by the author in Aug. 1959. 28 cm. were still received at the Louisville Mill by rail. Because • Summary: The story began when Procter & Gamble of this problem, in 1957 a car vibrator-type unloader was Co. created/established Buckeye. “The Buckeye Cotton installed at Louisville. This was the latest development for Oil Company had its beginning in the year 1901 when its unloading soybeans from rail cars and will unload a 50-ton parent company, The Procter & Gamble Company, leased car in three or four minutes. a cotton oil mill at West Point, Mississippi, for one year in “Solvent Extraction Process–First for Soybeans: The order to experiment with getting a steady supply of oil for solvent extraction process was invented by the Germans to P&G products. The experiment proved to be a wise one. The use gasoline, or hexane, to get the oil out of the cottonseed Buckeye Cotton Oil Company was incorporated in 1901. and soybeans. It was the fi rst process to replace the William Cooper Procter actively sponsored the business from traditional hydraulic pressure in extracting oil. The machine the beginning. In 1902, The Buckeye Cotton Oil Company for solvent extraction was patented. This patented unit, bought two six-press mills at Birmingham, Alabama, and bought by Proctor & Gamble from Hans-Muhle was on the Greenwood, Mississippi. With the purchase of these two docks at Hamburg, Germany, awaiting shipment when the mills, the fi rst Buckeye General Manager was appointed. war broke out in 1939. Because of the blockade, it never “In 1903, mills were constructed at Augusta and Macon, left Germany. The only way to make-do was to go to the Georgia; Jackson, Mississippi; Little Rock, Arkansas; French Oil Mill Machinery Company in Piqua, Ohio, and and Selma, Alabama. The following year the Greenwood try to have a similar unit built. As this was designed and mill was practically rebuilt. The old mill at West Point built to Buckeye’s specifi cations all of the other features on later burned. In 1910, the press capacity of all the mills, the solvent extraction tower were worked out by Buckeye with the exception of Charlotte, was increased to 12. Also including the ‘basket on a ferris wheel’ for holding the meats. during this year, the fi rst mill laboratory was installed in the A year’s experimental work was done at the Louisville Birmingham mill. It was later made a division laboratory Mill and we fi nally began processing soybeans by solvent and moved to Atlanta.” In 1929 the company bought the extraction at Louisville in 1941. The experience gained in Hollywood Mill in Memphis, Tennessee, and mills in Louisville permitted us to develop suffi cient confi dence to Louisville, Kentucky, and Chattanooga, Tennessee. proceed with installations of solvent extraction units for “In the fall of 1958, the company decided to sell cottonseed.” four of its soybean processing mills to the Ralston-Purina “Many improvements have been made to both Corporation.” A P&G news release describing the sale is equipment and solvent extraction processes for seed and quoted at length. “The mills involved in the transaction are at soybeans and in 1958, 95% of all soybeans in Buckeye were New Madrid, Missouri; Louisville, Kentucky; Raleigh, North processed by the solvent extraction method and 68% of the Carolina; and the Binghampton mill at Memphis, Tennessee. cottonseed also is processed on this type of equipment. “The sale of these mills, which virtually takes the “Soybean Crushing: Buckeye crushed the fi rst soybeans company out of the soybean crushing business in this on expellers at the Louisville Mill in 1931-32. In 1935- country, has resulted from changes which have taken place 36, Binghamton at Memphis also processed a sizable in marketing the end products from the soybean crushing quantity of 28,000 tons of soybeans. Louisville, that same operation. year (1936) crushed about 15,000 tons. Since the 1937- “Buckeye’s principal reason for crushing soybeans 38 season, Binghamton was changed to process soybeans has been to supply soybean oil for Procter & Gamble food only, with all cottonseed being diverted to the Hollywood products... The company will continue to operate its seven Mill in Memphis. The next year, 1938-39, Raleigh started crushing mills at Augusta, Georgia; Ft. Worth, Texas, crushing soybeans. Since that time, practically all mills Corinth, Mississippi; Montgomery, Alabama; Little Rock, have processed some beans and in 1958 the division of bean Arkansas; Memphis, Tennessee (Hollywood Mill) and and seed crushing is about as follows: Crushing Soybeans Toronto, Canada. Only: Louisville Mill (solvent extraction), Binghamton “This drastic reduction in the number of operating mills Mill (solvent), New Madrid, Missouri Mill (solvent). brought about several major problems. First, how to deliver Crushing Soybeans and Cottonseed: Augusta, Georgia Mill to the Ralston organization the four soybean mills in the (solvent), Little Rock, Arkansas Mill (solvent), Hollywood middle of an operating season–December 1, 1958.” Mill (solvent), Raleigh, North Carolina Mill (started Note: This news release was reprinted 4 Nov. 1958 issue solvent–4/1/59)... With the advent of soybeans, 1931-32, the of the State Times (Jackson, Mississippi). per cent of the total crush in soybeans has been increasing “New Methods of Unloading: Around 1940, truck every year. In the fi scal year which ended on 30 June 1958, dumpers were being improved and the fi rst installation was Buckeye processed 240,000 tons cottonseed (this does not

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 118 include Traders Oil Mill, Ft. Worth, Texas, which crushed vice president and director of the soybean division. All were about 44,000 tons of cottonseed). In the same fi scal year, elected also to the company’s management committee. Buckeye processed 522,000 tons of soybeans. “McGinty has been with the company 15 years, Tolin “Soybean Protein: In the fall of 1946, Proctor & Gamble 33, and Walker 24.” needed a raw material to use in the new formula of Spic and Small portrait photos show Donald B. Walker and C. Span. It was found that a protein product that could be made Alvin Tolin, Jr. from soybeans at Louisville would supply this demand. As a result, a protein unit [for making industrial-grade isolated soy 212. Cavanagh, Helen M. 1959. The miracle bean protein] was erected at the Louisville Mill and adequately (Document part). In: Helen M. Cavanagh. 1959. Seed, Soil took care of the Proctor & Gamble needs. and Science: The Story of Eugene D. Funk. Chicago, Illinois: “After a few years, the Spic and Span formula was Lakeside Press, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co. xii + 544 p. See changed again so there was less need for this protein product p. 349-77, 503-05 (Notes). Chap. 26. 22 cm. [92 endnotes] and it was necessary to develop outside markets where it was • Summary: This chapter is about Funk Bros.’s work with used largely as a substitute for casein in the paper trade. soybeans. “As part of its fi eld seed business, Funk Bros. sold “One of the most interesting developments in the soybeans for feed purposes as early as 1903... Eugene was processing of soybeans recently has been the advent of 50% among the early advocates of increased planting of soybeans protein low-fi ber soybean meal. This is a premium product in the early nineteen twenties... Eugene Funk watched with usually selling from $7 to $8 a ton over the regular soybean growing attention a mill operated by George Brett and I.C. meal market, and is in great demand by the poultry trade. Bradley at Chicago Heights, Illinois. This mill processed Buckeye started producing 50% soybean meal at Louisville soybeans in 1919 with an expeller plant... Through the efforts and Binghamton Mills in 1956-57.” of Otto Eisenschiml of Chicago four tanks of oil produced in Talk with Ed Rider, corporate archivist, Procter 1921 were sold... & Gamble Co. (who located and sent this valuable “E.D. Funk, Sr. described the coming of the soybean to document). 1993. July 15. When B.J. Gantt wrote this the farming system of corn, oats, wheat and clover rotations history he was probably residing and working in Memphis, in the Central Corn Belt as follows: ‘Once in a life time! Yes, Tennessee, which is where P&G’s Buckeye subsidiary was only once in the annals of crop production has our agronomy headquartered. Address: Vice President and Superintendent experienced anything like the Soybean... Oats fell in acreage of Manufacture, Buckeye [Memphis, Tennessee]. before it. Corn and wheat were challenged as cash income crops. Even in the realm of soil building, it threatened 210. Ralston Purina Co. 1959. Welcome to St. Louis and established legumes.’ At Funk Farms acreages were turned Checkerboard Square (Ad). Soybean Digest. Aug. p. 5. over to producing seed to meet the demand. Over 2,000 • Summary: A full-page ad. “Home of the Ralston Purina bushels of their crop were hand picked in 1921 to obtain Company, one of the country’s largest users of soybeans every possible pound of pure merchantable beans.” and soybean meal for the manufacture of Purina Chows for In 1924 Gene Funk, Sr., established a soybean poultry and livestock. processing plant in Bloomington. It started in the fall of that “With soybean processing plants at Bloomington, year, with two expellers and a capacity of 300-350 bushels Illinois; Decatur, Illinois; Iowa Falls, Iowa; Kansas City, per day. During its fi rst year, the plant operated for about Missouri; Lafayette, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; 5 months and processed approximately 20,000 bushels of Memphis, Tennessee; New Madrid, Missouri; Raleigh, North soybeans. The company showed a profi t in 1925, following a Carolina.” loss during the fi rst year. By 1929 the plant had a capacity of This ad welcomes members of the American Soybean 800 bushels/day. I.C. Bradley came to the Funks as manager Association and the National Soybean Processors of their soybean mill. Association, who are apparently meeting in St. Louis. Concerning the origins of the Peoria Plan (p. 352): “A Address: General Offi ces: St. Louis 2, Missouri. second step in the expansion of soybean production was possible because of leadership in central Illinois. There was 211. Soybean Digest. 1959. Grits and fl akes... from the world a need for meal on the part of the Grange League Federation of soy: Ralston Purina elects three vice presidents. Aug. p. organization of New York. The acquaintanceship of H.G. 38. Atwood of American Milling Company of Peoria with James • Summary: “Three new vice presidents of Ralston Purina A. McConnell of G.L.F. on the one hand and with Funk Co. have been elected by the board of directors, it has been Bros. of Bloomington on the other, facilitated a discussion announced by Donald Danforth, chairman of the board. of the problem. I.C. Bradley stated that he and Eugene Funk “They are John McGinty, vice president and director of interested Atwood in an idea sometimes attributed originally sales; C. Alvin Tolin, Jr., vice president and general manager to American Milling Company. It is fair to say that Funk of chow and soybean production; and Donald B. Walker, and Bradley did as much to initiate the introduction of a

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 119 guaranteed price as anyone. Without Eugene Funk’s initiative made in terms of acres instead of bushels. [Endnote #25 (p. and knowledge of agricultural conditions a combination of 519): “Contracting mills received contract and non contract cooperative leadership might not have resulted. H.H. Miller beans on the same basis. Contract buyers were compelled also provided able guidance for this program. It is also fair to take nearly 40 per cent more beans than intended.”] to say that without Atwood and McConnell the plan would Strictly speaking, this announcement was a guarantee, not not have succeeded. The American Milling Company placed a contract.” J.A. Waring, who came to work for Funk Bros. in operation an unused factory in Peoria where I.C. Bradley in 1927 after many years experience in the grain business, helped to install machinery to remove oil and grind soybean handled the paper and contracts for the program in 1928 cake into meal. The decision of G.L.F. to buy meal for the from the offi ce of Funk Bros. He recalled (Jan. 1956) that New York Milkshed created a wide market. A guaranteed most of the contracts of the three companies were mailed price of $1.35 per bushel was offered up to a total of a from the Funk offi ce. million bushels in 1928 to 1,500 Illinois farmers for beans “The legume project of the University of Illinois by Funk Bros. of Bloomington, by the American Milling during the season 1928 placed its chief emphasis on the Company of Peoria and by Cooperative G.L.F. Incorporated. soybean. This program was composed of two parts: (1) To The G.L.F. Shareholder (Jan. 1929, p. 27) stated that their standardize better adapted varieties through publicity and organization realized that prospective supplies would be fi eld demonstration; (2) To assist in supplying a satisfactory inadequate, and knew that a protein shortage would be costly market for surplus seed and for beans of lower quality.” to G.L.F. patrons. They, therefore, entered he agreement to The three companies who used nearly all of the crop secure a supply of protein with the dairy feed market as its were interested for different reasons: (1) Funk Bros. for primary outlet. The source was the farms of Illinois and the production of oil and meal from soybeans; (2) The American product was soybeans. The Illinois College of Agriculture, Milling Company for production of soybean meal and; (3) the Farm Bureau and the Prairie Farmer cooperated. The G.L.F. Exchange as the largest buyer of soybean meal “The fi nal decision regarding the guarantee for the 1928 in the United States. Deliveries reached 650,000 bushels in crop was made at a meeting in Urbana of fi fteen county farm Peoria and 350,000 at Funk Bros. in December when the advisors, representatives of Funk Bros. and of the American million bushels were received. Milling Company. A committee of three was named to draw “Better varieties of beans were used: Manchu, a good up the agreements. I.C. Bradley commented many years yielder with a high oil content and the Illini which stood later: better than other varieties. Grading also was important. “’We solicited the aid of the late Mr. H.G. Atwood, Probably 90 percent of the farmers were satisfi ed with the President of American Milling Co., at that time, which agreement.” later became Allied Mills, Inc. His fi rst reaction was in this “The manufacturers were equally pleased.” response... “The farmers are our customers. His stock needs This chapter also notes: “A new wooden elevator with protein. He should produce it.” That was the “Spark Plus” for a capacity of 40,000 bushels was constructed by Funk Bros. the beginning of a new and great industry. He said we will near the warehouse during the fall of 1928. On the morning take all of the meal your plant can produce.’” of March 12, 1929 with the elevator about two-thirds Note: Endnote #22 (p. 519) states that the American full, fi re destroyed the structure. Some [soy] beans were Milling Co. received signed contracts for 32,000 acres by destroyed, and many more were water soaked. Arrangements May 1, 1928 and 50,000 acres by October, 1928. were made with Allied Mills of Peoria to dry the beans... “A.E. Wand of Staley’s attended the Urbana meeting. Fortunately the full amount of the insurance was paid. This He left with word that he would urge them to join but he was indeed a disheartening moment in the development of apparently was not instrumental in gaining this action. the soybean business at Funk Bros. Decision to proceed However, Staley continued to provide a market for beans and with the construction of a concrete elevator of 140,000 was increasingly interested in the development of this crop. bushel capacity followed almost immediately” (p. 360-61) “The million bushel limit in 1928 was considered (Continued). Address: Bloomington, Illinois. adequate. Only one-half that amount was offered to mills in the area during the previous season. The 1927 U.S.A. crop 213. Cavanagh, Helen M. 1959. The miracle bean was 2,288,000 bushels. About three-fourths of this amount (Document part II). In: Helen M. Cavanagh. 1959. Seed, Soil was used for feed and for purposes other than for milling. and Science: The Story of Eugene D. Funk. Chicago, Illinois: The guaranteed price in 1928 of $1.35 per bushel was for Lakeside Press, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co. xii + 544 p. See No. 2 grade beans and was considered satisfactory by the p. 349-77, 503-05 (Notes). Chap. 26. 22 cm. [92 endnotes] farmers. Under the agreement, if the farmer negotiated to • Summary: (Continued): Also discusses: I.C. Bradley, grow beans he was not compelled to ship to either of the who became manager of the Funk Mill at Taylorville (p. participating companies if others offered higher prices. 361). “A new venture in soybean marketing occurred when Agreements for 1928 in order to stimulate production were the formation of a cooperative became a reality. When

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 120 the directors of the newly formed Soybean Marketing popular varieties of “vegetable soybeans” were Giant Green, Association held their fi rst meeting December 7, 1929, John Bansei, and Hokkaido (p. 373-74). Expansion of the Funk Armstrong invited Eugene D. Funk, Sr., Messrs. Legge, Bros. soybean processing plant; capacity reached 4,350 Atwood, [H.W.] McMillen, Heidrich and Eisenschiml to be bushels/day in 1944 (p. 374-75). Acquisition of new French present” (p. 361). solvent extractor, which begins operation in Jan. 1952 (p. Soybean standards, announced by the USDA in 1925 (p. 375-76). The largest users of Funk’s soybean meal included 362). The National Soybean Oil Manufacturers Association, Ralston Purina, Allied Mills, Arcady Farms, and Hales and which held its organizational meeting on 21 May 1930 (p. Hunter. Major buyers of Funk’s crude or unrefi ned soybean 362-63). oil included Procter & Gamble, Lever Bros., Glidden, Swift “The contract for processing was in the form of a & Co., and Anderson-Clayton (p. 377). letter dated October 23, 1931 signed by D.W. McMillen, This chapter concludes: “The decision by Funk Bros. to president of Allied Mills and cosigned for Funk Bros. by install the soybean mill in 1924 gave greater diversifi cation H.H. Miller and I.C. Bradley, Allied Mills, Inc., agreed to to the seed business. It is an interesting fact in agricultural purchase soybeans to be placed in store at Bloomington and history that the sudden rise of the soybean to prominence Taylorville and other points to remain the property of Allied as a cash crop in the 1920’s and 1930’s paralleled the Mills. This agreement was the basis for incorporation of spectacular advancement in hybrid corn. Eugene D. Funk Soya Products. Funk Bros. were authorized to process their was a recognized leader in the expanding development of beans at Bloomington and Taylorville into oil and meal and both crops essential to the well being of many Americans. receive from Soya Products the actual cost for processing not Again Gene Funk led in an effort to better conditions for the to exceed $5.00 per ton of beans processed. The oil and meal farmers in the Corn Belt.” (p. 374-75). were to be sold by Allied Mills and shipped by Funk Bros. at Photos show: (1) Eugene D. Funk, wearing a cowboy their direction. The proceeds from the sale were the property hat and necktie, standing tall by tall corn (opposite the title of Soya Products. Profi ts were to be shared on a fi fty-fi fty page). (2) Aerial view of the Funk Bros. Seed Co., and side basis. Allied Mills reserved right of supervision of process view of the Research Center, both Bloomington, Illinois (p. and access to records.” 324). Address: Bloomington, Illinois. “The board of directors for Soya Products, the company formed to handle this transaction, was composed of Eugene 214. Soybean Digest. 1960. William H. Danforth was many- D. Funk, Jr., and from Allied Mills Henry Egly, president sided man. Dec. p. 12. of Soya Products, Roy Craig, Vice president, Harold Buist, • Summary: “William H. Danforth of St. Louis, who died in secretary, and Jack Quinlan. Mr. Quinlan recalled that he 1955 at the age of 85, was the founder of one of America’s never worked with an organization more sincere than Funk Bros. Seed Co., in its efforts to establish and maintain good relations within the industry. Mr. Funk, Sr. would often remark, ‘But he is a grand old fellow and an old customer’ of someone he knew. This unselfi sh attitude in merchandising was marked in the program of E.D. Funk, Sr. That desire for the last ten cents was not always uppermost in his thinking. “The formation of Soya Products enabled Funk Bros. and Allied Mills to cooperate in buying soybeans as well as processing and selling oil meal and soybean oil. The friendly relations between the two companies was thus continued. The agreement proved to be mutually advantageous and gave to Eugene D. Funk, Jr. an opportunity to increase his knowledge of expanding soybean operations” (p. 367). I.F. Laucks Inc., which used soybean fl our to produce a waterproof glue (p. 368). Dr. W.L. Burlison (p. 369, 373). Early use of soybean meal in mixed feeds (p. 370). great corporations, Ralston Purina Co. At the time of his The big 1936 Farm Chemurgic Council meeting in Detroit death the company operated 47 plants in the food and feed and Dearborn, Michigan; Eugene Funk, Sr. spoke (p. 370). fi elds. Ralston Purina is one of the nation’s leading soybean Henry Ford’s work with soybeans (p. 370). E.D. Funk, Jr. is processors with 10 plants in the seven states of Illinois, chairman of the Edible Soybean Committee of the National Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, and Soybean Processors Association from 1939-1947 (p. 372- Tennessee. 73). Dr. Earl Sieveking of Funk Bros. develops “edible “But William Danforth was far more than a corporation soybeans,” especially Funk’s Delicious (p. 373). Other president. He was a many-sided man and the greatest

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 121 exponent of the four-square formula for living which he hand shovels. The mixture was put into 175-pound burlap adopted: bags, which were then sewn by hand. Robinson, who had “Stand tall (physical) a fl air for promotion, named it Purina Horse Feed. Purina “Think tall (mental) was a coined word meaning pure grain... Danforth’s fi rst “Smile tall (social) job was to keep the books and he shared the same desk with “Live tall (spiritual) Robinson... He proved to be a shrewd buyer, too...” “He preached this philosophy most effectively all his Note: In 1898 Danforth entered the human food market life to his associates in many fi elds and to the thousands of with Purina Wheat and a line of whole-wheat breakfast young people with whom he came in contact. The four-sided cereals. checker was not only the symbol of his company but of his Page 10 shows a full-page photo of Albert and Rebecca life as well. Danforth, Will’s parents. This photo was taken in the fall of “To name just a few of Mr. Danforth’s activities: He 1868. was for years superintendent of Pilgrim Sunday School in Pages 36-38: The idea for the famous red and white St. Louis, general YMCA secretary for the Third Infantry “checkerboard trademark was born in the mind of a boy Division in France during World War I, co-founder of the in Charleston, Missouri, when he watched farmer brown American Youth Foundation, and founder of the Christmas and his family come to town in gay red and white checker Carols Association in St. Louis. clothing.” Mrs. Brown always bought her cloth from the bolt “William Danforth was a great leader of men. His of that distinctive kind of cloth. greatest interest in addition to business was young people. A photo (p. 37) shows a book and a page titled The He infl uenced thousands of them, helped hundreds through Ralston Health Club. The large text of a membership college and maintained personal contact with them. certifi cate reads: “Complete membership. With perfect “He gave up the active management of his company health. Purpose: ‘To establish a new race.’ Your complete to his son, Donald, while he was still in the prime of life membership number is: 219,405.” The caption explains to devote his main efforts to the Danforth Foundation, that this club, which now had “several hundred thousand dedicated to the education of youth. members, recommended Ralston Whole Wheat as the offi cial “More than three-quarters of a million copies of cereal for all members.” this book, I Dare You, written as a challenge to people For years, Will Danforth had been working to improve everywhere to dare and achieve more, have been distributed. his health. A high school teacher had dared him to build a “Mr. Danforth’s biographer, Gordon M: Philpott, calls strong, healthy body. Throughout his life he worked hard him an alltime champion as a correspondent. He wrote to maintain his health through daily exercises, proper diet, to his wife, children, grandchildren, thousands of young and sensible habits. He approached things of the spirit in the people, and a wide circle of friends. His letters ran into the same systematic way. thousands. The text (p. 38-39) explains that [in 1902] the company “Mr. Philpott, his protege, lifelong friend and business changed its name to Ralston Purina Company at the same associate, has captured much of his spirit in the book recently time the checkerboard became its trademark. Purina published by Random House. “Daring Venture. By Gordon remained the name of the company’ horse feed. “The name M. Philpott. 176 pages illustrated. $3.95. Random House, Ralston became part of the company name because of an New York. association with a Dr. Ralston who had organized a national An original portrait photo shows William H. Danforth. health club that claimed approximately 800,000 members. There was a growing health consciousness in America at the 215. Philpott, Gordon M. 1960. Daring venture: The life turn of the century. Revolutionary discoveries were being story of William H. Danforth. New York, NY: Random made in the fi eld of human nutrition. People everywhere House. xvi + 175 p. Illust. No index. 21 cm. were beginning to realize that good health and length of • Summary: William Henry Danforth (1870-1955) was the life depended very largely on diet and they were eager for founder of the Ralston Purina Co. “This book is dedicated to information. the thousands of boys and girls who were dared by William “When Danforth read Dr. Ralston’s book, entitled Life H. Danforth to stand tall, think tall, smile tall and live tall.” Building, he found that the doctor recommended a whole Chapters 1 and 2 tell the early history of Ralston Purina. grain cereal similar to the one he was selling.” Hundreds of “On January 1, 1894, the Robinson-Danforth Commission thousands of copies of the book were sold to members of Co. was formed with Robinson as president; Andrews, vice- the Health Club, and these members followed the Doctor’s president; and Danforth, secretary-treasurer. The boy was recommendations. “Danforth called on the Ralston Health now ready for a man-sized job. Things soon began to hum Club offi cials in Washington [DC] to see if they would around the little feed store in St. Louis. Ground corn and recommend his cereal to their members. This they were crushed oats were dumped in the back room and mixed with willing to do, provided the cereal was called Ralston Wheat

Cereal. It turned out to be a good deal for both parties. Mr. Danforth got national distribution through grocery stores for his Ralston Wheat Cereal because the health club members demanded it, and the health club received additional publicity and revenue. The Ralston Health Club has long since faded into obscurity but the name Ralston is as widely known as Purina.” By 1902 a company ad boasted, “In a million homes.” Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) that uses the term “Dr. Ralston” (or “Mr. Ralston”) to refer to the leader of the Ralston Health Club. There was no person with the surname Ralston who founded or led this club. The person was invented by the author of this book. By 1904 the Ralston Purina Company’s sales reached almost $1.25 million. To make its checkerboard products better know, the company advertised them vigorously and Delphos (Ohio) Grain and Soya Products Co. and consistently. In 1904, when the Louisiana Purchase “Mr. Johnson was always very active in ASA [American Exposition was held at St. Louis, Missouri, to commemorate Soybean Assoc.] and one of the organization’s early annual the centennial of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, meetings was held on his farm. He was elected an honorary handy and colorful checkerboard shopping bags were life member in 1949. supplied to all the visitors–free of charge. “He was among those whose efforts and encouragement Photos show: (1) Albert Danforth, Will’s father, brought about the founding of the Soybean Digest. before joining the Confederate Army (p. 7). (2) Young Will “He received his education at the University of Indiana, Danforth, taken shortly after he arrived in St. Louis to attend Purdue University, and Ohio State University. He was a school. (3) Albert and Rebecca Danforth, Will’s parents (p. teacher of extension for 7 years and an assistant professor at 10). (4) Will Danforth after graduation from Washington Ohio State University for 2. University in St. Louis (p. 15). (5) The large Danforth home “Mr. Johnson is survived by two sons and a daughter.” A in Charleston, Missouri–later given to the YMCA. photo shows E.F. Johnson. Page 97: How Will loved to hunt! Page 112: A letter written to Donald Danforth by his 218. USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory. ed. father in 1927. 1962. Proceedings of Conference on Soybean Products for Protein in Human Foods. Peoria, Illinois. iii + 242 p. Held 216. Soybean Digest. 1961. Cornelsen heads Purina 13-15 Sept. 1961 at Northern Regional Research Laboratory, international division. July. p. 20. Peoria, Illinois. No index. 26 cm. • Summary: “Paul F. Cornelsen, central division production • Summary: See next page. The earliest conference on this manager for the Ralston Purina Co., has become a vice subject in the USA. A very important document, with many president of the company’s international division, according excellent articles by experts in their fi elds worldwide. to Hal Dean, Purina vice president and president of the Contents: Introductory remarks. Session I: Nutritional international division. defi ciency problems in developing areas of the world. II: “The division has manufacturing plants in Central World marketing of soybeans and soybean products. III: America, South America and Europe. Mr. Cornelsen will Research and development on soybean foods. IV: Nutritional continue to headquarter in St. Louis. He took up his new and biological studies. V: Processing and feeding value of duties July 1.” A photo shows Cornelsen. fl uid and dry soy milks. VI: Problems involved in increasing world-wide use of soybean products as foods–panel 217. Soybean Digest. 1961. “Soybean” Johnson passes in discussion. VII: Committee on quality and processing guide Florida. Nov. p. 35. for edible soy fl our and grits. VIII: Summary of conference. • Summary: “E.F. ‘Soybean’ Johnson, one of the real List of attendance. Most of the 106 attendees are PhDs or pioneers of the soybean industry, died at Winter Haven, leaders in agriculture, business, government, or scientifi c Florida, Sept. 18. He was 71. Mr. Johnson was active both research. The complete list follows: as a soybean producer and as a processor. He began growing Altschul, A. M. Southern Utilization Research and soybeans in 1912 and grew them on his farms in northern Development Division, ARS, USDA, New Orleans, Ohio for close to 50 years. Louisiana “He was affi liated with three different processing fi rms, Anderson, D. W., Jr. The Borden Company, 350 Ralston Purina Co., Louisville (Kentucky) Soy Products Co., Madison Avenue, New York 17, New York

Andrews, J. S. General Mills, Inc., 9200 Wayzata Development Division, ARS, USDA, Philadelphia, Boulevard, Minneapolis 26, Minnesota Pennsylvania Anson, M. L. Consultant, 100 Eaton Square, London, Gyorgy, Paul Philadelphia General Hospital, Pediatrics S.W. 1, England Department, Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania Bailey, E. M. A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Hackler, L. R. New York State AES, Cornell University, Decatur, Illinois Geneva, New York Barnes, R. H. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Hafner, F. H. General Mills, Inc., 9200 Wayzata Bean, L. H. Food for Peace, The White House, Boulevard, Minneapolis 26, Minnesota Washington, D. C. Hand, D. B. New York State AES, Cornell University, Biddle, C. B. Biddle Farms, Remington, Indiana Geneva, New York Bitting, H. W. Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Hayashi, Shizuka Japanese American Soybean Institute, Washington 25, D. C. Nikkatsu International Building, Room 410, No. 1, 1-Chomo Booth, A. N. Western Utilization Research and Yurakucho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan Development Division, ARS, USDA, Albany, California Hayward, J. W. Soybean Council of America, 304 Baker Bowen, H. B. Spencer Kellogg and Sons, Inc., Decatur, Building, Minneapolis 4, Minnesota Illinois Heidinger, H. C. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Brubaker, E. J. The Borden Company, 350 Madison Minneapolis 40, Minnesota Avenue, New York 17, New York Hesseltine, C. W. Northern Utilization Research and Buelens, Emil Central Soya Company, Inc., 1825 North Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Laramie, Chicago, Illinois Hilbert, G. E. Foreign Research and Technical Programs, Cartter, J. L. Regional Soybean Laboratory, USDA, ARS, USDA, Washington 25, D.C. Urbana, Illinois Hildebrand, F. C. General Mills, Inc., 9200 Wayzata Circle, S. J. Central Soya Company, Inc., 1825 North Boulevard, Minneapolis 26, Minnesota Laramie, Chicago 39, Illinois Horan, F. E. Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Clayton, R. A. General Mills, Inc., 9200 Wayzata Minneapolis 40, Minnesota Boulevard, Minneapolis 26, Minnesota Hougen, V. H. Foreign Marketing Branch, FAS [Foreign Cowan, J. C. Northern Utilization Research and Agricultural Service], USDA, Washington 25, D. C. Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Houghtlin, R. G. National Soybean Processors Cox, W. B. Honeymead Products Co., Box 50, Mankato, Association, 3818 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 4, Minnesota Illinois Cravens, W. W. Central Soya Company, Inc., 1825 North Hoover, S. R. Utilization Research and Development, Laramie, Chicago 39, Illinois ARS, USDA, Washington 25, D. C. Darby, W. J. Vanderbilt University, Nashville 5, Hubbard, J. E. Northern Utilization Research and Tennessee Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Dimler, R. J. Northern Utilization Research and Huge, W. E. Central Soya Company, Inc., 300 Fort Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Wayne Bank Building, Fort Wayne 2, Indiana Diser, G. M. Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, 3100 Jackson, R. W. Northern Utilization Research and 38th Avenue South, Minneapolis 40, Minnesota Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Eichenberger, W. R. A. E. Staley Manufacturing Johnson, D. W. Central Soya Company, Inc., 1825 North Company, Decatur, Illinois Laramie, Chicago 39, Illinois Eldridge, A. C. Northern Utilization Research and Judd, R. W. National Soybean Crop Improvement Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Council, 3818 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 4, Illinois Eversole, Russell Cargill, Inc., 200 Grain Exchange, Kemmerer, K. S. Mead Johnson Research Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota Evansville 21, Indiana Fischer, R. W. Soybean Council of America, Inc., Kirk, Dorsey Oilseeds and Peanut RMA Committee, Waterloo, Iowa Oblong, Illinois Fomon, S. J. University of Iowa Medical School, Iowa Kirk, L. D. Northern Utilization Research and City, Iowa Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Frampton, V. L. Southern Utilization Research and Krober, O. A. Regional Soybean Laboratory, ARS, Development Division, ARS, USDA, New Orleans, USDA, Urbana, Illinois Louisiana Lemancik, J. F. Central Soya Company, Inc., 1825 North Grifﬁ n, E. L., Jr. Northern Utilization Research and Laramie, Chicago 39, Illinois Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Lighter, Willard Central Soya Company, Inc., 1825 Groves, M. L. Eastern Utilization Research and North Laramie, Chicago 39, Illinois

Maclay, W. D. Utilization Research and Development, Scheiter, E. K. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company, ARS, USDA, Washington 25, D. C. Decatur, Illinois Maddy, K. H. Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Sebrell, W. H., Jr. Columbia University, Institute of Missouri Nutrition Sciences, 562 West 168th Street, New York 32, Matchett, J. R. Utilization Research and Development, New York ARS, USDA, Washington 25, D. C. Sellner, J. J. Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, 700 Mattil, K. F. Swift and Company, Union Stock Yards, Investors Building, Minneapolis, Minnesota Chicago 9, Illinois Senti, F. R. Northern Utilization Research and McGinnis, James Washington State University, Pullman, Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Washington Sherman, Norman State of Minnesota, St. Paul, McKinney, L. L. Northern Utilization Research and Minnesota Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Sikes, W. W. Fats and Oils Division, FAS, USDA, McVay, M. D. Cargill, Inc., 200 Grain Exchange, Washington 25, D. C. Minneapolis 15, Minnesota Smith, A. K. Northern Utilization Research and Melina, F. R. Catholic Relief Services, 451 Madison Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Avenue, New York 22, New York Steinkraus, K. H. New York State AES, Cornell Melnychyn, Paul Fruit and Vegetable Laboratory, ARS, University, Geneva, New York USDA, Pasadena, California Stewart, George F. University of California, College of Meyer, E. W. Central Soya Company, Inc., 1825 North Agriculture, Davis, California Laramie, Chicago 39, Illinois Strayer, G. M. American Soybean Association, Hudson, Miller, D. L. Northern Utilization Research and Iowa Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Tawa, Andre Miller, H. W. International Nutrition Research Soybean Council of America, U.A.R., 8 Dr Abdel Foundation, 11503 Pierce Boulevard, Arlington, California Hamid Said Street, Cairo, Egypt Milner, Max United Nations Children’s Fund, United Teeter, H. M. Northern Utilization Research and Nations, New York Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Mustakas, G. C. Northern Utilization Research and Tjossem, W. E. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis 2, Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Missouri Ogilvy, W. S. Mead Johnson Research Center, Trotter, W. K. Northern Utilization Research and Evansville 21, Indiana Development Division, ERS [USDA’s Economic Research Oldham, Helen G. Human Nutrition Research Division, Service], USDA, Peoria, Illinois ARS, USDA, Washington 25, D. C. Van Buren, J. P. New York State AES, Cornell Pellett, Kent The Soybean Digest, Hudson, Iowa University, Geneva, New York Pence, J. W. Western Utilization Research and van Veen, A. G. Food and Agriculture Organization of Development Division, ARS, USDA, Albany, California the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Post, N. J. Food for Peace, 224 Executive Ofﬁ ce Italy Building, Washington 25, D. C. Walker, Alan D. Spillers Limited, Station Road, Rackis, J. J. Northern Utilization Research and Cambridge, England Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Wall, J. S. Northern Utilization Research and Rhodes, E. E. A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Decatur, Illinois Wilcke, H. L. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis 2, Rist, C. E. Northern Utilization Research and Missouri Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Witham, W. C. Northern Utilization Research and Roach, H. L. Soybean Council of America, Inc., 408 Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Marsh Place Building, Waterloo, Iowa Wolf, W. J. Northern Utilization Research and Rolvaag, K. F. Lieutenant Governor, State of Minnesota, Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois St. Paul, Minnesota Wolff, I. A. Northern Utilization Research and Sabin, D. R. Food Conservation Division, United Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations, New York Woods, L.C. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company, Salisbury, G. W. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Decatur, Illinois. Address: Northern Regional Research Lab., Sarett, H. P. Mead Johnson Research Center, Evansville Peoria, Illinois. 21, Indiana Schaefer, W. C. Northern Utilization Research and 219. Product Name: Worthington Minute Entrees–Fried Development Division, ARS, USDA, Peoria, Illinois. Chicken Style (Meatless Chicken–Frozen).

Manufacturer’s Name: Worthington Foods, Inc. by 10 by 3/4 inch thick. The label states: “New frozen food Manufacturer’s Address: 900 Proprietors Rd., concept. Serve hot or cold. Contains no meat.” A photo Worthington, Ohio. shows three meatlike slices on a plate. These “are new but Date of Introduction: 1962 July. already fast-selling products, distributed largely through Ingredients: Incl. Fibrotein spun soy protein fi bers. health food stores.” Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 oz. paperboard box. Or 15 lb. Soybean Blue Book. 1965. p. 112. “White Meat Style.” How Stored: Frozen. Note: This is one of the world’s fi rst three food products New Product–Documentation: Chopletter (Worthington to contain a modern textured soy protein product. Foods, Worthington, Ohio). 1962. July. p. 1, 3. “A new concept in foods.” This product, made with Fibrotein [spun 221. Product Name: Soyameat–Fried Chicken Style soy protein fi bers], is already on the market. A photo shows (Canned). the product.” Note: This is the earliest commercial soy Manufacturer’s Name: Worthington Foods, Inc. product seen (one of three chicken alternatives introduced Manufacturer’s Address: 900 Proprietors Rd., this month) in which Fibrotein is used as an ingredient. Worthington, Ohio. Wholesale price list. 1962. Oct. 1. Sold in 6 oz. portions Date of Introduction: 1962 July. (24 per case for $9.90, or 15 lb bulk for $1.25/lb). Note: No Ingredients: In 1965: Specially processed soybean protein mention is made on this sheet of spun soy protein fi bers. (Fibrotein), corn oil, [egg] albumen, isolated soybean George D. Kyd. 1963. Food Processing. May. p. 123-26. protein, salt, monosodium glutamate, vegetable gum, starch, “Edible soy protein fi bers promise new family of foods.” The hydrolyzed vegetable proteins, seasonings. author, an employee of Ralston Purina Co., states that this Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 9½ oz can. After 1965: 13 oz product, which contains Textured Edi Pro (spun soy protein can. fi bers made by Ralston Purina) is already on the market. How Stored: Shelf stable; refrigerate after opening. Page 126 describes the product as “frozen fried-chicken New Product–Documentation: Chopletter (Worthington style Minute Entree.” These “are new but already fast-selling Foods, Worthington, Ohio). 1962. July. p. 1, 3. “A new products, distributed largely through health food stores.” No concept in foods.” This product, made with Fibrotein [spun photo of the package is shown. soy protein fi bers], is already on the market. A photo shows Note: This is one of the world’s fi rst three food products the product.” to contain a modern textured soy protein product. George D. Kyd. 1963. Food Processing. May. p. 123-26. “Edible soy protein fi bers promise new family of foods.” The 220. Product Name: Worthington Minute Entrees–Sliced author, an employee of Ralston Purina Co., states that this Whitemeat Style (Meatless Chicken White Meat–Frozen). product, which contains Textured Edi Pro (spun soy protein Manufacturer’s Name: Worthington Foods, Inc. fi bers made by Ralston Purina) is already on the market. Manufacturer’s Address: 900 Proprietors Rd., A photo shows the can. The label states: “Worthington Worthington, Ohio. Soyameat. Vegetarian. 9¼ ozs. avd.” A photo, above the Date of Introduction: 1962 July. photo of the can, shows chunks of the chicken-like product Ingredients: Incl. Fibrotein spun soy protein fi bers. on a plate. The caption below this photo reads: “Fried- Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 oz paperboard box. chicken style shown above has realistic texture; it came How Stored: Frozen. from the can shown below.” These “are new but already New Product–Documentation: Chopletter (Worthington fast-selling products, distributed largely through health food Foods, Worthington, Ohio). 1962. July. p. 1, 3. “A new stores.” concept in foods.” This product, made with Fibrotein [spun Soybean Blue Book. 1963. p. 98. Wholesale price list. soy protein fi bers], is already on the market. A photo shows 1966. Dec. 1. Hartman. 1966. Food Technology. 20(1):39- the product.” 40. “Vegetarian protein foods.” “The fi rst textured soybean Wholesale price list. 1962. Oct. 1. Sold in 6 oz. portions protein fi ber product marketed in the U.S. is Worthington’s (24 per case for $9.90 or bulk rolls, frozen, for $1.25/lb). frozen ‘Fri-Chik,’ an extruded formulation simulating a small Rolls weigh approximately 8 lb. each and a packed 6 rolls fried portion of white chicken meat. This same formulation per box. Note: No mention is made on this sheet of spun soy was next canned in a light gravy and called ‘Soyameat– protein fi bers. Fried Chicken Style,’ and was also later marketed as frozen George D. Kyd. 1963. Food Processing. May. p. 123-26. and canned ‘White-Chik’ in large rolls for slicing, dicing, “Edible soy protein fi bers promise new family of foods.” The etc. The approximate analysis of these simulated chicken author, an employee of Ralston Purina Co., states that this products: protein 20-26%, fat 18-25%, and carbohydrate product, which contains Textured Edi Pro (spun soy protein 2-3%.” fi bers made by Ralston Purina) is already on the market. Ziemba. 1966. Food Engineering. May. p. 82-93. “Let A photo shows the package–a thin paperboard box about 8 soy proteins work wonders for you.” Photo of 6 cans.

It’s Your World Vegetarian Cookbook. 1973. Glendale, Soybean Crop Improvement Council was held at St. Louis, California: Seventh-Day Adventist Church. p. 118. Missouri, July 23-24, with R.W. Judd, managing director, “Soyameat–Fried Chicken-like fl avor” is a canned chicken- Urbana, Illinois, in charge. About 80 agronomists and like product based on spun soy protein fi ber. processors were in attendance. Note: This is one of the world’s fi rst three food products “Two panels and a speech by Glenn Pogeler, past to contain a modern textured soy protein product. chairman of the board of the National Soybean Processors Label sent by Dr. Walter Wolf. 2000. July. Since the fi rst Association, closed the sessions. ingredient is Fibrotein (spun soy protein fi bers), this label “Processor panel members maintained that processors is probably from about 1965. Red, dark blue, and light blue want high oil content in the soybeans they buy and do not on white. A small color photo shows two pieces surrounded wish the protein content to be increased at the expense of by sprigs of parsley on a blue dish. “Vegetarian. The quick oil. Lowell Andreas, Honeymead Products Co., Mankato, and easy dish with a chicken-like fl avor and texture. A new Minnesota, said there is still a serious world shortage of fats concept in foods.” and oils, ‘a tremendous vacuum of fats and oils in world markets.’ 222. Chemical and Engineering News. 1962. People: Robert “Mr. Pogeler in his closing speech noted that fat A. Boyer. Sept. 3. Part 1. p. 63. consumption in northern Europe is among the highest in the • Summary: Boyer has been named technical director in world, and that we in the United States can get our share of protein products sales, Soybean Div., Ralston Purina Co., St. that market only if we are competitive pricewise. He called Louis, Missouri. the Soybean Council of America a tremendous tool for market development work. 223. Soybean Digest. 1962. Boyer heads Ralston protein “Mr. Pogeler said that for the short run we may have products sales. Sept. p. 72. some problems with the European Common Market, but he • Summary: “Robert A. Boyer has been named technical hoped that for the long run the Common Market will work to director, protein products sales, in the soybean division of the advantage of everybody. In a panel discussion on areas the Ralston Purina Co., it has been announced by Donald of hope for a yield-barrier breakthrough on soybeans, D.A. B. Walker, Purina vice president in charge of the soybean Hinkle, University of Arkansas, mentioned the possibility division. of getting a higher pod set on soybeans that might produce “Mr. Boyer will headquarter at the company’s general 100 or more bushels per acre. Herbert W. Johnson, USDA offi ce in St. Louis. For the past 2½ years he has been serving research agronomist, Beltsville, Maryland, said the No. as consultant to Purina on a full-time basis. His work has 1 spot where yield limitation in soybeans may occur is in been in product development and technical sales in the the nitrogen nutrition of the plant. ‘If we could induce the special soy products department. He will continue in that soybean to take up more nitrogen we would get a higher fi eld, working with Wayne E. Tjossem, manager of the yield. The soybean is as ineffi cient in the utilization of special soy products department. nitrogen as any plant you can imagine. Since the dawn of “Mr. Boyer has been a consultant in the edible history the soybean has depended on its nodules for its protein fi eld since 1949, serving a number of large food protein.’ manufacturers both in the United States and Europe. He “H.W. Mederski, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, developed and patented the technique for producing man- said there is a close correlation between yield and the supply made edible protein fi bers to be used in the fabrication of of moisture from year to year. ‘To me, the hope for higher food products. The process developed by Mr. Boyer has yields is to develop chemical means for stopping the water far reaching implications in the food fi eld. For the fi rst loss from plants, or to chemically adjust the plant to fi t time it makes possible the fabrication of food products to within its environment.’ specifi cations, since now protein is prepared in a form that “Charles V. Simpson, president of the American can be engineered into any desired form of human food. Soybean Association, Waterville, Minnesota, said that “Mr. Boyer’s career in research and product controlling weeds is a big factor in increasing yields, and that development goes back 35 years... In 1930 Mr. Boyer joined he is cutting costs materially through the use of herbicides on the Ford Motor Co... From 1943 to 1949 he was research his farms. director for The Drackett Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Boyer “Agronomists who appeared on the program included: and his wife and family have moved their home from W.H. Pierre, Iowa; E.J. Kamprath, North Carolina; H.L. Cincinnati to St. Louis [Missouri].” Musen, South Carolina; J.B. Hanson, Illinois; K.L. Athow, Indiana; and R.B. Musgrave, New York. 224. Soybean Digest. 1962. [National Soybean] Crop “F.R. Senti, Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Improvement Council meets. Sept. p. 78. Peoria, Illinois, spoke on, ‘Soybeans’ Future as a Food and • Summary: “The 13th annual meeting of the National Feed Crop.’

“The National Soybean Crop Improvement Council was for Worthington. As it turned out, Ralston-Purina made the organized in 1950. It was the outgrowth of several annual protein, did the spinning, and Worthington bought the output tri-state meetings of processors and agronomists, which were and put it into new products. When the new Ralston-Purina held in Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri; and Illinois, Indiana, plant was operational, it had the capacity of 10,000 pounds a and Ohio.” day. Worthington was not ready for this kind of volume, but Photos show: (1) NSCIC Director R.W. Judd, behind a working out these diffi culties involved Jim Hagle in further podium, with microphone. negotiations with executives of a large corporation. Finally, (2) “Yield panel, left to right: H.W. Johnson, Beltsville; Worthington agreed to take all the production, and sales took ASA’s Charles V. Simpson, Waterville, Minnesota; H.J. off.” Mederski, Ohio; and D.A. Hinkle, Arkansas. Talk with Ed Meyer of Central Soya. 1993. April 3. (3) Processor panel, l to r: Glenn Pogeler, North Iowa Ralston Purina went into a joint venture (for a short time) Cooperative Processing Association, Mason City; Donald selling frozen spun soy protein fi ber with National Can Co., B. Walker, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis; and L.W. Andreas, which had a small protein division, with they called National Honeymead Products Co., Mankato, Minnesota. Protein. Letter from Susan W. Vorih, Communications Manager, 225. Product Name: Textured Edi-Pro (Spun Soy Protein Protein Technologies International. 1993. June 17. A semi- Fibers). works plant to produce edible soy proteins was erected in Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Special Soy 1961 at Louisville, and both spray-dried and spun fi ber Products Dept. proteins began to be produced and sold in October 1962. Manufacturer’s Address: Plant: Louisville, Kentucky. Offi ces: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63102. 226. Product Name: Edi-Pro (Isolated Soy Proteins; Date of Introduction: 1962 October. powdered, spray-dried) [N = neutral, or A = isoelectric]. New Product–Documentation: G.H. Kyd. 1963. Food Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Special Soy Processing (Chicago). May. p. 123-26, 138. “Edible soy Products Dept. protein fi bers promise new family of foods.” Ralston Purina Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, makes “Textured Edi Pro,” an edible spun soy protein fi ber. MO 63102. Products amazingly like meat can be made from these fi bers. Date of Introduction: 1962 October. Soybean Blue Book. 1966. p. 111. “Textured Edi-Pro, New Product–Documentation: Ziemba. 1966. Food spun edible isolated protein fi bers as a basis for unique and Engineering. May. p. 82-91. “Let soy proteins work wonders novel human foods. Provides both texture and excellent for you.” “Available in powder form is Ralston’s Edi- protein nutrition.” Pro that is derived from purifi ed isolated protein (95%). Soybean Digest. 1969. Nov. p. 43. “Ralston Purina Co.” Product is light in color, bland in fl avor, and available in A photo (p. 40) shows “Chiplike products made from Ralston a neutral product and an isoelectric protein (at pH 4.5). Purina’s textured Edi-Pro.” A chart of “Edible grade food Neutral product is water dispersible. Isoelectric one is ingredients” indicates that Ralston Purina makes only soy water dispersed with aid of food-grade alkalis.” In addition protein isolates and spun fi bers. to protein enrichment, it provides functional properties: W.Z. Gottschall. 1969. “Ralston Purina Yesterday and emulsifying, thickening, gelling, fi lm-forming, and water Today.” Nov. p. 15. “Textured Edi-Pro is purifi ed, isolated binding. soy protein which has been converted into continuous Soybean Blue Book. 1966. p. 112. Under “Industrial fi lament or fi ber form by a patented process.” Soy Proteins” we read: “St. Louis, Missouri 63102–Ralston Horan, Odell & Forman. 1971. PAG Bulletin No. 13. Purina Co., special soy products dept., Checkerboard Square. p. 25. Textured Edi-Pro was “in commercial production ‘Edi-Pro,’ isolated soy proteins, powdered, spray dried for beginning in 1967.” protein fortifi cation and thickening, emulsifi cation, fat and Letter from C.M. Betts, Manager, Textured Protein water binding, gelling, etc.” Products, Ralston Purina Co., Protein Division. 1972, May Soybean Digest Blue Book. 1969. p. 115. W.Z. 31. “Textured Edi-Pro is a frozen protein product.” Gottschall. 1969. “Ralston Purina Yesterday and Today.” Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1983. History of Worthington Nov. p. 14. “Edi-Pro A & N” are chemically isolated soy Foods. p. 7. protein powders. Worthington Foods. 1989. “The Tradition of Healthy Ralston Purina Co. 1976 July 1. “Edi-Pro N Soy Protein Foods” (50th anniversary booklet). p. 21. “Worthington was Isolate: General Product Description. This one-sided leafl et too small to go into the business of crushing soybeans and gives physical properties, microbiological data, packaging, disposing of the oil, or of purchasing the protein extrusion manufacturing (“by Ralcon Foods, a licensee of Ralston or spinning equipment. So [Robert] Boyer negotiated with Purina Company”). Amino acid composition. Typical Ralston-Purina to set up a pilot plant to make the protein [nutritional] analysis.

Ralston Purina Co. 1979. Purina Proteins: Product isolated edible soy protein that is almost pure protein. It information. “Edi-Pro A–An isoelectric isolated soy protein contains no fat.” (pH 4.5) for use in retorted applications such as infant Page 124 has the heading: “Is the web of spun soyfoods and other heat treated products.” Produced at the protein fi bers fi rst of the modern superfoods? Meat-like isoelectric point of isolated soy protein, it is easily dispersed production. These Textured Edi Pro foods–already on the in water. “When neutralized to pH 6.5 to 7.5 it is capable of market–look, taste, and chew amazingly like the meat item emulsifying, thickening, and water binding.” Note: Edi-Pro they so closely resemble, yet they may have a fat content N is not listed. as low as a fraction of one per cent, and a protein content Letter from Susan W. Vorih, Communications Manager, of almost any level desired.” Photos show packages and Protein Technologies International. 1993. June 17. A semi- labels of Chicken Style Roll (Minute Entrees, refrigerated works plant to produce edible soy proteins was erected in roll), Worthington Soyameat Fried-Chicken Style (canned), 1961 at Louisville, Kentucky, and both spray-dried and spun Worthington Sliced Whitemeat Style (Frozen Minute fi ber proteins began to be produced and sold in October Entrees). Shown without a package or label are is a ham- 1962. The spray-dried edible isolates, brand-named Edi-Pro shaped, ham-like product [Wham]. A and Edi-Pro N, were sold to food processors. Page 126 states: “Tons of the textured product [Textured Edi Pro] each week go into the following products made 227. Soybean Digest. 1962. Francis Calvert joins Ralston by Worthington Foods: canned ‘Soyameat’: refrigerated Purina staff. Dec. p. 11. Chicken-Style Roll; frozen fried-chicken style Minute • Summary: “Francis E. Calvert, nationally known chemist Entree; and frozen chicken whitemeat style Minute Entree. in the industrial protein fi eld, has joined the staff of the These products resemble chicken meat in taste and texture. special products research laboratories for the Ralston Purina They are new but already fast-selling products, distributed Co. Mr. Calvert will headquarter in the company’s research largely through health food stores.” laboratories in St. Louis and will work with W.B. Brew, “The edible soy protein work is being carried on under manager of the special products research laboratories. the direction of Dr. H.L. Wilcke, Purina Research Vice He will be concerned with research in the utilization and President, and D.B. Walker, Vice President in charge of the production of isolated soy protein for industrial and edible Soybean Division. Two nationally known scientists who have purposes. He will also engage in customer service work. He pioneered soy development have performed much of the assumed his new duties Nov. 5. development work. They are Robert A. Boyer and Francis E. “Since 1957, Mr. Calvert has been technical director, Calvert. Both at one time were associated with Henry Ford, Evendale operations, for Archer Daniels Midland Co. at and, through him, with Thomas A. Edison. Evendale, Ohio. Prior to that he was research director for the “The work has been coordinated under supervision of Drackett Co. in Cincinnati. His principal fi elds of research W.E. Tjossem, Manager of Purina’s Special Soy Products have been organic and polymer chemistry.” Department, and W.B. Brew, Manager of Special Products Research. Ralston Purina is the largest manufacturer of 228. Soybean Digest. 1963. Ralston Purina feed operations in animal rations, and one of the principal processors of Spain. April. p. 29. soybeans in this country [USA]. Textured Edi Pro and • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co. has joined with an existing Edi Pro are developments of Ralston Purina Company, company in Spain to form a feed manufacturing company Checkerboard Square, St. Louis 2, Missouri.” known as Gallina Blanca Purina, S.A., it has been announced “Fifty million people in the U.S... are not able to eat the in St. Louis, Missouri, by Raymond E. Rowland, president meat of animal or fowl some or all of the time by reason of of Ralston Purina. The main offi ce of the organization their religions, restrictions of their doctors, or by personal will be in Barcelona. The company will manufacture and preferences. For these many millions who for one reason distribute Purina Chows for livestock and poultry in Spain or another cannot eat meats, the Textured Edi Pro meat-like and Portugal.” products will supplement the supply of food items which they approximate... The versatility and adaptability of these 229. Kyd, George H. 1963. Edible soy-protein fi bers promise new edible soy products make them ‘the most exciting new family of foods. Food Processing (Chicago) 24(5):122- and most promising group of new foods of this decade,’ 26, 138. May. says Purina vice president D. B. Walker. ‘They are so • Summary: “Products amazingly like meat such as the ham- characteristic of present health theories that they are likely to like product shown below and the chicken-style products establish themselves in diets of the future. And the meatlike shown on page 124 can be fabricated from protein fi bers products will fi nd an eager market among those 50 million shown opposite” (in a full-page photo), magnifi ed slightly who can’t eat real meat.” more than two times. Ralston Purina now makes “Textured Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document Edi Pro,” an edible spun soy protein fi ber made from “an seen (Oct. 2015) that mentions Textured Edi Pro, made from

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 130 spun soy protein fi ber. refi ning loss at that time was 9%. “Oils having a loss of 9% Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document or less were considered prime.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., seen (Oct. 2015) that uses the term “spun soy-protein fi bers” St. Louis, Missouri. (with or without a hyphen) to refer to spun soy protein fi ber. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. 232. Product Name: Pro-Dell Protein Loaf: A Ham Flavored Protein Food (Meatless & Ready to Use). 230. Product Name: Chicken Style Roll–Worthington Manufacturer’s Name: Brown’s Frosted Foods. Minute Entrees (Meatless; Resembles White Chicken Meat). Manufacturer’s Address: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Manufacturer’s Name: Worthington Foods, Inc. Date of Introduction: 1964 January. Manufacturer’s Address: 900 Proprietors Rd., Ingredients: Soy bean protein (spun soy protein isolate), Worthington, OH 43085. dried egg white, skim milk powder, sugar, hydrolyzed Date of Introduction: 1963 May. vegetable protein, dried yeast, salt, water, carrageenan, Ingredients: 1990: Textured vegetable protein (soy protein vegetable mono and diglycerides, monosodium glutamate, isolate and concentrate), egg whites, soybean and/or corn sodium phosphate, artifi cial coloring and fl avoring, oil, salt, fl avorings (hydrolyzed vegetable protein, onion propylparaben (added as a preservative). powder, turmeric, spice extractives), monosodium glutamate, How Stored: Refrigerated. carrageenan, niacinamide, iron (as ferrous sulfate), vitamin New Product–Documentation: Quick Frozen Foods. 1964. B-1 (thiamine mononitrate), vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine “Protein controlled simulated meat concept opens unlimited hydrochloride), artifi cial color, vitamin B-2 (ribofl avin), frozen potential: Food of tomorrow, today.” Jan. A black- vitamin B-12. and-white photo shows two large loaves of the refrigerated How Stored: Frozen. product based on spun soy protein fi ber, which is produced New Product–Documentation: George D. Kyd. 1963. under a license from Ralston Purina Co. The Label is clearly Food Processing. May. p. 123-26. “Edible soy protein fi bers visible but the list of ingredients is not legible. However the promise new family of foods.” The author, an employee article lists the product’s ingredients. of Ralston Purina Co., states that this product, which contains Textured Edi Pro (spun soy protein fi bers made by 233. Di Giorgio, A.L. 1964. Partners in progress with our Ralston Purina) is already on the market. A photo shows Italian cooperators. Soybean Digest. May. p. 56. the product–a cylindrical roll about 2½ inches in diameter • Summary: “Meet the Italian Cooperators of the Soybean and 10 inches long. The label states: “Chicken Style Roll– Council of America: Worthington Minute Entrees.” One end of the roll has been “ASSOLIOSEMI, National Association of Seed Oil sliced, slivered, and diced. Page 126 describes the product Millers, made up of all seed oil refi ners, wholesalers and as “refrigerated Chicken-Style Roll.” These “are new but some crushers, accounting for 85% of the seed oil consumed already fast-selling products, distributed largely through in Italy. health food stores.” “ASSALZOO. Italian National Association of Animal It’s Your World Vegetarian Cookbook. 1973. Glendale, Feed Producers accounting for 70% of the commercial feed California: Seventh-Day Adventist Church. p. 118. Chicken produced and sold. The Italian subsidiaries of two American Roll is a frozen product based on spun soy protein fi ber. Each fi rms–Ralston Purina and Central Soya–belong to Assalzoo roll weighs 72 oz. as do all Italian processors of soybeans. Manufacturer’s catalog. 1984, undated. Frozen Products. “FEDERCONSORZI. National Federation of Farm Seventh-day Adventist Dietetic Assoc. 1990. Diet Cooperatives, accounting for 30% of the commercial feed Manual, Including a Vegetarian Meal Plan. 7th ed. Appendix sold and 15% of seed oils consumed in Italy. A.6-27. “The Italian offi ce of the Soybean Council of Note: This product was introduced in May 1963, but America signs yearly cooperative agreements with these textured soy protein concentrates were added later (in about organizations, but the agreements are only the ‘formal’ basis 1968-70), as an ingredient. of working together. The confi dence and trust with which our Italian cooperators view the SBC are based on the quality 231. Potts, T.J. 1963. A comparison of the cup refi ning loss of the products which we represent and our identity in the and neutral oil determinations for evaluating crude soybean business community of Italy. They know we are American oil. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 40(10):535-37. but do not regard us as ‘outsiders.’ By being integrated in the Oct. [5 ref] economic and commercial life of the country we have taken • Summary: Roughly 42 years ago a group of cottonseed on the moral strength that most private organizations could crushers and oil refi ners, operating through an association not have, solely because we are accepted. of the Interstate Cottonseed Crushers, set a series of “Since our cooperators represent, besides ours, other specifi cations for crude cottonseed oil. The average kettle commodities also, we promote all seed oils, confi dent that if

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 131 people use more seed oils soybean oil will get its usual major Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, it has been announced by share of this market. Likewise, we have everything to gain Raymond E. Rowland, chairman of the board of directors. from the use of compound feeds because soybean meal is the Mr. Rowland will continue as chairman of the board and best protein source and will certainly be blended in. chief executive offi cer. Mr. Dean, as president, will be “Why do we work with these cooperators? the chief operating offi cer. A.J. O’Brien, executive vice “Italy’s population is 51 million. With a budget of not president, will be in charge of administration, fi nance and over fi ve fi gures and a staff of only six–just a shade over poultry products. one person for every 10 million–we cover Italy through our “Mr. Dean, 48, joined the Ralston Purina Co. in 1938 as cooperators by the technique of the ‘multiplying point.’ Our a clerk in the grain department at company headquarters in ‘communication potential’ with the consumer is enormously St. Louis. In 1958 Mr. Dean was elected vice president of the magnifi ed through these organizations. company and president of the international division. In 1961 “For instance, a single communication to Federconsorzi he was elected executive vice president. Later the same year alone assures that it will be passed on through their 5,000 he was elected a director of the company. outlets to their many times more thousands of customers. “Vice President D.B. Walker, director of the soybean “These organizations spend their own money in division, has been named director of purchasing and traffi c. joint activities proposed and planned by the Soybean He will continue to report to Eldred A. Cayce, executive vice Council. From the beginning of the current Italian project president. Mr. Walker, 52, was born in Rapid City, South Jan. 28, 1960, to Dec. 31, 1963, Italian cooperators have Dakota, and joined the Ralston Purina Co. in 1935. He was contributed as their part about 135 million lire ($216,000) named director of the soybean division in 1958. In June 1959 which matches almost dollar for dollar the FAS [USDA’s he was elected a vice president of the company. Foreign Agricultural Service] expenditure of 150 million “Succeeding Mr. Walker as director of the soybean lire ($240,000). With U.S. industry’s share, it practically division and reporting to him is W.L. Golden. Mr. Golden balances out. They give us advice on how to adapt joined the company as an assistant buyer at the Bloomington, promotional ideas to the local situation and they help us to Illinois, plant and as manager at the Louisville [Kentucky] implement these ideas. In return, we supply them with high soybean plant. He became manager of vegetable oil sales at caliber technical help, usually top American scientists in all company headquarters in March 1960 and assistant manager pertinent branches. of the soybean division in March 1963.” “One of our 1964 joint activities will be participation A photo shows W.L. Golden. at the Milan Trade Fair in the USA exhibit. There we will hand out to visitors small cans of oil, prominently carrying 235. Bocksch, W. 1965. Isoliertes Sojaeiweiss, the stamp of the Assoliosemi. To avoid possible friction ein moeglicher Hilfstoff fuer lang zu lagernde with some of the public which might arise from handing Bruehwurstkonserven [Isolated soy protein, a possible aid in out samples of pure American soybean oil, it will be a blend the manufacture of canned Frankfurter-type sausages, of long of the most popular seed oils in Italy, the label noting the storage stability]. Fleischwirtschaft (Die) 45(7):779-84. July. soybean oil content. This is adapting to the local situation [Ger; eng; fre; spa] and in so doing we and our cooperators are ‘scratching one • Summary: Promine D, isolated soya protein, was tested for another’s backs.’ its suitability in making canned Frankfurter-type sausages “SBC belongs. Warm personal relations with the heads made from raw meat of low water-binding capacity, and in of these organizations guarantee SBC ready access and making luncheon meat. It was found that Promine D made it friendly cooperation. Even government, realizing the degree possible to achieve a considerable reduction in fat and jelly of our integration into the economic life of the country deposits, and therefore to improve binding. and the extent of our contribution to Italy’s progress, looks Note: Some formulations in this article give the incorrect sympathetically at our operations. It considers us a part of impression that soya products are of equal value from the the country as well as a link between American and Italian nutritional and physiological point of view to protein isolated industries. from milk and, particularly, to hydrolyzed milk protein. “This makes us Partners in Progress.” Note 1. This is the earliest German-language document At the bottom of this article is a small map of Italy seen (Aug. 2003) that uses the term Isoliertes Sojaeiweiss to (including Sicily /Sicilia, and Sardinia / Sardegna) with a refer to isolated soy protein. Address: PhD, Bundesanstalt white star marking the capital city, Rome. Address: PhD, fuer Fleischforschung, Kulmbach, West Germany. Director for Italy, Soybean Council of America. 236. Buller, Allan R.; Klis, John B. 1965. Spun soy 234. Soybean Digest. 1964. Executive changes by Ralston protein foods get supermarket sales test: Duplicating meat Purina Co. Sept. p. 84. fi bers, protein value. Improved meat substitutes, recently • Summary: “R. Hal Dean was elected president of the established in health food stores, win chain-store distribution.

Food Processing (Chicago) 26(9):115-17, 120. Sept. meal {automatic sampler, probe sampler}). Trading rules • Summary: “Health food stores have been the traditional on soybean oil. Defi nitions of grade and quality of export outlets for meat-alternate products, but Worthington Foods, oils. Tentative soybean lecithin specifi cations. Appendix to Inc. Worthington, Ohio, has taken the initial steps toward trading rules on soybean oil: Uniform sales contract, grading moving these products into general distribution. soybean oil for color (N.S.P.A. tentative method), methods “Using spun soy protein fi ber as the basic ingredient, of analysis (A.O.C.S. offi cial methods): Soybean oil, crude; Worthington Foods has developed a full line of products that soybean oil, refi ned; soybean oil, refi ned and bleached; look, taste, and chew like chicken, pork and beef products. soybean oil for technical uses; soap stock, acidulated soap Test marketing of two items is being done in three chains in stock and tank bottoms (only method numbers listed). Columbus, Ohio–Alber’s, Big Bear, and Kroger. The two The section titled “Offi cers, directors, and committees” spun soy protein foods, Wham, a ham-like product, and (p. 12-15) states: President: Robert G. Houghtlin. Secretary: White-Chik, simulated white meat chicken, are both being J.W. Moore. Treasurer: R.E. Fiedler. Executive Committee: well received by consumers in these marketing tests... Use L.W. Andreas, Chairman, Wilfred F. Carle, T.W. Bean, B.A. of the fi bers in foods is subject to a patent owned by Ralston Townsend (term ending Sept. 1966). J.W. Moore, M.D. Purina Company. In Columbus, both Wham and White- McVay, R.E. Fiedler, E.B. Copeland (term ending Sept. Chik are priced at $0.69 for an 8-oz package. New foreign 1967). R.G. Houghtlin. distribution, principally in Norway and Sweden, has already Board of Directors: Chairman of the board: L.W. added some volume.” Andreas. Vice chairman of the board: T.W. Bean. Immediate A large photo bears the caption “Worthington’s line of past chairman of the board: S.E. Cramer. (Term expiring spun soy protein meat-like products are packed in canned, Sept. 1966): R.A. Denman, Joe C. Givens, R.G. Golseth, frozen, and dehydrated forms.” Frozen products in thin Floyd E. Hiegel, H.D. Rissler, R.B. Williams. Term expiring paperboard boxes include White-Chik, Fri-Chik, Prime, Sept. 1967: T.J. Barlow, Elmer L. Buster, Elster B. Copeland, and Wham. Canned moist products include Veja-Links, F.L. Morgan, H.R. Scroggs, B.A. Townsend. Term expiring Soyameat (many fl avors), Saucettes. Meat Loaf Mix is a dry Sept. 1968: Donald B. Walker -> Win Golden, Wilfred canned product. Prime is in a plastic pouch. Carle, Arthur Frank, M.D. McVay, William King Self, A newspaper ad for frozen Wham stresses the Harry E. Wiysel. General counsel: Raymond, Mayer, Jenner product’s low fat content (“65% less fat than cured ham”), & Block, Chicago, Illinois. Washington counsel: Sellers, convenience, and the fact that it contains no meat.” A photo Conner & Cuneo, DC. Washington representative: George shows a rack of meatless Prosage, which resembles a pork L. Prichard, DC. Managing director, National Soybean Crop sausage made by Worthington, ready for quick freezing. Improvement Council: Robert W. Judd, Urbana, Illinois. Prosage does not shrink when fried. Standing committees: For each committee, the names “Edible spun soy protein fi bers, sold under the trademark of all members (with the chairman designated), with the Fibrotein, are supplied in fresh frozen and dehydrated forms company and company address of each are given–Traffi c and to the food processing industry by Worthington Foods, Inc., transportation. Technical. Oil trading rules. Industrial oil. 900 Proprietors Rd., Worthington, Ohio 43085. The company Lecithin. Meal trading rules. Uniform rules and standards for also supplies imitation meats made from Fibrotein in fresh, soybean meal. Crop improvement council. Soybean research frozen and dehydrated forms. The imitation meats are council. Soybean grades and contracts. Safety and insurance. available in slices, cubes, chips, granules, round rolls, square Regional: Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and eastern logs and in other shapes and sizes.” Missouri; Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, the Dakotas, Kansas, Note: This is the earliest English-language document and Western Missouri; Mississippi River Delta Sections. seen (Nov. 2014) that contains the term “imitation meats” The following organizations, and individuals are (with any combination of quotation marks). Address: 1. members of NSPA: Allied Mills, Inc., Chicago, Illinois; General Manager, Worthington Foods, Inc; 2. Assoc. Editor. Taylorville, Illinois; Guntersville, Alabama. Archer-Daniels- Midland Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota; Decatur, Illinois; 237. National Soybean Processors Association. 1965. Year Mankato, Minnesota; Fredonia, Kansas; Bloomington, book, 1965-1966 (Association year). Chicago, Illinois. 63 p. Illinois. Arkansas Grain Corp., Soybean Division, Stuttgart, • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: Arkansas (Wilfred F. Carle); Helena, Arkansas (W.E. “Year Book and Trading Rules, 1965-1966.” Contents: Higginbotham). Big 4 Co-op. Processing Assn., Sheldon, Constitution and by-laws and code of ethics. Offi cers, Iowa (Kenneth J. McQueen). Buckeye Cotton Oil Div. directors and committees for 1965-66. Membership of the of, The Buckeye Cellulose Corp., Cincinnati Ohio (R.B. National Soybean Processors Association. Trading rules on Williams); Little Rock, Arkansas; Augusta, Georgia; soybean meal. Appendix to trading rules on soybean meal: Memphis, Tennessee. Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota Offi cial methods of analysis (moisture, protein, crude fi ber, (M.D. McVay, Jay Haymaker); Chicago, Illinois (Robert oil {only method numbers listed}, sampling of soybean Cournoyer); Cedar Rapids, Iowa (C.W. Bohlander); Des

Moines, Iowa (W.J. Wheeler); Fort Dodge, Iowa (George Mississippi (M.D. Kolb); Goldsboro, North Carolina (W.W. J. Cox); Sioux City, Iowa (A.L. Peterson), Washington, Davis). Southern Soy Corp., Estill, South Carolina (R.A. Iowa (William R. Matson); Wichita, Kansas (Ralph S. Denman). Southern Soya Corp. of Cameron, Cameron, Moore); Memphis, Tennessee (Philip St. Clair); Norfolk, South Carolina (Charles Everett Bullard). Staley (A.E.) Virginia (D.H. Leavenworth). Central Soya Co., Inc., Fort Manufacturing Co., Decatur, Illinois (J.W. Moore, E.C. Wayne, Indiana (B.A. Townsend); Decatur, Indiana (T.H. Lane, H.E. Lents); Painesville, Ohio (D.J. Hopkins). Swift Alwein); Indianapolis, Indiana (R.E. Syster); Chicago, & Co., Chicago, Illinois (Scott E. Cramer, W.W. Moore). Illinois (Willard C. Lighter); Gibson City, Illinois (George Townsends, Inc., Millsboro, Delaware (P.C. Townsend). R. Walter); Belmond, Iowa (J.R. Wright); Bellevue, Ohio Tri-County Co-op Soybean Assn., Dawson, Minnesota (Joe (Harry Stokely); Marion, Ohio (Leroy Rich); Chattanooga, C. Givens). West Tennessee Soya Mill, Inc., Tiptonville, Tennessee (Jack Rosenberger). Delphos Soya Products Tennessee (Tyler Terrett). Yazoo Valley Oil Mill, Inc., Co., Delphos, Ohio (Floyd E. Hiegel). Delta Cotton Oil Greenwood, Mississippi (N.F. Howard). and Fertilizer Co., Jackson, Mississippi (Alfred Jenkins). Associate Members: American Feed Stores Home Farmers Grain Dealers Assn. of Iowa (Cooperative) Soybean Organization, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Anderson Processing Division, Mason City, Iowa (H.D. Rissler). Clayton & Co., Foods Div., Dallas, Texas. Armour & Co., Farmers Union C.M.A. [CMA], St. Joseph, Missouri Chicago, Illinois (Harry K. Bean [crossed out]). Capital City (Arthur E. Frank). Fremont Cake & Meal Co., Fremont, Products Co., Div. of Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., Columbus, Nebraska (Harry E. Wiysel). Galesburg Soy Products Co., Ohio. Cereales y Concentrados, Mexico City, Mexico Galesburg, Illinois (Max Albert & Regi Simon -> Elnathan (Francis Tovar [crossed out]). Colchester Processing Anderson, Box 711). General Vegetable Oil Co., Fort Co., East St. Louis, Illinois [crossed out]. Cooperative Worth, Texas (J.D. Morton). Gooch Milling & Elevator Mills Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. Corn Products Co., New Co., Lincoln, Nebraska (M.R. Eighmy). Grain Processing York City, New York (R.W. List). General Mills, Inc., Corp., Muscatine, Iowa (G.A. Kent, F.J. Prochaska, H.P. Kankakee, Illinois (Gerald G. Wilson) [handwritten in]. Woodstra). Honeymead Products Co., Mankato, Minnesota Grasas Vegetales, S.A., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico (Mr. (L.W. Andreas, W.B. Cox, J.I. Maslon, C.T. Mullan, L.K. Collighon) [handwritten in]. Greendale Soy Products, Inc., Rasmussen); Huegely Iowa Milling Co., Cedar Rapids, Kinmundy, Illinois (Elwin G. Ingram) [handwritten in]. Iowa (Joe Sinaiko, Bob Scroggs, Les Liabo). Kansas Soya Glidden Co. (The), Durkee Famous Foods, Div., Chicago, Products Co. (The), Emporia, Kansas (Elmer L. Buster). Illinois (Gerald J. Daleiden). Hartsville Oil Mill, Hartsville, Lauhoff Grain Co., Danville, Illinois (Ralph G. Golseth, South Carolina (Edgar H. Lawton, Jr.). Huegely Elevator Loren R. Larrick, Laurie J. Slocum). Marshall Mills Co., Co., Nashville, Illinois (J.W. Huegely). HumKo Products– Marshalltown, Iowa (J.B. Saccaro). Minnesota Linseed Div. of National Dairy Products Co., Memphis, Tennessee Oil Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota (R.J. Lindquist, Jr.). (Sam Cooper). Kraft Foods Div. of National Dairy Products Mississippi Cottonseed Products Co., Jackson, Mississippi Corp., Chicago, Illinois (G.M. Gibson). Lever Bros Co., (H.E. Covington). Missouri Farmers Assn., Grain Div., New York City, New York. Maple Leaf Mills Ltd., Toronto, Mexico, Missouri (Kermit F. Head). Owensboro Grain Co., Ontario, Canada (W.G. Milliken) [handwritten in]. Nebraska Owensboro, Kentucky (William M. O’Bryan). Paymaster Consolidated Mills Co., Omaha, Nebraska [crossed out]. Oil Mill Co., Houston, Texas (T.J. Barlow, C.R. Bergstrom); Paciﬁ c Vegetable Oil Corp., San Francisco, California. Phoenix, Arizona (O.C. Harris); Jackson, Mississippi (John Procter & Gamble Co. (The), Cincinnati, Ohio. Quaker Bookhart). Perdue (A.W.) & Son, Salisbury, Maryland Oats Co. (The), Chicago, Illinois. Spencer Kellogg Div. of (Robert L. Brodey). Planters Industries, Inc., Rocky Mount, Textron Inc., Buffalo, New York. Supersweet Foods Div., North Carolina (W.T. Melvin). Planters Manufacturing Co., International Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Valley Clarksdale, Mississippi (A.K. Shaifer). Quincy Soybean Mills, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Wesson Div., Hunt Foods and Products Co., Quincy, Illinois (Theodore W. Bean, John Industries, Inc., Fullerton, California. Ralph Wells & Co., Franks). Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri (Donald B. Monmouth, Illinois (Willis H. Wells). Address: 3818 Board Walker, W.L. Golden); Kansas City, Missouri (A.V. Couch); of Trade Building, Chicago 4, Illinois. Bloomington, Illinois (R.C. Witte); Decatur, Illinois (R.E. Baer); Lafayette, Indiana (A. Hardy); Iowa Falls, Iowa (W. 238. Product Name: Fibrotein (Spun Soy Protein Fibers) Bower); Louisville, Kentucky (J. Gardner); Raleigh, North [Fresh, Frozen, or Dehydrated]. Carolina (J.L. Bumgardner); Memphis, Tennessee (J.K. Manufacturer’s Name: Worthington Foods, Inc. Sartain). Riverside Oil Mill, Marks, Mississippi (William Manufacturer’s Address: 900 Proprietors Rd., King Self). Sisketon, Missouri (P.B. Bartmess). Southern Worthington, OH 43085. Phone: 614-885-9511. Cotton Oil Div., Hunt Foods and Industries, Inc., New Date of Introduction: 1965 September. Orleans, Louisiana (F.L. Morgan); Newport, Arkansas New Product–Documentation: Buller & Klis. 1965. Food (Jerry Jeffrey); Macon, Georgia (M.S. Long); Greenville, Processing. Sept. p. 117. “Edible spun soy protein ﬁ bers, sold

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 134 under the trademark Fibrotein, are supplied in fresh frozen citations for 13 patents issued in connection with the new and dehydrated forms to the food processing industry by spun protein foods are given. Worthington Foods, Inc., 900 Proprietors Rd., Worthington, A photo shows a kit distributed by General Mills; Ohio 43085. The company also supplies imitation meats it contains spun soy fi brils in the middle compartment made from Fibrotein in fresh, frozen and dehydrated forms. and dehydrated foods made from the fi brils in six other The imitation meats are available in slices, cubes, chips, compartments. granules, round rolls, square logs and in other shapes and Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document sizes.” seen (Oct. 2015) that uses the word “structured” to refer to Ziemba. 1966. Food Engineering. May. p. 91. “Let soy soy protein products, or specifi cally to new “spun protein proteins work wonders for you.” “Worthington’s simulated foods analogous to meat.” meats made from spun soy protein fi bers (Fibrotein) come Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document in cubes, slices, chips, granules, rolls, square logs, or other seen (Oct. 2015) that uses the word “fi brils” or the term shapes and sizes. They are in fresh, frozen, or dehydrated “spun fi brils” to refer to edible spun soy protein fi bers. forms.” Soybean Digest. 1969. Nov. p. 44. “Since 1966, 240. Product Name: Purina Protein, and Purina Pro-Cote. Worthington Foods has manufactured its own spun protein, Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. which it formerly purchased from Ralston Purina Co., for its Manufacturer’s Address: Factory: Soybean Division, 2441 meatless meats.” S. Floyd St., Louisville, Kentucky. Offi ces: 835 S. 8th St., St. Shurtleff & Aoyagi. 1983. History of Worthington Louis, Missouri. Foods. p. 8. Date of Introduction: 1965. New Product–Documentation: Soybean Blue Book. 1965. 239. National Provisioner. 1965. New foods from spun p. 112. These products are listed under the category “Protein protein. 153(15):15-18. Oct. 9. [13 ref] Isolates.” It is not clear which are edible and which are • Summary: “Will emerging food technology’s version of a industrial products. protein spinning wheel, actually more like the nylon factory’s Business card and envelope. 1965. Aug. “Purina Pro- counterpart of the spinneret in the head of a silkworm, send Cote” is made by the Soybean Division, 2441 S. Floyd livestock the way of the silk stocking? St., Louisville, Kentucky. J.B. Dore is manager, Industrial “Is there danger that new structured food products which Protein Research, Soybean Division, Ralston Purina Co., can be made from many varieties of spun vegetable protein, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis. Missouri. Phone: CHestnut and are being made from soy protein isolates, will make 1-3600. meat animals, eat and meat packers obsolete?” Soybean Blue Book. 1966. p. 112. Under “Coated Dr. Arthur D. Odell and W.W. Thulin, both of the James Papers, Leather Dressing,” we read: “St. Louis, Missouri Ford Bell Research Center, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, 63102–Ralston Purina Co., special soy products dept., feel that spun protein fi bers, rather than being a competitive Checkerboard Square. ‘Pro-Cote’ proteins for board, threat, “can improve the market for natural meat while wallpaper and paper coatings, on and off machine at all serving special dietary needs, adding variety to menus and solids levels, sizing, calendar and size press; paints pigment helping to close the widening world food gap.” dispersants; printing inks; joint cements and water putties; Last month Odell gave a “talk on the new structured general coatings and adhesives.” foods at the Minnesota Nutrition Conference in St. Paul,” where samples of the new foods made of “spun fi brils” were 241. Boyer, Robert A.; Schulz, A.A.; Schatzman, E.A. also served. Assignors to Ralston Purina Company. 1966. Method of “The fi rst edible fi ber was made in 1949 under the manufacturing a protein food product. Canadian Patent direction of Robert A. Boyer at a Connecticut factory where 727,064. Feb. 1. 10 p. vegetable protein was being spun for textiles. Boyer obtained • Summary: Describes production of soy protein fi ber. a patent on the process (U.S. 2,682,466) in 1954. Originally, “This invention relates to a method of manufacturing a fi ve companies were licensed to manufacture edible fi ber protein food product and more specifi cally to the preparation under this patent but only two, General Mills and Ralston of a product which is an improvement over those disclosed in Purina, have continued using the process.” Development of U.S. patents 2,682,466, 2,730,2447 and 2,730,448. the fi rst undenatured, edible soy protein [isolate, Promine] “Briefl y, the present invention prepares an improved by Central Soya Co. in 1958 stimulated other fi rms to engage product by mixing a sulfi te with an edible protein to improve in similar research for a widely available protein product. the physical characteristics of the product and to facilitate its Details of the process for making spun soy protein fi bers are preparation. given; a fl ow chart is also given. “Smoky Bits” simulating “Among the several objects of this invention are the bacon are being test marketed in peanut butter. Complete preparation of an edible protein product in fi lament form

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 135 having improved fl avor; the preparation of such a product fi ber product marketed as Worthington’s frozen Fri-Chik–an which is lighter in color; the preparation of such a product extruded formulation simulating a fried portion of white which breaks without rubberyness; and a product of the type chicken meat”), problems ahead. Texturizing in other ways. indicated which can be more easily prepared. Other objects “New process techniques have been ‘engineered’ into will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter. making soy proteins better so far as quality and function are “The invention accordingly comprises the methods concerned... Last year about 250 to 300 million lb of soy hereinafter described, the scope of the invention being fl ours and grits went into formulating food products. About indicated in the following claims. 7 million lb of concentrates and 9 million lb of isolates were “While valuable edible protein products can be prepared used. Present estimates indicate that fl ours and grits are utilizing the teachings of U.S. patents 2,682,466, 2,730,447 increasing at a 5% per year rate, concentrates and isolates at and 2,730,448, these products may be darker in color than about 10% each.” Who supplies what? Soy fl ours and grits: desired, may possess suffi cient rubberyness so that they ADM, Central Soya, Crest Products, Staley. Soy protein cannot be masticated in the same way that natural meat concentrates: ADM, Central Soya, Crest, Griffi th, Gunther products are masticated, for example, and the fl avor thereof Products, Ranell Labs., Swift & Co. Isolated Soy Proteins: often possesses undesired characteristics. In addition, the Central Soya, Crest, Gunther, Ralston Purina. Spun isolate spinning solution possesses a higher viscosity in operation fi bers: ADM, General Mills, Ralston Purina, Worthington than is preferred.” Foods. Textured Soy Proteins (extruded grit-type): ADM, H.B. Taylor. 242. Wolf, Walter J. 1966. Re: Visit of R.L. Hawley, Ralston “Archer Daniels Midland is currently researching with Purina Company. Letter to OC (Oilseed Crops Lab.) Files, a patent-applied-for extrusion process. Product (about 50% NRRL, Peoria, Illinois, April 4. 1 p. Typed, without signature protein) can be shaped into many fi brous, textured forms (carbon copy). Ä chips, chunks, fl akes, slabs, wafers, or puffs. But whole • Summary: Mr. Robert L. Hawley, Manager, Supro meat-resembling pieces can’t be formed. Products Development Division, Ralston Purina Co., St. “Company’s selling product-development lots in various Louis, Missouri (see attached business card) spent most of sizes, shapes and fl avors. Customers are planning or test- the morning of March 28 with A.C. Eldridge and Dr. Wolf marketing ADM’s ‘fabricated protein’ in stews, chili, and discussing research and technology of soybeans and soybean casserole products. Potential market for chunky, ground or protein. snack-type products is likely to be much greater than the A food technologist, he joined Ralston 3 months ago one for simulated whole meats.” Note: This is the earliest to head up the Supro Products Development Division document seen (Sept. 2003) that mentions textured soy who responsibility is to develop food products for the fl our or grits produced by an extrusion process–later widely retail market from soybeans or soybean products, such as known by its ADM trademark as TVP. isolated protein. The name of the division is a contraction “Worthington’s simulated meats made from spun soy of “super protein.” Hawley said his major problems are protein fi bers (Fibrotein) come in cubes, slices, chips, (1) fl avor, and (2) variability in physical properties such granules, rolls, square logs, or other shapes and sizes. They as texture, viscosity and color. He has repeated some of are in fresh, frozen, or dehydrated forms” (p. 93). the NRRC’s work on alcohol washing of soybean proteins Photos show: (1) Soy protein fi bers, plus chunks and and their foaming properties. Address: Principal Chemist, cubes made from fi bers. The caption reads: “Simulated Meal Products Investigations, Oilseed Crops Lab., Northern meats can be ‘engineered’ readily from soy protein fi ber Regional Research Lab., Peoria, Illinois. shown in the center of these General Mills products.” At lower left, going clockwise: ‘bacon’ chips, ‘beef’ granules, 243. Ziemba, John V. 1966. Let soy proteins work wonders ‘chicken, ‘beef’ chunks, ‘ham,’ and ‘seafood.’ (2) Many of for you. Food Engineering 38(5):82-84, 87-90, 93. May. Worthington Foods’ packaged meatless foods made from • Summary: The subtitle reads: “With far better quality and textured soy protein fi ber; they are canned, frozen, smoked, functional properties, soy proteins are fi nding ever-increasing diced, sliced, or formed into rolls or sausages. (3) Spun soy uses in foods. You can ‘engineer’ new foods or improve your protein fi ber coming out of a spinnerette head (in a glass current products–at more profi t, too.” beaker). (4) Joseph Rakosky operating an electrophoresis Contents: Introduction to soy proteins–fl ours, apparatus at USDA’s Northern Regional Laboratory concentrates, and isolates. Soy fl ours and grits. Who’s (NRRL, in Peoria, Illinois). (5) Edible soy protein foam on supplying what. Benefi ts in quality, cost. Values of soy a meringue pie, developed by USDA at NRRL. (6) A.K. concentrates. Varieties of concentrates. Highest protein: Smith watching Tokuji Watanabe making “tofu cake” by an Isolates. Soy proteins added to egg albumen. Versatility improved process at NRRL. Address: Senior Assoc. Editor, of isolates. Foams and gels. Fiber technique emerges: Food Engineering magazine, Chicago. Worthington’s accomplishments (“First textured soy protein

244. Time. 1966. Commotion in the bean pit. 88:77-78. July countries with no dairy industries.” General Mills, Ralston, 8. ADM, Central Soya, and Worthington combined spend • Summary: The soybean is now “the hottest item in the some $4 million annually on research. Half of this sum is seething U.S. commodities market. Last week futures for going into basic research and half into product development. soybeans, soybean oil and soybean meal set seasonal records ADM recently shipped 3 million lb of a new protein rich soy after a month of wild trading.” Prices tripled during the beverage to Latin America and the East Asia under a USDA month. program. “Introduced to the U.S. from Asia in 1804, the soybean did not become a signifi cant agricultural product until World 246. Bowen, William; Shook, Edgar. 1966. Why they call War II cut off normal U.S. imports of fats and oil. From a those soybeans “golden.” Fortune 74:126-29, 186, 191. Aug. crop of 193 million bu. in 1945, output rose to 843.7 million • Summary: Soybeans have become a $2.5-billion crop bu., worth nearly $2.5 billion last fall. Soybeans are the in the U.S., a major U.S. export, and the basis of a hefty U.S.’s most valuable agricultural export, ranking ahead of domestic processing industry. In the futures market, soybeans wheat and corn... have outdistanced all other commodities in dollar volume of “Worthington Foods Inc. takes edible soybean transactions. At Chicago’s Board of Trade soybean futures fi ber produced by Ralston Purina, turns it into meatless are bought and sold in the largest of the seven commodity frankfurters, roast beef and fried chicken, sells them to pits–the pit, the famous arena formerly occupied by the old- Seventh-day Adventists and vegetarians. Archer-Daniels- time champion, wheat... Midland Co. is testing a soy beverage to be sold in powder “The U.S. produces about 70 percent of the world’s form, and Central Soya has developed an ice cream-like soybeans, and is the only nation with a substantial surplus for frozen dessert made of soybeans. export. The only other big producer of soybeans, Red China, “What interests researchers the most about the soybean consumes most of its crop at home... is its high protein content (up to 50%), and this month “Last fall’s crop was four times as big as 1945’s, and Central Soya will begin mass production of Promine, an about 170 times as big as that fi rst offi cially recorded crop in isolated soybean protein, at a new Chicago plant. Promine 1924... binds and emulsifi es pulverized meats, such as sausages, “Since the early 1950’s, demand for meat, and hence meat loaf and bologna.” for soybean meal, has grown faster in Western Europe and Japan than in the U.S., and as a result U.S. soybean exports 245. Business Week. 1966. Soybeans move up on the menu. have expanded at an average annual rate of 16 percent since July 23. p. 82, 84, 87. 1953... In dollar earnings, soybeans and soybean products • Summary: “General Mills, under its Betty Crocker Red now rank as the U.S.’s No. 1 agricultural export... Spoon trademark (A.D. Odell in charge), is test marketing “In recent years margins have tended to be the fi rst of a series of projected foods spun out of a protein uncomfortably narrow...For a big, effi cient crusher, the isolated from soy. Called Bac*Os, it is designed as a breakeven crushing margin comes to about 17 cents a bushel. condiment and looks and tastes like lean, crumbled, cooked During the past several years average industry-wide crushing bacon. Priced at $0.69 for 3.25 ounces, the jar is equal to 1 margins... have tended to run considerably below that lb of cooked bacon.” Corn Products’ (CPC) Best Foods Div. breakeven level... is marketing Skippy peanut butter containing the product. “Intense competition and meager margins have driven “Thomas J. Lipton, Inc., a Unilever subsidiary, recently many companies out of soybean processing. The number launched four dried gourmet main dish meals including of companies in the business has shrunk from about ninety beef stroganoff and chicken la scala. Lipton has patented a in 1946 to sixty-fi ve or so today. Some big companies have process to use isolated soy protein (ISP) as a binder for dried dropped out, including Spencer Kellogg and General Mills. meats... Ralston Purina has developed a series of spun soy The companies still in soybean processing include six giants, protein foods resembling ham, chicken, and turkey out of all headquartered in the Midwest. Among them they have ISP. It is selling its spun ISP base, Edi-Pro, to Worthington something like 60 percent of the industry’s total crushing Foods Inc. Worthington has developed its own line of capacity. The biggest are Central Soya Co. of Fort Wayne, chicken and ham-like products for sale to religious groups. Indiana, with a capacity of 84 million bushels a year, and “Central Soya makes an isolated soy protein binder Cargill, Inc., of Minneapolis [Minnesota]. Cargill claims to called Promine, which goes into sausage and other processed have about the same capacity as Central Soya. The other four meats. Sales of the binder at $0.35/lb–twice the cost of the members of the Big Six all have capacities on the order of 50 binder it is replacing–are so promising that production will million to 60 million bushels a year: Archer Daniels Midland be doubled to 2.5 million lb monthly when a new plant Co. (Minneapolis), Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis), Swift opens in Chicago next month... In addition the company this & Co. (Chicago), A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. (Decatur, fall hopes to start exporting a frozen soy dessert to tropical Illinois).

“These companies all have large interests apart from “The Isolated Protein Program of General Mills soybeans, Archer Daniels, Cargill, Ralston, and Staley in represents a major research effort involving nearly fi fty grains, and Swift in meats. Even Central Soya, despite people, which is dedicated to the above objectives. Although its name, gets less than half its revenues from soybean currently still in the research phase, various Bontrae items processing; the company has spread out on a grand scale are now emerging into the commercial test market. Full into other fi elds, including feed manufacturing and grain scale commercialization, if warranted, will probably not be merchandising... achieved before early 1968. Other commercial fi rms, notably “Soybean futures work like other commodity futures. Ralston-Purina Company and Worthington Foods, are The future bought or sold constitutes an enforceable contract engaged in similar programs.” to take delivery of, or deliver, a specifi ed quantity at a Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document specifi ed price in a specifi ed month at a specifi ed place. But seen (Nov. 2014) that uses the term “meat analogues” (or at any time prior to the delivery month the buyer or seller “meat analogs”) in the title. can cancel out the contract at will (though not always, of Note 2. This is the earliest English-language document course, without loss), simply by taking an equal action in seen (Dec. 2015) that uses the word “monofi laments” to refer the opposite direction. The trader who bought sells, or the to edible spun soy protein fi bers. Address: PhD, Manager, trader who sold buys, and, lo, everything washes out. The Isolated Protein Program, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, earlier and later transactions offset each other. Most futures Minnesota. contracts are offset in this way, prior to maturity; at the Board of Trade only 1 percent or so are settled by actual 248. British Vegetarian. 1966. “Soya Steaks.” Sept/Oct. p. delivery of the commodities. 411. [1 ref] “Basically, the commodity-futures market enables • Summary: This article is excerpted from SCATS Sentinel, holders of large inventories to hedge against inventory losses Journal of the Southern Counties Agriculture Trading resulting from price declines.” Society, June 1966. Contains a detailed discussion of hedging and A recent technical report from Trouw & Co., N.V., of its complexities and uncertainties. “Hedging is more Amsterdam, states that products resembling steaks, chickens, sophisticated than crushing.” and ham are now being made from soya, using spun soy protein fi bers. In the USA, General Mills, Ralston Purina 247. Odell, A.D. 1966. Meat analogues: A new food concept. Co., and Worthington Foods (Ohio) are working on spinning, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly and in England Unilever is reported to be interested. 7:20-24. Aug. Worthington Foods has developed a full line of products that • Summary: “Despite spectacular increases in food look, taste, and chew like chicken, beef, and pork products. production, the stupendous growth in total world population Wham is a ham-like product and White Chic is simulated spells drastic food shortages ahead.” Food science is chicken. A photo shows a label of Worthington Soyameat focusing efforts on the development of new solutions to the Salisbury Steak Style. food dilemma. The conversion of “feedstuffs by animals into meat is often less than, and seldom better than, 10 percent.” 249. Randolph, Chet. 1966. New vegetable protein foods are We can shorten the food chain by developing new man-made now available: International Protein Conference [at Peoria]. protein sources. “One such candidate is the new class of Soybean Digest. Dec. p. 9-10. textured, high-protein foods which has been made possible • Summary: “Over 250 people attended the International by the application of textile technology to the purifi ed Conference on Soybean Protein Foods at Peoria, Illinois, proteins which may be extracted and isolated from soybean Oct. 17-19. They came from many states, nine countries, and meal, for example.” the United Nations. “The name Bontrae has been coined for General Mills’ “At a similar conference 5 years ago many questions spun specialties.” A diagram shows how Bontrae granules, were raised as to how we might meet the protein needs of cubes, bits, and slices are made from “protein spinning the world and whether or not the necessary foods could be dope” by spinning to give “protein fi brils.” Photos show: developed and marketed successfully. At this conference it (1) A “tow” or “tissue” of “16,000 individual, endless became clear that scientists have developed the formulas and monofi laments, spun from soy protein through a spinneret techniques and that foods are now available from vegetable with holes of 0.003 inch diameter” [by General Mills]. (2-4). protein sources. How to distribute or market the foods is not Smoky Chips (a soy product tasting like crisp bacon), ham, so clear. chicken, and fi sh analogs, Sloppy Joe, etc. A product closely “Orville G. Bentley, dean of the College of Agriculture similar to General Mills’ Smoky Chips “is being supplied to at the University of Illinois, who opened the conference, the Best Foods Division of Corn Products as ‘Smoky Crisps’ referred to the soybean as the golden nugget of the Orient for inclusion in a new version of Skippy Peanut Butter.” that is now recognized worldwide as the effi cient producer of

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 138 high-quality protein and oil. The United States produces 71% foods primarily for nutrition to sell at the lowest possible of the world soybean supply. cost. General Mills, Archer Daniels Midland Co., Central “The need for protein in the underdeveloped countries Soya, and Ralston Purina Co. have highly specialized was clearly reestablished at the conference. Dr. Ricardo machinery and equipment for spinning the fi bers or preparing Bressani, of the division of agricultural and food chemistry the foods. in Guatemala, Dr. Fred T. Sai of the University of Ghana “Gus C. Mustakas of the Northern Regional Research Medical School, and Dr. Kamaluddin Ahinad of the Laboratory at Peoria, Ill., reported on his work to develop a University of Dacca in East Pakistan all reported graphically simple technique that can be used in any village in India or the need for protein, especially for children and in particular Ghana. This involved soaking the soybeans in a sack, boiling those just weaned. In the underdeveloped areas the infant on an open fi re and running through a small hand grinder. He is taken from the mother’s breast and abruptly placed reported that with such simple equipment they could make on a starch gruel which may be made from corn, casava 300 pounds a day to provide half the daily protein needs of [cassava], or rice. At the very time when they need the 1,600 people. greatest protection against childhood diseases they are given “It was agreed that one of the big needs is for more a strange gruel, in many cases with only half the protein know-how in marketing in many areas of the world where requirements. cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds and tastes vary so “Several men in the medical profession reported on widely. Dale W. Johnson, executive vice president of Crest experimental work proving that vegetable sources can supply Products, Inc., and Hugh Robinson of Foreign Agricultural the needed protein where milk is not available or is too high Service, Washington, D.C., among others, reported on priced. Dr. George C. Graham of Baltimore City Hospitals the complexities of the problems that must be overcome, [Maryland] reported on a detailed study of undernourished including the tariffs and government restrictions, as well as infants who responded to vegetable proteins. Dr. Po-Chao such things as the taste habits and advertising patterns in the Huang of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology had many different countries. returned to his native Formosa where he had an experiment “Dr. Sai told of Ghana farmers who were quite pleased with 57 babies that averaged 3 months of age. He compared with the new soybeans they were taught to raise. There cow’s milk, soy beverage, and some soy fl our and rice was a celebration at harvest time. But they will never raise formulas. In all cases he found that the growth rate, skin soybeans again in that area. The reason is that it took so long texture and smile of the babies were equal whether the to cook the soybeans that all of the fuel in that area was used protein was from vegetable or milk protein sources. He even up before the winter was over. had two sets of identical twins which added to the study. “Soybeans in India: Stories were told of planting “Sales of Incaparina: John W. Money with Quaker Oats soybeans in India. But at harvest time there was no place to Co., working in Colombia in South America, reported that sell them because of the lack of processing facilities. The Incaparina was beyond the experimental stage and they were University of Illinois indicated they will cooperate with actually selling it. This high-protein formula is supplying India to use soybeans as a teaching tool, in which they are the protein needs of children in that area to the equivalent stressing the interdependence of the experiment stations, of 5 million glasses of milk a month. They have priced their extension, and teaching. This is the basis of our Land Grant product just below the second staple food, rice. Colleges, but it is something new in other parts of the world. “We had reports of the many uses of soy fl our and They feel that even if soybeans are not successful in India soy grits and beverages that can come in an almost infi nite the teaching techniques will be worthwhile. They plan to variety of forms. One type of soy fl our is used in baked approach the problem on a team basis, taking into account goods, another in doughnuts. Soy grits are widely used in not only production but also processing, distribution, and dog food, with another type of soy fl our fi nding increased food uses and tastes. use as a calf milk replacer. Different companies are prepared “Dr. Joseph J. Rackis of the Northern Laboratory and to sell soy fi ber foods with fl avors similar to those of fi sh, Dr. Frederic R. Steggerda of the University of Illinois ham, chicken, or pizza. Dr. Arthur D. Odell of General Mills, reported considerable progress in overcoming the fl avor and Inc., reported on the techniques and sales of their meat- fl atulence (gas) problems in soybeans. like products made from modifi ed vegetable tissues. such “Dr. Edwin W. Meyer of Central Soya predicted that items as their bacon chips are on the market and beyond the some day, when the volume is high enough, a 70%-protein research stage. product can be sold as low as 130 per pound. Some “Others reported on sales of the modifi ed vegetable companies reported success in the products that will go proteins to hotels and restaurants. This is the sophisticated through freezing and then heating, such as added chunks in type of food that goes with a suitable income. People enjoy it frozen corn that is then heated for food for the table. as a convenience item. “Dr. Odell reported that two University of Iowa men, “We had a report on several formulations of very basic working with prisoners, found an excellent response in adult

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 139 human volunteers who subsisted on a strictly vegetable fl avoring ‘know-how’ by the time soy products such as source of protein. After 6 months they were in excellent fl akes, toasted grits and isolated protein became available. health. One of the fi rst Worthington products based on soy protein “Other nutrition studies by the Wisconsin Alumni was a powdered milk-like product, Soyamel, which was Association, as well as those in Guatemala, indicate that designed primarily as a hypoallergenic formula for infants enough is known now about soy protein so that it can be and children who were allergic to milk... Perhaps one of the utilized as the sole source of protein, with no adverse effects fi rst companies to explore the protein spinning technique on any species of animal on which it is tested. Dr. Odell developed by Robert Boyer (U.S. Pat. # 2,682,466) was indicated that it need not cost more than one-half low-quality Worthington Foods. For the past ten years Worthington has hamburger per unit of protein. However, again soy foods in pioneered in the fi eld of vegetarian protein foods; seeking this country are expected to fi nd their way into new markets suitable protein isolates for spinning, developing spinning mostly as convenience foods. technology, formulating and adapting these spun protein “Dr. Clifford W. Hesseltine of the Northern Laboratory fi bers to acceptable consumer end-products.” reported a former worker is now in Indonesia supplying “The present technology of spinning as practiced by low-cost protein foods at cost to students and faculty at his Worthington Foods, uses as a raw material relatively pure university. soy protein isolate as obtained from Ralston Purina, Central “Dr. Lester J. Teply of UNICEF reported that while Soya or other suppliers of protein isolates.” the soybean is native to the Orient and has been known for A photo shows Hartman, who has been with centuries, it has not been generally substituted for milk, Worthington Foods since 1947. “His academic training was contrary to popular belief. That is why this is a new area. The acquired at Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan; familiarity of the Orientals with soybeans may make it easier University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and at Massachusetts to introduce soy beverage to provide children with needed Institute of Technology. Dr. Hartman was employed as a protein after weaning. (Some soy milk has been available in biochemist- bacteriologist for four years by the Michigan the Orient due to the efforts of such men as Harry W. Miller State Department of Health Laboratories in Lansing, and K.S. Lo.) Michigan, and was a consultant-instructor for a year for the “Dr. George L. Mehren, Assistant Secretary of U.S. Public Health Service.” Address: Director of Research Agriculture, said if we can add protein to the rice, corn, and and Development, Worthington Foods, Inc., Worthington, casava [cassava] already in the diet and get it to the children Ohio. we can make a dent in the serious problems of malnutrition. He added his offi cial voice to the call for immediate action. 251. Product Name: Pur-A-Lec Lecithins [Standard Plastic, “It was made clear at the conference that the need and Fluid Grades; Bleached and Unbleached]. is there. Scientists have developed the foods and the Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Special Soy techniques. There is no doubt now as to the direction we Products Dept. must take. The question now is how do we move in specifi c Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, areas and how soon are we prepared to move.” MO 63102. Across the top of the fi rst page is a portrait photo of 7 of Date of Introduction: 1966. the conference speakers. Address: Field Director, American New Product–Documentation: Soybean Blue Book. 1966. Soybean Assoc. p. 106. Used as emulsifi ers and dispersants.

250. Hartman, Warren E. 1966. Research and development 252. Ralston Purina Co. 1966. Fire or explosion in solvent in synthetic foods. New York State Association of Milk and extraction plant. Decatur, Illinois. Food Sanitarians, Annual Report [19 ref] • Summary: Kingsbaker, C. Louis. 2005. “List of ﬁ res and • Summary: “Research and development in synthetic foods explosions in extraction plants.” Atlanta, Georgia. 3 p. Aug. is no longer a skeptical venture. Today it is fast becoming 4. Unpublished manuscript. Address: Decatur, Illinois. an alarming necessity! Two most basic and major problems face the world today (1) The world population explosion 253. Thulin, W.W.; Kuramoto, S. 1967. “Bontrae”–A accompanied by (2) The skyrocketing need for food. new meat-like ingredient for convenience foods. Food Synthetic foods are already a part of big business.” Technology 21(2):64-67. Feb. [14 ref] “Worthington Foods has been in the vegetarian protein • Summary: Bontrae is made from spun soy protein ﬁ bers. food business for some 25 years. Primarily, the business “Although regeneration of oriented protein systems had been was concerned with supplying such foods to consumers studied earlier (Lundgren, 1949), techniques for spinning who had medical, philosophical, or religious reasons for protein were reduced to practice in the early 1930s by a wanting them. Early products were based on wheat proteins group at the Ford Motor Company led by Robert A. Boyer. or ‘gluten.’ Worthington had accumulated considerable The Ford efforts were directed toward textile applications.”

In 1954 Boyer was granted a patent for using spun protein as a supplement and as a main ingredient in new foods such fi bers to create edible structures. Research directed to this as instant breakfasts, dry soup mixes, dietetic foods, and end has been undertaken by a number of food processors instant high protein beverages. One of the largest producers including Swift & Co., Unilever, General Foods, National of soy protein products.” W.Z. Gottschall. 1969. “Ralston Biscuit Co., Worthington Foods, Ralston Purina, and General Purina Yesterday and Today.” Nov. p. 13. “Supro 610 is Mills. NEW!” A photo shows two hands holding a “protein ribbon Ralston Purina price schedule. 14 Sept. 1970. Supro expanded to display individual fi laments.” A note at the end 610. of the article states: “Presented at IFT 25th Annual Meeting.” “Quantity–Selling Price, Net Note: The 25th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food “Carload Lots (40,000 lbs. or minimum) $0.40 per Technologists was held 16-20 May 1965 in Kansas City, pound Missouri. An abstract (10A) of this paper appears on p. 43 “Truckload (20,000 lbs. or minimum) $0.405 per pound of the program. Address: James Ford Bell Research Center, “ General Mills, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55427. “10,000 lbs.–19,950 lbs. $0.415 per pound “500 lbs.–9,950 lbs. $0.415 per pound 254. Product Name: Supro 610 (Isolated Soy Protein). “50 lbs.–450 lbs. $0.430 per pound Renamed PP610 by Nov. 1987. “The above prices are f.o.b. our plant at Louisville, Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Special Soy Kentucky, and are subject to change without notice. Products Dept. “Terms are net 15 days–freight is prepaid and added to Manufacturer’s Address: Plant: Louisville, Kentucky. invoice. Offi ces: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63199. “Package: 50 lb. bags. Date of Introduction: 1967 May. Ad (full-page) in Soybean Digest. 1972. Nov. p. 14. How Stored: Shelf stable. “You make the choice.” Compares Ralston Purina’s Supro New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest. 1967. 610 (“a spray-dried, isolated soybased protein”) with sodium Aug. p. 30. “Purina’s Supro 610 for protein enrichment.” caseinate, which are shown on opposite sides of a balance “Ralston Purina Co. has achieved a ‘break-through’ with the scale. Supro 610 costs $0.40 a pound in carload quantities development of a new protein powder made from soybeans F.O.B. Louisville, Kentucky. Sodium caseinate can “cost you which will be used by food manufacturers for the protein as much as 50% more than Supro 610.” enrichment of existing foods and as a main ingredient in Horan. 1974. Meat analogs. p. 380. This product is a new foods. Announcement of the product, called Supro powdered soy protein isolate. 610, was made by D.B. Walker, Ralston Purina corporate Letter from Susan W. Vorih, Communications Manager, vice president. The ‘break-through’ came in the elimination Protein Technologies International. 1993. June 17. Supro 610 of the ‘beany’ fl avor which has always characterized and was fi rst produced and sold in October 1966. limited soy protein powders in the past. ‘Supro 610 has accomplished complete blandness of taste, which has long 255. Horton, Yvonne. 1967. Soybean products: Candid been the objective of soy protein researchers but has never consumer. Christian Science Monitor. July 6. p. 10. before been achieved,’ Mr. Walker said... ‘Preliminary • Summary: Increasingly sophisticated edible plant proteins studies have shown that Supro 610, supplemented with are now available to American consumers, after getting their methionine, is superior to the other standard protein food start in institutions. ingredient [sodium caseinate] against which high grade Synthetic bacon bits, named Bac-Os, made by General food proteins are measured.” The product is made at Mills, Inc. from isolated soy protein under the trade name the company’s plant in Louisville, Kentucky. The fi rst Bontrae, resemble crisp fried pieces of lean bacon without commercial quantity was shipped in May [1967]. fat. They are being test marketed in Buffalo and Syracuse, Food Engineering. 1967. Aug. p. 154. “Soy protein New York; in Sacramento and Stockton, California; and in without the soy taste.” Supro 610, a spray-dried powder, is Denver, Colorado. completely bland and contains more than 94% protein. Before being test marketed at retail outlets, Bac-Os Soybean Digest Blue Book. 1969. p. 114. “Supro 610, were used for salads on Eastern Airlines fl ights and for bland isolated soy protein, spray dried powder, neutral for bacon, lettuce and tomato sandwiches in restaurant chains, use as a protein food ingredient and protein fortifi cation in university dining halls, etc. food products. Specialty proteins for emulsifi cation and high Another high-protein product made from Soybeans by solubility.” General Mills is Modern Protein Food (MPF), also called Gentry & Connolly. 1969. Stanford Research Institute, Multi-Purpose Food; it is recommended by the maker for Report No. 374. “Fabricated Foods.” p. 10. “Ralston Purina stocking fallout shelters, for stretching food budgets, and for manufactures Supro 610, a soybean protein powder, for use vegetarian or other special (religious) diets.

Many other food manufacturers are doing research on 260. Sanford, David. 1968. Unfoods: Do you know what “vegetable protein products.” Archer Daniels Midland Co. you’re eating? New Republic 158(2):13-15. May 18. of Minneapolis [Minnesota] makes TVP (Textured Vegetable • Summary: Discusses (critically) the meat-like products Protein), which contains no waste, less than 1% fat, and can made by Thomas J. Lipton Co., Loma Linda Foods, be cooked in many ways. Other companies involved in the Worthington Foods, and General Mills (Bac*Os). “Swift & fi eld are Central Soya Co., Ralston Purina Co., Swift and Co. markets a soy larded chili, salisbury steaks, canned meat Co., and Worthington Foods. Address: Home economics loaf and sloppy joes to restaurants, which call them pretty writer, Christian Science Monitor. much what they like. “The transforming of soy protein into edibles involves, 256. Food Engineering. 1967. Soy protein without the soy in the case of Worthington Foods, General Mills and Ralston taste: Complete blandness of the 94%-protein isolate plus Purina a process licensed by Robert Boyer, an inventor and its high nutritive value promise wide application as protein protégé of Henry Ford.” Note: No mention is made of Loma supplement and major food ingredient. 39(8):154. Aug. Linda using spun soy protein fi bers. Many legitimate issues • Summary: Supro 610, a spray-dried powder, is completely regarding the labeling of modern soy protein products are bland and contains more than 94% protein. A table shows the raised. nutritional composition, including the essential amino acids “Bac*Os, the bacon-like bits test marketed over the past (in grams per 100 gm of pure protein). 18 months in Denver [Colorado], Buffalo [New York] and Sacramento [California], is about to be advertised nationally. 257. Soybean Digest. 1967. Changes in soybean division at Two years ago a token quantity of Bac*Os was seized by Purina. Aug. p. 50-51. the Food and Drug Administration in Buffalo and a case was • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co.’s soybean division has been brought in the US Federal District Court (Western Region) in broadened in name and scope, and has been restructured to New York to force General Mills to identify their product as accommodate growth opportunities, it has been announced ‘imitation bacon.’... by W.L. Golden, divisional vice president in charge of the “Bac*Os bottles didn’t say that Bac*Os were bacon, just division. The soybean division will now be called the protein that they were a lot like bacon... Its label now reads ‘Crispy division. Activities will be directed toward the development Bontrae bits with a fl avor like bacon.’ Bontrae, the label of new protein sources and the marketing of many refi ned explains, is a registered trademark for a vegetable protein and isolated protein products.” product. Arthur Odell, who manages General Mills’ isolated “Work has started on a new Ralston Purina Co. offi ce protein program, thinks that that is suffi cient.” building and research complex at Checkerboard Square in St. Louis. Total cost of the project will be in excess of $10 261. Wilcke, H.L.; Martinez, W.; Calvert, F.E. 1968. Oilseed million. The new offi ce building, to be known as The Tower meals and fl ours for food use: Export issue. Soybean Digest. to Ralston Purina people, will rise 15 stories above the May. p. 18, 20. ground when completed, reaching an elevation of 192 feet.” • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Flour for humans. A photo shows W.L. Golden. Categories of use: Functional characteristics (binder, emulsifi er, etc.), texture, color, nutrition. We never buy 258. Soybean Digest. 1967. Ralston Purina closes Decatur protein (“In fact, if the average housewife were asked to [Illinois] processing plant. Nov. p. 32. defi ne protein, she would probably respond in terms of meat, • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, milk, or eggs”). closed its soybean processing plant at Decatur, Illinois Flour from oilseeds (at a 6% moisture level) typically on Nov. 1 for an indefi nite period... The company’s other contains about 50% protein, 1½% fat, and 3% fi ber. Full-fat soybean processing plants are located at Bloomington, soy fl our is available on the market, as well as the typical Illinois; Lafayette, Indiana; Raleigh, North Carolina; defatted fl our. Louisville, Kentucky; Memphis, Tennessee; Kansas City Soy concentrate has been defi ned as, “The product [Missouri]; and Iowa Falls, Iowa.” prepared from high-quality, sound, clean dehulled soybeans by removing most of the oil- and water-soluble nonprotein 259. Food Product Development. 1968. Concentrated, constituents and shall contain not less than 70% protein (N x isolated soy protein is bland, light colored and water 6.25) on a moisture-free basis. dispersible. 1(6):56. Dec/Jan. “The isolates, as the name implies, are protein fractions • Summary: Supro 610 is made by Ralston Purina Co., isolated from the defatted fl akes or fl our. The protein content Special Soy Products Dept. It contains 95% protein with of the isolate, when calculated on a nitrogen x 6.25 basis, none of the typical “beany” fl avor. When supplemented with varies from approximately 92% to 95%, or on a moisture- methionine, it has a PER of 2.72. free basis from approximately 97% to 100% protein equivalent. The fi ber is quite low and the ash is also low.

This the protein is provided in a much more concentrated Coordinating Institutions and Arrangements (the futures form, and consequently less of these products are added than markets, trade associations, bargaining associations, when the fl our is used directly.” pool arrangements). Vegetable Oil Export Company: Note: Frank E. Calvert came to Ralston Purina from the governmental activities, contractual relationships. Summary. Ford Motor Company, where he did research on soy proteins. 8. Behavioral and Performance Patterns in the Soybean Address: Ralston Purina. Economy. Behavioral Patterns: Storage, Consumption, Output. Performance Patterns: Profi tability (Allied Mills, 262. Soybean Digest. 1968. Joins Ralston Purina Co. July. p. Inc., Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., Central Soya Co., Inc., 22. General Mills, Hunt Foods and Industries, Inc., The Procter • Summary: “Dr. Charles W. Kolar has joined the protein & Gamble Co., Ralston Purina Co., Swift & Co., Textron’s division research organization of Ralston Purina Co., it has Spencer Kellogg Div.), Price Stability, Competition (ease been announced at company headquarters in St. Louis by of entry and exit, concentration). Adaptability. Summary. W.L. Golden, director, new venture management, and F.E. Address: Assoc. Prof. of Business Administration, Harvard Calvert, director of protein division research. Dr. Kolar Univ., Boston, Massachusetts. received his Ph.D. in food science in 1967 from Michigan State University at Lansing.” 266. Food Processing (Chicago). 1969. Soy protein debuts as main course. Winter. p. F4-F7. Foods of Tomorrow 263. Calvert, F.E. 1968. Re: Your request for fresh sample section. of Textured EdiPro (spun protein fi ber). Letter to W.J. Wolf, • Summary: About textured soy protein products that can Acting Head, Meal Products Investigations, USDA ARS take the place of meat, especially Bontrae (from General Northern Utilization Research and Development Div., 1815 Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota), TVP from ADM N. University St., Peoria, Illinois 61604, Aug. 30. 1 p. Typed, (Minneapolis, Minnesota), and Stripples from Worthington with secretary’s signature on letterhead. [1 ref] Foods (Worthington, Ohio). The costs vary widely. • Summary: In response to Wolf’s letter of Aug. 28, Calvert “Unfl avored spun soy fi bers in an acid-salt media [medium] is sending a 1-quart sample of fresh Textured EdiPro. cost about 50 cents a pound.” Prices of the fi nished products Note 1. This is the earliest English-language document to consumers are about 2/3 to 3/4 of that of the meat they can seen (Oct. 2015) that mentions Textured EdiPro (with replace. “Expanded-soy textured protein [extruded textured “EdiPro”) spelled as one word. Address: Director, Protein soy fl our] is less expensive. Cost in chunk or dry granular Research, Protein Div., Ralston Purina Co., Checkerboard form ranges from 12 to 40 cents a pound. Since it rehydrates Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63199. Phone: CHestnut 1-3600. with 2 parts water, the cost on an as-served basis ranges from 4 to 13 cents a pound.” 264. Wintgen, K.H. 1968. [Coating colors based on isolated Bontrae comes in the form of frozen, free-fl owing, pre- soybean protein]. Papier (Darmstadt) 22(7):429-35. [Ger]* cooked crumbles or dice packed in 5-lb cartons. “General Address: International Div., Ind. Protein Ralston Purina Co., Mills is making a sizable increase in the capacity of its pilot Brussels, Belgium. plant for the production of Bontrae...” Bontrae is presently being marketed mainly to Minnesota State institutions, 265. Goldberg, Ray A. 1968. Agribusiness coordination: A hotel, restaurant, and institutional accounts in Albany, New systems approach to the wheat, soybean, and Florida orange York, and college food service accounts in the Baltimore economies. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University (Maryland), and Washington, DC, area. Graduate School of Business Administration. xix + 256 p. ADM “calls its expanded-soy textured vegetable protein See p. 101-47. Index. 29 cm. [402 ref] TVP” (registered trademark). The company “had the fi rst • Summary: Section III, titled “Soybeans,” contains production-size facility for textured soy protein and is now three chapters. 6. The Dynamics of the Soybean System. in the midst of a major expansion.” In the U.S., TVP has Changes in Domestic Consumption: The Utilization of been sold mainly to food processors for use in canned, Soybean Meal, The Utilization of Soybean Oil. Changes in dehydrated, and frozen foods. But in Europe it is sold mostly Export Consumption: Soybeans, Soybean Meal, Soybean to consumers, in 200 gm (7 oz) retail packages. Oil, Changes in Production. Changes in Processing and Swift & Co. (Chicago) entered the market 2 years ago Marketing. Summary. with Texgran, expanded soy protein. In less than a year, 7. The Structure of the Soybean System. Channels. sales exceeded capacity. A new plant, being constructed in Firms and Entities. Coordinating Patterns: Common Champaign, Illinois, should be fi nished soon. Ownership in the Soybean Industry (farm cooperatives, H.B. Taylor Co. (Chicago) sells Textrasoy, an expanded- export fi rm ownership patterns, soybean processing fi rm soy textured protein, which is the lowest cost textured integration, edible oil product manufacturers’ ownership protein available. Until about a year ago it was sold to the pet patterns, nonintegrated fi rms in the soybean industry). food industry.

“Six years ago [1963], Worthington Foods introduced a Worthington, Ohio. line of simulated meats based on spun-soy textured protein supplied by Ralston Purina.” In 1966, Worthington built 269. Gentry, Robert E.; Connolly, Eleanor M. 1969. its own plant for making the “spun-soy fi bers.” A new Fabricated foods. Stanford Research Institute, Report line has just been developed for the institutional market. No. 374. 16 p. May. (Menlo Park, California, and Zurich, Worthington’s latest product is Stripples, which can replace Switzerland). bacon. It undergoes no shrinkage in preparation for serving, • Summary: This is subtitled “A research report by the compared with a loss of about 25% of its weight when Long Range Planning Service.” Contents: Executive bacon is broiled or fried. Although it costs twice as much summary. Scope and defi nitions. Present status and outlook: as bacon, “the as-served cost is only half that of bacon.” Changes in product mix, changing technology. Impact on Ralston Purina still makes spun-soy textured protein in the food processing industry: Markets, marketing strategies, form of unfl avored fi bers in an acid-salt media, or in fl avored processing, research and development. Impact on food dehydrated form. service industry. Impact on food wholesalers and retailers. Color photos show: (1) A table set with 4 ready-to-eat Impact on fl avor technology. Impact on packaging materials. dishes, each containing “Bontrae spun-soy textured protein,” Impact on agriculture: Meat and poultry, dairy products, which “is being successfully market tested in restaurants and oilseeds, grains. Impact on petroleum, natural gas, and coal. institutions.” On one side is a menu with the bold title “C’est Boxes: New protein sources. Approval by the Food and Drug Bontrae.” (2) A smiling lady placing silver platters of food Administration (FDA). Representative groups of companies on a sideboard. The caption: “TVP expanded-soy textured developing new sources and forms of food. Examples of protein is penetrating the home market in Europe.” (3) Three fabricated foods–1980. traditional bacon dishes on a table, each containing Stripples. This report predicts that sales of fabricated foods in The “latest soy protein convenience food,” its hickory- the USA will increase from about $1,500 million in 1969 smoked strips can be used in place of bacon. Both the light to approximately $7,000 in 1980, but will still account for and dark stripes are protein. only 5% of total sales of the food processing industry. The primary impact during the 1970s will be on convenience, 267. Product Name: Purina Assay Protein RP-100 snack, and other specialty foods. (Standardized Assay Isolated Soy Protein for Nutritional “Sales of meat, seafood, and poultry analogs amounted Research on Laboratory Animals). to only about $2.5 million in 1966. Worthington Foods and Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Special Soy Loma Linda Foods were the major suppliers to a primarily Products Dept. religious and vegetarian market. In the past few years, Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, several major food companies have entered the market and MO 63199. sales have risen to an estimated level of $10 million. As Date of Introduction: 1969 March. fl avor and texture improve, 1980 sales will soar to $1,500 New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Blue Book. million to $2,000 million.” The foodservice industry will be 1969. p. 114. W.Z. Gottschall. 1969. Nov. “Ralston Purina a prime outlet for the new products. Yesterday and Today.” Purina Assay Protein RP-100 is used The most important food analog in America today is for laboratory research on many experimental animals. margarine. Among dairy foods, margarine accounts of about 66% by volume of the butter market, nondairy whipped 268. Food Engineering. 1969. Vegetable ‘meats’ look good toppings have about 60% of the whipped cream market, for the ‘70s. 41(5):85-87. May. and coffee whiteners have about 35% of the cream market. • Summary: Pioneer producer Worthington Foods, Inc. of In terms of sales: In 1968 sales of margarine are $475 Worthington, Ohio, now makes more than 60 “meatless-meat million out of $1,150 million (41%) for the total butter and products.” Sales are growing 20% a year, quality is steadily margarine market. By 1980 this is predicted to increase improving, and consumer awareness is growing. A larger to $750 million out of a total $1,250 million (analogs will proportion of the simulated meats has been sold to people have 60% of the total market). Sales of coffee whitener are abstaining from meat for religious, health, or philosophical $30-35 million out of $85-100 million (35%) for the total reasons, but purchases have also been made by the meat- coffee cream and coffee whitener market. By 1980 this is consuming public. predicted to increase to $100 million out of a total $130-150 Worthington is taking a sophisticated new marketing million (71%). Sales of nondairy whipped topping are $25 approach with its bacon-like slices named Stripples, which million out of $40-50 million (55.5%) for the total whipped are made from randomly layered, spun soy protein fi bers. cream and nondairy whipped topping market. By 1980 this The process of making Stripples is described. The company is predicted to increase to $50-60 million out of a total $80- spins soy protein isolate purchased from Ralston Purina, 100 million (61%). Sales of fi lled and imitation milks are Central Soya, and others. Address: Worthington Foods, Inc., $3-4 million out of $3100-3200 million (0.11%) for the total

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 144 milk and imitation milk market. By 1980 this is predicted to because of the learning process of eating them, marketing’s increase to $600 million out of a total $3800-4000 million job is to get the consumer to take the fi rst swallow. With (15%, the biggest percentage increase). Sales of mellorine an unconventional food, this requires sophisticated and and other “frozen desserts” are $45 million out of $1200- strenuous marketing effort, no matter how brilliant the 1300 million (3.6%) for the total frozen dessert market. By background research to create the food, or how obvious the 1980 this is predicted to increase to $80-90 million out of a need may be for the product itself. total $1500-1700 million (5.3%). “Marketing, then, of a rather special type holds the key A table (p. 5) titled “Soy Protein Products” discusses to the future of consumer products from these raw materials. soy fl our and grits, soy protein concentrate, and soy protein Why marketing of a special type? Simply because, with the isolate, describing briefl y the protein content, processing, exception of certain parts of the Orient, and even there, in price per pound, 1967 U.S. consumption, and applications. In only a limited sense, the new and “never before” foods which 1967 soy fl our and grits sold for $0.075/pound and 105-110 can be created from these fl ours, concentrates, and isolates million pounds were consumed. Soy protein concentrate sold are totally strange to the consumer. Novelty in foods poses an for $0.18/pound and 17-30 million pounds were consumed. acceptance problem even among the highly sophisticated in Soy protein isolate sold for $0.37/pound and 22-35 million the affl uent nations. Greater convenience, better packaging, pounds were consumed. freezing, freeze drying, and other technical advances applied Page 10 lists representative companies developing new to traditional foods create no insurmountable obstacles on the sources and forms of food. For each, the company name, domestic scene. A totally new food, however, creates its own city, state, and product name or names are given. Companies problems. selling soy protein products include Archer-Daniels-Midland “General Mills, Inc., Ralston-Purina, Worthington (Minneapolis, Minnesota), Bryan Bros. Packing Co. Foods, Swift, Archer-Daniels-Midland, and others are, as (Subsidiary of Consolidated Foods Corp, Chicago, Illinois), all of you know, engaged in the creation and introduction Central Soya Co., General Mills Inc. (Minneapolis), Griffi th of both processor- and consumer-oriented foods from Laboratories, Inc. (Chicago), Loma Linda Foods (Riverside, various forms of soy protein. The structural integrity that is California), Ralston Purina Co., Swift & Co. (Chicago), engineered into these foods by chewy gels, extrusion puffi ng, H.B. Taylor Co. (Chicago), USDA (“Developing edible or spinning has, as its purpose, the creation of products forms of soybean protein”), and Worthington Foods, Inc. that fi t into a prized sector of the menu–texture, chewiness, (Worthington, Ohio). proper mouth disappearance, and general gustatorial Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2002) gratifi cation. As such, all of the products on which all of us containing statistics on the meat alternatives industry are working have nutritional excellence, can be shelf stable, or market–by geographical region. Address: 1. Senior can possess a considerable degree of mimicry of the familiar, economist; 2. Industrial economist, Stanford Research Inst., can be used to extend traditional foods, and can certainly be Menlo Park, California 94025. Phone: 415-326-6200. designed to meet parochial preference patterns. Given all these attributes and economy along with them, one would 270. Odell, A.D. 1969. Marketing considerations for textured be tempted to conclude that these products are a cinch to protein products. USDA Agricultural Research Service succeed in the market place. Such a conclusion would be ARS 72-71. p. 131-32. May. Proceedings of Conference on absurd.” Address: Central Research Laboratories, General Protein-Rich Food Products from Oilseeds. Held 15-16 May Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. 1968 at New Orleans, Louisiana. • Summary: “We have already heard much about the present 271. Wilcke, H.L. 1969. Summation of conference. USDA and future ways and means by which soy fl our, concentrates, Agricultural Research Service ARS 72-71. p. 140-41. May. and isolates are gaining, and should continue to gain, greater Proceedings of Conference on Protein-Rich Food Products acceptance in the human dietary. To the extent that these from Oilseeds. Held 15-16 May 1968 at New Orleans, advances in utilization can produce a profi t at the far end, Louisiana. they are permanent advances and, as such, will have long • Summary: “I am just going to give you a few of the term commercial viability. Where no such profi t motivation thoughts that this Conference is leaving with me. is demonstrable, there can be no industrial incentive, no “Now, the world’s production of the three major spurs to in-depth research by the technically competent and, oilseeds, including USSR, according to the President’s in the foreign markets, no shoring-up of the economic infra- Science Advisory Committee Report on World Food Supply, structure of those developing nations who can and should in 1961 to 1962, was: soybeans–31 million metric tons; be involved with these commodities and their end-product cottonseed–20.6 million metric tons; and peanuts in the extensions. Until it is eaten, any food is merely a collection shell–14.1 million metric tons–a total of 65.7 million metric of organized chemicals of greater or lesser complexity. Since tons. foods are not eaten because they are liked, but are liked “If we translate this into proteins, that means 18.1

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 145 million metric tons of protein, which is a lot of protein. palatability, and functionality should be upon the fi nal “Now, the work reported from Mexico emphasized the product and not on the individual components. possibility of the adaptation of further crops–sesame and “Why then ask a protein source to be odorless, tasteless, chick peas. These, of course, would add to this as well as colorless, and then very frequently reject the product because many of the others such as sunfl ower. Certainly, we are not it does not add to these characteristics? Isn’t it time to using the protein from these sources as well as we might, classify oil-protein sources as products in their own right and particularly when quantities of a product that could be high to recognize them as something new and exciting? Just as quality often are used as fertilizer or even dumped. So, it is much as it is time, or past time, for the dairy industry to take very appropriate that we be considering at this Conference the halo off of their products and look at them for what they the protein-rich food products from oilseeds. are. “Because of the fact that cotton is indigenous to many “Now, when I eat peanuts, I am eating peanuts. I am not of the protein-defi cit areas, it should certainly be used more under any delusion that I am eating steak. So, I think there extensively as a direct human food. The work reported from is no reason why these products should not be considered the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division as new products, to be sure, but products which should be points to the possibility of solving the problems of gossypol taking their place. through two new methods of producing protein concentrates, “Quite often we discard useful products–those which providing a high-protein concentrate, and also providing a may have one or more useful and desirable characteristics– means of inactivating mycotoxins–even though additional simply because they do not possess all of the things that work needs to be done to reduce these methods to the realm we would want. This has been pointed out by our speaker of practicality and economic feasibility. this noon, that we do this particularly when we are judging “Further work has resulted in methods for the production by U.S. standards. We must recognize that preferences for of protein isolates with quite differing and very intriguing taste, colors, textures, and other criteria vary drastically properties. These now await practical evaluation. in different areas. There is nothing more dangerous than “Peanuts are providing very useful fl ours, concentrates, generalization. We must focus upon specifi c needs and and isolates. specifi c characteristics. “Soybean fl our and grits, concentrates and isolates are “This Conference, certainly, has brought together an being produced and marketed in the United States, at least, invaluable summary of the present status of protein from and many new and exciting products are being produced oilseeds by the many outstanding speakers. I think one of from these soybean-protein sources. the major results of the concern for world food supplies, “The versatility of all of these oilseed proteins has been and more specifi cally for world protein supplies, is the emphasized in this Conference by the description of their attention focused upon all available sources of protein and possible and probable uses. At this Conference, it has been the acquisition of a library of information which we can put recognized that protein cannot be separated from the total to very good use domestically. This will serve the United food problem. It has also been recognized that all forces, States well when there is a need for protein sources of including government, universities, private industry, must be differing characteristics–functional, economic, palatability, involved in working out these problems. or otherwise. “It has also been recognized that we cannot be interested “Now, if we fulfi ll our promises and our moral in the protein for the sake of protein. It must be a form that obligations to those countries which face serious protein will be consumed because it is desired–not because we want defi cits, we will continue with a real sense of urgency to somebody to consume it. It is of no value until it has been seek new technology and to apply existing technology to the eaten and utilized by the body–whether human or animal. development of protein sources–indigenous, if possible, but “Now, we have recognized too that there are many ways certainly products that are not only acceptable but desirable in which the protein supplies of the world can be increased. by each of the populations we are working with–that they be Some very signifi cant progress has been made in some of made available at minimum cost, and in so doing, we will the fi elds, such as the production of new IR8 rice; in the acquire this information to which I referred before. production of higher protein wheat in Mexico; and, in the “We will supplement our research–basic, applied, potential of corn with a protein of higher biological value. developmental–toward the elucidation and identifi cation “In looking at these protein sources from the viewpoint of properties, both unique and conventional, of our protein of this country, I would like to ask the question: Why resources-be they animal, plant, fi sh, single cell, or others. should oilseed protein products be labeled as substitutes? So that when the food fabricator desires certain properties, Has our consumption pattern been so perfect that it can’t be he may quickly identify possible sources that are practical improved? Can we expect the perfect product from any of and economical. There must be the goals, not for the simple these? purposes of utilizing oilseed, but to place these products in “I submit that the emphasis for economy, nutrition, their proper perspective in helping to provide food for the

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 146 future. Secretary of Agriculture, USDA, Washington, DC. “I think that is what this Conference was about.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. 273. McCammon, J.F. 1969. Ralston Purina’s position in soy proteins. Soybean Digest. Sept. p. 34. 272. Altschul, A.M. 1969. Combating malnutrition: New • Summary: Ralston Purina makes both edible isolates for strategies through food science. Plant Foods for Human human consumption (including spun soy protein fi bers) and Nutrition 1(3):149-61. June. [7 ref] soy protein for many industrial uses, including coatings • Summary: This article begins: “We might describe what for fi ne papers. In the edible isolate fi eld, Ralston Purina has happened in the past 25 years as a derangement of our has no consumer food products for sale. A photo shows ecosystem caused by rapid increase in population density McCammon. Address: General Manager, Protein Dep., without concurrent increased in wealth and the capacity to Ralston Purina Co., St Louis, Missouri. produce food.” Note: In 1974 world hunger and malnutrition, along with 274. Sair, Louis. 1969. Soy protein concentrates. Paper read human population growth worldwide, were considered the in Sweden, September 5. 17 p. two great problems on the planet. Another major problem • Summary: “It is a pleasure to come from the United States was the “protein gap.” to present work we have been doing for years which involves Contents: Introduction. New protein foods. Vegetable soy proteins. protein mixtures (soy protein concentrate, CSM). Improved “Before getting into the topic of soy protein cereal products. Domestic food production (malnutrition concentrates, I do think that I should give you a little among the poor in the USA). background on the company which I represent. Protein beverages: Vitasoy, successfully marketed in “I have worked for the Griffi th Laboratories for over 20 Hong Kong, is a soybean beverage that contains nearly 2.5% years and I am Vice President and Director of Research. The protein; it competes successfully with the most popular company is now 50 years old and the founder, E.L. Griffi th, soft drinks on the market. Monsanto Co. has signed an and his two sons, C.L. Griffi th and F.W. Griffi th, realized agreement with K.S. Lo of Vitasoy, for marketing Puma, a that there was a need in the United States for a company that soy beverage, in other parts of the world. Coca-Cola recently would work with the Meat Industry and specifi cally with the announced that Saci, which contains 3% soy protein, is Sausage Industry. now being test-marketed in Brazil. Textured foods (General “Some 40 or 50 years ago, most of the processes Mills makes Bac*Os from spun soy fi bers. Ralston Purina were trade secrets and there was a great lack of technical manufactures these soy fi bers. Worthington Foods makes and knowledge on what was actually going on. The Griffi ths sells a line of textured meatlike products based on spun soy felt that the use of chemistry and science in meat processing protein fi bers. Swift’s Texgran and Archer Daniels Midland’s could do nothing but help the industry and in turn develop a TVP are made by extruding defatted soy fl our. H.B. Taylor good company for the Griffi ths. Co. makes Textrasoy by thermoplastic compacting of the “The thinking and vision which they showed has defatted soy fl our). resulted in a vibrant, strong company with six manufacturing Soybeans (the fi ve categories of processed products plants in the United States, one in Mexico, two in Brazil, are: full-fat soy fl our, defatted soy fl our, a 60-70% protein two in Canada, and a new plant in Holland. During these concentrate, soy milk, isolated soy protein–the modern 50 years the Griffi ths have pioneered many facets in the version of Oriental soy curd {tofu}). Cottonseed. Peanuts. Meat Industry. These have included the development of a Other sources (copra from coconuts, sesame, fi sh protein uniform foolproof meat cure called “Prague Powder” and concentrate). Private sector’s role (AID program, Quaker the pioneering of gas sterilization with ethylene oxide and Oats, Hinds Co., Vitasoy, Coca-Cola Co.). Photo and brief propylene oxide. The initial conception of arterial pumping biography of Dr. Aaron M. Altschul. of hams came from Australia but it was the Griffi ths who Page 76: Photos show bottles of Puma (Guyana), Saci largely introduced this process into the United States and (Brazil), and Vitasoy (Hong Kong). For each is given: The in order to make the process successful, they developed percentage and source of protein. The percentage of calories stainless pumps and scales to insure uniformity of pumping. from protein. The cost per bottle in U.S. cents (range 3.5 to 5 The Griffi ths appreciated the variability in spices and cents). seasonings and much work was done on the development Fig. 3 (p. 152) is a graph that shows, for various of procedures and methodology which would bring a better countries of the world, the percentage of total grain supplies chemical understanding to this diffi cult fl avor problem.” fed to animals (Denmark and USA are highest at 72-78%) “The movement into the soy protein business by Griffi th versus animal protein consumption (pounds per person came about through two particular situations. The fi rst was per year) (Denmark and USA are highest at about 45 lb). prior to going with Griffi th, I had been in charge of Protein Address: Special Asst. for Nutrition Improvement to the U.S. Research for one of the largest soy companies in the United

States and the second was the fact that one of our salesmen We immediately added acid to bring the soy protein glycinin brought back a sample of sodium caseinate with him from to its isoelectric point; that is the point where it has the Europe. This sample of caseinate has virtually changed the minimum of solubility in water which is in the pH range whole movement of additives or extenders in meat products. of 4.0. We now have the soy fl our or fl akes suspended in a “On looking at sodium caseinate we found that the dilute acid medium where the protein was insoluble but the addition of 2 to 3 pounds of sodium caseinate to 100 pounds sugars, color, and the fl avor factors were soluble. We then of meat in an emulsion defi nitely aids in emulsifi cation. The exhaustively washed the suspended insoluble protein in sodium caseinate did a superior job as far as our experience water to remove the ingredients which we wished to remove is concerned to either milk or to the cereals which were and after completely washing the protein we suspend the normally sold for this fi eld. insoluble protein in water, bring the pH up to 6.5, which “This brought us to think of the soy proteins and to solubilizes the protein, followed by spray drying. wonder why we could not apply soy proteins to the Meat “In the manufacture of the isoelectric wash soy we Industry. remove essentially all the extraneous factors in soy which “The growth of the Soy Industry in the United States has are removed in the manufacture of the isolate except in our been a very remarkable one. Within only a decade we now process we do not remove the fi ber present in soy or the produce, in the United States, over a billion bushels of soy. polysaccharides which are present in fat-free soy. As a result Nature endowed this plant with remarkable properties with in the manufacture of isoelectric washed soy, you end up regard to a high content of an edible oil and a very high level with a product which has 70% protein minimum on a dry of nutritious protein. basis rather than 90% protein when the isolate is made. “In order to utilize the soy, normally the fat is fi rst “In order to clearly defi ne the distinction between the removed and in almost all cases this is brought about through soy protein isolate and the soy protein concentrate, I would solvent extraction with hexane. The oil is refi ned and sold for like to cover the individual manufacturing steps as shown in edible purposes. Table I.” “The defatted soy [meal] contains about 50% protein This table compares the two processes, step by step. and after suitable heat treatment it has become the backbone Address: Vice President and Director of Research, Griffi th of the Feed Industry in the United States. The soybean Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois. meal offers a highly nutritious low cost feed ingredient for commercial feeding. The success in using soy for feed has 275. Prestbo, John A. 1969. Meatless ‘meats’: Several fi rms not paralleled a similar pathway in its use for humans. develop soybean-based copies of beef, pork, chicken. Some “Nature endowed the soybean with excellent qualities now on market mixed with real thing; low cost, high-protein but in addition gave the soy a fl avor factor which most food is aim. Questions about taste, labels. food aim. Wall humans fi nd unsuitable to their palate. The fl avor is Street Journal. Oct. 2. p. 1, col. 1 and p. 21, col. 4. described as beany or bitter. • Summary: Discusses soy-based “pork, beef, and nuts” “An enormous amount of effort has gone into work made by 6 U.S. companies including ADM, General Mills, attempting to remove this beany fl avor and most of the Swift & Co., Worthington Foods, and Ralston Purina Co. processes involve some form of steam or heat treatment. Americans are eating more of these meat analogs than they Progress has been made but the soy fl our or fl akes for edible may realize. “Soup mixes, canned stews and chili, frozen use still have, more or less, a beany fl avor. ravioli and prepared, frozen hamburger patties are among a “Chemists, appreciating this problem, have taken growing number of grocery store staples that now contain different approaches. The fi rst approach has involved a relatively small amounts of fl avored, textured soybean procedure to remove the soy protein from the fl our or fl akes ‘meats’ along with real meat. In many instances, the only and in so doing end up with a protein product from soy mention of the analogs on the labels of these convenience with little of the beany fl avor. The product produced by this foods is in the fi ne-print list of ingredients. Analogs also process is referred to as soy protein isolate and two major are being tested in restaurants, factory cafeterias and manufacturers in the United States are Central Soya and institutions.” Ralston Purina. “Since last year, the New York State Department of “The process is a comparatively simple one and largely Mental Hygiene has been adding General Mills Inc.’s comes about from work that was developed in Japan in the meatless crumbled ‘beef’ and diced ‘ham’ and ‘chicken’ to very early 1900’s. meals for its 90,275 patients in 49 institutions.” Sair then describes how Griffi th Labs. started developing Sales of soy-based analogs this year are estimated at $10 an “isoelectric soy protein concentrate.” million and growing fast, up from about $3 million 5 years Page 5: “We suspended the soy fl our or fl akes in water, ago. “One study conducted by a West Coast research fi rm just as you do in making the isolate. Then, rather than add forecasts sales of $1.5-$2 thousand million for the products alkali to dissolve the protein, we did exactly the opposite. by 1980, which would equal 5-6% of the meat and poultry

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 148 market now projected for that year.” protein mixtures (soy protein concentrate, CSM). Improved “One of the fi rst products to use analogs, Skippy cereal products. Domestic food production (malnutrition Peanut Butter with Smoky Crisps (simulated ‘bacon’ bits), among the poor in the USA). was dropped last year after little more than a year in test Protein beverages: Vitasoy, successfully marketed in markets.” Hong Kong, is a soybean beverage that contains nearly 2.5% “Last year a cattlemen’s convention innocently devoured protein; it competes successfully with the most popular a banquet entree of ‘meat loaf,’ only to be jolted later by a soft drinks on the market. Monsanto Co. has signed an speaker who told them they had eaten soybeans, not beef.” agreement with K.S. Lo of Vitasoy, for marketing Puma, a “Right now, most meat analogs retail for as much or soy beverage, in other parts of the world. Coca-Cola recently more than the real meat they imitate. But eventually analogs’ announced that Saci, which contains 3% soy protein, is biggest attraction is expected to be low cost–roughly half now being test-marketed in Brazil. Textured foods (General that of trimmed, boned and cooked real meat.” Mills Makes Bac*Os from spun soy fi bers. Ralston Purina Extruded soy “meats” wholesale for an average of manufactures these soy fi bers. Worthington Foods makes and $0.35/lb., while those made from spun soy protein fi bers sells a line of textured meatlike products based on spun soy range from $0.45 to $0.80/lb. General Mills is building its protein fi bers. Swift’s Texgran and Archer Daniels Midland’s fi rst meat analog plant at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Worthington TVP are made by extruding defatted soy fl our. H.B. Taylor Foods makes a bacon analog named Stripples, which Co. makes Textrasoy by thermoplastic compacting of the sells for $0.79 per half pound package. “Worthington is defatted soy fl our). also developing meatless breakfast sausages with similar Soybeans (the fi ve categories of processed products characteristics which it plans to call Sizzles. are: full-fat soy fl our, defatted soy fl our, a 60-70% protein “Other food makers are trying different approaches to concentrate, soy milk, isolated soy protein–the modern using analogs. Nalley’s Fine Foods division of W.R. Grace version of Oriental soy curd {tofu}). Cottonseed. Peanuts. & Co. is test-marketing Meat Mate, a package containing Other sources (copra from coconuts, sesame, fi sh protein dehydrated, textured soy particles. When mixed with a concentrate). Private sector’s role (AID program, Quaker pound or more of ground meat and some water, the particles Oats, Hinds Co., Vitasoy, Coca-Cola Co.). Photo and brief expand, extending the meat weight by up to 50%. Different biography of Dr. Aaron M. Altschul. types of Meat Mate contain various spices.” Other products Page 76: Photos show bottles of Puma (Guyana), Saci include Wham, Bac-Os, and Bac’n. (Brazil), and Vitasoy (Hong Kong). For each is given: The percentage and source of protein. The percentage of calories 276. Hartman, Jane. 1969. Versatile meat analogs will satisfy from protein. The cost per bottle in U.S. cents (range 3.5 to 5 individual needs. Modern Hospital. Oct. p. 138. cents). • Summary: “If you think that meat analogs are nothing Discuses private companies making protein foods as more than ‘fake food,’ you have a pleasant surprise in store.” part of a USAID 3-year grant program to encourage U.S. “General Mills, the Ralston-Purina Company, companies to develop commercially viable protein foods for Worthington Foods and other food processors are all actively production and marketing in developing countries. A total of researching and test marketing meat analogs.” A diagram 14 projects were funded. Address: Special Asst. for Nutrition (courtesy of General Mills) shows how textured soy protein Improvement to the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. meat analogs, made from spun soy fi bers, are manufactured. A small portrait photo shows Miss Hartman. Address: 278. Gottshall, W.Z. 1969. Ralston Purina yesterday Food Service Consultant, Baltimore, Maryland. and today. Paper presented at United Nations Industrial Development Organization Expert Group Meeting on Soya 277. Altschul, A.M. 1969. Food: Proteins for humans. Bean Processing and Use. 17 p. Held 17-21 Nov. 1969 at Chemical and Engineering News 47(49):68-81. Nov. 24. [11 Peoria, Illinois. ref] • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Agricultural products • Summary: This article begins: “We might describe what and services. Consumer products. Restaurants and food has happened in the past 25 years as a derangement of our service. International operations. Protein production and ecosystem caused by rapid increase in population density marketing. New ventures. Corporate departments. Purina without concurrent increased in wealth and the capacity to people and the future. Five protein products. produce food.” A good history of the company on the year of its 75th Note: In 1974 world hunger and malnutrition, along with corporate birthday, or Diamond Jubilee [this would give its human population growth worldwide, were considered the founding date as 1894]. It employs more than 23,000 people, two great problems on the planet. Another major problem has operations throughout the USA and in some 30 foreign was the “protein gap.” countries, and transacts more than $1,000 million of business Contents: Introduction. New protein foods. Vegetable annually. The manufacture and sale of Purina Chows for

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 149 livestock and poultry still represents the largest source of business volume for the company. “From a little scoop shovel, horse feed fi rm in St. Louis in 1894, Ralston Purina’s Chow Division in the Agricultural Products Group has grown to the world’s largest manufacturer of rations for animals. It is the only feed manufacturing business which markets its products in all 50 states of the United States.” Although Ralston Purina has sold human foods since 1898, the company’s fastest growth in this area has come since the late 1950s. “The fi rst food product was Ralston Yokohama, Japan; and received his B.S. in dairy science at Whole Wheat Cereal, named after Dr. Ralston, the leader Iowa State University... Both Dr. Chen and Mr. Sera will be of a health club of the 1890s.” Chex cereals are also well working with Scott Sawyers, ASA Far East director. Both known. In 1926 the purchase of the Ry-Krisp Company of men are married and have families.” A photo shows Chen Minneapolis, Minnesota, added a Scandinavian-style rye (left) and Sera. cracker to the company’s product line. In 1957 the company entered the pet food market with Purina Dog Chow, followed 280. Soybean Digest. 1969. The soy foods companies. Nov. by Purina Cat Chow in 1962. In 1963 a major acquisition p. 40, 42-44. added the famous Chicken-of-the-Sea brand of tuna. • Summary: A summary of the U.S. companies making soy Protein isolated from soybeans was found to have many protein foods and their products. Included are Central Soya, uses in food and industrial products. “Today these protein Archer Daniels Midland Co., Swift Chemical Co., General products are used in a wide variety of foods and products Mills, Ralston Purina, A.E. Staley, Loma Linda Foods, such as plastics, paints, paper coatings and adhesives.” Worthington Foods, Fearn Soya Foods, and El Molino Mills. Note: In early 1959 a special soy products was formed as part of the soybean division with Wayne E. Tjossem as 281. Soybean Digest. 1969. The soy foods companies: manager. Donald B. Walker was director of the soybean Worthington Foods (Document part). Nov. p. 44. division. In mid-1967 the soybean division was renamed • Summary: “Worthington Foods at Worthington, Ohio, is the protein division. Activities were directed toward the a foremost producer of some 55 vegetable protein foods, development of new protein sources and the marketing of including vegetarian entrees, meatless meats, and milks. many refi ned and isolated protein products. In late 1971 the Many simulate meat, fi sh, fowl, or nuts. They have been on protein division assumed complete operating stature. P.H. the scene only since 1962. Hatfi eld was been named division vice president. “Worthington’s vegetable protein foods are marketed The fi ve protein products (each made from isolated soy frozen, dehydrated, or canned, or as an ingredient in other protein) are: Supro 610, Edi-Pro A & N, Textured Edi-Pro foods. Since 1966, Worthington Foods has manufactured its (spun soy protein fi bers), and Purina Assay Protein RP- own spun protein, which it formerly purchased from Ralston 100 (used for laboratory research on many experimental Purina Co., for its meatless meats.” animals). Address: Ralston Purina. 282. Dean, R. Hal. 1969. Foods for babies, pregnant mothers, 279. Soybean Digest. 1969. Chen, Sera to posts in Far East all ages: Ralston Purina’s position in soy proteins. Soybean for ASA [American Soybean Assoc.]. Nov. p. 58. Digest. Dec. p. 17. • Summary: “Dr. Steve Chen will be ASA country director • Summary: “Ralston Purina was founded 75 years ago in St. for Taiwan in a new offi ce to be opened soon in Taipei. Louis, Missouri, as an animal feed company. The company Karl Sera will be feed and meal specialist in ASA’s offi ce today is the world’s largest producer of formulated livestock in Tokyo, Japan, working with Scott Sawyers, Far East and poultry feeds with plants in over 40 states and 30 foreign director. Dr. Chen has most recently been doing research on countries.” carbohydrate of soybeans and development of high-protein Ralston has recently “developed an isolated edible food items for Ralston Purina International at St. Louis. soy protein product for human consumption with excellent Previously, as director of marketing for Ralston Purina nutritional and formulatory properties... Our company Eastern at Hong Kong, he was engaged in promotion of is in the process of submitting a proposal for a 1-year Purina mixed feeds, animal health products, and consumer clinical observation test feeding program for the Phoenix products... [Arizona] area. The product to be used during the test period “Dr. Chen holds a B.S. degree at National Taiwan is a recently developed highly nutritious food beverage University and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees at West Virginia supplement.” Address: Chairman of the Board, Ralston University... Mr. Sera attended St. Joseph’s College at Purina Co.

control dilutes in 380 ml water; 1,700 gm imitation beef 283. National Soybean Processors Assoc. 1969. Year book seasoning; 3,785 ml of water, 90 gm of 97% pure sodium & trading rules–1968-1969. Washington, DC: National hydroxide; and 340 gm of calcium chloride dissolved in 500 Soybean Processors Association. 64 p. 23 cm. Spiral bound. ml of water. The resulting mixture was extruded. • Summary: Contents: Constitution and by-laws (As In “Meat Analogs,” Horan (1974, p. 375) notes that amended Aug. 6, 1968). Offi cers and directors. Names of the product described in this patent has probably had members. List of standing committees. Trading rules on “the greatest impact in bringing the low-cost, textured soybean meal. Appendix to trading rules on soybean meal: vegetable products into commercialization: defatted soy Offi cial methods of analysis (moisture, protein, crude fi ber, fl ake or fl our (50% protein) is put through a continuous oil {only method numbers listed}, sampling of soybean process in an extruder to give an expanded and molecularly meal {automatic sampler, probe sampler}). Trading rules oriented material having textural properties described as on soybean oil. Defi nitions of grade and quality of export plexilamellar. The product contains an open cell structure in oils. Tentative soybean lecithin specifi cations. Appendix to which the majority of the cells have dimensions of greater trading rules on soybean oil: Uniform sales contract, grading length than average width and are aligned in the direction of soybean oil for color (N.S.P.A. tentative method), methods fl ow of the plastic mass through the extruder. These types are of analysis (A.O.C.S. offi cial methods): Soybean oil, crude; commonly referred to as thermoplastic-extruded products.” soybean oil, refi ned; soybean oil, refi ned and bleached; Brian (1976) reports that “Approximately 60% of soybean oil for technical uses; soap stock, acidulated the soy fl our and grit texturizing capacity in the U.S. is soap stock and tank bottoms (only method numbers licensed under this Atkinson patent.” The process yields listed). Foreign trade defi nitions (for information purposes a plexilamellar fi bril and is best know in ADM’s product only). Address: 1225 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 314, trademarked TVP. The product resulting from Atkinson’s Washington, DC 20036. Phone: 202/659-4610. patent was given a large new market in 1971 when it was accepted into the school lunch program in the USA. 284. Atkinson, William T. Assignor to Archer Daniels Note 1. The Atkinson patent dominated the industry Midland Company (Minneapolis, Minnesota; a corporation from 1970 to 1976, and during that time ADM very of Delaware). 1970. Meat-like protein food product. U.S. effectively marketed and promoted TVP. However in Feb. Patent 3,488,770. Jan. 6. 6 p. Application fi led 7 March 1976 a very similar U.S. patent (No. 3,940,495) was issued 1969. 1 drawing. [8 ref] to Ronald J. Flier and assigned to Ralston Purina. A lawsuit • Summary: This is ADM’s basic U.S. TVP patent based and trial concluded that the Flier patent now dominated the on extrusion cooking of defatted soybean fl akes. “Abstract Atkinson patent because it could be traced back to a July of the disclosure: A hydratable food product is obtained by 1964 patent application. Thereafter most large manufacturers forming a protein mix of a proteinaceous material having of textured soy fl our took licenses on the Flier patent–even protein content of at least 30 percent, and preferably a ADM! solvent-extracted oil seed protein material, with 20-60 Note 2. Interview with Don Aldon, former soy percent of water based on the weight of the protein mix, researcher at Swift & Co. 1985. Feb. 26. In about 1963-64 masticating this mix at temperatures substantially above the Dean Wilding of Swift invented a product named Texgran; boiling point of water, and thereafter extruding this mix at it was a textured soy fl our, somewhat like today’s TVP. elevated pressures and temperatures through an orifi ce into a Wilding invented a texturization process while trying to medium of lower pressure and temperature. fi nd a way to extrusion cook soy fl our. He visited Wenger This application is a continuation-in-part of application and saw a variety of products they made. He recognized Ser. No. 587,939, fi led Aug. 17, 1966, which in turn is a their value and bought a machine. Aldon worked for about continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 369,189, fi led 18 months developing the process, doing research, and May 21, 1964, now abandoned. The present invention relates generating information to be used in the patent. Swift started to the production of meat-like food products from vegetable, selling the product before they applied for the patent. “As fi sh, and similar protein sources. More particularly, the soon as our competitors saw this product, they recognized present invention relates to the production of protein its value because they had been extruding dog food. Ralston structures having a texture and appearance very similar to Purina slammed things together and got a patent application muscle protein found in common meat products like steaks, in fi rst. Two weeks later ADM had one in. Then 3-4 weeks fowl, chops, hams, and the like.” later Swift applied.” Swift started selling Texgran in 1964- In Example 1 the following components, listed in the 65. The patent was fi nally issued in about 1971-72. Litigation order that they are added, were mixed in a ribbon blender at went on for years and years between the three companies. 120ºF for about 20 minutes: 11,350 gm of extracted soybean Finally Ralston got the basic patent since they had applied fl akes containing 50% soy protein and 6.5% moisture; 45 ml fi rst. ADM and Swift got a royalty-free license. They did that of 50% hydrogen peroxide for purposes of fl avor and odor just to settle the litigation. Address: Minneapolis, Minnesota.

humanitarian interest with commercial success as a prime 285. Soybean Digest. 1970. Help for a hungry world: UN force.’ meeting at Peoria. Jan. p. 18-19. “’Action-oriented’ UNIDO, according to Frank K. • Summary: “Help for hungry people of the world-based on Lawler, editor of Food Engineering, wants industries ‘to the profi t motive–was asked by a man in a United Nations stand on their own merits in self-sustaining, profi t-making organization and promised by men in the U.S. soy food enterprises while benefi ting the developing countries industry at a meeting in Peoria, Illinois, the week before nutritionally and economically.’ He visited UNIDO in Thanksgiving. Vienna, traveled with Dr. Mautner in the U.S., then joined “Recommendations from the Expert Working-Group the working group in Peoria. Meeting on Soy Protein Foods will go before the United “More than 40 soy protein-food scientists, industrialists Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, and equipment manufacturers from 15 countries met 4 days Austria. If adopted, they will be incorporated into UNIDO’s at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Northern Utilization offi cial report and proposed to U.S. companies. Action of Research Laboratory of the Agricultural Research Service some kind appears likely. and a day at the University of Illinois, Urbana. “Action against hunger was the tone established in “Current efforts are not enough: Dr. Mautner said the the opening address Nov. 17 by Dr. M. Mautner, chief most challenging problem of mankind today is to produce of UNIDO’s light industries section, on behalf of Abdel- enough food at a cost the hungry can pay; but current efforts Rahman, UNIDO executive director, and maintained the are not enough. Production is not keeping pace with demand. rest of the week. With the knowledge and authority of a Protein has not received the expected interest in developing corporation chairman of the board and with the human countries. Some foods are not satisfactory because they are concern of one of the family, Dr. Mautner held the meeting incomplete nutritionally, cost too much or do not taste or to a central theme: look right. “Industry in countries like the U.S. and Japan can make “Dr. Mautner considers unsatisfactory any program that a profi t and help hungry people feed themselves by setting depends on subsidy by a donor country. He asked for transfer up food processing companies in developing countries and of know-how to developing countries and repeated the hiring native labor. request in various ways throughout the meeting. “Action was in a statement, with working committees “Dr. Robert J. Dimler, director of the Northern to implement it, proposed Nov. 21 for recommendation to Laboratory, reviewed history of U.S. soy development, UNIDO. Prepared by Wayne Gottshall of Ralston Purina especially the use of protein in food. G.C. Mustakas International, St. Louis [Missouri]; Dr. Dale W. Johnson of reviewed Northern Laboratory research on soy fl ours and Crest Products Inc., Park Ridge, Illinois; and Dr. Jaan I. Tear their use in human nutrition. of Alfa-Laval AB, Tumba, Sweden, the statement read: “Dr. K.A. Harkness, Ohio State University agricultural “’The food-processing and food-equipment- engineer, sees soy products and other non-animal food as the manufacturing industries present would like to express only way man can cope with overpopulation and pollution in their willingness to cooperate with UNIDO and other UN the future. agencies in seeking realistic ways of meeting the nutritional “Other scheduled speakers at the Northern Laboratory requirements in the developing countries.’ included: Mogens Jul, secretary of the United Nations “Examples in India and Uganda of the kind of action Protein Advisory Group; Dr. Tokuji Watanabe, Japanese asked and promised were described by Charles Purrett, vice Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Dr. Edwin W. Meyer, president of international operations for Worthington Foods Central Soya, Chicago; and L.C. Adolphson, Archer Daniels Inc., Worthington, Ohio. This company has a 30-year, profi t- Midland, Decatur, Ill. Scheduled speakers at the University making history of manufacturing food from soy and wheat of Illinois included: Dr. G.K. Brinegar, Dr. D.E. Alexander, proteins. Dr. R.L. Cooper, Dr. E.R. Leng, and Dr. John Hetrick. “Companies in Uganda, India: It has an interest in Africa “Experiences in making acceptable, nutritious food with Basic Foods, which makes high protein food from soybeans soy products were reported at Peoria by Dr. Shiro Miyasaka, near Kampala, Uganda. Mr. Purrett said it ‘has contributed a Brazil; Dr. Isaac A. Akinrele, Nigeria; Amara Bhumiratana, substantial amount of money in addition to technical people, Thailand; and Armando Civetta, Colombia. Dr. Mautner who are in Africa at the moment on Worthington’s payroll.’ closed the meeting with a call for demonstration plants in “Between 1965, when the Uganda plant was built, Nigeria, Thailand and Latin America. and 1968, soybean production increased 12 to 15 times, Photos show: (1) Dr. Robert J. Dimler, Director of increasing income from farm and factory jobs. About 120 the USDA Northern Utilization Research Laboratory, tons of soybeans went into human food in 1968. Worthington welcomes Dr. M. Mautner of the United Nations Industrial helped develop Vegetable Industries & Products in India. Development Organization and the Expert Working Group. L. Nagaich, managing director, said, ‘Worthington has a (2) Dr. Dale W. Johnson of Crest Products answers a

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 152 question at meeting. 1927 to 1930, was put in charge of the project. After deciding to focus on soybeans in 1931, they developed a process for 286. Jenkins, Sherman L. Assignor to Ralston Purina extracting soybean oil. Every morning at 8:00 sharp, Henry Company (St. Louis, Missouri). 1970. Method for preparing Ford used to appear at Boyer’s offi ce to see how his pet a protein product. U.S. Patent 3,496,858. Feb. 24. 7 p. project was going. Application fi led 9 Dec. 1966. 4 drawings. [4 ref] “In 1938 Frank Calvert joined The Drackett Company • Summary: This product is textured soy fl our. “A method in Cincinnati [Ohio], and he was followed in a few years of preparing an expanded protein food product somewhat by Boyer. ‘At Ford we were trying to make synthetic wool resembling meat directly from soybean meal itself, which out of [soy] protein but the war cut these efforts short,’ says utilizes soybean meal that has substantially all the fat or oil Boyer. removed. A predetermined proportion of sulfur or sulfur The work on ‘soybean fabric’ continued at The Drackett compounds is added to the soybean meal and this mixture Company during the early 1940s. ‘We tested the wool fabric is then aqueously moistened. The moistened soybean meal for salt content and other factors and one day–I’ll never mixture is agitated, heated and pressurized in an extruder forget it–it occurred to me that if we could make something chamber to cause conversion of the meal to a fl owable for the outside of man, why not for the inside.’ That’s how it substance which is forced through restricted orifi ce means came about that in 1949 Bob Boyer fi led the patent for edible into a zone of lower temperature and pressure, normally soy protein fi ber. atmospheric to obtain an expanded food product stable in “He obtained the use of a textile pilot plant and hand water. made samples of ‘synthetic meats.’ Later that year, armed “In recent years, Ronald J. Flier, a co-worker of with a soy protein ‘ham loaf’ he contacted Worthington the inventor herein, conceived and developed a unique Foods, a fi rm making meat substitutes for people who shun method of producing a novel meat simulating food product meat for religious, health or other reasons “If they hadn’t from relatively inexpensive protein-containing vegetable shown interest I probably would have dropped it because I materials. This concept is set forth in copending patent had no income at the time.’ application Ser. No. 381,853, entitled Protein Product, fi led “Swift was the fi rst company to take out a license on July 10, 1964, now abandoned, and its continuation-in- the patent and Worthington followed not far behind. Soon part application entitled Protein Product and Method and several companies were licensed to use the patent and Boyer Apparatus for Forming Same, fi led Dec. 9, 1966, Ser. No. was kept busy with consulting work... 600,471. this present invention is an improvement over the “In 1957 The Drackett soybean operation was sold to basic invention set forth therein.” Address: Ava, Missouri. Archer Daniels Midland, and Calvert became technical of their protein operations. The paths of Boyer and Calvert 287. Soybean Digest. 1970. The competing proteins: crossed again in 1962 when they both joined soybean Soybeans can hold their own. March. p. 32-33. research activities at Ralston Purina. Boyer had worked as a • Summary: Discusses proteins that compete with soybean consultant to Purina when the company began investigating meal: urea, high-lysine corn, petroprotein, cottonseed industrial and edible uses of soybean. When he joined the protein, and fi sh protein concentrate. company he assigned his patent ownership to Purina.” The discussion is by Roy E. Martin, general manager, “’Back in the 1930s many people thought our work was vegetable protein products, Swift Chemical Co. (Chicago, crazy,’ recalls Boyer. ‘But Mr. Ford was shrewd enough to Illinois) and Edward J. Cordes, general manager, soybean know’ better. ‘The best thing he did was to help popularize division, Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). A small the soybean.’” portrait photo shows each of these two men. Photos show: Calvert and Boyer, together and separately. The automotive products made at Ford’s lab 288. Ralston Purina Magazine (St. Louis, Missouri). 1970. being displayed in New York in 1931; Calvert and Boyer Thanks to Mr. Ford. May/June. p. 26-29. are present. Boyer and Ford conversing. Ford and Boyer • Summary: Henry Ford had an eye for promising young standing behind the famous white “plastic” car. men. And two of Ralston Purina’s key research men, Frank Calvert (R&D director for new venture management) and 289. Ashton, Maureen R.; Burke, Carole S.; Holmes, Bob Boyer (senior scientist, central research) received a truly A.W. 1970. Textured vegetable proteins. British Food unique education.” In 1930 the new Chemical Laboratory Manufacturing Industries Research Association, Scientifi c opened in Greenfi eld Village; Calvert and Boyer were among and Technical Surveys No. 62. 36 p. Aug. [92 ref] the 15 boys from the Ford Trade School, Henry Ford’s • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Protein sources. technical school in Massachusetts, who were chosen to Extraction. Spinning. Extrusion. Gelation. Other methods work there. Boyer, age 21, who had attended the Ford Trade for generating texture. Commercial aspects. Nutritional School [at the Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Michigan] from aspects. Legal aspects. References. Appendix. The appendix

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 153 contains an extensive list of patents (mostly British and U.S.) to that of meat. Other processes for the manufacture of on textured vegetable proteins grouped by the company vegetable meats: Shredding (U.S. Patent 3,047,395 of 1962), assigned to or inventor. For each patent, the inventors, extrusion–expansion (British Patent 1,049,848), others (aside country, patent number and year are given, with a brief from Ford, the great captains of industry have likewise description of the subject. No patent titles are given in either obtained patents: Swift, Unilever, General Foods, Nabisco, the appendix or bibliography. The companies/inventors are Worthington Foods, Ralston Purina, General Mills, Pillsbury Archer Daniels Midland Co. (2 patents), R.A. Boyer (3), F.P. Mills, etc.). Some new products: Bontrae, TVP, Textrasoy, Research Ltd (1), General Foods Corp. (7), General Mills Texgran, Edi Pro. Organoleptic and nutritional aspects: Inc. (23), C. Giddey (1), J.H. Kellogg (2), Lever Bros. and/ Organoleptic problems, nutritional problems. In conclusion, or Unilever (20), G.K. Okumura and J.E. Wilkinson (1), by J. Bure. FAO estimates the as follows the annual protein Ralston Purina (4), Swift & Co. (4, including 2 listed for available to human beings: (1) Animal proteins, 30 million R.A. Boyer), Dr. A. Wander A.-G. (2 Swiss), Worthington metric tons, of which about 10 million come from meat and Foods Inc. (2), C.L. Wrenshall (1). Address: 1-2. BSc; 3. poultry, about 4 million come from fi sh and other seafood, PhD, FRIC. All: British Food Manufacturing Industries and about 2 million come from eggs. (2) Vegetable proteins, Research Assoc., Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, 150 million tons. of which about 110 million come from England. cereals, about 20 million come from oilseed cakes (including soya), and nearly 10 million come from legumes. 290. Soybean Digest. 1970. Henry Ford and his plastic car Therefore, there is 5 times as much vegetable protein (Photo caption). Aug. p. 45. available as animal protein. But animal protein is of higher • Summary: This photo (half-page, black-and-white) shows quality. Address: Directeur du Département des industries Henry Ford in about 1941 swinging an ax into a car trunk lid céréales de l’Ecole nationale supérieure des industries made of soybeans, to show the trunk’s toughness. agricoles et alimentaires. A smaller photo shows Robert Boyer and Henry Ford in the soybean laboratory where Boyer developed spun soy 292. Wilding, M.D. 1970. Oilseed proteins. Present protein fi bers. Boyer is now with Ralston Purina Co. Photos utilization patterns. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society courtesy of Ford Archives. 47(10):398-401. Oct. [10 ref] • Summary: A review of the uses of soy protein. Soybean is 291. Bure, Jean. 1970. La production de viandes végétales the most economical source of protein in terms of yield/acre. [The manufacture of meat alternatives {vegetable meats}]. Flavor problems have been solved. Textured soy protein is Economie Rurale (L’) No. 85. p. 177-81. July/Sept. [Fre] reported. Figure 1 shows the relative effi ciencies of protein • Summary: Some cereal and animal proteins share a conversion from some major protein sources. “The time has common past (e.g., the experience of Beccari in 1728, now come as predicted by Harry W. Miller in 1943, that our Liebig’s hydrolysates, etc.) However, most of the new chief interest in the soybean is in its value as a human food.” synthetic meats appearing in the U.S. are derived, not from The fi rst signifi cant development in texturizing proteins cereals, but from the soybean. was made by Robert Boyer in 1947; he developed an edible Huge milling groups have put on the market these new soy protein fi ber using a process similar to that for making “vegetable meats.” These products were presented in France textile fi bers. This process is described. Today such fi bers are at the Salon des Industries de l’Alimentation (S.I.A.L.) in being produced commercially by General Mills, Worthington 1966 and 1968. Foods, and Ralston Purina, and used in some very The making of “vegetable meats” consists in the sophisticated “engineered meat-like items.” General Mills production of protein fi bres from a concentrated extract to recently announced its intention to construct a multimillion which a structure similar to that of meat is given. This is dollar plant to make these “fabricated engineered foods.” done by spinning out and by shredding. Figure 1 shows the number of days of protein The makers are well aware that they cannot compete requirement (by a moderately active man) produced by one with meat, but they want to create new money-making acre, yielding selected food product. Legumes make very products completing their ever-expanding range of effi cient use of the land, grains make fairly effi cient use, and convenience foods. livestock make very ineffi cient use. Soybeans make the most Note: Within this article is another article (p. 176-81) effi cient use of the land to produce protein; they will sustain titled Le Fabrication de Viandes Vegetales, by M. Munier a man for 2,224 days. Beef cattle make the least effi cient use; (Ingénieur ENSIA à l’ARIA) which has these contents: they will sustain a man for only 77 days. Historical (Boyer, how to make spun protein fi bers). Tables show: (1) The estimated production and prices Importance of research enterprises. Production of protein of soy proteins. Soy fl our and grits (120-126 million lb, 7-8 fi bers: Extraction of pure proteins [soy protein isolates], cents/pound). Soy concentrates (19-33 million lb, 18-26 formation of the fi bers. Research on a structure analogous cents/pound). Soy isolates (24-38 million lb, 35-45 cents/

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 154 pound). (2) Amount of soy fl our (million lb) used in various essential amino acids with greatly enhanced agronomic applications (both extrapolated from Eley 1968). (3) Physical effi ciency and with high consumer acceptance... At the properties and functional advantages of textured soy protein. moment two broad classes of meat analogues are apparent. Large amounts of soy protein are also now being used The extrusion–expansion products sell for US 10-15¢ per to make fl uid beverages. In Brazil, the Coca-Cola Co. has pound; the spun monofi lament products sell at present in the launched Saci, a chocolate fl avored soy beverage. In British USA for 20-25% less than meats, but are still too expensive Guiana, Monsanto is making Puma. In Hong Kong Vitasoy to be of interest for developing countries.” is a commercial success. Address: Research & Development “General considerations: Meat analogs do not appear Center, Swift & Co., Oak Brook, Illinois. to have a negative connotation to vegetarians; there are many examples of eager acceptance of meat analogs by 293. Food Processing (Chicago). 1970. Protein adds such groups. The textured protein approach is also a stride nutritional ‘punch’ to snacks. Autumn. p. F6-F7. Foods of forward in food effi ciency, since conversion of soy to animal Tomorrow section. protein averages about 7% effi ciency.” • Summary: The section titled “Soy protein” notes: TVP “Over the past few years US/AID has entered into Smoky Chiplet is a high-protein snack made by Archer contracts with twelve different U.S. commercial companies Daniels Midland Co. (Decatur, Illinois). Soy specialties as to investigate and evaluate low-cost proprietary protein ingredients for high protein snack foods are available from products in some ten developing countries.” Cargill Inc. (Minneapolis, Minnesota). For soy protein isolate Note: This is the earliest English-language document ingredients contact Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). seen (Dec. 2004) that uses the word “Fibroprotein” to refer For soy fl our information contact A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. to edible spun soy protein fi ber. Address: 1. ADM, Decatur, (Decatur, Illinois). Three brochures about soy protein, Illinois; 2. General Mills, Minneapolis, Minnesota. soybean oil, and soybean processing are available from the National Soybean Processors Assoc. (1225 Connecticut Ave., 295. Product Name: Potato Crispers (Protein Supplemented N.W., Washington, DC). “Soy protein concentrate for snack Potato Chips). formulation is available from Swift Chemical Co.” (Oak Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Brook, Illinois). Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Date of Introduction: 1971 March. 294. Horan, F.E.; Odell, A.D.; Forman, M.J. 1971. Textured Ingredients: Incl. dehydrated potatoes, hydrogenated vegetable proteins. PAG Bulletin (Protein Advisory Group, vegetable oil, isolated soy protein, modifi ed food starch, salt, WHO / FAO / UNICEF) 2(1):22-26. Winter. No. 13. glyceryl monostearate. • Summary: This paper was compiled from background Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 4.5 oz box. Retails for $0.39 documents presented by the authors at the 18th PAG [Protein (1971). Advisory Group] meeting held on 9-12 Feb. 1971 at Rome, How Stored: Shelf stable. Italy. Contents: Introduction. Spun monofi lament products. New Product–Documentation: Spot in Food Product Extrusion-expansion products (currently marketed at about Development. 1971. Feb/March. “Entering markets.” Two $0.45/lb). General considerations. Case studies: Thailand photos show the front and back of the box. (ADM’s TVP), Brazil (Swift & Co.’s textured meat analogs), India (Swift & Co., ditto). Textured vegetable protein 296. Meyer, Gerald. 1971. The company at Checkerboard products: Fibroprotein–Spun Protein Fibers (Worthington Square: Ralston reaches far from its St. Louis center. New Foods Div., Ohio), Textured Edi-Pro (Ralston Purina Co., York Times. Aug. 29. p. F3. Missouri), Texgran (Swift & Co., Illinois), Bontrae (General • Summary: A good overview of Ralston Purina today, and Mills, Minnesota; spun vegetable protein products), Carne a look back at its wise and charismatic founder, William H. Vegetal (Industria e Comercio de Productos Alimenticios Danforth. Vegetal Ltd., Brazil). LiveLong–VP (Nisshin Flour Milling The company began in 1894 as the Robinson-Danforth Co. Ltd., Japan; a wheat gluten extract in the form of a dried Commission Company, a St. Louis partnership that produced or frozen mincemeat-like product. “It seems to be made by mixed feed for horses and mules. In 1896, after a tornado a fi lament extrusion process using isolated wheat gluten wrecked the mill, Danforth was able to get a loan on the protein”). The Farmarco Co. (Far-Mar Co., Kansas), The Fuji strength of his character. But this time he started alone. “Two Oil Co. (Japan; thermoplastic extrusion), and Shefa Protein years later he began producing a wheat breakfast food that Foods Ltd. (Israel) each manufactures texturized soy food won the endorsement of a health club president named Dr. products by thermoplastic extrusion. Ralston. Introduction: “The chief virtue of the individual “The cereal, and in 1902 the company, were given the members of this new class of foods rests in their ability to willing doctors name.” supply precisely reproducible balanced dietary inputs of Photos show: (1) R. Hal Dean. (2) The checkerboard

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 155 square logo. (3) William H. Danforth. 300. Soybean Digest. 1971. A protein division for Ralston 297. Laine, Iris Coyn. 1971. Soy goes to school. School Purina. Nov. p. 30. Lunch Journal 35(7):41-43. July/Aug. • Summary: “A newly formed protein division of Ralston • Summary: “On February 22, 1971, USDA authorized the Purina Co. has assumed complete operating stature and will use of textured vegetable protein, fortifi ed with vitamins report to W.L. Golden, corporate vice present, the company and minerals, to meet part of the minimum requirement of reports. P.H. Hatfi eld has been named division vice president. two ounces of cooked meat for the Type A school lunch.” Products currently available from the division include the Discusses: What this means: Main dishes, sandwiches. Supro and Edi-Pro lines of refi ned and modifi ed soy isolates What are textured vegetable proteins? Look and taste. for the food industry. Expansion of volume will focus on Nutritional content. What products are available? Want more values of soy proteins to the development and fortifi cation of information? Contact the Food Protein Council. The nine food products.” regular members of the Council are listed: ADM, Cargill, Central Soya Co, Far-Mar-Co, Griffi th Laboratories, Miles 301. Wall Street Journal. 1972. Archer-Daniels-Midland Laboratories, Ralston Purina Co., A.E. Staley Manufacturing president Andreas reportedly will quit: Executive expected to Co., and Swift Chemical Co. retain big equity and remain a director; Donald Walker seen “For schools that prepare their own foods, there are successor. Jan. 18. p. 26. several recipes in USDA’s ‘Quantity Recipes for Type • Summary: Lowell W. Andreas, age 49, will step down as A School Lunches’, that are ideal for including textured president of ADM within a few weeks; he was not available vegetable protein products.” The names of ten main dishes for comment. (with the USDA Card No. for each) and 2 sandwiches are Donald B. Walker, who presently heads the fi rm’s given. A photo shows three school lunch dishes which soybean processing operations, was once an executive in the include textured vegetable proteins: Hamburger, sloppy soybean operations of Ralston Purina Co. joe, and spaghetti sauce. Address: Foodservice Relations In 1965 the Andreas brothers, Lowell and Dwayne, Director, Food Protein Council. obtained a controlling interest in ADM at a time when profi ts were drooping. Since then profi ts have more than 298. Belshaw, Fran. 1971. Protein isolate is stable at pH 2.0. quadrupled. “In fi scal 1971 ended June 30, net income Food Processing (Chicago). Nov. p. 18-19. was $12.2 million, or $3.83 a share, and sales were $659.8 • Summary: The title refers to Supro 350® soy protein million. isolate. “Foods containing fruit acids, lactic acid, and “The Andreas brothers, after taking control, sold off vinegar can now be fortifi ed with an extremely stable, some unprofi table divisions and trimmed overhead costs versatile protein that functions much like casein or egg dramatically.” They also moved the company headquarters to solids-products that are extremely diffi cult to use in foods Decatur, Illinois, from Minneapolis, Minnesota. below pH 4.0. The powder, isolated from soy has been successfully formulated into fruit fl avored puddings (lime, 302. Arndt, Robert H. Assignor to Ralston Purina Company lemon, pineapple, raspberry, and strawberry) and other food (St. Louis, Missouri). 1972. Method of preparing a simulated products with suitable food acids.” Address: Associate editor. skim milk. U.S. Patent 3,642,492. Feb. 15. 6 p. Application fi led 1 June 1967. [5 ref] 299. Soybean Digest. 1971. What’s ahead for soy protein? • Summary: “A method of preparing a commercially Nov. p. 11-13. acceptable, nutritious substitute for dry skim milk as a food • Summary: Discusses the work of the Food Protein Council, additive, comprising the basic steps of pretreating sweet established this year as an autonomous organization within dairy whey, separately pretreating isolated vegetable protein, the National Soybean Processors Association. “The goal of particularly soy protein, by a dynamic physico-thermo-vapor the new FPC is to centralize promotion of edible vegetable fl ash treatment to remove objectionable fl avors and odors, protein for use in human food.” The focus in 1972 will be blending these pretreated ingredients in a certain controlled on the school foodservice market, plus the institutional and ratio, and adjusting the hydrogen ion content to a specifi c commercial restaurant market. “The Food Protein Council, controlled range. The product is preferably fl ash dried to a like its parent association, the National Soybean Processors powder.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Assn., is managed by Smith, Bucklin & Associates Inc... Member companies of the Council are: Archer Daniels 303. Arndt, Robert H. Assignor to Ralston Purina Company Midland Co.; Cargill Inc.; Central Soya Co. Inc.; Far-Mar- (St. Louis, Missouri). 1972. Method of preparing a Co, Inc.; Griffi th Laboratories; Miles Laboratories Inc.; simulated milk product. U.S. Patent 3,642,493. Feb. 15. 7 p. Ralston Purina Co.; A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co.; and Application fi led 1 June 1967. [5 ref] Swift Chemical Co.” • Summary: “A method of preparing a simulated whole

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 156 milk beverage product by physico-thermo-vapor fl ash (St. Louis, Missouri). 1972. Protein fi ber forming. U.S. pretreating isolated vegetable protein, preferably isolated Patent 3,662,672. May 16. 5 p. Application fi led 19 May soy protein, and combining it with sweet dairy whey and 1969. [3 ref] special vegetable oil or fat formed by hydrogenating oil in a • Summary: “A process of continuously forming tender special procedure, and in controlled proportions, involving textured protein structures is disclosed. The structures are mixing of the isolated protein and vegetable oil together formed from an aqueous slurry of a proteinaceous material while reliquifying or suspending them in water, reliquifying having a solids content of up to about 35% by weight. The the whey separately, if in dry form, blending the materials, proteinaceous solids should be of a fairly high purity. The adjusting the pH to a certain range, and homogenizing the proteinaceous slurry is formed into textured fi laments or materials in a special multiple stage manner.” Address: St. fi bers by continuously heating the slurry under pressure Louis, Missouri. and cooling the slurry. The texture of the protein structures can be readily controlled by the process conditions, starting 304. Wall Street Journal. 1972. Ralston, Archer, Swift material, or reagents used in the process.” Address: Ballwin, accord. April 6. MO. • Summary: The three companies announced jointly settlement of litigation concerning a vegetable protein 308. Food Product Development. 1972. Meat pattie chosen product, in federal district court at Peoria, Illinois. Ralston fi rst product to gain nutritional, textural advantages of new and Swift agreed to pay Archer a royalty for a nonexclusive protein fi ber. 6(3):18. May. license to make, use, and sell textured protein products made • Summary: Textured Edi-Pro 200, a soy protein fi ber made under a patent held by Archer. by Ralston Purina Co., contains all the vitamins and minerals Note: This short article (2 column inches) is in the lower necessary to meet the requirements of the school lunch right corner of an unknown page. It may appear only in the program as described in FNS Notice 219. (Note: FNS is Midwest edition. USDA’s Food & Nutrition Service). Larry’s Food Products of Gardena, California, is the fi rst processor to incorporate 305. Journal Star (Peoria, Illinois). 1972. Agreement this fi ber into a line of pre-cooked meat products. Larry’s reached on soybean patent. April 9. produces more than 250,000 hamburger patties daily. • Summary: Discusses the settlement of litigation entered into by ADM, Ralston Purina Co. and Swift & Co. involving 309. Food Technology. 1972. Fibrous soy protein goes a high-protein meat-like product made from soybeans. Swift commercial June 1. 26(5):25, 28. May. claims that “Morris D. Wilding fi led for the patent March 1, • Summary: “Ralston Purina Company’s new fi brous form of 1965. ADM says William T. Atkinson applied for the patent textured soy protein (Textured Edi-Pro 200) will go into full Aug. 7, 1966, and Ralston claims Ronald J. Flier fi led for it commercial production on June 1, 1972.” Sept. 9, 1966. “On Aug. 13, 1971, the U.S. Patent Offi ce Board of 310. McCormick, Richard D. 1972. Nutrition upgraded, fi nal Patent Interferences wrongly rule that Flier was the inventor, texture controlled using new structured protein fi ber. Food says ADM’s suit. Ralston contests ADM’s claim.” Product Development 6(3):23, 26. May. • Summary: Textured Edi-Pro 200 is a soy protein fi ber 306. Journal Star (Peoria, Illinois). 1972. Soybean dispute made by Ralston Purina Co. settled. April 11. Note: This is the earliest English-language document • Summary: On 18 Aug. 1971 ADM fi led against Ralston seen (Oct. 2015) with the word “structured” in the title, Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri) and Swift and Co. (Chicago, referring to type of soy protein product, and particularly to Illinois). They fi led countersuits. Each of the companies soy protein fi ber. Address: Editorial Director. claimed the patent for making simulated meat from vegetable sources (mainly soybeans; for human consumption and pet 311. Mustakas, G.C. 1972. Re: Memorandum–Extrusion foods) had been assigned to them by inventors. ADM granted cooking research as related to textured protein patents. Visit to Ralston and Swift a nonexclusive license to make and sell of Mr. Endre Sipos of Central Soya Co. Letter/Memorandum products under a process patented by William T. Atkinson. to E.D. (Engineering & Development Lab.) fi les, June 27. 1 They will pay ADM a $30,000 royalty. p. Typed, without signature (carbon copy). Ralston Purina granted to ADM a license to make and • Summary: Endre Sipos is assistant director of research sell the product under a patent of Ronald J. Flier; ADM will at Central Soya Co., 1825 North Laramie Ave., Chicago, pay a royalty of up to $30,000. Swift granted to ADM and Illinois. He visited and spent about 2 hours “seeking Ralston a royalty-free license. background information on the relevancy of our early extrusion-cooking studies with the textured soy protein 307. Hoer, Ralph A. Assignor to Ralston Purina Company patent applications. ADM has been issued a product patent,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 157 and in the near future a Ralston-Purina employee will personalities [Ralston Purina Co.]. 33(11):6. Nov. be issued a process patent; the latter will be assigned to • Summary: Ralston Purina Co. has started a major ADM who will control the patent rights. In a recent court expansion of its industrial soy protein plant in Louisville, settlement, Ralston-Purina and Swift will get use of the Kentucky. The company also has a new protein plant under patents on a royalty-free basis. construction in Memphis, Tennessee. When the two plants “Central Soya does not feel that the patent claims are completed, the company will have doubled its total are justifi able based on prior art both at NMN [probably output of industrial soy protein in slightly more than a year. Northern Marketing and Nutrition Division, later called Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria, Illinois] and in 314. Product Name: Poly-Soy (Soy Fiber from Processing their own research laboratories. Their patent attorneys are Isolated Soy Proteins) [Grits, or Flour]. now studying the case and feel that their company could Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. make a good case in any infringement suit. Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, “Mr. Sipos questioned me extensively about our early MO 63164. extruder work, our patent, and our affi liations with UNICEF, Date of Introduction: 1972. AID, and the Wenger Company. How Stored: Shelf stable. “In discussing current research, Mr. Sipos emphasized New Product–Documentation: Leafl et from Protein Div. their continuing interest in protein isolates and concentrates of Ralston Purina Co. 1972? Undated. “Need a reactive commenting that this market will continue to grow. A large extender? Let Poly-Soy fi ll your needs.” 8 p. The product is obstacle involves the whey disposal problem and it must be available as either grits or fl our. The composition: Moisture solved. He thought this was an area in which the regional 10%, protein 25%, fat 1%, fi ber 11%, carbohydrate 48%, ash laboratories should be getting into. Central Soya currently 5%, calcium 1.2%, phosphorus 0.7%. has a government grant to work on the problem. He feels that Note 1. Poly-Soy is the residue fraction after extraction ultrafi ltration (UF) and reverse osmosis have promise but of protein in making soy protein isolates. The word “Poly” is there are some engineering problems remaining to be solved. an abbreviation of “polysaccharides.” They are assigning 40 cents per pound to the value of the Note 2. This is the earliest document or commercial soy protein recovered by UF. I mentioned that we had a defi nite product seen (June 2013) concerning soy cotyledon fi ber / interest in soy whey disposal for future work pending polysaccharides resulting from making soy protein isolates. availability of funds and personnel. Brochure from Ralston Purina Co. 1972? Undated. “When I asked about protein yields in the commercial “Industrial proteins: Poly-Soy–A reactive extender for isolate process, he said they are around 30 to 35 percent polymers.” Technical bulletin. It begins: “Poly-Soy is depending on how much washing they give the curd. This Ralston Purina’s trade name for a related series of products agrees somewhat with Dale Johnston’s (Crest Products) derived from the soybean and manufactured to be used as a published fi gures of 25 to 50 percent. Such low yields are reactive extender in polymer systems.” a deterrent to the development of low-cost foods from isolates.” 315. Snider, Nancy. 1972. Soybean (protein) recipe ideas. Note: This is the earliest document seen (March 2002) New York, NY: Arco Publishing Co., Inc. 112 p. Illust. Food that uses the term “reverse osmosis” in connection with category / recipe index. 18 cm. soy. Address: Principal Chemical Engineer, Engineering • Summary: Contents: Preface. About this book. Who makes & Development Lab., Northern Regional Research Lab., what: Archer Daniels Midland Co. (TVP), Central Soya Peoria, Illinois. (Promosoy), Far-Mar-Co (Ultra-Soy), General Mills, Inc. (Bac*os, Bontrae), The Griffi th Laboratories, Inc., Ralston 312. Soybean Digest. 1972. Ralston Purina expands. Oct. p. Purina Co. (Edi-Pro), A.E. Staley Co. (Mira-Tex), Swift & 28. Co. (Texgran), H.B. Taylor Co. (Textrasoy), Worthington • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri, has Foods, Inc. (Fibrotein). The facts about soy protein. Soy begun a major expansion of its industrial soy protein plant what? Cooking with soy protein. Cover-ups. Things to do at Louisville, Kentucky, according to division vice president with bacon-fl avor soy protein. Soy cooking tips. Breakfast P.H. Hatfi eld. With this expansion, plus the completion of ideas. Breakfast put-ons. Appetizers. Soups. Garnishes for the company’s protein plant under construction at Memphis, soups. Entrees. Soy sandwiches. Breads. Desserts. Food Tennessee, Purina will have doubled its total industrial category / recipe index (within each major food category protein output in slightly more than 1 year. The Louisville {appetizers, bread, breakfast ideas, desserts, etc.}, recipes are plant’s protein is designed for use in paper, paperboard listed alphabetically). coatings, and other industrial applications.” 316. Product Name: C-Pro (Soy Fiber from Processing 313. Food Processing (Chicago). 1972. Plants, companies, Isolated Soy Proteins).

Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. 319. Product Name: Supro ™ 50 (Extruded Textured Soy Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Flour). MO 63164. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Date of Introduction: 1973 January. Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, MO 63188. How Stored: Shelf stable. Date of Introduction: 1973 March. New Product–Documentation: Richard H. Lalumondier New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Blue Book. asked the NRRC at Peoria, Illinois, for information about 1973. p. 110. Soybean Digest Bluebook. 1979. p. 102. Now the residue fraction from their isolate process which they named simply “Supro 50.” call “C-Pro.” It has the following composition. Protein 25%, water 10%, carbohydrate 50%, ash 5%, and fat 2%. The 320. Fischer, Norman H. 1973. Beanburgers–More company is looking for industrial uses. Americans turn to soybean products as meat substitutes: Restaurants, stores fi nd consumers like the taste and 317. SoyaScan Notes. 1973. Ralston Purina has two isolate especially the price. The future gets a lot closer. Wall Street plants coming on stream in March (Overview). Jan. 18. Journal. April 3. p. 1, col. 1. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: In the continuing struggle against high meat • Summary: The plant at Memphis, Tennessee, will make prices, King’s Food Host, a restaurant chain based in edible isolates and the plant at Louisville, Kentucky, will Lincoln, Nebraska, has been adding TVP for several months make industrial isolates. The output of whey from the now to its Big King burgers at about 20 of its 140 branches. Memphis plant is anticipated to be equivalent of the BOD for It sells these “soyburgers” for $0.49, which is 10 cents less sewage from a city of 300,000. This calculates to an isolate than usual. Sales have been very good, with no complaints. output of about 20 million lb/year. In the past, soybean products have been slipped into a variety of consumer foods, but during the past few months, 318. Lockmiller, N.R. 1973. Increased utilization of protein they have been increasingly advertised as extenders in in foods. Cereal Science Today 18(3):77-81. March. [13 ref] hamburgers. Consumers seem to welcome the reduction in • Summary: Details are given on each type of soy protein meat prices. product and the way each is used. Table 4 gives the price per “The future is now: Over the past several years, such pound for various soy protein foods, the estimated annual companies as General Mills Inc., Archer-Daniels-Midland production in 1972, and the current uses. Soy fl our and grits, Co., Ralston Purina Co., and the Worthington Foods $0.15-$0.17/lb, 352-500 million pounds produced in 1972. subsidiary of Miles Laboratories Inc., have developed Used as ingredients for baked goods, dog foods, sausages. soybean products that have virtually the same appearance, Soy protein concentrates, $0.21-$0.25/lb, 40-50 million texture and taste as beef, pork, poultry, seafood and even pounds produced. Used in manufacturing textured products. nuts. Some of these all-soy products already are on the Ingredients in processed meats, baby foods, and health foods. market, and more are being added annually. Soy protein isolates: Regular $0.41-$0.45/lb, modifi ed “U.S. Agriculture Department [USDA] researchers say isolates $0.92-$1.33/lb. Production of both types: 35-40 that by 1980 soy protein could account for as much as 8% of million pounds. Regular isolates are used in manufacturing the nation’s ‘meat’ requirements.” analogs such as meatless ham, bacon, hot dogs, etc. Modifi ed This is good news for those who grow and process isolates are used in whipping agents. soybeans. The National Soybean Processors Association says Textured soy protein products: Extruded fl ours, $0.27/ that sales of soy protein products for use in human foods lb and up. Spun isolates $0.50/lb and up. Production of totaled about $75 million last year, a ten-fold jump from both combined: 35-40 million pounds in 1972. Textured fi ve years earlier. And buoyed by the growing use of soy as soy protein products are use in bacon bits, bacon strips and an extender for ground beef, sales this year are expected to similar foods. reach $120 to $140 million. Table 6 shows what companies supply which of the “The biggest move was made in mid-March by Red following types of edible soy-based ingredients: Soy fl our Owl Stores Inc. in Minneapolis [Minnesota], when it and grits (defatted, low-fat, full-fat), concentrates, isolates, introduced ‘Juicy Burger II’ in the fresh-meat counters of its spun fi bers, textured soy prod. The companies are ADM 51 supermarkets in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area and its six (soy fl our and grits–defatted, low-fat, and full fat, textured Duluth stores. ‘Juicy Burger II’ is 75% ground beef and 25% soy prod.), Cargill, Central Soya, Far-Mar-Co, General soy protein, plus a few fl avorings. It is selling for about 75 Mills, Griffi th Labs, Gurley, Inc., Lauhoff Grain Co., Miles cents a pound, 20 to 25 cents less than all-beef hamburger (Worthington), National Protein, Ralston Purina, A.E. Staley, sells for.” Address: Staff reporter. Swift & Company. Address: A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., Decatur, Illinois. 321. Business Week. 1973. Making it cheaper to eat protein. May 12. p. 184, 186.

• Summary: Skyrocketing food prices are forcing the food • Summary: Ralston Purina Co. has built a 50,000 square industry to develop new textured soy protein products to foot plant to make soy protein isolates in Memphis, extend or substitute for meat, suing either of three general Tennessee. Innovations include spray drying in a 92-foot tall methods: Spinning (Miles Laboratories/Worthington Foods), tower. It was completed in May. concentrating (Central Soya Co. concentrates), or extruding Ralston has also built a 275,000 square foot pet foods (ADM, this is now the leading method for making textured plant in Atlanta, Georgia. Completed in 1972. vegetable protein). “Archer Daniels Midland vigilantly protects both its 324. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). 1973. broad product patent and its copyright on the initials TVP Donald Danforth Sr. dies; headed Ralston Purina. July 15. p. (for textured vegetable protein). The company cemented its 3A. patent position with a court suit in 1971. Today, fi ve of its • Summary: “Donald Danforth Sr., retired chairman of eight competitors–Cargill, Miles Laboratories, A.E. Staley, the board of Ralston Purina Co., died Saturday in Barnes Swift, and Ralston Purina–sell vegetable protein lines under Hospital in St. Louis after a short illness. He was 74 years license from ADM. sold. “Burger mixes: TVP got its fi rst big boost when the Mr. Danforth, son of the late William H. Danforth Agriculture Dept. [USDA] in 1971 approved its use in the who founded Ralston Purina in 1894, retired from active national school lunch program. By the end of 1972, total management of the company in 1963 but remained a member demand had grown to about 55-million lb. a year, with of the board of directors. He was a widely known business ground beef as the largest single market. and civic leader. “Red Owl Stores, Inc., sells such burger mixes across “In addition to his business interests, he was deeply its butcher counters, usually in a mix of 75% meat to 25% involved in youth development and philanthropic work. vegetable protein. Called Juicy Burger II, or Juicy Blend “His association with Ralston Purina spanned more than II, the product sells for $0.75 a lb., compared with $0.99 a 50 years, as he directed the growth of a small family-owned lb. for ground beef. Red Owl says that the mixture outsells feed business into one of the largest corporations of America. whole meat by 3 to 1. Kroger Co., the nation’s third-largest “Born in St. Louis on Nov. 12, 1898, Mr. Danforth was a food chain, last month came out with its own mix of ground lifelong resident of the city. beef and textured vegetable protein, called Burger Pro. “He attended Clark School on Union Avenue and went “Dr. Virgil O. Wodicka, director of FDA’s Bureau of to high school at the old Smith Academy, entering Princeton Foods, says: ‘Don’t tell consumers what it isn’t–tell them University after his graduation from Smith. His college days what it is.’” were interrupted by World War I when he entered the Army and became a second lieutenant in the infantry. 322. Cranebrock, Al Van. 1973. Archer-Daniels-Midland “After the war ended he returned to Princeton and was getting fat on soybean hamburger diet. Los Angeles Times. graduated in 1920 with a bachelor of arts degree. June 3. p. 3, 6. “In the fall of 1920 he joined Ralston Purina, then a • Summary: Supermarket chains in growing numbers are relatively small company pioneering a new fi eld, the animal buying TVP to mix into their meat. “Just in the last week or feed industry. The fi rm had been founded 26 years earlier by so, Jewel Cos. Inc., whose food stores dominate the grocery his father. business in the Chicago area, has begun selling TVP by itself “At that time the company had fi ve mills in St. Louis, in a private-label package and displayed next to beef in the East St. Louis, Nashville, Tennessee, Buffalo, New York, and meat departments. The idea is that the TVP can be mixed Fort Worth, Texas. with the beef in the home to suit a family’s taste.” “For the fi rst fi ve years, Mr. Danforth held jobs in the ADM is currently sold out of TVP, is producing around company’s advertising, buying and sales department. the clock seven days a week, and will have expanded its “In 1925, he became secretary-treasurer of the company, capacity by 50% next month and an additional 50% by spending most of his time reorganizing the company’s cereal December. ADM has licensed Ralston Purina, Swift, and department. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., among others, to produce TVP. It “In 1925 he married to Miss Dorothy Claggett, and is estimated that TVP now accounts for 25% of ADM’s in succeeding years they had four children: Dr. William earnings but only a small fraction of that in sales. Address: H. Danforth II, who was a physician and the chancellor Exclusive to The Times from Reuters. of Washington University, St. Louis; Dorothy, now Mr. Jefferson Lewis Miller of St. Louis; Donald Jr., who is 323. Food Processing (Chicago). 1973. 21 outstanding new president of Danforth Agri-Resources Inc. of St. Louis, and food plants: For making new and better products, increasing John Clagett Danforth, attorney general of Missouri. production, lowering costs [Ralston Purina’s plant for soy “In 1929 Danforth became vice president and treasurer protein isolates]. June. p. 14. of Ralston Purina and three years later, in 1932, he assumed

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 160 full and active direction of the company’s operations as products for food use: Edi-Pro A and N, and Supro 610, 620, president. 630, 350, and 7. “During Danforth’s presidency and chairmanship from 1932 until 1953, the company’s sales rose to about 327. Humphries, Bill. 1973. N.C. fi rst to plant it in U.S. [the $850,000,000 from $19,000,000 annually. soybean in North Carolina]. News and Observer (Raleigh, “The company’s total assets grew from $17,000,000 to North Carolina). Sept. 16. almost $350,000,000. • Summary: During the late 1870s, “a North Carolinian “Today, Ralston Purina ranks among the 75 largest named Christopher Wilson Hollowell, owner of Bayside companies in the country. Its sales are almost 2 billion Plantation near Elizabeth City, was growing soybeans as a dollars annually. farm crop. “In 1956 Mr. Danforth became chairman of the board “The fi rst commercial processing of soybeans in of Ralston Purina and in the fall of 1963 he relinquished his America took place at Elizabeth City 61 years ago, in 1912” active role in management. [sic, 1915]. By 1924 Illinois had edged out North Carolina as “He continued as a member of the board of directors America’s No. 1 soybean producing state; each grew about 1 and a member of the company’s executive and fi nance million bushels. committees. Six soybean crushing plants in the Tar Heel state [North “Throughout his career, Danforth was active in Carolina]–including Cargill’s at Fayetteville and Ralston community and educational affairs. In addition to serving Purina’s at Raleigh–could handle all the soybeans grown in as fi rst president of the United Fund of St. Louis, he was the state. But about 35% move out of the state for processing chairman of the Community Chest in 1951. and for export overseas. “He was an emeritus member of Civic Progress, Inc., “One of the few plants in the United States devoted a past member of the board of directors of the Chamber of exclusively to processing soybeans for human consumption Commerce and a former president of the boards of trustees of is the United Roasters Inc. facility at Clayton. This fi rm, Country Day School and Mary Institute. with offi ces in Raleigh, markets roasted soybeans under “After serving as president of the Danforth Foundation the name “Golden Soya.” A major U.S. concern currently for 10 years, he was vice president of the board and secretary is negotiating for acquisition of United Roasters and plans at the time of his death. to make roasted soybeans a major snack food from coast to “Danforth was past director of the First National Bank coast, utilizing up to 15 million pounds of beans annually.” of St. Louis, St. Louis Union Trust Co., General American Note: Soybeans were fi rst grown in North America Life Insurance Co. and St. Luke’s Hospital. in 1765 by Samuel Bowen (Hymowitz & Harlan. 1983). “Surviving, in addition to his wife, sons and daughter Address: Farm editor. and grandchildren, are a sister, Mrs. Randolph P. Compton of Scarsdale, New York. 328. Lehman Brothers. 1973. Ralston Purina Company: “Visitation will be at the Lupton Funeral Home at 7233 Company & industry study. New York. 112 p. Nov. 27. [5 Delmar Blvd. on Monday from 5 to 9 p.m. Funeral will be ref] Tuesday at the Church of St. Michael and St. George.” • Summary: This company study includes a study of the U.S. soybean crushing industry. Leading processors of 325. Food Product Development. 1973. Entering markets: soybeans 1972-73 (p. 71). Company (estimated million Ralston Natural Health™ Protein Snack Chips... 7(6):36, 38. bushels crushed/percentage of total): Cargill (130 million July/Aug. /18.0 percent), Archer-Daniels-Midland (120/16.6), Central • Summary: “... introduced by Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Soya (90/12.5), Ralston-Purina (70/9.7), Esmark (55/7.6), contain 25% protein and lists as ingredients brown rice, A.E. Staley (55/7.6), Anderson Clayton (40/5.5), Allied Mills yellow pea powder, and wheat starch fortifi ed with isolated (35/4.8), Others (127/17.6). Total bushels crushed is 722 soy protein. No preservatives are added to the snack product. million. The package design, produced by Container Corp. of Year Total Crush Percentage crushed by 4 largest America, won a merit award in the 30th National Paperboard companies Packaging Competition.” Two photos shows the package 1954-55 241.4 million bu 41% front. 1963-64 436.8 million bu 50% 1972-73 721.9 million bu 56%. 326. Food Technology. 1973. Food industry news: Ralston Purina has new protein plant. 27(8):56. Aug. 329. Product Name: Dari-Pro line (Soy Flour Mixes for • Summary: The new 50,000 square feet soy protein Baking). processing facility has opened on a 40-acre site in Memphis, Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Tennessee. It is producing the following soy protein isolate Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, MO 63188.

Date of Introduction: 1973. important conference. It was opened by the U.S. Secretary New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Blue Book. of Agriculture Earl L. Butz, and senator Hubert Humphrey 1973. p. 109. delivered a memorable, inspirational address. Many distinguished scientists and politicians also presented papers. 330. Product Name: Dari-Pro 36A, 36S, 33A (Dairy Exhibitors (inside back cover): Purina Protein Analogs Made from Soy Protein Isolates plus Whey or Europe (Brussels, Belgium). Archer Daniels Brussels Caseinates). S.A. (Belgium). Cargill Inc. (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. McKee CTIP (Rome, Italy). Central Soya International Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, MO 63188. Inc.–Chemurgy Division (Brussels, Belgium), Alfa Laval Date of Introduction: 1973. AB (Tumba, Sweden; soymilk equipment). Staley Europe New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Blue Book. (Amsterdam, Holland). A/S N. Foss Electric (Hilleroed, 1973. p. 109. Food Product Development. 1974. Oct. p. 73 Denmark). Westfalia Separator AG (Oelde, West Germany). “Functional milk proteins, blends designed to match product A/S Nirg Atomizer (Soeborg/Copenhagen, Denmark). requirements.” Nabisco Inc.–Protein Foods Div. (Fairlawn, New Jersey). Miles GmbH (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). Lucas Meyer 331. Ralston Purina Co. 1973. Food proteins–Summary: und Edelsoja GmbH (Hamburg, Germany). General Mills Products, specifi cations and applications (Leafl et). St. Louis, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Address: Hudson, Iowa. Missouri. * Address: St. Louis, Missouri. 333. Decock, Alain. 1974. Soy protein isolates in hypoallergenic infant formulations and humanized milks. 332. American Soybean Assoc. ed. 1974. Proceedings: World J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 51(1):199A-200A. Soy Protein Conference. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Jan. Proceedings, World Soy Protein Conference, Munich, Society 51(1):47A-216A. Jan. Held 11-14 Nov. 1973 in Germany, Nov. 11-14, 1973. Munich, Germany. 28 cm. [566 ref] • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soy protein isolates. • Summary: See next page. Contents: Session I: World Humanized milks. Address: Purina Protein Europe, Brussels, protein markets. Session II: Soy protein products, their Belgium. production, and properties. Session III: Legal and regulatory aspects of soy utilization in foods. Session IV: Utilization of 334. Horan, Frank E. 1974. Soy protein products and soy proteins in foods. Session V: Utilization of soy protein in their production. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society foods. Session VI: Nutritional aspects of soy protein foods. 51(1):67A-73A. Jan. Proceedings, World Soy Protein Session VII: Future developments and prospects. Round- Conference, Munich, Germany, Nov. 11-14, 1973. [12 ref] tables papers. Registration list (directory of participants). • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. History of Directory of exhibitors and press. the soybean in the U.S. Economic impact. Soybean protein. Berwin Tilson, president of the American Soybean Textured soy protein. References. Assoc., notes in the introduction (inside front cover): In Table XII states that U.S. producers of edible soy protein Oct. 1972 “It was felt that the time was right to gather products are: ADM, Cargill, Central Soya, Far-Mar-Co, together top representatives from all areas affecting the soy General Mills, Griffi th Labs, Lauhoff Grain Co., Miles Labs foods industry... 1,100 representatives from 47 countries (Worthington), National Protein, A.E. Staley, Swift & Co. actually attended.” This was a pioneering and very All make textured soy protein products except National Protein (which makes only grits and fl ours). Central Soya, Ralston Purina, and Staley make soy protein isolates. Central Soya, Far-Mar-Co, Griffi th Labs, and Swift & Co. make soy protein concentrates. Address: Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, Illinois.

335. Wilcke, Harold L. 1974. Future developments in soy protein research and technology. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 51(1):175A-77A. Jan. Proceedings, World Soy Protein Conference, Munich, Germany, Nov. 11-14, 1973. [3 ref] • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Acceptability of soy products through ﬂ avor and color. Functional characteristics of soy protein. Technology and the soybean. References. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis,

Missouri. they said.” Note: Hannan is a city located in Osaka Prefecture, 336. Food Product Development. 1974. Entering markets: Japan. Crispits™, the protein-fortifi ed snack entry from Ralston Purina Co.,... Feb. 340. United Press International (UPI). 1974. Ralston in Japan • Summary: “... St. Louis, comes in three fl avors–potato, venture. New York Times. July 31. p. 51. sour cream, and corn. In test market, the snack is expected • Summary: “St. Louis, July 30 (UPI)–The Ralston Purina to be in national distribution by mid-year. Soy raises protein Company announced today it was joining the Fuji Oil content to 20 per cent. Dehydrated potatoes or corn fl our, Company of Osaka, Japan, in a venture to manufacture in vegetable oil, isolated soy protein, and rice fl our are major Japan structured soya protein food products developed by ingredients. Packages have a foil/fi lm pouch within the Ralston Purina.” paperboard carton.” These will be used as extenders for fi sh, poultry and meat products. 337. Spata, James A.; Nelson, A.I.; Singh, S. 1974. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) Developing a soybean dal for India and other countries. concerning the joint venture that would soon become known World Crops (London) 26(2):82-84. March/April. [7 ref] as Fuji-Purina. • Summary: Uses the sodium bicarbonate blanch technique. Photos show Spata and Nelson. Dr. Spata is a project leader 341. Food Processing (Chicago). 1974. Soy combinations: with the Ralston Purina Co. In 1965 he joined the U.S. Peace Specifi c protein functions of isolate and textured pieces are Corps and spent two years as an agricultural rural adviser combined to improve meat characteristics. 35(7):34. July. in Nigeria. His entire year of 1972 was spent at G.B. Pant Foods of Tomorrow section. University at Pantnagar, India, where he worked on soybean • Summary: Researchers at Ralston Purina Co. have found dal. Prof. Nelson has been at the University of Illinois since that formulating meat patties with two forms of vegetable 1949. In 1971 he accepted a two-year assignment with the protein–a special improved soy isolate (Supro 620T for meat U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) at G.B. products) plus minced textured vegetable protein (Supro Pant University. His offi cial capacity was Adviser in Soybean 50A [textured soy fl our])–produces juicy patties without Processing Technology. From 1961 to 1964 Dr. Surjan Singh mushiness. The combination gives extra yield plus fi rm, was an Assistant Professor of Dairy Science at G.B. Pant meaty texture, and good fl avor and appearance. University. He was then awarded a grant from USAID to study at the University of Illinois. In 1971, after his return, 342. Product Name: Supro 50A (Textured Soy Flour). he was made Acting Department Head of Food Science; he Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. worked with Prof. Nelson. Address: 1. Ralston Purina Co.; 2. Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Univ. of Illinois; 3. G.B. Pant Univ. Date of Introduction: 1974 July. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 50 lb multiwalled bags. 338. Detroit Free Press (Michigan). 1974. Ralston plans How Stored: Shelf stable. Japan joint venture. July 30. p. 13, cols. 1-2. New Product–Documentation: Article in Food Processing • Summary: “Fuji Oil Co. and Ralston Purina Co. said they (Chicago). 1978. July (Foods of Tomorrow section). p. will form a joint venture to manufacture soybean protein in 34. “Soy combinations: Specifi c protein functions of Japan. The new fi rm, called Fuji Purina Protein Co., will be isolate and textured pieces are combined to improve meat based in Tokyo.” characteristics.” Researchers at Ralston Purina Co. have Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) found that formulating meat patties with two forms of that mentions “Fuji Purina” or “Fuji Purina Protein Co.” vegetable protein–a special improved soy isolate (Supro 620T for meat products) plus minced textured vegetable 339. Associated Press. 1974. Ralston Purina Japanese plant. protein (Supro 50A [textured soy fl our])–produces juicy Lincoln Journal Star (Lincoln, Nebraska). July 31. p. 28, col. patties without mushiness. The combination gives extra yield 2. plus fi rm, meaty texture, and good fl avor and appearance. • Summary: Tokyo–Fuji Oil Co. of Japan said on July 30 Supro 50A general product description. 1980. Jan. 1. that it has established a joint venture in Japan with Ralston “Supro A is a high quality textured soy fl our produced from Purina Co. of the USA to manufacture soy protein. selected soybeans. It is supplied in various particle sizes and Fuji offi cials said the new fi rm, Fuji Purina Protein, is colors.” It has a PER of 2.2 and contains 55.0% protein on a equally owned by the two companies. moisture free basis. Plans call for the new fi rm “to build a 200 metric-ton-per month capacity plant at Fuji’s Hannan plant in Izumisano, 343. Product Name: SPF-200 (Structured Protein Fiber). Osaka, where operation start-up is scheduled for September, Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co.

Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Inc.; Far-Mar-Co, Inc.; General Mills, Inc.; Grain Processing Date of Introduction: 1974 September. Corp.; Griffi th Laboratories; Lauhoff Grain Co.; Miles New Product–Documentation: USDA Farmer Cooperative Laboratories, Inc.; National Protein Corp.; Procter & Gamble Service. FCS Research Report. 1976. “Appendix–Companies Co.; Ralston Purina Co.; A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co.; and producing and distributing soy products.” No. 33. p. 53- Swift Edible Oil Co.” 82. Jan. See p. 63. Ralcon Foods (2 North Riverside Plaza, A photo shows the two authors, with a brief biography Chicago, Illinois 60606) makes SPF-200-Fortifi ed (hydrated of each. Address: Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, product). Color: natural. Flavor: unfl avored. Note: Although Illinois. published in a report dated Jan. 1976, this appendix is actually dated Sept. 1974. 345. Food Product Development. 1974. Functional milk Ralston Purina Co. 1976 July 1. “SPF 200 Structured proteins, blends designed to match product requirements. Protein Fiber: General Product Description. This one-sided 8(8):73. Oct. leafl et gives physical properties, microbiological data, • Summary: Discusses various blends made by the Dairy packaging, manufacturing (“by Ralcon Foods, a licensee Food Systems Div., Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. of Ralston Purina Company”). Amino acid composition. Dari-Pro 36A, 36S, and 33A contain soy protein isolates. Typical [nutritional] analysis. Ralston Purina Co. 1980. “Purina proteins–Product 346. Stone, David E. 1974. Profi le: Francis E. Calvert summary and information.” This 8-panel booklet contains pioneer of soybean protein. Food Engineering 46(10):40, 42. a brief description of various products including structured Oct. isolated soy proteins: SPF 200 (a structured isolated soy • Summary: Francis Earle Calvert was born in 1912 in protein fi ber available in the frozen, hydrated form. It is Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was selected by Henry retort stable with no degradation of fi ber. Its texture is similar Ford to be part of a special group attending Ford’s Wayside to that of meat muscle fi ber), and Purina Protein 220 (an Technical School in Sudburry, Massachusetts. There was isolated soy protein granule). no tuition–a Godsend during the Great Depression. Then SPF 200 general product description. 1980. Jan. 1. “SPF he attended Ford’s Edison Institute at Dearborn, Michigan. 200 is a fi lament-like fi ber that is a processed isolated soy Calvert’s introduction to the soybean came directly protein. SPF 200 is used to lend structure and texture to food from Ford himself–in the early 1930s. One day the great systems.” It contains 93% protein on a moisture free basis. entrepreneur dropped in lugging a 100-pound sack of Kevin J. Hannigan. 1980. Food Engineering. May. soybeans, saying that there must be something valuable in p. 11. “Crab salad with soy.” Ralston Purina’s spun soy them since Orientals had been using them for 4,000 years. protein fi ber (SPF-200), backed up by Haarmann & Reimer He challenged the young students to fi nd out how to use Corporation’s Natural “Taste of Crab” is used to extend them. crabmeat in an excellent crab salad. He and his young co-workers at the Greenfi eld Village Talk by Dr. Kolar of Ralston Purina at INTSOY Short laboratory had developed a destructive distillation process. Course. 1980. June. SPF-200 is a structured protein fi ber that It decomposed the soybeans using heat in a closed container. is not spun or extruded. It is made using heat exchangers. Later Calvert helped to design a new solvent extractor for soybean built like an Archimedes screw; it removed soybean 344. Adolphson, L.C.; Horan, F.E. 1974. Textured vegetable oil using a counter-current solvent. Soon Calvert, and protein products as meat extenders. Cereal Science Today colleague Robert Boyer, were making spun protein fi bers for 19(10):441-44, 446. Oct. upholstery in Ford cars, as well as plastic car parts. • Summary: “During the 1971-72 school year, about 23 Because soybeans were hard to get, the young men million pounds of textured soy protein (hydrated) were used; had to grow their own. They planted several thousand acres in 1972-73 the amount was doubled; and during the past of soybeans, then had to develop mechanical equipment school year an estimate is that at least 50 million pounds to harvest them. Now they set out to adapt them to human (hydrated) were employed... consumption. In 1936 the lab delivered fortifi ed soymilk to “In order for the commercial manufacturers to have a Dearborn families, made a soy sherbet that was sold in the common goal in the development of novel protein systems, Ford employee cafeteria, and canned green soybeans for use such as textured vegetable protein products, a number of as a vegetable. industrial companies have banded together to form the Food Why do soybeans have a bitter taste? Its a survival Protein Council (Food Protein Council, Suite 1150, 1730 mechanism. Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. George The Drackett Corporation hired Calvert, and shortly M. Perrin, Executive Secretary). thereafter they purchased the Ford Textile Fiber Division. “The council consists of the following regular members: They put Calvert in charge of basic protein research. In 1949 Archer Daniels Midland Co.; Cargill, Inc.; Central Soya Co., he was appointed research director at Drackett. In 1962

Calvert joined Ralston Purina Co. in special soy products on the fl oor of a back room. research. He retired in Aug. 1973. Address: Product Mgr., After 2 years the little feed business was thriving. Food Protein Div., Ralston Purina Co. They moved to new headquarters to Eighth and Gratiot in St. Louis, the present site of company headquarters. There 347. Predicasts, Inc. 1974. World manufactured soybean milling machinery was installed. By March 1896 Will foods. Special Study No. 108. Predicasts, Inc., 200 Danforth had become president of the company. On May 26 University Circle Research Center, 11001 Cedar Ave., of that year, Andrews sold his share in the company to Will, Cleveland, OH 44106. vi + 93 p. Dec. 24. No index. 28 cm. making Will the majority stockholder. The next day, the mill Research Analyst: Frederick M. Ross. was completely destroyed by the worst tornado in St. Louis • Summary: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Summary. 3. history. Though Danforth had no collateral, Mr. Walker Will, Economics of Soybean Foods: Soybeans, soy fl our, meat president of a local bank, loaned him $25,000 to rebuild the extenders (based on extruded textured soy fl our), synthetic mill at its former location. meat (based on spun isolates). 4. Industry structure: General, In 1898, on a buying trip to Kansas, Danforth met $1,000 million food and feed giants (ADM, Cargill, a miller who had discovered a way to prevent cracked Central Soya, General Mills/Takeda Chemical, Nabisco, wheat from becoming rancid without removing the germ. Ralston Purina/Fuji Oil, and Esmark [Swift]), other major Danforth, who was convinced that food had a big effect manufactured soy food companies (Unilever, General Host on health, packaged the miller’s cracked wheat and sold it [New York], Miles Laboratories/Worthington & Kyowa to St. Louis grocers under the name Purina Whole Wheat Hakko Kogyo, A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., Stange [Chicago, Cereal. The word Purina had been coined from the company Illinois], Chambers & Fargus [Humberside, England]), slogan–”where purity is paramount.” After only 4 years, the food industry structure. 5. Demand for manufactured company had diversifi ed into the food business. soybean products: Demand for meat & substitutes, supply “At the same time the fame of Dr. Everett Ralston’s of natural meat, demand for meat substitutes, demand for health ideas was spreading. Clubs of his followers boasted soy fl our. 6. North America: United States, Canada. 7. Latin 800,000 members. In his book, “Life Building,” he America: General, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Other Latin recommended a whole wheat cereal similar to Purina’s America (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, product. Danforth approached Dr. Ralston, who agreed to Peru, Uruguay). 8. West Europe: General, France, West endorse the Purina cereal provided it was renamed Ralston Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Other West Europe. Wheat Cereal. The arrangement benefi ted both, and the name 9. East Europe: General, Hungary, Poland, USSR, Other stuck. By 1902, the names Ralston and Purina had become East Europe. 10. Africa: General, Egypt, Nigeria, South so widely known that the name of the fi rm was changed to Africa, Other Africa & Mideast. 11. Asia: General, China, Ralston Purina Company.” Also in 1902 the red and white India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Other Asia. 12. Oceania: checkerboard, once worn by every person in the Brown Australia, New Zealand, Other Oceania. family that Will had known as a kid, became the company’s Most sections contain numerous tables, mostly on trademark and logo. Since that time the Checkerboard meat and meat substitute consumption, and raw protein trademark has been used with a consistency unique in consumption, by country. Address: 200 University Circle American business. Even the company’s headquarters in St. Research Center, 11001 Cedar Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106. Louis is named Checkerboard Square. Phone: 216-795-3000. By 1904, in time for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, the company had added two new food products 348. Ralston Purina Co. 1974. Ralston Purina vignettes packaged in checkerboard bags: Purina Whole Wheat Flour (News release). Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188. and Purina Pancake Flour. Distributed to fair visitors, each 9 p. Dec. of these products won fi rst prize in its category–helping the • Summary: Highlights from the history of Ralston Purina young company to share the spotlight at the Exposition. Co. In 1893 a fi nancial panic gripped America. Having just Wanting to do his part in World War I, Danforth left his graduated from Washington University in St. Louis, William burgeoning business in 1914 and went to France as YMCA H. Danforth was seeking to launch his career in some St. secretary for the troops of the Third Army Division. “After Louis business. Two church associates, George Robinson and noting the enthusiastic way soldiers responded to the word William Andrews, suggested a business making horse and ‘chow,’ he replaced the word feed with ‘Chow’ on all Purina mule feed. In those days horses and mules ate only hay, corn, animal rations.” and oats. The two men convinced young Danforth to join “While visiting England after the war, Danforth was them in the new feed manufacturing business. Thus in 1894 introduced to a form of feed which contained several the Robinson-Danforth Company was formed with a capital ingredients pressed into small cubes. In 1921, he tried the of $12,000. “Cheaper than oats and safer than corn” was the cube form in Purina Chows and the innovation caught on. slogan of their new product, which they mixed with shovels Soon the entire American feed industry was manufacturing

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 166 pellet-form feed. Danforth insisted on a distinctive name for protein products, Purdy Steak Corp.–textured vegetable his and ‘Checkers’ entered the Purina vocabulary.” protein products, A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co.–textured In 1920 Will’s son, Donald, joined the company. In 1926 and untextured vegetable protein products (200 series he convinced his father to start an experimental farm for textured vegetable protein products, 400 series), Ralston testing products. The company bought 300 acres of land at Purina Company–textured soy protein products, Central Gray Summit, Missouri, and research began. Not only feed, Soya International Inc.–soy protein products, Nabisco, Inc. but management and sanitation experiments were conducted. Protein Food Division–textured vegetable protein products, Today the farm uses 820 acres and approximately 50,000 Lucas Meyer–soy protein products. Possible sources of people tour it each year. meat substitutes other than soybeans: Protein from beans, In 1950 set out to develop a dog food to be sold through from rapeseed, from sunfl ower seed, from cottonseed, from grocery outlets. After successful test marketing, Purina peanuts, other sources of proteins. General technological Dog Chow entered national distribution in April 1957. considerations. Projected consumption and market “Advertising stressed the food’s palatability with an Eager penetration. Cost considerations: The scale of production, Eater theme. Gaines was then the total sales leader in dry the degree of processing, the price of raw materials. dog foods. By December of that year, Purina had captured Conclusions. Selected Bibliography. Appendix I: USA 14.8 per cent of the market. August, 1958, saw Dog Chow soybean processors and products manufactured. Appendix pass Gaines and become the nation’s leading dry dog food, a II: Selected recipes using TVP for type A school lunches. position it has held ever since.” Appendix III: Addresses of some companies making soy On 10 January 1962 company offi cials in New York protein products. Appendix IV: Soybean utilization chart. were celebrating the listing of Ralston Purina stock on the This book is compiled from a British viewpoint and New York Stock Exchange. But that afternoon “the worst cites many British journal articles, thus making it a nice disaster in Purina’s history took place” when a “violent dust complement to the American articles and bibliographies on explosion followed by a fi re demolished the St. Louis Chow this subject. Its bibliography is excellent. Address: Meat and manufacturing elevator. Two workers were killed and 25 Milk Service, Animal Production andf Health Div., FAO, were hospitalized with severe injuries. One fi reman suffered Rome, Italy. a heart attack while battling the fl ames.” It took 3 days to put out the fi re. Fortunately the company’s main offi ce building 350. Product Name: [Fuji Pure (spun soy protein fi ber)]. nearby, which housed 1,000 employees, was not seriously Foreign Name: FujiPua. damaged. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Manufacturer’s Name: Fuji Oil Co. Ltd. Manufacturer’s Address: Toyama Building 121, 2-chome 349. Duda, Zbigniew. 1974. Vegetable protein meat Azuchi-cho, Higashi-ku, Osaka, Japan. extenders and analogs; with special emphasis on proteins of Date of Introduction: 1974. soybean origin. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Div. of Ingredients: Defatted soybean meal. the United Nations. Animal Production and Health Div. vii + How Stored: Shelf stable. 89 p. No index. 27 cm. [214 ref] New Product–Documentation: Fuji Seiyu K.K. (Fuji Oil • Summary: Contents: Author’s preface. Acknowledgements. Co.). 1977. Fuji Seiyu 25 Nen-shi: Showa 21 nen 11-gatsu– Foreword. Introduction. Raw materials: Soybeans, other Showa 51 nen 3-gatsu [Fuji Oil Company Ltd.: 25-year raw materials. Defi nitions: Meat extenders, meat analogues. history, Nov. 1946 to March 1976]. Tokyo: Fuji Oil Co. 622 Protein rich products originating from soybeans: Soy fl our p. See p. 443. This was the fi rst spun soy protein fi ber made and grits, food utilization of soybean fl ours and grits, soy in Japan. protein concentrates, soy protein isolates, texturized soy protein. Technological and functional properties of vegetable 351. Product Name: Chuck Wagon. protein. Market considerations. A random selection of Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. T.V.P. extenders and analogues with their characteristics and Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, MO 63188. uses: Miles Laboratories, Inc., Marschall Division, Elkhart, Date of Introduction: 1974. Indiana, USA, Vegetable protein food products (Temptein New Product–Documentation: Horan. 1974. Meat analogs. TM spun textured vegetable protein, vegetable protein p. 380. This product is made of textured soy fl our (50% meat analogues, bacon-like fl avoured chips, dehydrated protein). ham-like fl avoured cubes, R pepperoni-like fl avoured links, Pro-lean 45 TM, Maxten textured vegetable protein, 352. Product Name: Supro 620. Morningstar Farms–breakfast links, patties, slices), Swift Manufacturer’s Name: Stange Canada. food protein, General Mills, Inc.–textured vegetable protein Manufacturer’s Address: Mississauga, ONT, Canada. foods, Worthington Foods, Inc.–textured vegetable protein Date of Introduction: 1974. foods, Archer Daniels Midland Co.–textured vegetable New Product–Documentation: Predicasts. 1974. World

Manufactured Soybean Foods. p. 13. “Stange (Chicago, p. Jan. 21. Unpublished manuscript. Illinois) is one of the world’s largest spice and food • Summary: Mr. Andreas has been processing soybeans manufacturers with 1973 sales of $36 million. The fi rm, and other agricultural commodities constantly since 1938. through Stange Canada, operates a plant in Mississauga, Four of ADM’s top executives come from competing Ontario, that makes ‘Supro 620’ soy protein isolate, a very companies: Mr. Walker from Ralston [Purina], Mr. Burket high grade protein ingredient for health foods, instant from Central Soya, Mr. Randall from Cargill, and Mr. Bean breakfasts, puddings and other specialty foods. The soy from Anderson-Clayton. In 1965, thanks to an entirely new isolate is sold to large food manufacturers throughout North technology that was developing for soybean processing, America for inclusion in their retail food products.” Note: ADM was transformed from a conglomerate into a non- This product was apparently later purchased by Ralston conglomerate focusing on food technology. “Thanks to a Purina. great job that had been done in research, ADM received basic patents on TVP (Textured Vegetable Protein; TVP is 353. Leading processors of soybeans, 1972-73. 1974. See p. a registered trademark). This knowledge was immediately 71 commercialized and TVP has been very successful... it is • Summary: This two-part table is Exhibit 39 of an unknown now produced by some 12-13 different companies.” document. The two sources of the information are Lehman “The Marshall Plan developed Western Europe and Brothers Estimates, and USDA. In 1972-72 (the crop year Japan into the greatest cash customers that the United States begins in September) an estimated 722 million bushels of ever had... This global internationalizing of food distribution soybeans were crushed in the United States. Estimates of the had the effect of disorienting much of the entire food number of bushels crushed by major U.S. soybean crushers processing industry. That is, a plant that was not located so is as follows: that it had access to the world markets might have become Cargill 130 million bushels. 18.0% of industry total. worthless or obsolete overnight. And dozens did.” Archer-Daniels- Midland 120 million bushels. 16.6% of Currently ADM has about 17% of the soybean industry total. processing business in the U.S., 17% of the wheat milling, Central Soya 90 million bushels. 12.5% of industry total. 25% of the barley malting, 25% of the margarine oil Ralston-Purina 70 million bushels. 9.7% of industry business, 30% of the linseed oil, and 27% of the durum fl our total. business (the basic fl our for making pasta products). Esmark [Swift] 55 million bushels. 7.6% of industry A four-horse team is pulling ADM in a certain direction total. for the future. “One is the edible soy business which includes Staley, A.E. 55 million bushels. 7.6% of industry total. our TVP and soy fl ours, in which we are the leaders, and will Anderson Clayton 40 million bushels. 5.5% of industry soon include our soy protein concentrates. It is inevitable that total. edible soy proteins will increase in use over the next 20 years Allied Mills 35 million bushels. 4.8% of industry total. by leaps and bounds on a worldwide basis. And it is for no Others 127 million bushels. 17.6% of industry total. other reason than economic compulsion. The cost of making Part II of the table shows the growing consolidation in good quality high protein edible products out of soy is so low the soybean crushing industry: compared to other protein sources that it is just a matter of Year: 1954-55. Crushings (million bu.): 241.4. Four how long it will take the food companies to learn how to use largest companies: 41% of total. Eight largest companies: it in more ways. In the soy fl our business many soy fl ours 64%. Twenty largest companies: 89%. are now being used to replace dried milk products just as Year: 1958-59. Crushings (million bu.): 398.8. Four margarine once replaced butter and this use is due to grow largest companies: 40% of total. Eight largest companies: substantially in the next few years. The soy fortifi ed bread 63%. Twenty largest companies: 86%. and roll products you saw today are examples of how protein Year: 1963-64. Crushings (million bu.): 436.8. Four levels can be boosted by 50% with little or no increase in largest companies: 50% of total. Eight largest companies: cost. ADM is the largest producer in the world of soy fl our. 70%. Twenty largest companies: 88%. “TVP business has an enormous potential, maybe Year: 1967-68. Crushings (million bu.): 576.4. Four largely outside of the United States. In every country where largest companies: 55% of total. Eight largest companies: there is a balance of payments problem, and where they 76%. Twenty largest companies: 94%. are importing meat, we get a terrifi c tail wind from the Year: 1972-73. Crushings (million bu.): 721.9. Four government in selling TVP... largest companies: 56%* of total. Eight largest companies: “The second thing going in our favor is the continuing 82%*. Twenty largest companies: 97%*. * = Estimates. worldwide expansion of the margarine business. Margarine is replacing butter, and that’s a trend that is unstoppable. 354. Andreas, Dwayne O. 1975. Presentation on ADM. Paper This trend is fundamental to our business, since about eighty presented to the New York Society of Security Analysts. 11 percent of all of our fats and oils, corn oil, soybean oil, go in

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 168 margarine. for emulsifi ed meat systems: Specifi cally designed to replace “A third part of our business which has almost unlimited costly salt soluble meat protein. April. p. 92. future growth is the soybean meal portion, where we make • Summary: Supro 620, a soy protein isolate, is made by a refi ned [dehulled] grade of soybean meal that’s used Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. It can be used to by the poultry industry all over the world. Under today’s replace 30-60% of meat protein in meat systems. technology, poultry is by far the cheapest form of meat that’s commercially produced. It will expand very much faster 358. Cereal Foods World. 1975. Products: Dari-Pro 35. than either pork or beef, because it’s so much cheaper and 20(7):338. July. so easy to produce, and that business will continue to grow • Summary: “The Protein Division of Ralston Purina enormously, worldwide. Company recently developed ‘DARI-PRO 35 for Cakes “The fourth horse of our four-horse team is the corn and Donuts,’ a unique spray-dried blend of milk proteins refi ning business.” We produce corn syrup and fructose and soy protein isolate that simulates the function of non- [two different products], which are experiencing very rapid fat dry milk in cake and cake donut systems. This bakery growth in demand. Two other very good fi rms, Standard ingredient is a carefully controlled blend of sweet dairy Brands and the A.E. Staley Co. are now producing fructose, whey, soy protein isolate and calcium and sodium caseinates. but suddenly most of the soft drink people have decided to Bakers can use the product without adjusting the levels of use fructose, creating an enormous demand. So “we changed the other ingredients, thereby cutting costs. Quality control our plans and now plan to produce about 480 million pounds measures during manufacture of ‘DARI-PRO 35 for Cakes of fructose by next winter and to double that by sometime in and Donuts’ are designed to insure consistency in the 1976.” product, minimizing the problems created by the seasonal So the four-horse team pulling ADM into the future and supplier variation of non-fat dry milk. Contact: Ray is edible soy products, margarine, soybean meal, and Dankenbring, Dept. CFW, Ralston Purina Company, 900 refi ned corn sweeteners (corn syrup and fructose). Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188.” Chairman and CEO of ADM. 359. Food Processing (Chicago). 1975. Protein update: 355. Food Technology. 1975. Ralston Purina to build new Guides to protein products and companies. Aug. p. 28, 33-34, plant. 29(3):89. March. 36, 38, 40-41, 44, 48, 50. • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co. has announced plans to • Summary: Discusses soy protein products made by: ADM, build a food protein plant in Pryor, Oklahoma, on a 35-acre Baltimore Spice, Cargill, Carnation Co., Central Soya tract of land 35 miles east of Tulsa. The plant will produce Co., Custom Food Products Inc., DMI Inc., Far-Mar-Co., a line of isolated soy proteins and among the applications General Mills, Grain Processing Corp., Griffi th Laboratories, for the company’s tailored protein ingredients are hypo- Industrial Grain Products Ltd., Lauhoff Grain Co., Miles allergenic baby foods, coffee whiteners, whipped toppings, Laboratories, Nabisco, National Protein Corp., Paniplus Co., desserts, snacks, breakfast foods, and processed meats. Ralcon Foods, Ralston Purina, Staley (A.E.) Co. (Protein “The one-story, highly automated plant is expected to be Div.), Swift & Co. Details on how each product can be used on stream by spring 1976.” and a complete address for each company are given. Note: A table (p. 25) shows what soy proteins are 356. Dahle, L.K.; Montgomery, E.P.; Brusco, V.W. 1975. available from what companies. For example: General Mills, Wheat protein-starch interaction. II. Comparative abilities Inc. (Minneapolis, Minnesota): Makes spun and textured of wheat and soy proteins to bind starch. Cereal Chemistry vegetable protein products. “Spun protein is produced from 52(2):212-25. March/April. [14 ref] soy isolate base and is used in products such as frozen • Summary: Wheat proteins and soy protein isolates have ham dices and frozen chicken dices and chunks.” Recently different abilities to bind starch, and to bind dextrins. The the company has developed a patented process for Steam ability of wheat protein to bind starch is greatly diminished Texturization of protein. The product has a clean taste and by the action of a disulfi de-splitting agent but not by a comes in a range of particle sizes. Its texture is very similar sulfhydryl blocking agent. to that of pork, beef, poultry and seafood. “Products are The soy isolates used in this study were commercial available to meet specifi c application needs with regard to products obtained from Ralston Purina and containing 95% texture, fl avor, color, size, and nutrition. Products can also be protein. They are Edi-Pro (isoelectric), Edi-Pro N (neutral), produced to retain many times their weight of moisture.” Supro 610 (modifi ed), and Supro 7 (modifi ed, soluble). Grain Processing Corp. (Muscatine, Iowa): A line of soy Address: Basic Research Dep., Campbell Inst. for Food protein concentrates with 70% protein. Two new soy protein Research, Camden, New Jersey 08101. isolates, including high and low solubility products, with 90% protein, are spray dried, free fl owing powders. 357. Food Processing (Chicago). 1975. Soy protein isolate Griffi th Laboratories (Chicago, Illinois): Soy protein

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 169 concentrate, powdered and granular structured. The latter total. For 1974/1980: Soy fl our 300/600 million lb at 12/15 is recommended as a meat extender in meat patties since it cents/lb. Textured vegetable protein 140/1000 million lb at imparts texture, binding characteristics, moisture retention 20/26 cents/lb. Soy protein concentrate 175/350 million lb and extra nutrition. This textured soy concentrate is also at 30/36 cents/lb. Soy protein isolate 75/400 million lb at “available in any number of seasoning blends.” Address: 60/75 cents/lb. Structured protein fi ber 20/80 million lb at Assoc. Editor. 40/505 cents/lb. Total: 300/2,430 million lb worth $170/$816 million. 360. Food Systems Branch and Research Branch, Agriculture On a percentage basis, the fastest growing products are Canada; Grain Marketing Offi ce. Industry, Trade and textured soy protein products (19.7% of the total in 1976 Commerce. 1975. U.S. Food Protein Council (Document increasing to 41.2% of the total in 1980) and soy protein part). In: Plant Proteins in Canada: Utilization for Human isolates (10.6% of the total in 1976 increasing to 16.5% of Food. 1975. Canada. iii+ 163 p. See p. 50. Sept. 28 cm. [1 the total in 1980). ref] There are some exciting new applications for soy • Summary: The three objectives of the Council are listed. products. Decker Treats, marketed by Armour & Co., “Members of the Council include: Archer Daniels Midland, resembles a hot dog but approximately half of the meat Cargill, Central Soya, Far-Mar-Co., General Mills, Griffi th protein is replaced with soy protein isolate. The replacement Laboratories, Lauhoff Grain, Miles Laboratories, National provides cost savings while not affecting fi nished product Protein, Ralston Purina, A.E. Staley, Swift, Honeymead quality or consumer acceptance. Another product, Proclaim Products, Riceland Foods, Pfi zer, and Nestlé.” bread, made by ITT Continental Baking Co., contains 50% Source: Grain Marketing Offi ce, Trade Commissioner more protein than competing breads. Address: Director Service of I.T. & C. [Department of Industry, Trade and of Marketing, Protein Div., Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Commerce]. Address: Canada. Missouri.

361. Anton, J.J. 1975. Good market climate nurtures soy 362. National Soybean Processors Association. 1975. Year industry growth. Food Product Development 9(8):96-99. book and trading rules 1975-1976. Washington, DC. ii + 103 Oct. p. • Summary: For ten years, the number of dairy cows in • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: America has been decreasing. Few young men aspire to Effective October 1, 1975. Contents: The National Soybean be dairy farmers. The result is rising milk prices. The U.S. Processors Association [Introduction and overview]. government support price is now $0.606 per pounds, versus Constitution and by-laws. Offi cers and directors. Executive approximately $0.40 just two years ago–a 50% increase. staff. Members. Standing committees. Food Protein Council. Table I shows that soybeans can produce more protein Trading rules on soybean meal. Sales contract. Appendix to per acre of crop land than any other farm crop (508 lb), trading rules on soybean meal: Offi cial methods of analysis versus only 97 lb for milk, and 58 lb for beef (the least (moisture, protein, crude fi ber, oil {only method numbers effi cient converter). Note: The source of the statistics in table listed}, sampling of soybean meal {automatic sampler, I is not given. However the source appears to be Roy E. probe sampler}), offi cial weighmaster application, semi- Martin 1970, p. 27. annual scale report, offi cial referee chemists (meal). Trading The main products consumed by Americans are steak, rules on soybean oil. Sales contract. Defi nitions of grade potatoes, hamburgers, hot dogs, doughnuts, cake, pie, and and quality of export oils. Soybean lecithin specifi cations. soft drinks. Appendix to trading rules on soybean oil: Inspection, grading “Today there are 17 companies involved in one phase soybean oil for color (N.S.P.A. tentative method), methods or another of soy protein manufacture... Government of analysis (A.O.C.S. offi cial methods): Soybean oil, crude; projections say that by 1980 soy products will penetrate soybean oil, refi ned; soybean oil, refi ned and bleached; the meat market to an equivalent of four million head of soybean oil for technical uses; soap stock, acidulated soap cattle and six million hogs” (Table III. Source: Feedlot stock and tank bottoms (only method numbers listed), offi cial Management). weighmaster application, semi-annual scale report, offi cial In 1975 the total soy ingredients marketed to the food referee chemists (oil). Soybean oil export trading rules. industry should be approximately 700 million pounds, Foreign trade defi nitions (for information purposes only). representing $170 million of business. This is projected to The page titled National Soybean Processors Association grow to 2,430 million lb in 1980, worth $816 million. Table (p. ii) states: “The NSPA is the professional association of IV gives amount used, price per pound, and total value, America’s soybean processors. Its members process and for 1974 and a projection for 1980, for the following soy market more than 95 percent of all soybean crushed within products: Soy fl our, textured vegetable protein, soy protein the continental U.S. From nearly 85 processing centers, in concentrate, soy protein isolate, structured protein fi ber, and every major soybean producing region of the nation, NSPA

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 170 members service America’s agricultural community. representative {who is on the Board}, followed by the other “During the past crop year about 700,000,000 bushels personal members listed alphabetically by surname. For of soybeans moved through processing plants of NSPA’s example, Archer Daniels Midland Co., the company with 33 member fi rms. Approximately 60 percent of America’s the most personal members, has 24. After the name of each 1.2 billion-bushel soybean crop is bought and processed by personal member is given his address and phone number. In NSPA members. Exporters account for another 32 percent the listing below, the number of personal members is shown of the crop, and the remainder [8%] is returned to farms for in parentheses after the name of each company, followed by seed, feed, and residuals.” Also discusses industry programs, city and state of the various locations): Anderson, Clayton soybean research, and international market development. & Co. (6); Phoenix, Arizona; Osceola, Arkansas; Jackson, The section on offi cers, executive committee, and board Mississippi; Vicksburg, Mississippi; Houston, Texas. Archer of directors (p. 7-8) gives the name, company affi liation, and Daniels Midland Co. (24); Decatur, Illinois; Galesburg, phone number of each person. Offi cers–President: Lowell Illinois; Granite City, Illinois; Fredonia, Kansas; Mankato, K. Rasmussen, Honeymead Products Co. Vice President: Minnesota; Red Wing, Minnesota; St. Louis, Missouri; John G. Reed, Jr., Continental Grain Co. Secretary: Stiles Fremont, Nebraska; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kershaw, South M. Harper, Southern Soya Corporation. Treasurer: T.J. Carolina. Buckeye Cellulose Corp. (8); North Little Rock, Suelzer, Central Soya Co. Immediate past president: James Arkansas; Augusta, Georgia; Cincinnati, Ohio; Memphis, R. Spicola, Cargill, Inc. Executive Committee: Donald B. Tennessee. Bunge Corporation (5); St. Louis, Missouri; Walker (‘77), ADM. James R. Spicola, Cargill. Thomas J. New York City, New York; Cargill, Inc. (15); Gainesville, Suelzer, Central Soya. John G. Reed, Jr., Continental. Martin Georgia; Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Sioux Hinby (‘76), Cook Industries. City, Iowa; Washington, Iowa; Chicago, Illinois; Wichita, Board of Directors (alphabetically by company; each Kansas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Fayetteville, North member company has one representative on the board): Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee; Chesapeake, Virginia. Thomas H. Wolfe, Anderson, Clayton & Co. Donald B. Central Soya Co., Inc. (11); Chicago, Illinois; Gibson City, Walker, Archer Daniels Midland Co. George H. Heinz, Illinois; Decatur, Indiana; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Indianapolis, Buckeye Cellulose Corp. John Fallon, Bunge Corporation. Indiana; Belmond, Iowa; Marion, Ohio; Bellevue, Ohio; James R. Spicola, Cargill, Inc. Thomas J. Suelzer, Central Delphos, Ohio; Chattanooga, Tennessee. Continental Soya Co., Inc. John G. Reed, Jr., Continental Grain Co., Grain Co. (8); Guntersville, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Martin Hilby, Cook Industries. Joe C. Givens, Dawson Taylorville, Illinois; New York City, New York; Cameron, Mills. Alfred Jenkins, Delta Cotton Oil & Fertilizer Co. South Carolina. Cook Industries (12); Pine Bluff, Arkansas; John A. Dotson, Far-Mar-Co., Inc. Kenneth E. Sullivan, Emporia, Kansas; Marks, Mississippi; Memphis, Tennessee. Farmers Grain Dealers Assn. of Iowa. Donald M. Chartier, Dawson Mills (3); Dawson, Minnesota. Delta Cotton Oil & Farmland Industries, Inc. Gaylord O. Coan, Gold Kist Inc. Fertilizer Co. (1); Jackson, Mississippi. Far-Mar-Co., Inc. Lowell K. Rasmussen, Honeymead Products Co. David C. (1); St. Joseph, Missouri. Farmers Grain Dealers Assn. of Thompson, Krause Milling Co. Kenneth J. McQueen, Land Iowa (Cooperative), Soybean Processing Div. (1); Mason O’Lakes, Inc. Floyd W. Brown, Lauhoff Grain Co. Kermit City, Iowa. Farmland Industries, Inc. (3); Van Buren, F. Head, Missouri Farmers Assn.–Grain Div. James A. Arkansas; Sergeant Bluff, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri. Gold Smith, National Protein Corp. Robert E. Hicks, Owensboro Kist Inc. (3); Atlanta, Georgia. Honeymead Products Co. (3); Grain Co., Inc. Frank P. Perdue, Perdue Incorporated. John Mankato, Minnesota. Krause Milling Co. (2); Milwaukee, H. Payne, Planters Manufacturing Co. William T. Melvin, Wisconsin. Land O’Lakes, Inc. (3); Fort Dodge, Iowa; Planters Oil Mill, Inc. Theodore W. Bean, Quincy Soybean Sheldon, Iowa. Lauhoff Grain Co. (1); Danville, Illinois. Co. E.J. Cordes, Ralston Purina Co., W.L. Knoll, Riceland Missouri Farmers Assn.–Grain Div. (4); Mexico, Missouri. Foods, Inc. J.D. Morton, Sherman Oil Mill. Stiles M. Harper, National Protein Corp. (2); Champaign, Illinois; Chicago, Southern Soya Corp. James W. Moore, A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Illinois. Owensboro Grain Co., Inc. (1); Owensboro, W.W. Moore, Swift Edible Oil Co. Preston C. Townsend, Kentucky. Perdue Incorporated (2); Salisbury, Maryland. Townsend’s Inc. Tyler Terrett, West Tennessee Soya Mill, Planters Manufacturing Co. (2); Clarksdale, Mississippi. Inc. Planters Oil Mill, Inc. (1); Rocky Mount, North Carolina. Executive offi ce, Washington, DC: Executive Director, Quincy Soybean Co. (4); Quincy, Illinois. Ralston Purina Co. Sheldon J. Hauck. Director, Public Affairs: Jack DuVall. (8); Bloomington, Illinois; Lafayette, Indiana; Iowa Falls, Administrative Asst.: Jean N. Sullivan. National Soybean Iowa; Louisville, Kentucky; St. Louis, Missouri; Raleigh, Crop Improvement Council: Robert W. Judd, Managing North Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee. Riceland Foods, Inc. Director. General counsel: Edward H. Hatton, Esq., Jenner & (8); Helena, Arkansas; Stuttgart, Arkansas. Sherman Oil Block, Chicago, Illinois. Mill (1); Fort Worth, Texas. Southern Soya Corp. (1); Estill, Members (listed alphabetically by company; within South Carolina. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. (8); Decatur, each company, fi rst the name of the offi cial Association Illinois. Swift Edible Oil Co., Div. of Swift & Co. (1);

Chicago, Illinois; Townsend’s Inc. (2); Millsboro, Delaware. West Tennessee Soya Mill, Inc. (1); Tiptonville, Tennessee. Associate Members: Anderson Clayton Foods, Dallas, Texas. Best Foods Div. of CPC International Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Canadian Vegetable Oil Processing Co., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Capital City Products Co., Div. of Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. I.H. French & Co., Champaign, Illinois. General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Glidden-Durkee, Div. of SCM Corporation, Chicago, Illinois (Gerald J. Daleiden). Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa (H.P. Woodstra). Hartsville Oil Mill, Hartsville, South Carolina (Richard A. Koppein). Humko Products, Memphis, Tennessee. Hunt- Wesson Foods, Inc., Fullerton, California. Kraft Foods Div. of Kraftco Corp., Chicago, Illinois. Lever Brothers Co., New York City, New York. Maple Leaf Mills Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.G. Milliken). Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Quaker Oats Co. (The), Chicago, Illinois. Schouten International, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Southern Cotton Oil Co., New Orleans, Louisiana. Southern Feed Ingredients Co., Memphis, Tennessee. Wilsey Foods, Los Angeles, California. Standing committees: For each committee, the function of the committee, the names of all members (with the chairman designated), with the company and company address of each are given–Crop Improvement Council. Meal trading rules. Oil trading rules. Safety and insurance. Soybean Research Council. Technical. Trafﬁ c and transportation. Food Protein Council (Objective and rules adopted 3 March 1971, amended 5 Nov. 1971). Address: 1800 M St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Phone: (202) 452-8040.

363. Ralston Purina Co. 1975. Food proteins: Producing proteins for the food industry. The complete protein people (Leafl et). St. Louis, Missouri. 1 p. front and back. 2 panels on each side. Each panel 22 x 9.5 cm. Red, black and white, • Summary: “Supro 50: 50% protein-high quality textured vegetable protein to be used as a texturizer, shrink controller, cost controller, extender and improver in many meat applications. Available in various particle sizes and colors. Meets FNS 219 standards. Retort stable product available also. “Textured Edi-Pro 200: Structured, high quality protein isolate fi bers (90% protein), available in frozen hydrated form (35% solids). Protein is retort stable without degradation of fi ber. Texture and mouth feel similar to that of replaced protein source. Functions as a protein fortifi er, Product acts as an emulsifi er, thickener, water binder. texturizer, shrink controller, cost controller. “Supro 610T: Supro 610 traced with TiO2 [titanium “Supro 350: Isolated soy protein, stable at acid pH’s dioxide] for frankfurter, sausage, and emulsifi ed meat below 4.0. Ideal for use in acid puddings, imitation sour applications. cream systems. “Supro 620: New soy protein isolate with increased gel “Supro 610: Extremely bland soy protein isolate for use strength, lower viscosity, higher dispersion. in instant breakfasts, health foods, puddings, frozen desserts. “Supro 620T: New soy protein isolate with increased gel

strength, lower viscosity, higher dispersion, and TiO2 traced. Designed especially for emulsifi ed meat applications. 364. Ralston Purina. 1975. Meatball (Ad). Soybean Digest. “Supro 700: Highly modifi ed soy protein isolate Nov. p. 3. specially processed to produce a high degree of solubility. • Summary: This full-page color ad shows Ralston Purina’s Film forming and emulsifying properties–used in non-dairy new fl ower-shaped logo for “Proteinability.” Supro 620 soy coffee whiteners. isolate is a modifi ed soy isolate “developed for use in meat “Supro 900: New experimental acid soluble soy protein products where water and fat binding properties are desired. isolate in a pH range from 2 to 7. Ideal for carbonated 620 forms a fi rm resilient gel when thermally processed, beverages, gelatin desserts, still beverages, dry beverage imparting a meat like bite to emulsifi ed meat products. It mixes and hard candies. Commercially available in late is high in nutrition and molecular weight. Supro 620 is 1973. bland which in most applications allows the meat fl avor to “Edi-Pro A: Isolated soy protein, pH 4.5 for protein dominate. enrichment of baby foods/geriatric foods and other retortable Supro 50 is textured vegetable protein [extruded products. Must be enzyme inactivated. textured soy fl our]. “Supro 620 in combination with Supro “Edi-Pro N: Isolated soy protein, pH 6.5 for protein 50 produces juicy patties that have a fi rm, meaty texture, and enrichment of baby foods/geriatric foods and retortable an excellent fl avor and appearance.” products. Must be enzyme inactivated.” Address: St. Louis, This ad also appeared in Food Product Development Missouri. (Feb. 1976, p. 33).

Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. hog operations in Bondurant, Iowa; the Livestock Exchange 2020) that contains the word “proteinability.” Address: in Omaha, Nebraska; and at the Univ. of Nebraska in Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. Phone: Lincoln. (314) 982-2393. “’In 1973, U.S. agricultural exports to West Germany amounted to $1.5 billion of which $570 million was for 365. Schwartz, F.H. 1975. Valor nutritivo y usos de las soybeans,’ said Dr. Lee, who helped arrange the trip. ‘These proteínas aisladas de soya [Nutritive value and uses of soybeans imported are consumed for livestock feed and in isolated soy proteins]. In: American Soybean Assoc., ed. this respect, the role of country feed dealers in the soybean 1975. Memorias: Primera Conferencia Latinoamericana industry in Germany is very important,’ he said.” Sobre la Proteina de Soya. Mexico City. 232 p. See p. 63-69. [11 ref. Spa] 367. Ralston Purina Co. 1975. Ralston Purina Company • Summary: Note: This is the earliest Spanish-language (News release). Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188. document seen (Dec. 2015) that uses the term proteínas 11 p. Dec. aisladas de soya or proteínas de soya aisladas to refer to • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Agricultural products isolated soy protein. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, and service. Research. Protein production and marketing. Missouri. Consumer products. Food service and restaurants. International and Canadian operations. Ralston Purina and 366. Soybean Digest. 1975. Korean / German teams study the future. New ventures. Corporate organization. soy protein [on U.S. tour]. Nov. p. 29. “Ralston Purina Company was founded in 1894 as • Summary: “A Korean Soy Protein Team recently visited the Robinson-Danforth Commission Company, St. Louis, the U.S. on a 16-day study tour to help acquaint them with Missouri.” A broadly-based, protein-oriented food and feed the latest developments in using soy protein and oil in company, it employs more than 50,000 people throughout foods. The group studied the uses of soy protein products– the USA, Canada, and overseas. “The Company transacts textured soy protein, soy fl our, meat analogues and dairy more than $3,000 million of business annually and is known analogues–as a means of improving human diets. “’For domestically and worldwide for its Checkerboard trademark centuries soybeans have been a major source of protein products.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. in the Korean diet,’ said ASA Market Analyst Kyung Lee who accompanied the team. ‘However, this consumption 368. Giovanna, Jasper Di. 1975? My recollections of I.D. of soybeans has been through the traditional Oriental [“Ike”] Sinaiko and early history of Illinois Soy Products Co. foods, which account for 70% of the total Korean soybean Illinois? 22 p. Undated. Unpublished typescript. consumption.’ • Summary: In early 1935 Jasper saw a news story in the “Team members, Mrs. Jun Ryun Wang of the Korean newspaper in Springfi eld, Illinois, stating that a man from Food Development Institute; Mr. Churl Woo Park, a Madison, Wisconsin, named Isaac Sinaiko had purchased an government food policy offi cial; and Mrs. Kyung Hwa Chun, old fl our mill and warehouse located near The Springfi eld a member of the Korean press, will relay information on new Stock Yards. It said that Mr. Sinaiko, together with certain soy protein developments to the government, food industry associates, intended to install machinery and equipment and and public. remodel the building to accommodate a soybean processing “Their visit, which included stops in Minnesota, Illinois, business. New York, Missouri and California, was arranged by The U.S. was still in the throes of the terrible 1929 to ASA in cooperation with the Foreign Agriculture Service. 1937 Depression. Jasper, who had only part-time work, Places visited during the trip included: the department of was looking for a better job. At the time he was doing food science at the Univ. of Minnesota; General Mills in stenographic work, light bookkeeping, and other secretarial Minneapolis, Minnesota; Central Soya, Chicago, Illinois; work. Through Mr. Rankin, superintendent of the Springfi eld the Univ. of Illinois, Champaign; Nabisco International Co., Stock Yards, he got in touch with Ike Sinaiko–who called New York; and Ralston Purina, St. Louis, Missouri. him to say that he would soon need a stenographer-clerk- “According to Dr. Lee, the demand for better diets bookkeeper. They met at Jasper’s offi ce in Springfi eld including more protein can be met partially by the soy and Jasper began to send out letters to potential customers protein foods which have been developed in recent years. advising them of the new business; each contained samples “A team of country feed dealers from West Germany of soybean meal and soybean cake. also visited Iowa and Nebraska during the month of The new company, named Illinois Soy Products Co., was September to update their knowledge of mixed feed incorporated under the laws of Delaware. Associated with production, grain elevator operation, livestock production Ike in the company were his father, Alex, and his brother, and animal science research. The group of 23 spent time at Joe. A little later an attorney, Carl Sorling, an attorney in the Story Cooperative at Story City, Iowa; the Don Newby Springfi eld, also joined. Carl had a very successful law fi rm,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 175 apparently specializing in corporate law. and 60¢ per bushel. I believe our starting base wage rate for The president and managing of the company was I.D. laborers was 25¢ per hour and for skilled men up to 45¢ per Sinaiko. His father, Alex, still lived in Madison, Wisconsin, hour. ‘Skilled’ men would be maintenance men, millwright, but come to Springfi eld often and spent time at the plant and expeller operators. during construction and installation. Joe Sinaiko was Ike’s “I soon learned that Ike Sinaiko was a man of high elder brother. He also had a younger brother, Arlie, who character, soft-spoken, keen of mind and with a friendly was an eye, ear, nose, and throat doctor. Joe Sinaiko lived disposition. He was a charitable and also religious man. He in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where he ran the Iowa Milling Co., quickly made friends in business circles and also in personal a soybean processing plant which he owned. “Joe Sinaiko activities. He became active in his church. Also, Ike’s wife was one of the fi rst soybean processors in the State of Iowa Ruth was very well liked and made friends readily... He was and one of the earliest in the United States.” In Madison, well liked by his ‘peers’ in the Soybean Industry. Wisconsin, the home of the Sinaiko family, the Sinaikos had “Inasmuch as the soybean industry was very young operated a feed store and feed jobbing business. But, in the at the time, a good deal of effort was needed to induce early days, Joe Sinaiko was the only family member who farmers to plant more soybeans. We had also to disseminate had experience with soybeans and soybean processing. In information to buyers of Soybean Meal as to how to feed the early days Joe had also manufactured feeds, and at times successfully the soybean meal to cattle, hogs, chickens, soap. “In Iowa Joe had a large recognition and enjoyed a big turkeys etc.” (p. 5) following. He was lovingly referred to in certain circles as Ike started a plan of trading soybean meal for ‘Iowa Joe.’” soybeans on a pound for pound basis. This appealed to While the plant was being remodeled and the machinery soybean growers and helped the company, which was installed, Alex and Joe Sinaiko spent a great deal of time in profi table for two or three years. However when oil prices Springfi eld. They guided the activity and worked closely began to increase relative to meal prices the practice was with Ike. Since Ike had little real experience with soya discontinued. processing, and Jasper had absolutely none, Joe spent “I learned a lot from Ike because of the gentle way he much time patiently teaching them. They began to order responded to angry shippers who were disturbed by grade booklets, circulars, and other information on soybeans from discounts. Ike had a pleasing manner with customers and the University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, potential customers. He was always generous, but not overly the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, DC, the so.” National Soybean Processors Association, etc. “Ike had a wonderful way with children. He was very As the plant opening approached, Ike hired a traveling democratic with employees and soon earned their friendship salesman, Matt Carrigan, to call on the trade and also to and respect.” A long story follows of how he helped Albert solicit soybean meal and cake business. The machinery Cresswell and his family (p. 6). being installed for soybean processing was made largely Both Ike and Joe were very wise and skillful in by the V.D. Anderson Co. of Cleveland, Ohio. Anderson’s capitalizing on the movement of markets. They had a knack representative in the Illinois area, John Lundberg, of buying and selling at the right time. Ike illustrated this contributed his experience and knowledge. The original many times to the profi t of Illinois Soy Products Co.–which machinery included three “Duo Expellers,” which each was a success right from the fi rst year. Another factor was crushed or pressed 350 bushels of soybeans per day, for a the expanding livestock and poultry industries; demand for total of 1,050 bushels/day. soybean meal in feeds was greater than the supply. In 1935 the soybean industry in the USA was in its The soybean meal made by the company was sold under infancy. Most of the soybeans were yellow, but some black the brand name of “Illini,” a good choice for a processor or brown soybeans were grown for hay. The latter were located in Illinois. “Although the Illinois Soy Products considered inferior for processing since they contained 1-2% Company was the only soya processing plant in Springfi eld less oil and because the dark skins discolored the yellowish there were 3 large competitors in Decatur, Illinois: A.E. soybean meal. “Some buyers seeing the dark specks got the Staley Mfg. Company, Archer Daniels Midland Company, idea that the meal had been adulterated.” and the Shellabarger Soybean Processing Company. Allied The Sinaiko’s hired James Schlesinger to be plant Mills was located at Taylorville, Illinois just 26 miles superintendent. His son-in-law, Gordon Cruikshank, who away. Funk Brothers Seed Company had a soybean plant at worked for the C&IM Railway Co., gave Ike and Jasper Bloomington, Illinois. Ralston Purina Company operated at much valuable help concerning rates and the use of “Milling St. Louis, Missouri; Glidden in Chicago. There was also a in Transit” billing of soybean meal. Much money was plant in Quincy, Illinois, but I have forgotten the owners of involved in proper application of “transit billing” and rates. that plant. Ike soon became on good terms with the operators “In the fall of 1935 processing started at the Illinois Soy of those plants and they sometimes loaned us machinery Products Company. Prices for soybeans were between 50¢ parts and gave us information regarding what to do about

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 176 problems. Of course, Joe Sinaiko was daily in touch with morals and character. This impressed me very much and had Ike and was extremely helpful with machinery, loan of much to do with how I handled myself.” personnel, and when needed loans of money. Ike had great “During this time, along with the rapid expansion of the respect for Joe and also Love.” livestock and poultry feeding there was a big jump in volume The company soon began to expand, adding several of pet food business, especially the dog food business. larger Anderson expellers. Ike and Ruth built a new, beautiful There was a growing acceptance of dry dog food which and spacious house in southwest Springfi eld, adjacent to was relatively new in pet feeding. Soybean products were Washington Park. Ike began to travel more, both on business widely used in the manufacture or formulation of ‘dry’ dog and for pleasure. He took his family to Israel, Europe, and food. Ike got the idea to make a Soya Pea-Sized Cake for Havana, Cuba–leaving Jasper in charge. Ike suffered from use in Dog Food. This product was obtained by a screening asthma, and all the dust around the soybean plant made it process of the Soybean Cake after it left the Cake Crusher in diffi cult for him to breathe properly. He cleared his throat our process. The Pea-Sized Cake was accepted and became frequently, and occasionally hinted that he would like to get a permanent part of the business of the Illinois Soy Products away from the Illinois humidity. Continued. Company.” Ike also made a mixture of molasses with soybean cake 369. Giovanna, Jasper Di. 1975? My recollections of I.D. for feeding cattle. Then he ordered and installed a “pellet [“Ike”] and early history of Illinois Soy Products Co. machine” and made “Soybean Meal Pellets” for about a year. (Continued). Illinois? 22 p. Undated. Unpublished typescript. But neither of the two products was successful. Note: This • Summary: Continued: At Joe’s suggestion, Ike entered the is the earliest English-language document seen (June 2018) Illinois Soy Products Co. into membership with the National that contains the term “Soybean Meal Pellets” (regardless of Soybean Processors Association. He even served on some capitalization). Association committees. The secretary or president of NSPA Discusses Hitler’s 1938 rise to power in Germany, at the time was Edward J. Dies, an author of agricultural or his oppression of Jews, and the family of Eric Nadel of Wall Street subjects. He wrote several books about soybeans. Hamburg. Eric and his wife came to Springfi eld and Ike In about 1937 Ike had some meetings with a hired him to work in the offi ce. He also later helped Otto representative of a German company that designed and built Langfelder. solvent extraction plants for soybeans. At that time most of Joe and Ike decided to start a soybean plant in Decatur, the industry capacity was of the expeller type (or hydraulic in Illinois, because of the favorable freight rates and “milling the southern U.S.). A number of larger companies, including in transit” privileges. Also large amounts of soybeans were ADM in Decatur, were looking at solvent extraction plants. grown in the surrounding area. They purchased the vacant Eventually, after serious consideration, Ike decided against Hight Elevator, an old concrete elevator situated on the such a plant, apparently for three reasons: (1) He wanted I.C. railroad in an industrial area, and started Decatur Soy to move to a better climate; (2) Extraction plants required Products Co. It began production at harvest time in 1939. considerable water and sewage usage, neither of which were ADM’s new solvent extraction plant was not ready until easily obtainable at the plant site; (3) These plants were very shortly afterwards. expensive. When Germany invaded Poland and Britain [sic], and Ruth Sinaiko’s maiden name was Grebler. Her parents World War II began, the commodity markets exploded. moved from Wisconsin to Springfi eld to be near Ruth and The war helped the soybean industry to grow, and most Ike and for new business opportunities. This made everyone processors thrived. Decatur Soy Products was a fi nancial happy. Ike and Ruth adopted a baby girl. “They named her success its fi rst year. Jean and gave her all their love.” During the 1930s, the U.S. was a net importer of fats As time passed, the acreage planted to soybeans in the and oils. Most of the imports came from Southeast Asia. U.S., including Illinois, increased. The country began to After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, these imports come out of the Depression. Irving Rosen, a brother-in-law stopped. The U.S. government took emergency action to of Ike’s, together with Joe and Alex Sinaiko, bought the increase our supply of oils and fats by a big increase in the soybean plant at Quincy. Max Albert, another brother-in-law, planting of soybeans and other oilseeds. Their program also with Joe Sinaiko’s help, bought property at Galesburg, included control of the soybean processing industry by the Illinois and made plans for a soybean processing plant. U.S. Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). After many These plants became successful and this made Ike meetings, a plan was developed which put all soybean happy. There were good relations between the various processors under contract with CCC. This contract fi xed the families and many get-togethers. Frequently Ike would take profi t margins of the processors, and controlled the prices Jasper to these get-togethers. “They all treated me very processors could pay for soybeans or charge for products. affectionately. Joe and Ike would advise me of the virtues Ike played a role in these negotiations and his views were of working hard and of being honest and of keeping good respected. The profi t margin was good and processors, with

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 177 few exceptions, prospered. Through these meetings and closed plant related NSPA meetings Ike became well acquainted with the “In the beginning Ike processed mostly soybeans and leaders of the Industry as well as the CCC and he attended fl ax at The Liberty Vegetable Oil Company, but as time when many of the meetings where decisions were made. A few of along he learned to crush profi tably such oil bearing seeds as these people were Soybean Johnson of Purina, Gene Funk saffl ower, copra, and off-grade walnuts ant other nuts which of Funk Brothers Seed Company, Ed. Sheiter of A.E. Staley were in good supply in Southern California. Later, he put Mfg. Company, Dwayne Andreas of Honeymead Products, in a small scale refi nery and produced refi ned oils for the Ralph Goldseth of the Glidden Company, Clive Marshall cosmetic trade... This business was a success for Ike from the of Allied Mills, Hank Lloyd of U.S. CCC, Ed Dies of the fi rst year, though it took a good deal of doing on Ike’s part.” N.S.P.A. Mr. Shellabarger of The Shellabarger Soybean Processing Company.” 370. USDA Farmer Cooperative Service. FCS Research The War created a major expansion in the livestock Report. 1976. Appendix–Companies producing and and poultry industries, and also in the usage of fats and distributing soy products. No. 33. p. 53-82. Jan. Edible Soy oils, not only in the U.S. but in countries allied with us. Protein: Operational Aspects of Producing and Marketing. Therefore soybean acreage grew rapidly and processing [60 ref] capacity grew with it. Yes despite this expanded capacity, • Summary: Part I. “Companies producing and/or demand for products was greater than supply. Because of distributing under private label brands of textured vegetable the mushrooming demand for feeds, the availability of protein products that meet the requirements of FNS Notice formula feeds was limited by the feed company’s ability to 219.” (Note: FNS is USDA’s Food & Nutrition Service). buy proteins. Soybeans had become the single largest U.S. Lists every known company making such products (as of source of protein for the feed makers. Some processing fi rms Sept. 1974), with the company address and the full name began to hold back on selling proteins to the trade so they of each product. The following companies and brands are could increase their production of feeds, and some even used listed; (D) = Distributors: Allen Foods (D) Lasco; Archer this advantage to enter the formula feed business. The feed Daniels Midland Co. TVP; Biggers Bros. (D) Farmbest fi rms that found their protein supplies completely or partially Promate; Cargill Inc. Textratein; Central Soya Co. Inc. cut off were desperate to obtain supplies. Most of the Promosoy, Centex; Continental Coffee Co. (D) Continental; processors, including Illinois Soy Products Co. and Decatur Continental Organization of Distributor Enterprises, Inc. Soy Products Co. started allocation systems based on the (D) Code Fortifi ed; Embassy Grocery Corp. (D) Lucky previous year’s usage. New customers could only be given Boy Pro-Tenda; Far-Mar-Co, Inc. Ultra-Soy; Federated an allocation as the processor’s production expanded. Foods, Inc. (D) Parade Promate; First Spice Mixing Co., The leading U.S. grain company and exporter of Inc. (D) Texite; Frozen Food Forum, Inc. (D) Frosty Acres; grains, the Cargill Co., had recently entered the formula Galanides, Inc. (D) Galanides; General Mills, Inc. Bontrae feed business. Since Cargill was not a soybean processor (Frozen Hydrated or Dehydrated); Griffi th Laboratories and found it diffi cult to buy enough soybean meal, Cargill Griffi th’s GL-219, Promate, GSVP, GSPC; B. Heller & Co. decided to buy a going soybean processing business. Joe and (D) Heller’s; Hollymatic Corp. (D) Hollymatic; Institutional Ike often visited and spoke with Julius Hendel of Cargill as Wholesalers, Inc. (D) Saxony; Lauhoff Grain Co., Inc. Vita- well as some others prominent in Cargill’s managing team, Pro; Marshall Produce Co. (D) Marshall; Miles Laboratories and Cargill’s desire for a soybean plant was conveyed to Ike Maxten, Temptein; Nabisco, Inc. VMR I or II; National or Joe. After some preliminary talks, a deal was made for Institutional Food Distributor Associates, Inc. (D) NIFDA Cargill’s purchase of the Illinois Soy Products Company. [in Promate; National Protein Corp. Textrasoy; National School- early 1944] The price paid was generous and afforded Ike Pak (D) Promate; Nugget Distributors, Inc. (D) Nugget and the other stockholders a very good capital gain. Cargill Promate, Nugget Magi-Pro; Oppenheimer Casing Co. (D) agreed to keep Eric Nadel and the other personnel on to help Textured Oppenheimer Pro; Portland Wholesale Grocery Co. run their new acquisition. (D) Preferred Stock; Ralcon Foods SPF-200; Ralston Purina “Following the sale of Illinois Soy Products Company, Co. SUPRO; S.E. Rykoff & Co. (D) S.E.R.; John Sexton Ike made plans for moving his family and home to Los & Co. (D) Sexton Protein Plus; A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Food Angeles, California. Service Div. Nutra-Mate; A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Mira-Tex; “Ike did not intend to retire. He scouted around in Swift Edible Oil Co. Swift’s Texgran, SFP-TA, Burger-Aide California for a business to buy or get into. There was an I; Sysco Corp. (D) Sysco and Sysco Promate. expeller-type soybean plant in Norwalk, California that was New additions to the list: Custom Food Products, Inc. owned by The Glidden Company and which was closed- (D) CFP; Miles Labs. Pro-Lean; Industrial Grain Products down. It had not operated for a while. Ike and Joe decided Ltd. Perplus; General Spice, Inc. Sotex. they could make a go of this business and they formed The Part II (p. 70-81). “Companies producing and/or Liberty Vegetable Oil Company, following purchase of the distributing under private label acceptable textured vegetable

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 178 protein product mixes.” Alberto-Culver Co. Milani; been issued to William Atkinson of ADM on 6 Jan. 1970. Bernard Food Industries, Inc. Tex-Pro; Biggers Brothers The Atkinson patent, between 1970 and 1976, and played a Inc. Farmbest; Continental Organization of Distributor major role in making TVP a very widely used product in the Enterprises CODE; Federated Foods, Inc. Red & White USA. However after the Flier patent was issued, a lawsuit or Parade; Kraft Foods. Kraft School Lunch Chili Mix & and trial determined that the Flier patent dominated the Textured Vegetable Protein. Kraft School Lunch Sloppy Joe Atkinson patent largely because it could be traced back to Mix & Textured Vegetable Protein. Footnote: The textured 1964. For more details, see the interview with Ed Meyer on vegetable protein component of the Kraft mixes is Promate 10 May 1993. #500-SL or Promate #100-SL manufactured by Griffi th Note 3. On 6 Sept. 1989 the United States District Labs. Lawry’s Foods, Inc. Stretch; Milwaukee Seasoning Court–Central District of Illinois ruled in a case of Ralston Laboratories, Inc. MSL TVP, Flavormate; National Purina vs. A.E. Staley that patent No. 3,940,495 (the Flier Institutional Food Distributor Associates, Inc. NIFDA; patent) “is held to be unenforceable by virtue of inequitable National School Pak; North American Laboratory Co., Inc. conduct.” Address: Ladue, Missouri. Magic Menu; Nugget Distributors, Inc. Nugget; Sysco; Williams Foods, Inc. Williams Expand; The Golden Dipt Co. 372. Food Engineering. 1976. Soy isolate replaces casein: Golden Dipt/DCA. First use is in coffee whitener. 48(4):41. April. Note: The above product mixes are used in the Type • Summary: Supro 710, is a new soy protein isolate, made A school lunch. Typical mixes are for chili mix, meat loaf by Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. It can be used to or meatballs, patty mix, pizza sauce, sloppy joe, spaghetti replace casein or caseinate, especially in coffee whiteners. sauce, or taco fi lling. The name of the manufacturer of the textured soy protein ingredient is given for each. Address: 373. Garino, David P. 1976. Foreign demand for soy protein Farmer Cooperative Service. is seen tied more to economics than nutrition. Wall Street Journal. May 17. p. 28 (East). Or West Coast ed. p. 22. 371. Flier, Ronald J. Assignor to Ralston Purina Company, • Summary: “Foreign countries are developing quite an Inc. (St. Louis, Missouri). 1976. Protein product and method appetite for soy protein.” for forming same. U.S. Patent 3,940,495. Feb. 24. 10 p. A shortage of meat in Poland has led the government Application fi led 17 Jan. 1973. [5 ref] to decree that Polish sausage and other meats contain soy • Summary: “Related U.S. Application Data: Continuation protein. of Serial Number 600,471, Dec. 9, 1966, abandoned, which International demand for soy protein is growing faster is a continuation-in-part of Serial Number 381,853, July 10, than U.S. demand say experts in the fi eld. 1964, abandoned.” Although soy protein is being used in an ever increasing “Abstract: A method of producing an expanded product number of foods, its main use continues to be as a meat which resembles meat, directly from soybean meal itself, extender and substitute, largely for economic rather than including the steps of utilizing soybean meal that has nutritional reasons. It generally takes 2-2½ lb of feed to substantially all the fat removed to an amount of about 5% produce one lb of chicken (live weight), 3½-4 lb of feed or less, and preferably 2% or less, moistening the soybean for one lb of pork, and 4-5 pounds of feed for one pound meal such as mixing the soybean meal with water to obtain of beef–all live weight. So when feed prices rise, as they a moisture content of about 20%-40% by weight, controlling have in recent years, meat production becomes more costly the pH within the range of 5 to 12, preferably 6 to 9, and soy protein extenders look more attractive. Sales of soy preferably adding an edible pH altering electrolyte while protein isolates climbed 60% last year, following a gain of maintaining the controlled pH, and then simultaneously, about 40% in 1974 according to Ralston Purina. In 1976 mechanically working, heating above 212ºF, and pressurizing sales of textured soy fl our in Europe are growing at 15-20% the moistened soybean meal in an extruder chamber a year. West Germany doesn’t permit use of soy protein in suffi ciently to cause continuous conversion of the meal to meat. a fl owable substance, and forcing the substance through The percentage of disposable income spent on food is and out of restricted orifi ce means to expand it into a lattice 18% in the USA, 25% in Western Europe, more than 25% network structure having resilience, body strength, and in Eastern Europe, and about 40% in developing countries. appearance approaching that of meat. 52 claims, 1 drawing Address: Staff Reporter. fi gure.” Note 1. “Abandoned” means that the patent examiner 374. Ralston Purina Co. 1976. Proteinability–we worked a probably gave the inventor a hard time on the patent long, long time before we gained it (Ad). Soybean Digest. application so that the inventor abandoned all or part of it. May. p. 2. Note 2. At the time this patent was issued, there was • Summary: In this full-page color ad, the “Proteinability” another rather similar U.S. patent (No. 3,488,770) that had logo is like a sunfl ower with 6 round petals. “Protein

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 179 knowledge doesn’t come easy. It takes years of search follows a good history of modern soy protein development and study. And its takes commitment. We committed from 1930 to the present. In the “late 1950s, the fi rst edible ourselves. Then we chased every protein rainbow on nature’s soy protein plant went on stream in Chicago [Illinois, where horizon. After we learned from nature we developed our Central Soya made Promine]. This was followed a few years own technology. Our purpose–to supply the world’s food later at another edible plant in Louisville, Kentucky [owned industry with the highest quality, most economical protein by Ralston Purina Co.]. Soon products began appearing on products possible.” Contact Ralston Purina Co. in St. Louis, the marketplace listing ‘soy protein’ or ‘vegetable protein’ Missouri, or Purina Protein Europe in Brussels, Belgium. in their ingredient lists... This triggered a rapid growth in “Proteinability–we’re the fi rst source.” the plant protein industry starting in the mid-1960s... To summarize, it can be said that the fi rst 65 years were the 375. Food Processing (Chicago). 1976. New food plants: hardest for this new industry, but after that the progress was Construction engineering trends [Isolated soy proteins; irresistible. Nothing is as powerful as an idea whose time has Ralston Purina Co.]. June. p. 28. come.” • Summary: On a 100-acre site in Pryor, Oklahoma, Ralston A portrait photo shows Boyer, who “attended the Purina Co., is building a plant to make isolated soy proteins. Edison Institute of Technology before serving as Manager An illustration shows the plant, which is designed using a of the Soybean and Chemurgic Laboratory, Ford Motor Co. phase concept to allow future expansion. Using slipform from 1931 to 1943. He spent the next six years as Director concrete construction, the fi rst phase of the highly automated of Research for Drackett Co. Boyer worked as a Protein is expected to be fi nished this fall. Consultant for the next 13 years with such companies as Swift and Co., Unilever Ltd., Worthington Foods Inc., 376. Product Name: [Fujipur SP-90 (Spun Soy Protein Nabisco, General Mills and Ralston Purina. In 1962 he Fibers)]. joined Ralston Purina as Protein Scientist. He served in Foreign Name: Fujipur SP-90. this capacity until his retirement in 1971, at which time he Manufacturer’s Name: Fuji Purina Protein Ltd. Subsidiary assumed his present position.” Address: Protein Consultant, of Fuji Oil Co. and Ralston Purina. Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, Indiana, 46514. Manufacturer’s Address: Sumiyoshi-cho 1, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan. Offi ces: Time Building, 9th fl oor, Kanda Suda- 379. Product Name: Supro HD-90 (Isolated Soy Protein). cho 1-28-2, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Date of Introduction: 1976 June. Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Blue Book. MO 63188. 1976. p. 48. Date of Introduction: 1976 July. New Product–Documentation: General Product 377. Product Name: Supro 350, Supro 610T, Supro 620, Description. 1976. July 1. “Supro HD-90 Soy Protein Isolate: Supro 620T, Supro 710, Edi-Pro A, Edi-Pro N (Isolated Soy General Product Description. This one-sided leafl et gives Protein). Renamed PP620 and PP710 by Nov. 1987. physical properties, microbiological data, packaging, amino Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Protein Div. acid composition. Typical [nutritional] analysis. Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, “SUPRO HD-90 is a specially processed soy protein MO 63188. isolate that has a high molecular weight and excellent Date of Introduction: 1976 June. nutritional properties. It is processed to provide a high New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Blue Book. density, powdered soy isolate. Bland in fl avor, SUPRO HD- 1976. p. 48. 90 is designed for use as a nutritional enhancer of foods, particularly dietary and health foods.” 378. Boyer, Robert A. 1976. Early history of the plant protein industry. Cereal Foods World 21(7):297-98. July. 380. Shen, Jerome L. 1976. Solubility profi le, intrinsic • Summary: “Shortly after the turn of this century, there viscosity, and optical rotation studies of acid precipitated soy appeared on the American scene one of the fi rst examples of protein and of commercial soy isolate. J. of Agricultural and a food product based on a processed plant protein. Dr. John Food Chemistry 24(4):784-88. July/Aug. [21 ref] Harvey Kellogg, in an effort to add more vegetable protein • Summary: The data of this experiment support three foods to the menu of his famed Battle Creek Sanitarium [in conclusions: “(1) A single solubility measurement at a Michigan], developed a method for producing wheat gluten given pH and ionic strength, such as the nitrogen solubility from ground wheat and converting it into an attractive entree index, is insuffi cient to characterize the solubility of an resembling a cut of meat.” isolate. (2) Some soy proteins are insolubilized by acid Yet long before, people of the Orient have obtained a precipitation. Additional proteins are insolubilized by major portion of their protein from bean curd or tofu. There commercial processing. Dialysis prior to acid precipitation,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 180 however, prevents these insolubilization reactions. (3) Loss heat treatment, salt is added and various other processes are of solubility cannot be used as the sole criterion of soy carried out, it is necessary to know how these conditions will protein denaturation, since some reactions at pH 12 treatment affect the functionality of isolated soy proteins. that denature the proteins actually increase the solubility.” “I will elaborate on these principles by choosing an Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63188. application from the meat industry. The incorporation of soy isolates in comminuted meat products compliments the meat 381. Smith, Bill. 1976. Ralston Purina’s farm business binding proteins in their function as water and fat stabilizers, mushrooming: especially near Princeton. Journal Star emulsifi ers and heat coagulants. (Peoria, Illinois). Sept. 8. p. A-10. “In processed meats, it is general practice to use low • Summary: Ralston is building a huge mushroom farm quality meats, having low levels of ‘binding proteins.’ The inside an above-ground building. This is the fourth such water binding and fat emulsifi cation capacity is consequently operation built or purchased by the company in the last fi ve limited. Furthermore, these remain degenerate on heat years. It will make Ralston Purina the biggest producer of processing, whereby the binding properties are further mushrooms in the United States. The fi rst mushrooms are diminished. expected to be on area dinner tables by late November. The “Certain specifi c soy isolates are known to be able to farm is expected to employ about 300 people when things emulsify and stabilize larger quantities of fat and water than are in full swing and production is expected to reach 225,000 meat proteins, and to form a rigid gel at concentrations above pounds a week. 10%, without loss of any of their binding characteristics. Until recent years, most mushrooms in the USA were Furthermore, these remain stable through the heat processing grown in old limestone caves, largely in Pennsylvania. steps. Photos show: (1) The steel skeleton of the building as “A practical illustration is the incorporation of soy it rises. (2) George Tykol, plant manager. (3) James Elliott, protein:water:fat emulsion, having a 1:5:5 ratio. This general manager. emulsion is stable at room temperature, after retorting and Northern Regional Research Center: Notes from cooking or frying...” Address: Managing Director, Purina the director: 1978. April 7. Three staff members “visited Protein Europe S.A., Brussels, Belgium. Ralston-Purina’s above-ground mushroom farm near Princeton, Illinois. This facility was opened November 1976 384. Koch, Carol. 1976. USSR, Polish seminars foundation and produced 12 million pounds of mushrooms in 1977. for future contracts. Soybean Digest. Nov. p. 19. Their process consists of composting horse bedding straw • Summary: “’Edible soy protein seminars being conducted (obtained from Chicago racetracks) plus various protein in Poland and the USSR are just the foundation on which amendments. Following the composting phase, the material we hope to build a future for soybean market development is pasteurized with steam and inoculated with Agaricus in these countries,’ according to Dennis Blankenship, ASA bisporus spawn. After a short period of vegetative growth, a director of market development. peat moss-lime ‘casing’ layer is placed on top of the compost “Conducted in late October, Blankenship remarked that trays to promote formation of the familiar edible mushroom.” these seminars marked the fi rst time American industry could deal directly with prospective Soviet and East European 382. Schapiro, Abraham. 1976. Preparation of water customers on the topic of soy protein foods as a means dispersible protein products. U.S. Patent 3,988,511. Oct. 26. of meeting world food needs. The seminars were jointly 10 p. Application fi led 2 Jan. 1974. [7 ref] sponsored by ASA, the Food Protein Council and the Foreign • Summary: Lecithin makes various protein products, such Agricultural Service. as soy proteins, dispersible. Mentions applications involving “Drawing together expert technicians in the production Central Soya’s Promine D and Promine F, and Ralston and application of various soy protein products, the seminars Purina’s Isolate No. 610 and 620. Address: P.O. Box 548, briefed government and institutional feeding offi cials Kentfi eld, California 94904. on the uses soy could have in their nutritional programs. Delegates came from the USSR, Hungary, Poland, Romania, 383. Edwards, A. Christopher. 1976. Isolated soy proteins– Yugoslavia, East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. Functions and applications. In: Archer Daniels Midland Co., “Among, the speakers at the seminars was Richard comp. 1976. Edible Soy Protein Seminar. Decatur, Illinois. Burket, Archer Daniels Midland. According to Burket, ‘As 220 p. See p. 201-07. Held at Moscow, USSR and Warsaw, an industry, the edible soy protein industry is rather young.’ Poland. But as a food product, it fi nds uses ranging ‘from basic [soy] • Summary: This paper begins (p. 204): “It has been fl our to the textured products and are used in everything established that pH, structure, solubility, ionic strength and from bakery products to meat and dairy products.’ It looks to temperature have an effect on the functional properties of the be a growing market on an international basis, he contends, protein. Since food systems can vary in pH, are submitted to because soy protein provides an economic protein source

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 181 that is versatile. It’s biggest boost came from the U.S. long, long time before we branched out on our own (Ad). Government when it’s use was approved in school lunch Soybean Digest. Nov. p. 39. programs thus opening the door to the growing institutional • Summary: “Long before protein became the “magic feeding market. food supplement” we were studying everything about “One portion of the seminar discussed the nutritional protein nature would release. After we learned from nature, aspects of soy protein products; the general manufacturing we branched out on our own. Our purpose–to develop process plus composition, function and nutritional properties protein systems that would be functional, nutritional, and of soy fl our and grits; textured soy protein products, and economical. soy concentrates and isolates. Speaking to these topics, “Result... Ralston Purina has become the number one respectively, were Dr. Irvin E. Liener, Univ. of Minnesota; source of Proteinability in the world, more totally engaged Dr. Donald Quass, Dawson Mills, Minnesota; Dr. Bernard in the development of food protein ingredients–soy isolates, Link, Cargill Inc., Minnesota; Dr. L.D. Williams, Central textured vegetable proteins and dairy blends–than any other Soya Co., Illinois. company.” “The second part of each seminar covered the various Purina Protein Europe is located at 391 Avenue Louise, applications of soy ranging from consumer applications 1050 Brussels, Belgium. to bakery, meat and whipping applications plus a look at developments that may take place in the future. Chris 386. Dun’s Review. 1976. The fi ve best-managed companies: Edwards, Ralston Purina S.A., Belgium, opened the Ralston Purina’s protean growth. 108(6):39, 48-50. Dec. discussion of soy applications and was followed by Robert • Summary: “Besides being the world’s largest producer Bartz, Nabisco Protein Foods, New Jersey; Dr. Morton S. of animal feed and pet food, Ralston Purina is also a leader Cole, Archer Daniels Midland, Illinois; William Readdy, in protein production and nutrition research, which have Griffi th Laboratories, Illinois; Jaap Van Son, A.E. Staley, The vast implications for the company’s future.” Chairman Hal Netherlands; and Sheldon J. Hauck, Food Protein Council, Dean (for Robert Halladay Dean) notes: “’We are still a Washington, D.C. broadly based agricultural company. Our basics haven’t “Addressing both seminars on the future soybean changed. But the growth we see is in other areas... Call us a supply prospects and technology available to U.S. soybean nutrition company...” Over the past 5 years the company’s farmers were Dick Falb, ASA, and Gerald Michaelson, ASA earnings have more than doubled. It was the increases in president from Dawson, Minnesota. such high-margin consumer operations as cereals, tuna, pet Keynoting the Moscow meeting was U.S. Assistant foods, and restaurants (Jack-in-the-Box) that contributed Secretary of Agriculture Richard Bell, and U.S. Ambassador most to the profi ts. The 900-unit Jack-in-the Box chain, Richard T. Davies opened the Warsaw conference. which serves burgers and tacos, is America’s third largest “A special 1-day seminar on soybean meal utilization fast-food operation–after McDonald’s and Burger King. followed the USSR meeting. Since Ralston acquired the chain in 1968, sales have nearly “Following an introduction to participants by Alan tripled to $350 million. The company “today gets about half Trick, ag attache, Dick Falb, ASA, provided an overview of its operating profi ts from consumer products. It markets U.S. soybean production. Then the conferees were given the such familiar foods as Chex, Ralston and Freakies cereals as technical information for application of soybean meal in their well as Ry-Krisp, and it holds the top position in pet foods livestock and poultry rations. (Purina dog and cat chows, Chuck Wagon, Tender Vittles, “Dr. Keith Smith, ASA animal nutritionist, discussed Lovin’ Spoonfuls) with an estimated 35% of the market. It the production, composition and utilization of soybean meal; also processes Chicken of the Sea and Van Camp tuna, which and Dr. Park Waldroup, Univ. of Arkansas, delineated current serves as a hedge against the decline in demand for meat trends in amino acid nutrition. protein and animal feed.” “Dr. Vaughn Speer, Iowa State Univ., addressed the use The company crushes more than 50 million bushels of of soybean meal and amino acid requirements for pregnancy soybeans a year. “In protein technology, Ralston Purina is a and lactation in swine. Closing out this special conference leader in soy isolates, which are used as food additives. The was W.W. Cravens, Central Soya, discussing soybean meal company has already developed nine soy protein isolates usage in U.S. feed. containing a minimum of 90% protein, which are marketed “With favorable reception of these seminars, both from to food manufacturers as binders, emulsifi ers and enhancers the soy for human nutrition standpoint and for livestock of color and texture in a wide variety of foods. It is the only rations, Blankenship says ASA hopes to be able to expand company to develop successfully a soy isolate for nondairy communication channels between the U.S. and these creamers.” countries.” Ralston Purina dominates the soy isolate business, which seems to gave a very bright future. The company “currently 385. Ralston Purina. 1976. We were on nature’s trail for a produces about 75 million pounds of soy isolates from three

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 182 plants (a fourth is being built). The venture represents less Pages 223-25: Central Mills at Main St. and Broadway than 1% of sales and has only just begun to turn a profi t. But was established in 1855 and produced fl our under various Dean is convinced that as more food processors recognize trade names. It was known as Hinkle & Condell when David the ‘functionality’ of soy isolates as food enhancers, the S. Shellabarger bought into it in 1858. business will become a key element in Ralston Purina’s “Shellabarger had come to Decatur two years earlier future growth. Analysts estimate that by 1980 the company’s from Carlyle, Pennsylvania, where his family had been soy-protein sales could reach $200 million and contribute millers since 1776. Selling his Hinkle fi rm interest in 10% of company profi ts.” 1872, Shellabarger with three partners, Isaac Shellabarger, Benjamin Dillehunt and William Bowers, took over a larger 387. Banton, O.T. ed. 1976. History of Macon County mill, the Great Western, at Cerro Gordo and Water Streets. [Illinois], 1976. Decatur, Illinois: Macon County Historical New machinery was installed and larger buildings added. In Society. iv + 555 p. See p. 135-36, 223-25. Illust. Index. 23 1888 David Shellabarger became sole owner and was joined cm. in the business by his three sons. As the wheat belt moved • Summary: Pages 135-36: “One of the biggest shifts in westward the Shellabargers opened fl our mills in Kansas, and farming operations in Macon and other central Illinois the Decatur mill centered on corn products. The Shellabarger counties came with the start-up, on Sept. 30, 1922 by the family continued to be identifi ed with the grain industry in A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., of one of the fi rst commercial soybean Decatur for nearly a century after David’s arrival in 1856. processing facilities in America. Augustus E. Staley. Sr., who “W.H. Suffern moved his elevator to Decatur from for more than 10 years had been convinced that soybean Pierson in 1891 and in partnership with Robert I. Hunt production and processing could become a profi table formed Suffern, Hunt & Co. A cereal mill built in 1907 operation, took a gamble on the venture with his bean plant produced the fi rst breakfast food corn fl akes, which were and started urging farmers of the region to increase their shipped to Indianapolis and Battle Creek, Michigan, for soybean acreage. More than 32,000 acres of beans were packaging. The mill, located on the site of the Polar Ice Co., raised in Central Illinois in 1922, but prior to that their uses burned in 1909. Pratt Cereal Mill was the fi rst cereal oil mill had been limited. The Staley plant produced soybean oil, in the United States. Organized in 1895 by F.M. and R.E. for which there was a market, and soybean meal, which was Pratt, who had arrived in 1880, it was the forerunner of the far better livestock feed than the whole beans had been. For A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. The plant occupied some two blocks the fi rst few years the Staley bean plant failed to make a along the Wabash tracks on the east side of Decatur. The profi t, but that soon changed and the plant has been enlarged fi rm brought in 100 carloads of machinery and erected large several times. Bean acreage likewise has expanded almost storage tanks. Ten carloads of corn were ground daily for explosively, until beans have joined corn as a leading farm an output of 25,000 gallons of oil which was used in soaps, crop. paints and salad oil. Corn starch and animal feed were by- “In 1925 Macon County farmers harvested 2,300 products. In 1902 the Pratt and Shellabarger mills, along with acres of beans. By 1935 this had increased to 83,000 several others in the Midwest, were purchased by American acres, yielding 21 bushels per acre, with the crop valued at Hominy Co., a trust business centered in Indianapolis $1,185,000. By 1965, some 108,600 acres were harvested, [Indiana]. The Decatur units, known as the Wellington Starch with a yield of 32 bushels per acre. Value of the crop was Co., were bought by A. E. Staley in 1909 from American $8,814,000. Acreage has continued to increase, and the Hominy, enabling him to start his starch fi rm here in 1912. 1975 record crop was valued at $25,093,000; the average “Augustus Eugene Staley, Sr., founder and chief yield was 39 bushels per acre. Yields of both beans and corn executive of the giant soybean and corn processing fi rm have been materially increased in recent years by farmers which bears his name, was born on a farm near Julian, North cutting down the space between rows–from 40 to 30 inches, Carolina in 1867. As a farm boy he grew up amid post Civil which made possible the growing of many more plants per War privations of a Southern state. He had little schooling acre. The reason for the earlier 40-inch rows was that 40 and his time was spent in farm chores. Deciding on a job as inches was needed for a horse to walk between the rows at a traveling salesman at the age of 17 he peddled tobacco to cultivating time. country stores in the Carolinas, Virginia and Tennessee. Later “Government support programs, introduced in 1933 to he traveled for an extract fi rm and for Royal Baking Powder, protect farmers against ruinous prices in years of heavy crop possibly visiting Decatur. yields and make farm income less susceptible to whims of “After 15 years of selling on the road, Staley settled in the weather, have been up and down in the last 10 years. Baltimore and entered the starch business in a small way During the time of grain surpluses, acreage controls were on with $1,500 in capital. He had fancy boxes imprinted ‘Cream wheat and corn. These controls were removed in 1974, and Corn Starch,’ and fi lled them from bulk starch purchased in holding acreage out of production has gone by the wayside. barrels. He did the packaging at night and the selling by day. Today few control programs remain.” The ‘Cream’ designation is still used by the company.

“Though the fi rst years were diffi cult, Staley’s business international offi ce with some 400 employees followed. began to expand so rapidly that Eastern competitors shut off A textured vegetable protein (TVP) plant and new offi ce his starch supply. He turned to the Corn Belt, looking for building were constructed. A new $30 million corn refi nery factory space to make his own starch. He raised $600,000 added 300 jobs. Recently acquired by ADM was the Tabor & in capital by incorporating and selling stock to his many Co. elevator fi rm.” grocery store friends. A half dozen not too new buildings on Photos show: (1) Soybean test plot, Dane Brett Farm 21 acres in Decatur launched the venture in a defunct corn 1960. Signs show Clark, Shelby, Harosoy and Lindarin processing plant. soybean varieties, (2) A biplane dusting a fi eld. “Controlling “With World War I halting export business, the Staley the corn borer was a problem in 1951. This was the plant had to close for 15 months. Staley mortgaged his beginning of chemical pesticide use on the farm.” (3) home, borrowed on his life insurance and went back to his “Augustus Eugene Staley from a portrait in the Masonic earlier investors who backed him with more dollars. The Temple. Mr. Staley contributed a large sum to the building of plant reopened and as business picked up vast expansions the temple.” (4) Staley Co. offi ce building. (5) Aerial view of were undertaken. A corn syrup refi nery began operating in ADM Decatur East soybean processing plant. 1920. Seeing great possibilities in the little known soybean Note: The editor, O.T. Banton, was also editor of the brought from Manchuria by missionaries, Staley encouraged Herald and Review (Decatur, Illinois). Midwestern farmers to grow this grain and in 1922 the company opened the nation’s fi rst [sic] soybean processing 388. Schultz, John M.; Mason, William P. 1976. Soybeans: plant, pioneering this important ‘money crop’ industry. Prices Brazil as a competitive force. MBA thesis, Harvard Business of soybean oil today are quoted FOB [f.o.b. = free on board] School. vii+ 151 leaves. 28 cm. [49 ref] Decatur. One of the most recent additions to the Staley line • Summary: This is the best report seen to date on the of corn sweeteners is high fructose syrup used as a sugar soybean industry in Brazil. Contents: Preface. Indexes of substitute in food and soft drink processing. tables and fi gures. Introduction. 1. World food demand. 2. “The A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. with its international Fats, oil & meals. 3. Brazilian production. 4. Comparative headquarters, research center and principal grain refi ning cost of production. 5. Development of agricultural inputs and facilities located in 137 buildings on a 400-acre site in infrastructure. 6. Brazilian commercialization of soybeans Decatur has a daily processing capacity of more than and its products. 7. Government’s role in the Brazilian 200,000 bushels of corn and soybeans. Employment soybean system. 8. Brazilian soybean supply-demand model. averages about 3,800 in 15 U.S. plants and 12 sales offi ces. Summary & Conclusions. Appendices: Conversion rates, International activities span the globe and the company has Glossary of Brazilian organizations. Bibliography. a policy of acquiring at least one small related fi rm annually. Tables: (1) Change in world population growth. (2) A.E. Staley was frequently described as a man of confi dence World population, 2000: Less developed regions, developed and vision, and the success of his Decatur venture bears out regions, total–for high, medium, and low projections. (3) that description. He was a personal benefactor to numerous Where population is growing fastest (percentage growth local institutions. A monument to Staley, who died in 1940 from 1950 to 1970): Latin America 75% (doubling time and was as succeeded as company president by A.E. Staley 22 years), Africa 59%, Asia 52% (DT 24 years), Oceania Jr., is a 14-story company offi ce building erected in 1929, a 46%, North America 37%, Russia 35%, Europe 18%. (4) graceful edifi ce of stone and marble. As an old man looking Percent of world population by regions: In 1973 developing back on his career, Staley, during an interview at the time he world has 75% of total, developed world has 25%. In 2000 was given an honorary degree by Millikin University, made those fi gures are expected to change to 80% and 20%. (5) this comment: ‘My salesmanship built this business.’ Per capita demand for related commodity groups by areas “The Staley family has been a benefactor to local worldwide (kg per year): (6) Net demand for fats and oils institutions. Two of the larger gifts are the Staley Pavilion, by region: 1970, 1985, 2000. (7) Index of world net food a large section of Decatur Memorial Hospital, and the demand by commodity: 1970, 1985, and 2000. (8) Index Staley Library at Millikin University, the latter built in numbers of total and per caput food production. (9) Joint 1976. Success of the Staley company in corn and soybean product derivation for 8 oilseeds (average percentage weight processing brought other companies in the industry to of oil and meal; soybean is 80 to 18). (10) World production Decatur, and the city earned the title ‘Soybean Capital of the of fats & oils, market shares for edible vegetable oil, palm World.’ oils, industrial oils, animal fats, marine oils (1965, 1970, “Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. which was based in 1975). (11) Gross fats & oil exports, for 13 oils and fats, Minneapolis, erected a Decatur plant in 1939 and later annually from 1971/72 to 1974/75, with projections to acquired soybean plants that had been operated by Spencer- 1980/81 at which time–#1 Palm oil 3.1 million metric tons Kellogg, Shellabarger and Ralston Purina. Other divisions (mmt). #2. Soybean oil 1.02 mmt. Sunfl ower oil 1.00 mmt. moved from Minneapolis to Decatur and in time the entire Butter 0.75 mmt. (12) World production of fats & oils, for

14 oils and fats. (13) Exports of fats & oils (vegetable & of fertilizer and lime costs (Brazil and the U.S.). (42) animal), Malaysia and Brazil. (14) U.S.A. food oils and fats Comparison of machinery cost. (43) Brazilian labor rates. domestic use, 1960, 1974, & 1985 projections. In 1960 the (44) Comparison of regional costs of production. (45) Seed diet was 58% vegetable fats and 42% animal fats. In 1985 soybean variety usage by state. (46) Fertilizer demand. (47) the projected diet was 90% vegetable fats and 10% animal National fertilizer program. (48) Chemical demand. (49) fats. (15) Soybean yields for selected regions (1971-75): Land costs by state. (50) 1974 storage capacity by states. World average, USA, Brazil, China. (16) World cropland (51) Comparison of transportation systems. (52) Capacities area by commodity, 1970. All cereals have 73.5% of the at main ports. (53) Comparison of average export profi ts. total, vs. 10.8% for oilseeds and 6.3% for pulses and nuts. (54) 1975 crushing capacity by state. (55) Major crushing (17) World soybean production (1970/71 to 1975/76): USA, fi rms. (56) Exports. (57) Major importers of Brazilian Brazil, China, Others. “The U.S. embargo in 1973 gave soybeans and soybean products. (58) Exporter percentages Brazilian exports a boost as importing countries placed of soybeans. (59) Brazilian ICM tax rates, Jan. 1, 1976. (60) greater emphasis on double sourcing.” (18) Cottonseed oil Historical supply-demand relationships. (61) Projection of production and export for U.S. and world, 1970-1975. (19) supply-demand relationships. Sunfl ower seed oil production, 1970-1975. (20) Palm oil: Figures: (1) World population growth (in millions) Production and exports in major producer-exporter countries 1900-2000. (2) Soybeans and their products. (3) Relationship and the world annual 1965-75 with projections for 1976, between beans and end products. (4) European Community: 1980 and 1985. Countries are West Malaysia, Sabah (a Apparent consumption of fats and oils, 1965-1975. (5) Malaysian state located on the northeast tip of the island of Oilseeds. (6) Price comparison, coconut, palm, and soybean Borneo), Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Zaire. (21) Value of four oil oil, average monthly cash prices. (7) Per capita consumption crops per hectare for selected countries. Crops: Oil palms, of poultry meat. (8) Peruvian anchovy catch, 1960-1975. soybeans, sunfl ower, peanuts. Countries: West Malaysia, (9) Map of Brazil. (10) Comparison of average prices for USA, USSR, Nigeria. Oil palms have by far the greatest wheat and soybeans at the farm level. (11) Comparison of oil yield and value per hectare. (22) Palm oil: Production wheat-soybean acreage. (12) Index changes of soybean in specifi ed countries (Western hemisphere 3.5%, Africa production, acreage, and yields. (13) Map of Rio Grande do 39.1%, Asia 57.4%): Forecast for 1975 and percentages. Sul. (14) Map of Parana. (15) Map of Sao Paulo. (16) Map (23) Palm oil–local consumption vs. exports (1974): For of Santa Catarina. (17) Map of Central-west states. (18) West Malaysia (exports 96% of production), East Malaysia Comparison of rainfall during growing season. (19) Industry (92%), Indonesia (92%), Ivory Coast (60%), Zaire, Western structure. (20) Map of climatic conditions. (21) Map of soil Hemisphere. (24) Palm kernel oil–production and exports conditions. (22) Brazilian railroad systems. (23) Export 1971-75. (25) Coconut oil: Production & export. (26) Lard corridors program. (24) Comparison of Brazilians–U.S. production & export: Selected years. (27) Lard rendered prices at he farm. (25) Map of crushing facilities. (26) per hog: USA. Yield of lard per hog in USA decreased Per capita Brazilian vegetable oil demand. (27) Per capita from 13 kg in 1963 to 6.7 kg in 1974–as demand for lard Brazilian meat consumption. (28) Brazil’s major agricultural decreased. (28) World meal production and gross exports exports. (29) Comparison of market share in exports of by commodity: Selected years 1955, 1967, 1974. Soybean soybeans. (30) Schematic supply-demand relationships. meal is always the leader by far, with cottonseed meal 2nd. (31) 1976 planting estimates (Based on wheat & soybean (29) Present and projected world consumption of animal prices). Address: Harvard Business School, Cambridge, products: Poultry, pork, and beef. Poultry and hogs are the Massachusetts. main consumers of soybean meal. Cattle consume mostly pasture and grass–as nature designed. (30) Protein meal: 389. Food Engineering. 1977. World’s largest soy isolate World production exports, share of market by commodity, plant: Ralston Purina opens new 100,000 square foot facility. 1955, 1970/71, 1974/75. Soybean meal is by far the leader, 49(1):68-69. Jan. followed by cottonseed meal. A U.S. moratorium on soybean • Summary: The $15 million facility was offi cially opened exports in 1973 and 1975 enabled Brazil to enter major last month in Pryor, Oklahoma, by Ralston Purina’s Protein markets as a source of dependable supply. (31) Soybean meal Division. The production capacity is highly confi dential, and seed, production and exports (U.S., Brazil, and world) however it can be said that the new plant doubles the (meal equivalents). (32) Peruvian fi shmeal, production and combined capacity of Ralston’s two existing isolate plants in exports. (33) Peruvian fi shmeal exports, soybean equivalents. Memphis, Tennessee (opened in June 1973), and Louisville, (34) Brazilian production by states. (35) Changes in acreage Kentucky. planted. (36) Land area of Rio Grande do Sul. (37) Parana During the past 3½ years Ralston has worked with Fuji production by regions. (38) Cultivated land in Sao Paulo. Oil Co. of Osaka, Japan, to form and operate a joint venture (39) Land area of central-west states. (40) Weighted average named Fuji Purina Co. Ltd. in Japan. comparison of costs of production. (41) Comparison Nine different soy protein isolates, each with different

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 185 functional properties, will be produced in the new plant: advantage of adding soy isolate is that shrinkage is greatly Edi-Pro A, Edi-Pro N, Supro HD-90, Supro 350, Supro reduced during processing. When the product is pumped with 610, Supro 620, Supro 630, Supro 640, and Supro 710. A soy isolate, the fi nal weight after cooking may be 130% more description of the properties of each is given. than when no isolated is added. Address: PhD, Midwest Editor. 390. Food Processing (Chicago). 1977. Plants, Companies Personalities. Feb. p. 12. 395. Food Engineering. 1977. Tuna salad analog based • Summary: “Ralston Purina, St. Louis, recently opened their on soy protein. 49(6):ef-14, 15. June. In special section on third plant for the production of soy protein isolates at Pryor, Engineered Foods. Oklahoma. The $15 million, 100,000 sq ft plant will produce • Summary: New U.S. regulations to protect porpoises a line of nine different soy protein ingredients for sale in almost guarantee a severe reduction in the tuna catch. To the U.S. and 24 foreign countries. Plant employs the latest help alleviate such consequences, the PFW/Hercules Food in processing technology–with process effi ciency reported Technology Center in Middletown, New York, has developed to be 300% over previous industry standards. Energy this prototype tuna salad analog which contains no tuna requirements/supply were prime consideration in the location meat. The recipe includes Edipro 200 soy protein, MSG, and of the plant. The company reached an agreement on a long- artifi cial and natural tuna fl avors. term fi rm supply contract for natural gas. In addition, plant is connected to an 8-inch high pressure steam line that supplies 396. Product Name: [Fuji Pur {Spun Soy Protein Fibers} steam from the GRDA steam generating plant, eliminating (SP-90, 100, MM, FF)]. the need for boiler installations.” Manufacturer’s Name: Fuji Purina Protein Ltd. Subsidiary A small photo shows an aerial view of the plant. of Fuji Oil Co. and Ralston Purina. Manufacturer’s Address: Sumiyoshi-cho 1, Izumisano-shi, 391. Food Technology. 1977. Ralston Purina dedicates new Osaka-fu, Japan. Offi ces: Kanda Suda-cho 1-28-2, Chiyoda- protein plant. 31(2):94. Feb. ku, Tokyo. • Summary: The plant which will produce nine different soy Date of Introduction: 1977 June. protein isolates in Pryor, Oklahoma was dedicated Dec. 1. New Product–Documentation: Soybean Digest Blue Book. 1977. p. 36. 392. Wall Street Journal. 1977. Ralston Purina Co. expects record profi t and sales in fi scal 1977. April 7. 397. Ralston Purina Co. 1977. The versatile isolate–for • Summary: According to R. Hal Dean, chairman and chief the world who burns the candle at both ends (Ad). Food executive offi cer. “In fi scal 1976 the diversifi ed food and Engineering 49(6):ef-4, 5. June. In special section on aninal-feed concern earned a record $125.9 million, of $1.18 Engineered Foods. per share.” • Summary: This striking two-page color ad shows 4 candles burning in the sand. A moon is refl ected in candle. The ad 393. Cereal Foods World. 1977. Soy protein plant. also demonstrates Ralston Purina’s increasing commitment 22(4):184. April. to becoming the world leader in isolated soy proteins. • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co.’s Protein Division “Proteinability–we’re the fi rst source.” “Today’s demand has announced plans to construct a new soy protein for protein based foods, along with our rapid depletion of manufacturing plant in Ieper, Belgium. Construction of the traditional protein sources, has caused food scientists to look plant, subject to fi nal approval by the Belgian government, at the new source of protein–the soybean. will begin shortly and is expected to be completed by fall “Nearly 20 years ago, Ralston Purina saw this need for a 1978. The plant will produce the company’s line of soy new protein resource and responded with the development of protein isolates. It is Ralston Purina’s fi rst protein processing soy protein isolates... isolates with a 90% protein minimum plant in Europe, and the only commercial soy isolate designed with a wide range of functional characteristics that processing facility in Europe.” would give the food industry the versatility it required.” An artists rendering shows an aerial view of the plant. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. And, Protein Purina Europe SA, 391 Avenue Louise–Box 6, 394. Crocco, Stephanie C. 1977. Coming up: New B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. regulations for cured meats with soy isolate. Food Engineering 49(4):64-66. April. 398. Food Processing (Chicago). 1977. Fortifi ed soy isolate • Summary: Ralston Purina Co., Central Soya, and Grain improves quality, yield, and economics of cured meats. Processing Corp have announced techniques that enable 38(7):84. July. isolated soy proteins to be added to curing systems used • Summary: Supro 640T Fortiblend, a fortifi ed soy protein in making ham, corned beef, and similar foods. The main isolate made by Ralston Purina Co. of St. Louis, Missouri,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 186 was awarded Honors in the Food Processing Awards “The typical bland fl avor characteristics of SUPRO contest because “it will help to dampen the increasing price 620T allows processors to fully utilize the isolate’s binding for ham... It is also a rather ingenious way to utilize the capabilities while producing a fl avorful meat patty. The technology of protein isolates.” formulation shown below typifi es the ingredient ratio in a “The fortifi ed isolate can be used to produce cured meat patty system.” hams pumped to 150% of initial weight–laboratory cook yields of 135% have been produced consistently without 402. Steinke, F.H. 1977. Protein effi ciency ratio. Pitfalls and problems. Hams have been extended up to 50% without the causes of variability: A review. Cereal Chemistry 54(4):949- soy isolate being noticeably evident in the cured product... 57. July/Aug. [13 ref] When compared to ‘water added’ hams, the fi nished products • Summary: PER is grams of weight gained divided by exhibit more fi rmness and improved slicing characteristics.” grams of protein consumed. In all tests a casein control A photo shows large slices of ham. group is included and the value of the test protein is reported relative to the casein group. By long history, the PER 399. Product Name: Supro 640T Fortiblend (Fortifi ed Soy value of the test protein may be reported relative to casein Protein Isolate). corrected to 2.5 PER. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co., Protein Div. Missouri 63188. Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188. Phone: 800-325-7136. 403. National Provisioner. 1977. Flashes on suppliers: Date of Introduction: 1977 July. Ralston Purina Co. Oct. 8. p. 18. How Stored: Shelf stable. • Summary: Ralston Purina Co. announced plans to expand New Product–Documentation: Food Processing by more than 50% the capacity of its isolated soy protein (Chicago). 1977. July. p. 84. “Fortifi ed soy isolate improves facility at Pryor, Oklahoma. Scheduled completion date is quality, yield, and economics of cured meats.” Supro 640T mid-1978. Fortiblend, a fortifi ed soy protein isolate made by Ralston Purina Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, was awarded Honors in 404. Wall Street Journal. 1977. Ralston Purina venture in the Food Processing Awards contest because “it will help Japan. Oct. 13. p. 18. to dampen the increasing price for ham... It is also a rather • Summary: St. Louis–The Ralston Purina Company ingenious way to utilize the technology of protein isolates.” announced that it has formed a joint venture with Fuji Oil Soya Bluebook. 1981. p. 62. Supro... 640T Fortiblend. Co., Osaka, to market soy proteins in Japan. “The joint venture, Fuji Purina Protein Ltd., will market 400. Struthers, Barbara J.; Dahlgren, R.R.; Hopkins, D.T. soy protein products manufactured by both Ralston and Fuji 1977. Biological effects of feeding graded levels of alkali Oil.” treated soybean protein containing lysinoalanine (N-2- [carboxyethyl]-L-lysine) in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. 405. Food Processing (Chicago). 1977. Isolated soy protein J. of Nutrition 107(7):1190-99. July. [14 ref] facility expansion. Nov. p. 8. • Summary: Lysinoalanine (LAL), an unusual amino acid, • Summary: Ralston Purina plans to expand by 50% its is one of the products resulting either from severe alkaline isolated soy protein manufacturing plant at Pryor, Oklahoma. treatment or heat processing of proteins. It has been shown It is expected to be in production by mid-1978. to cause a unique renal lesion in rats (i.e. it harms their kidneys). Address: Ralston Purina Co., 900 Checkerboard 406. Fuji Seiyu K.K. (Fuji Oil Co.). 1977. Daizu tanpaku Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. kogyo-ka e no michi [Road to industrialization of soy protein. Part I (Document part)]. In: Fuji Seiyu K.K. 1977. 401. Ralston Purina Co. 1977. Food Proteins: Demonstration Fuji Seiyu 25 Nen-shi: Showa 21 nen 11-gatsu–Showa 51 meat patty (Leafl et). St Louis, Missouri. 1 page. Single sided. nen 3-gatsu [Fuji Oil Company Ltd.: 25-year history, Nov. 28 cm. 1946 to March 1976]. Tokyo: Fuji Oil Co. 622 p. See p. 417- • Summary: See next page. “The concept of combining the 30. [Jap] unique properties of SUPRO 620T, Ralston Purina’s soy • Summary: Outline: As a major Japanese soybean crusher, protein isolate, with SUPRO 50-3, textured soy protein, in processing whole soybeans into soybean oil and defatted a meat patty system, results in a cohesive patty that also soybean meal, Fuji Seiyu produced large amounts defatted maintains a fl avor and texture characteristic of all-meat soybean meal. In 1962-62 Fuji Seiyu began to make Fuji patties. In actual in-plant production applications and under Takaramame (a by-product of tofu powder) and Proplus laboratory test conditions, this unique blend of soy protein using soy protein from defatted soybean meal, even though properties has demonstrated increased yields, thereby these were not considered to be good soy protein products. providing the processor with lower total unit cost. In 1967 Fuji developed isolated soy protein (containing

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 188 more than 92% protein) from defatted soybean meal, and another. In Nov. 1968 Fuji’s sales fi nally reached 100 tonnes/ started to sell this FujiPro isolated soy protein. Since it was a month. Later, after many careful investigations, the Japan completely new product and little was known about it, sales Agricultural Standards (JAS) decided to make isolated soy were slow in the beginning. But later it started to be sold to protein a JAS product with a standard of identity for use in makers of second generation meat products (such as sausages ham, sausages, etc. In this way, sales of Fuji Pro expanded. or ham). But there was also another reason for expansion: Exports! In 1969 Fuji started to sell Fuji Nikku (“Fuji Meat”), Actually exports started earlier and were easier than sales which is a textured protein product (soshiki tanpaku seihin) to the domestic Japanese market. And it was because of the and this expanded their market among hamburger and demand from abroad that Fuji decided to build their fi rst hamburger ball (meatball) makers. Based on the above full-scale plant in 1967, even though they didn’t have any experience, Ralston Purina (America’s leading soy protein clear idea about their domestic sales. Fuji’s exports went manufacturer) got to know Fuji and invited the company Shoemaker, a Dutch food company; this relationship started to do a joint venture. Three years later, in Dec. 1973, the in about 1964 (p. 424). two companies contributed 200 million yen and founded At that time the Dutch company was selling soy protein a joint company named Fuji Purina Protein K.K. In 1974 made by Central Soya in the USA. Being dissatisfi ed with they started to make and sell FujiPur / FujiPua (for “Fuji the product’s quality and prices, they looked to Japanese Purina”), a spun soy protein fi ber. Presently, Fuji Seiyu is oil makers to produce these products. They contacted trying to expand into new, undeveloped markets for soy several companies, including Fuji Seiyu, which answered protein foods (p. 418). their inquiry and told them: “We are still study isolates, For 1964 the Food Bureau (Shokuryo-chô) of Japan’s but we have a product that contains 50% protein.” They Ministry of Agriculture, planned the following usage of sent Shoemaker a sample of Fuji Takaramame. However soybean meal: Food 347,000 metric tons (tonnes). Feed Shoemaker wanted a soy protein isolate, so no business was 691,000 tonnes. All but 69,000 tonnes of the food use went transacted. But from that time on, the two companies stayed for miso, shoyu, and tofu. Of this 69,000 tonnes, 40,000 in close communication and began to exchange information. tonnes went for soy protein foods (such as breads, biscuits, Shoemaker asked Fuji to develop a soy protein isolate, doughnuts, shortcake, ice cream, fi sh paste products, cheese, provided important suggestions concerning the research, and soup, etc.) and 30,000 tonnes for glutamic acid / MSG (p. sent Fuji a report of the European market for such a product. 419). Shoemaker’s cooperation played an important role in the Fuji decided to industrialize soy protein very early and development of Fuji’s isolated soy protein. also to make isolated soy protein their main soy protein Initially, Fuji had placed heavy emphasis on developing product. Other Japanese companies that tried to enter the soy soy protein products for second generation fi sh paste protein market failed because they produced only soy protein products, but after considering the potential demand in concentrate (p. 420). Europe, Fuji started to research soy proteins for meat Fuji Seiyu fi nished their research on isolated soy protein products such as ham and sausage. Fuji Pro was developed at the end of 1966, then started test production in their to be highly elastic, emulsifi able, and water soluble– 1-tonne pilot plant. In June 1967, they started to build their characteristics desired by the European market. Fuji sent full-scale plant, and fi nished by the end of the year; it had a some samples. Before they started commercial production, capacity of 100 tonnes/month. The company named its fi rst they signed a contract with Shoemaker as a sales agent; product Fuji Pro; this isolated soy protein contained more it named Fuji as a IPSO (International Protein Sales than 90% protein and about 6% moisture (p. 421). Organization) and exporter. Thus, it was because of the Then the company found that they could use Fuji Pro European market that Fuji could start commercial production in fi sh paste products, so they tried to sell it to companies without a domestic market, and it was this European market making such products. But these manufacturers were very that enabled Fuji to sell isolates in Japan. Everything seemed conservative, so after 6 months Fuji gave up and began backwards. For example, some Japanese from the meat selling it to secondary meat producers (p. 423). industry went to Europe to study that industry. There they The meat industry was also very conservative, but after learned that soy protein (named IPSO) was being used in many visits to these companies, Fuji got to understand them ham and sausages. Returning to Japan, they discovered to better. Some of these companies were already importing soy their surprise that the soy protein was made in Japan by protein from the USA and using it in their meat products. Fuji. In 1969 Fuji’s contribution to Japanese exports (oil and Fuji’s research & development department developed a protein) was honored with an award (p. 425-26). sausage containing Fuji Pro and presented samples to the A knowledge of the overseas market for soy protein meat processors; they made many repeat visits. In 1968 Fuji was a great help to Fuji as its soy protein products began received an order from a large meat processor; after that they to serve an international market. This also gave ideas received orders from medium and small processors one after for development of new products–starting with meatlike

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 189 soy protein products. They received news from Bernard introduced in Japan (see large table, p. 435); major Hawley in England that textured soy protein products had manufacturers included Nihon Tanpaku and Nihon Koyo. been developed in the USA. Hawley was a nutritionist Now competition started. In 1971 a total of 15,000 metric and a consultant (Hawley & Associates) and Fuji began to tons of soy protein was made in Japan; Fuji accounted for use his consulting services in April 1966 (p. 428). Hawley about 50% of this. In 1972 Fuji bought a company which made many trips to Japan and he and Mr. Nishimura (the was producing protein under Nikka Oil. Fuji also did some president of Fuji Seiyu) became great friends. In 1967 Fuji joint ventures with Hohnen Oil Co. on their oil and protein sent Hawley to the USA and asked him to study the market project. In 1969 Ralston Purina had established its own for textured soy proteins and the send Fuji a market report research organization, Nihon Purina Corp. Their fi rst joint (p. 429). Meanwhile, the company president and a man venture was with Taiyô Gyogyo for pet foods. In Dec. 1973, from the planning department also went to the USA to study after various trials and decisions, Ralston Purina invited the market; they soon decided to start making textured soy Fuji to do a joint venture. Fuji Oil Co. and Ralston Purina protein immediately. They visited Wenger Manufacturing decided to start their joint venture with one of Ralston Co. in the USA, signed a contract in April 1968, and received Purina’s products, Edipro-200, a spun soy protein fi ber. a machine [extrusion cooker] that year. Actually they bought They wanted to make it in Japan (p. 440-41). In July 1974 only the main body of the machine from Wenger; the other Fuji Purina Protein K.K. was founded capitalization of 200 parts (including the power mill) were invented and designed million yen, contributed equally by both companies. The fi rst by Fuji technicians (p. 430). (Continued). Address: Tokyo, product they made was named FujiPur (for “Fuji Purina”), Japan. the spun soy protein fi ber. It sold quite well to companies making products from beef. One day they appeared on a 407. Fuji Seiyu K.K. (Fuji Oil Co.). 1977. Daizu tanpaku popular Japanese TV program and Fuji’s artifi cial meat was kogyo-ka e no michi [Road to industrialization of soy fed to a baby tiger; the animal wouldn’t eat it. That was protein. Part II (Document part)]. In: Fuji Seiyu K.K. 1977. embarrassing! (p. 445). Fuji Seiyu 25 Nen-shi: Showa 21 nen 11-gatsu–Showa 51 Fuji Pro (soy protein isolate) was fi rst sold to hamburger nen 3-gatsu [Fuji Oil Company Ltd.: 25-year history, Nov. makers and then to makers of fi sh paste products. Around 1946 to March 1976]. Tokyo: Fuji Oil Co. 622 p. See p. 431- 1971 it was sold to makers of ready to eat frozen food 48. [Jap] (osôzai). For the future, the company is aiming at health • Summary: Continued (p. 431): In 1969 Fuji Nikku (“Fuji foods and drinks, dairy products, confectionery, hospitals, Meat”), a textured soy protein product, was introduced and schools, factory cafeterias, retort packages, etc. (p. 446). production started. At that time Texgran, a similar product In about Dec. 1974 Fuji started to sell soy protein food made by Swift & Co. (USA) was being sold in Japan, but at retail for home use–rather than as an ingredient or raw Fuji Nikku was the fi rst such product to be made in Japan material. Thus it took FujiPro 10 years and it took Fuji (70% protein, wet type). Many tests were made to determine Takaramae 15 years to establish soy protein in Japanese the size and shape (p. 430-31). Finally Fuji decided to society. Address: Tokyo, Japan. produce both large and small piece, in both wet and dry form. 408. George, Susan. 1977. How the other half dies: The real The next problem was to fi nd a market for the product reasons for world hunger. Montclair, New Jersey: Allanheld, in Japan. In 1969 they tried demonstrations at department Osmun & Co. xxix + 308 p. Index. 21 cm. [500+* ref] stores in Tokyo, but sales were very slow. Fuji concluded • Summary: Soybeans are discussed in several places: that it was too early to sell the product to retail customers. Between 1972 and 1973 U.S. soybean production increased Then they developed fl avored and seasoned varieties of by 25% (p. 9). Fuji Nikku in tomato sauce, sold canned. Next they fried Chapter 4, titled “Technology: Now who pays to do it for sale to portable food vendors, but that failed too. what to whom?” shows that no new technology, not even a They produced only three lots before stopping. In 1969 new crop is neutral in the effects it has on different classes Mr. Hariaki (presently director of the protein department) of people. A report on soybeans in Brazil commissioned by succeeded in selling 100 tonnes/month to a large company the French Government Center for External Trade showed that made hamburgers and meatballs–the fi rst sales of Fuji that they are becoming an increasingly important crop there. Nikku, caused largely by high meat prices. But when meat Since Brazil can produce and sell its crop between the two consumption fell, so did sales of Fuji Nikku (p. 433). U.S. soybean harvests, the government’s offi cial agricultural In 1970 the Osaka branch of Fuji Seiyu sold 5 million policy encourages Brazilian farmers to grow more soybeans yen of soy protein products; the Tokyo branch sold 10 since they are a profi table export crop. The price of soybeans million yen. Production grew and these two became is attractive, so farmers have abandoned corn, a traditional independent as the Protein Division. crop, as well as wheat (to a lesser extent) because soybeans In about 1971 many new soy protein products were demand less fertilizer. Since soybean production is easily

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 190 mechanized, fewer Brazilians need be employed. Soybeans soy margarine than butter. “Far be it from me to suggest are usually crushed to make oil and meal. This complex collusion I can’t prove, but it is at least evident who profi ts processing technology is being taken over by the world’s from higher prices and who suffers. A futures market in soya most competent processors–large multinational agribusiness meal was opened in London in April 1975 as a measure fi rms, such as Cargill and Bunge. Small Brazilian processors that might check price fl uctuations.” Yet the key fact is are going bankrupt. Since Brazil’s infrastructure for that European countries do not produce soybeans, nor any transporting and loading the soybeans is substandard, the alternative protein crop. World Bank has been kind enough to contribute half the Discusses the new effort to extend the use of soya price of new private export corridors to the seaports, which beyond feeding animals by promoting TVP, and the the Brazilian government has kindly declared necessary for international conference held at Munich, Germany, in the multinationals. No doubt the Brazilian soybean industry Nov. 1973. Earl Butz (U.S. Secretary of Agriculture) led will be profi table for multinational agribusiness, but what the American delegation; Hubert Humphrey stated: “Food will be the consequences for ordinary Brazilians. From 1970 is a new form of power. Food is wealth. Food is an extra to 1972, the price of corn, a traditional staple food and feed, dimension in our [U.S.] diplomacy.” “Americans presented has risen 60%, while the price of chicken has gone up 33%. 24 out of the 38 papers (including 13 by agribusiness Soybeans have drastically decreased the amount of land representatives and 10 by USDA people). Only one was by a previously used for growing the feijao or black bean–another nutritionist. “One sees absolutely no alternative to continued staple crop and key human protein source; during this period US MNC (multinational corporation) control of the world its price jumped by 275%. Rice production also suffered plant-protein production and prices.” “The only rational from the soybean competition. All of these developments way to offset price and foodstock manipulation by the giant hurt average Brazilians, and especially the poor. traders would be to have grain stocks held in government In addition, real estate prices in areas best suited to hands, to be released or held back as the market situation soybean production have risen dramatically; one hectare in demanded.” The grain traders are “frantically opposed to any Rio Grande do Sul, which sold for 1,500 cruzeiros in 1972, reserve system...” (p. 122-25). sold for less than 10,000 cruzeiros less than a year later. Chapter 8, titled “Food aid?... Or weapon,” discusses: Thus, smaller farmers with less mechanization are losing out Importance of feedgrains exports, Soybean Council of to those who can afford to buy more than and agricultural America, American Soybean Association, PL 480, promotion equipment. Soybean production in Brazil directly counteracts of soybean exports to Spain, Iran, and Korea, Ralston Purina the efforts of the Brazilian government to limit infl ation (p. and Cargill, Food for Peace counterpart funds used to fi nance 67-69). research in recipient countries, “common defense” military Chapter 6, titled “Planned scarcity,” notes that in the expenditures (p. 172, 176). USA, one acre in 6.5 is now planted to soybeans. Europe Chapter 11, titled “What can ‘they’ do?” discusses is only 2% self-suffi cient in plant protein production. After alternative food sources, single-cell protein (SCP), America’s World War II, Europe introduced American hybrid corn energy-devouring food-production system which could to replace local varieties; though the yield was higher, the exhaust U.S. fossil fuel reserves within 25 years, research protein content was lower. Thus a new protein source had by DuPont showing that when soybeans are experimentally to be found for feeding livestock, and U.S. soybean meal fl ooded by carbon dioxide, they quadruple yields and seemed to be the most rational and inexpensive solution. fi x more nitrogen (p. 239-40). Address: A Smith College Export of soybean meal from the U.S. to Europe jumped graduate now studying at the Sorbonne. Fellow of the from only 47,000 tons in 1949 to nearly 5 million tons in Transnational Inst. 1972-73. Major U.S. processors set up crushing mills in Europe. In short, the entire post-war European livestock 409. Ralston Purina Co. 1977? Supro 620: Isolated soy industry has been developed on the basis of extensive use protein and its use in emulsifi ed meat systems. St. Louis, of low-price soybean meal. The U.S. established a “near- Missouri. 8 p. Undated. 28 cm. monopoly position for supply not only of Europe but of • Summary: Describes the use of Supro 620 in the Japan and other nations.” manufacture of frankfurters, mortadela, meat loaves, lunch Discusses the 1973 U.S. soybean export embargo, meats, and other emulsifi ed-type meat products. which began in June and sent prices soaring to $12 a bushel, Note: Webster’s Dictionary defi nes mortadela (a term from $2. The embargo was removed 3 months later and fi rst used in 1613, derived from the Latin word for a sausage at year’s end it became clear that the scare over shortages seasoned with myrtle berries) as “a large smoked sausage was unwarranted. The Food for Peace program introduced made of beef, pork, and pork fat and seasoned with pepper soya oil into countries like Spain and Tunisia that had and garlic.” Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, never before tasted anything but their own olive oil. Even Missouri 63188. Phone: 1-800-325-7108. the butter-rich Netherlands now consumes more imported

410. American Soybean Assoc. ed. 1978. International Soya 413. Food Product Development. 1978. Meat engineered Protein Food Conference, Proceedings. Hudson, Iowa: ASA. with whey-soy blends, soy protein isolates: Development 136 p. Held 25-27 Jan. 1978, Republic of Singapore. No aids. 12(1):52. Feb. index. 29 cm. [328 ref] • Summary: A color photo shows various sausages and • Summary: See next page. Contains 34 papers, largely sliced deli meats. By mixing or injecting meats with about the use of modern soy protein products. Individual combinations such as whey-soy, whey-soy-caseinate, papers are cited separately. The “registration list” (p. 127-35) or soy isolates alone, a processor can increase product is a detailed directory of participants and the press, sorted by yield, fl avor, uniformity, lean, and protein content, while country or continent. decreasing cooking shrinkage and cost. Various products The eight “Exhibitors” (p. 136) were American Soybean are listed. Those containing soy are: (1) Procon Plus, Association (Hudson, Iowa), DeKalb County Exports Inc. combines sweet dairy whey with the binding properties and (Ottawa, Illinois), Intercom News (Kansas), Japan Vegetable low fl avor profi le of Procon 2000 soy protein concentrate. Protein Food Association (Tokyo), Kikkoman Shoyu Co. From A.E. Staley, Decatur, Illinois, or Circle 911. (2) Pro- Ltd. (Tokyo), Ralston-Purina (St. Louis, Missouri), United Blend combines sweet dairy whey, sodium caseinate, and Vegetable Oil Co. (Pte) Ltd. (Singapore), and Wenger soy protein concentrate to replace nfdm. From Griffi th International Inc. (Kansas City, Missouri). Address: Hudson, Laboratories, Alsip, Illinois. They used this to develop Iowa. Skillet Strips, a “bacon alternative containing bacon ends and pork trimmings.” (3) Pro-Fam soy protein isolates. From 411. Schwarz, F.H. 1978. Developments of soy protein Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa. (4) By using technology. In: American Soybean Assoc., ed. 1978. sausage technology, Ralston Purina (St. Louis, Missouri) has International Soya Protein Food Conference, Proceedings. developed fabricated pastrami containing their Supro 620T Hudson, Iowa: ASA. 136 p. See p. 74-76. soy protein isolate. The other ingredients and process are • Summary: Focuses on soy protein isolates, including described. Ralston Purina’s Supro 620. Discusses “pumping,” a process by which an aqueous protein solution is injected via hollow 414. Steinke, Fred H.; Hopkins, Daniel T. 1978. Biological needles into meats (especially hams) to reduce cooking availability to the rat of intrinsic and extrinsic iron with losses. “One of the key points that I would like to make soybean protein isolates. J. of Nutrition 108(3):481-89. today is that the place where soy proteins have been and are March. [27 ref] commercially the most successful is when they are used in • Summary: A rat feeding study employing the hemoglobin combination with animal proteins such as meat, fi sh, milk repletion methodology showed the relative iron availability and eggs to lower the unit cost of the traditional product.” for 3 isolated soy proteins to be 59-64% (mean = 61%) Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. that of ferrous sulfate. Iron added to the diets containing isolated soybean protein had bioavailabilities similar to that 412. Villa-Abrille, Carlos. 1978. Marketing of extended of iron present in the soybean which supports the common meat products in Third World countries. In: American dietary iron pool hypothesis. The high iron content (0.18 Soybean Assoc., ed. 1978. International Soya Protein Food mg/gm protein) coupled with the bioavailability data Conference, Proceedings. Hudson, Iowa: ASA. 136 p. See p. make the isolated soybean proteins a good dietary iron 110-15. [1 ref] source. Address: Central Research, Ralston Purina Co., • Summary: Contents: Statement of the problem. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. Applications. Case studies: Ralston Purina (reasons for developing the product, quantifi cation and qualifi cation 415. Ward, A.G. 1978. Commercial development of soya of demand, determination of product type and form, bean protein products in the EEC. In: Commission of the communicating the value, conclusion), Pure Foods European Communities. Agriculture. 1978. Report of the Corporation (reasons for developing the product, Study Group on Vegetable Proteins in Foodstuffs for Human quantifi cation and qualifi cation of demand, conclusion). Consumption, in Particular in Meat Products. See p. 83-85. Summary. Appendix IV. April. Per capita consumption (kg/person) of total red meat in • Summary: “The soya bean is the main source of specifi ed countries in 1975, in descending order of amount specialized vegetable protein products for human is: Uruguay 104, Australia 101, Argentina 98, New Zealand consumption within the EEC. Wheat gluten is also used but 95, United States 83, Canada 73, Belgium-Luxembourg 73, only to a very limited extent.” It is diffi cult to estimate the West Germany 68, France 67, United Kingdom 57, USSR current scale of usage for human consumption. 45, Taiwan 20, Japan 16. Address: Pure Foods Corp., Manila, “Belgium: N.V. Vamo Mills produces toasted defatted Philippines. fl our and grits. No extruders known to occur in Belgium. Production of isolates being undertaken by Purina Protein

Europe (associate of Ralston Purina Company USA). development has been carried out by Unilever Ltd. (in close “Denmark: Aarhus Oliefabrik A/S produces defatted association with Unilever in the Netherlands) to develop fl our, soya concentrate (Danpro) and textured soya the “mesophase” process for the preparation of soya protein concentrate. The company operates the only extruder in products and to utilize them in foods. The processes have not Denmark. Dansk Sojakagefabrik A/S produces defatted soya yet been commercially exploited. fl our and grits as well as full fat soya fl our. “No information has been received concerning the “France: Société Industrielle des Oléagineux production of soya protein products for human consumption produces defatted soya fl our and grits as well as full fat and in particular textured products from Ireland, Italy and soya fl our. Rhône Poulenc is reported to be working with Luxembourg but Italy has very substantial capacity for an experimental soya protein spinning plant (not yet the production of oil and meal from soya beans.” Address: commercial). No information has been received about Procter Dep. of Food and Leather Science, Univ. of Leeds, extruders functioning in France. Leeds. “Germany: Ölwerke Noury and Van Der Lande, Ölmühle Hamburg A.G. and Holtz and Willemsen all 416. Moore, Karen. 1978. Fabricated bacon parrots breakfast produce defatted soya fl our and grits and the fi rst two also favorite. Food Product Development 12(4):98, 101. May. produce full fat soya fl our and grits. No information has been • Summary: Bacon presently sells for about $1.69/lb. received about extruders functioning in Germany. Ralston Purina has developed and tested a highly acceptable “Netherlands: Cargill Soja Industrie B.V. (associated fabricated bacon containing lean meat trimmings (fresh with Cargill Inc., USA) produces defatted fl our and grits. The ham shanks, 35%), fresh ham fat 35%, moisture 23.75%, company has three extruders for textured soya products, each Supro 620T soy protein isolate 3%, and salt 2% as part of a with a capacity of about 7,000 to 10,000 tons per annum. curing solution. The product has several advantages over its These are not thought yet to be working to capacity. Unimills all-meat counterpart. Protein content is higher (12.6% vs. B.V. produces defatted soya fl our, soya concentrate and 8.4%), fat content is reduced (30% vs. 69.3%), cooked yield products textured by extrusion with a single extruder. ADM– is higher (45.6% vs. 28.3-30%), and price is lower ($0.35-40 De Ploeg B.V. produces defatted soya fl our and grits and also vs. $1.69). textured soya fl our. The company has a single extruder of capacity 7,000 to 10,000 tons per annum, and is an associate 417. Wall Street Journal. 1978. Ralston Purina plans to spur of Archer Daniels Midland Co., USA. pet food sales with new products. Oct. 23. p. 22. “United Kingdom: British Soya Products produces • Summary: Ralston Purina, facing intense competition in defatted soya fl our and grits as well as full fat fl our. the pet-food fi eld, plans to introduce about 6 new products, The company also produces by its own techniques (not including Moist & Chunky (a soft-dry dog food) and conventional extrusion) the “Bespro” range of textured Country Blend (a dry cat food). Soy is not mentioned. products. These may include gluten with the soya material. Spillers Ltd (Soya Food Ltd and Lucas Ltd) produces 418. Hahn, David T. 1978. Soy chips add nutritious defatted fl our and grits as well as full fat fl our. Soya dimension to snack food market. Food Product Development concentrate (Newpro) and textured soya fl our are also 12(9):72. Oct. produced. It is believed that the company now has the • Summary: Ralston Purina Co. has developed a high-protein production capacity of two extruders (14,000 to 20,000 “snack chip made entirely from Supro 620, soy protein tons per annum). GMB (Proteins) Limited (jointly owned isolate.” The process is described. Two color photos show by General Mills Inc., USA and Bush, Boake Allen Ltd) the chips. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. produces a textured soya product (“Bontrae”), not by conventional extrusion. It is thought the current production 419. National Soybean Processors Association. 1978. Year capacity is a few thousand tons per annum. Miles book and trading rules 1978-1979. Washington, DC. ii + 106 Laboratories (U.K.) is linked to Miles Laboratories Inc., p. USA. Information is lacking as to whether the company • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: has production capacity in the U.K. for textured products, Effective October 1, 1978. This is the 50th anniversary issue. as well as importing U.S. products. Courtaulds Limited Contents: The National Soybean Processors Association produces a range of spun soya protein products (Kesp), [Introduction and overview]. Constitution and by-laws. some of which may incorporate gluten. Annual production Offi cers and directors. Executive offi ce. Members. Standing is not known. The British Arkady Co. Ltd is associated with committees. Food Protein Council. Trading rules on soybean Archer Daniels Midland Co., USA. Defatted soya fl our meal. Sales contract. Appendix to trading rules on soybean and grits, full fat soya fl our and textured soya products (by meal: Offi cial methods of analysis (moisture, protein, extrusion) are produced. The single extruder has a capacity crude fi ber, oil {only method numbers listed}), sampling of of 7,000 to 10,000 tons per annum. Extensive research and soybean meal (automatic sampler, probe sampler), offi cial

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 194 weighmaster application, semi-annual scale report, offi cial Land O’Lakes, Inc. Floyd W. Brown, Lauhoff Grain Co. referee chemists (meal). Trading rules on soybean oil. Kermit F. Head, Missouri Farmers Assn.–Grain Div. Robert Sales contract. Defi nitions of grade and quality of export E. Hicks, Owensboro Grain Co., Inc. Sewell L. Spedden, oils. Soybean lecithin specifi cations. Appendix to trading Perdue Incorporated. John H. Payne, Planters Manufacturing rules on soybean oil: Inspection, grading soybean oil for Co. William T. Melvin, Planters Oil Mill, Inc. Theodore color (N.S.P.A. tentative method), methods of analysis W. Bean, Quincy Soybean Co. Edward J. Cordes, Ralston (A.O.C.S. offi cial methods): Soybean oil, crude; soybean oil, Purina Co. Richard E. Bell, Riceland Foods, Inc. J.D. refi ned; soybean oil, refi ned and bleached; soybean oil for Morton, Sherman Oil Mill. Stiles M. Harper, Southern Soya technical uses; soap stock, acidulated soap stock and tank Corp. Austin E. Idleman, A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Preston C. bottoms (only method numbers listed), offi cial weighmaster Townsend, Townsend’s Inc. Tyler Terrett, West Tennessee application, semi-annual scale report, offi cial referee Soya Mill, Inc. chemists (oil). Soybean oil export trading rules. Foreign Executive offi ce, Washington, DC: Executive trade defi nitions (for information purposes only). Director, Sheldon J. Hauck. Director, Public Affairs: Jack The page titled National Soybean Processors Association DuVall. Director, Regulatory Affairs: William F. Sullivan. (p. ii) states: “During the past crop year about 900,000,000 Administrative Asst.: Helen Miller. National Soybean Crop bushels of soybeans moved through processing plants of Improvement Council: Robert W. Judd, Managing Director. NSPA’s 29 member fi rms. Approximately 55 percent of Members (listed alphabetically by company; within America’s 1.7 billion-bushel soybean crop is bought and each company, fi rst the name of the offi cial Association processed by NSPA members. Exporters account for another representative {who is on the Board}, followed by the 41 percent of the crop, and the remainder [4%] is returned to other personal members listed alphabetically by surname. farms for seed, feed, and residuals.” Also discusses industry For example, Archer Daniels Midland Co., the company programs, soybean research, and international market with the most personal members, has 26. After the name development.” of each personal member is given with his address and The section on offi cers, executive committee, and board phone number. In the listing below, the number of personal of directors (p. 7-8) gives the name, company affi liation, members is shown in parentheses after the name of each and phone number of each person. Offi cers–Chairman: company, followed by city and state of the various locations): John G. Reed, Jr., Continental Grain Co. Vice Chairman: Anderson, Clayton & Co. (6); Phoenix, Arizona; Jackson, C. Lockwood Marine, Central Soya Co., Inc. President: Mississippi; Houston, Texas. Archer Daniels Midland Co. Sheldon J. Hauck. Secretary: A.E. Idleman, A.E. Staley (26); Decatur, Illinois; Galesburg, Illinois; Granite City, Manufacturing Co., Inc. Treasurer: Edward J. Cordes, Illinois; Fredonia, Kansas; Mankato, Minnesota; Red Wing, Ralston Purina Co. Immediate past chairman: Lowell K. Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kershaw, Rasmussen, Honeymead Products Co. South Carolina. Boone Valley Coop. Processing Assn., Executive Committee: Gorge A. Heinz (‘79), Buckeye Eagle Grove, Iowa. Buckeye Cellulose Corp. (8); North Cellulose Corp. Donald H. Leavenworth (‘79), Spicola, Little Rock, Arkansas; Augusta, Georgia; Cincinnati, Ohio; Cargill, Inc. C. Lockwood Marine, Central Soya Co. Inc. Memphis, Tennessee. Bunge Corporation (6); Cairo, Illinois; John G. Reed, Jr., Continental Grain Co. Gaylord O. Coan Logansport, Indiana; Emporia, Kansas; New York City, New (‘80), Gold Kist, Inc. Lowell K. Rasmussen, Honeymead York; Cargill, Inc. (18); Osceola, Arkansas; Gainesville, Products Co. William T. Melvin (‘80). Planters Oil Mill, Inc. Georgia; Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Sioux Theodore W. Bean (‘79), Quincy Soybean Co. Edward J. City, Iowa; Washington, Iowa; Chicago, Illinois; Wichita, Cordes, Ralston Purina Co. Richard E. Bell (‘80), Riceland Kansas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Fayetteville, North Foods, Inc. Austin E. Idleman, A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Carolina; Sidney, Ohio; Memphis, Tennessee; Chesapeake, Board of Directors (alphabetically by company; each Virginia. Central Soya Co., Inc. (11); Gibson City, Illinois; member company has one representative on the board): Decatur, Indiana; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Indianapolis, Thomas H. Wolfe, Anderson, Clayton & Co. Charles Indiana; Belmond, Iowa; Marion, Ohio; Bellevue, Ohio; Bayless, Archer Daniels Midland Co. Keith Voight, Boone Delphos, Ohio; Chattanooga, Tennessee. Continental Valley Coop. Processing Assn. George H. Heinz, Buckeye Grain Co. (6); Guntersville, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Cellulose Corp. David C. Thompson, Bunge Corporation. Taylorville, Illinois; New York City, New York; Cameron, Donald H. Leavenworth, Cargill, Inc. C. Lockwood Marine, South Carolina. Dawson Mills (3); Dawson, Minnesota. Central Soya Co., Inc. John G. Reed, Jr., Continental Grain Delta Cotton Oil & Fertilizer Co. (1); Jackson, Mississippi. Co. Joe C. Givens, Dawson Mills. Alfred Jenkins, Delta Farmers Grain Dealers Assn. of Iowa (Cooperative), Cotton Oil & Fertilizer Co. Kenneth E. Sullivan, Farmers Soybean Processing Div. (1); Mason City, Iowa. Farmland Grain Dealers Assn. of Iowa. Donald M. Chartier, Farmland Industries, Inc. (5); Van Buren, Arkansas; Sergeant Bluff, Industries, Inc. Gaylord O. Coan, Gold Kist Inc. Lowell K. Iowa; Hutchinson, Kansas; St. Joseph, Missouri. Gold Kist Rasmussen, Honeymead Products Co. Kenneth J. McQueen, Inc. (3); Atlanta, Georgia. Honeymead Products Co. (3);

Mankato, Minnesota. Land O’Lakes, Inc. (2); Fort Dodge, • Summary: “William H. Danforth was known to the Iowa; Sheldon, Iowa. Lauhoff Grain Co. (1); Danville, American business world as a rugged pioneer of a new Illinois. Missouri Farmers Assn.–Grain Div. (5); Mexico, industry and the founder of the far-fl ung Ralston Purina Missouri. Owensboro Grain Co., Inc. (2); Owensboro, Company, but the youth of America will long remember Kentucky. Perdue Incorporated (2); Salisbury, Maryland. him as a special friend and counselor, a benefactor, and a Planters Manufacturing Co. (2); Clarksdale, Mississippi. magnifi cent example of the philosophy of life he sponsored. Planters Oil Mill, Inc. (2); Rocky Mount, North Carolina. “From the time Mr. Danforth was a sickly farm boy in Quincy Soybean Co. (4); Quincy, Illinois. Ralston Purina the Southeast Missouri swamp country and was ‘dared’ by Co. (8); Bloomington, Illinois; Lafayette, Indiana; Iowa his school teacher to become ‘the healthiest boy in the class,’ Falls, Iowa; Louisville, Kentucky; Kansas City, Missouri; he built his life on the proposition that to live is to dare. How St. Louis, Missouri; Raleigh, North Carolina; Memphis, well the dare idea served him was witnessed by his success Tennessee. Riceland Foods, Inc. (8); Helena, Arkansas; in pioneering the commercial feed industry, and in being his Stuttgart, Arkansas. Sherman Oil Mill (1); Fort Worth, Texas. company’s active Board Chairman and a tireless traveler and Southern Soya Corp. (1); Estill, South Carolina. A.E. Staley leader of youth until his death on Christmas Eve, 1955, at the Manufacturing Co. (7); Decatur, Illinois. Townsend’s Inc. age of 85. (2); Millsboro, Delaware. West Tennessee Soya Mill, Inc. “The Ralston Purina Company, which Mr. Danforth (1); Tiptonville, Tennessee. founded, has over 60 manufacturing plants in the United Associate Members: ACLI Soya Co, White Plains, States, Canada, Central and South America and Europe. The New York. Anderson Clayton Foods, Dallas, Texas. Balfour company is the world’s largest manufacturer of balanced MacClaine International, Ltd., New York City, New York. rations for livestock and poultry. It is a major manufacturer Best Foods, a Unit of CPC International Inc., Englewood of breakfast cereals, and one of the hundred largest Cliffs, New Jersey. California Vegetable Oils, Inc., San corporations of America. Mr. Danforth was also a director Francisco. Canadian Vegetable Oil Processing Co., Hamilton, of several large corporations. But his work with and for Ontario, Canada. Cobec Brazilian Trading and Warehousing American youth was the source of his greatest satisfaction. Corp. of the U.S., New York City. Louis Dreyfus, Stamford, “Upon graduating from Washington University in St. Connecticut. Durkee Foods, Div. of SCM Corporation, Louis in 1892, young Will Danforth found a job in the brick Chicago, Illinois (Gerald J. Daleiden). Gordon-Kutner Co., business. Since building material sales were seasonal, he Dallas, Texas. Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa was not satisfi ed. With characteristic directness he observed (H.P. Woodstra). Hartsville Oil Mill, Hartsville, South that ‘animals must eat the year round,’ so in 1894 he and a Carolina (Richard A. Koppein). Humko Products, Memphis, partner went into the business of mixing formula feeds for Tennessee. Hunt-Wesson Foods, Inc., Fullerton, California. farm animals. Lever Bros Co., New York City, New York. Maple Leaf Mills “Two years later a tornado wiped out their mill. Will Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.G. Milliken). Marwood Danforth went to the bank and negotiated a loan solely on Company, San Francisco, California. Overseas Commodities the strength of his determination to make good. From these Corp., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Pillsbury Co., Bloomington, beginnings grew the Ralston Purina Company, and the man, Minnesota. Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. PVO William H. Danforth. International Inc., San Francisco, California. Quaker Oats “The year 1894 was doubly important to Mr. Danforth, Co. (The), Chicago, Illinois. Schouten International, Inc., for it was in that year the he was married to Miss Adda Bush. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sofi co, Memphis, Tennessee. In the succeeding years two children were born, Dorothy, the Spencer Kellogg, Div. of Textron, Inc., Buffalo, New York. late Mrs. Randolph P., Compton, and Donald, now deceased, Alfred C. Toepfer, Inc., New York City, New York (Dieter former President and Chairman of the Board of the Ralston Rahlmann). Purina Company. Standing committees: For each committee, the function “Always interested in Christian leadership principles, of the committee, the names of all members (with the Mr. Danforth and a group of friends organized the American chairman designated), with the company and company Youth Foundation in 1924. It has as its purpose the training address of each are given–Crop Improvement Council. of young men and women in Christian ideals and helping Meal trading rules. Oil trading rules. Safety and insurance. them prepare for a life of responsibility and leadership. A Soybean Research Council. Technical. Address: 1800 M St., 300-acre camp site near Shelby, Michigan, was acquired. As N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Phone: (202) 452-8040. Telex president of the American Youth Foundation, Mr. Danforth 89-7452. helped establish Camp Miniwanca there. For more than 30 years, up to the time of his death, he spent his summers at 420. Ralston Purina Co. 1978. William H. Danforth (News Camp Miniwanca where he met, counselled and inspired release). Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188. 6 p. thousands and thousands of young men and women. Oct. “During the First World War, Mr. Danforth served with

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 196 the Third Division, American Expeditionary Forces. His and teachers. In addition, the Foundation has helped to build keen sense of sales promotion, which characterized his entire 24 meditation chapels on college campuses and in hospitals. business life, followed him to the battlefi elds of France as he “Through the activities of the Danforth Foundation and observed the enthusiastic connotation that the word ‘chow’ the American Youth Foundation, great groups of young men brought to soldiers in the fi eld. Rations labeled ‘chows’ and women came to know his buoyant personality. A new seemed to out-taste and out-satisfy just plain food, so when acquaintance was always an adventure to him, and he never he returned to his business after the war, he applied the name overlooked an opportunity to meet a stranger. A familiar ‘Chow’ to all livestock and poultry feeds which his company scene in St. Louis often occurred at noon when Mr. Danforth manufactured. Thus came into being the famous ‘Purina took his walk. If he had been stopped for a few seconds by Chows,’ known to farmers throughout the United States and a red light at a street intersection, he would look around to in Canada and other foreign lands. see who else might be waiting. He would often walk up to a “Another manifestation of Mr. Danforth’s sales stranger, introduce himself and start a friendly conversation. promotion genius was his early realization of the value of By the time the two of them started across the street together a distinctive trademark. In a time when standard packaging they had found an area of mutual interest and were carrying was practically nonexistent he bagged his Chows in sacks on an animated conversation. marked vividly with a uniform red and white checkerboard “Typical of Mr. Danforth’s interests was his work with pattern. He remembered the children of a family in his the Christmas Carols Association in St. Louis. About 1909, boyhood who were always clothed from the same bolt of he and a group of friends revived the old custom of meeting checkered gingham. The checkerboard shirt or dress quickly to sing Christmas carols. They did this for the sheer pleasure identifi ed each member of the family, and Mr. Danforth of singing and of bringing Christmas songs to others. There thought it would work with the products he manufactured. was no particular plan or organization. The group of carolers The Purina Checkerboard has become one of the most grew each year, and they found themselves the recipients of famous and effective trademarks in American business. many gifts, wholly unsolicited. Such gifts were turned over “For all of Mr. Danforth’s heavy executive schedule to the Children’s Aid Society. Then in 1924, the Christmas over the years and his ‘daring’ for high stakes in the business Carols Association was formed and the Danforth genius world, he avoided letting business crowd out a happy balance for organizing was applied. Up to the time of his death he of living. This represented the essence of his personal had been the Association’s only president. Strangely yet philosophy, the ‘Four Square’ life. appropriately, death came to him suddenly as he waited at “Mr. Danforth outlined his philosophy in a number of home for the arrival of a group of Christmas Carolers on books, the best known of which is entitled ‘I Dare You,’ Christmas Eve. now in its sixteenth edition. He believed that a person has “Today, the Christmas Carols Association in St. Louis not one, but four lives to live, and to illustrate he would embraces some 2000 singing groups each Christmas season draw a familiar ‘checkerboard’ on a piece of paper. On the with about 40,000 singers. They try to cover the entire city, left side of the checker he would write ‘Physical’; at the top block by block, to bring Christmas songs to stores, public he would write ‘Mental’; on the right-hand side he would places and homes. The thousands of gifts are divided among write ‘Social’; and at the base of the checker he would write 56 children’s agencies. ‘Religious.’ “Mr. Danforth’s life-long adventure to ‘dare’ for new “A man’s ingredients for life are a body, a mind, and bigger stakes was anchored in–and stabilized by–a few personality and character, Mr. Danforth would say, and all unchanging fundamentals he considered basic. For nearly four must grow in balance with each other. The mind should 40 years, he wrote an inspirational ‘Monday Morning not be developed at the expense of the personality, nor the Message’ each week for his associates and employees. In one body at the expense of character. of these in 1955, while he was in his 84th year, he pointed “Mr. Danforth made no secret that he took his health out the signifi cance to him of some of these unchanging seriously. He would proudly relate that he had never lost a fundamentals. day at the offi ce on account of illness. He walked his mile a “’Some folks are continually making changes,’ he day because it made him feel better, and his rule was to get said. ‘I fl atter myself that I like new ventures and new eight hours of sleep a night with the windows open. He ate experiences. But when it comes to fundamentals I believe moderately and kept his weight down. in fi nding the right foundations and building on them. “In 1927, Mr. and Mrs. Danforth set up the Danforth I’m a poor changer. For instance, here are some of the Foundation as a personal family trust fund for the purpose of fundamentals I have never changed: I have been a church working through schools and colleges to aid young people in member for over 60 years, married to one wife for over 60 their development toward becoming wholesome and useful years, a lodge member for over 60 years, a Purina man for citizens. The Danforth Foundation has extended help in the over 60 years. form of fellowships or scholarships to many college students “’Four-Square principles have been pillars of strength in

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 197 my life. I have never had cause to change. The longer I live scientifi c understanding of the quality of soy proteins for with such fundamentals, the more valuable they become.’ human nutrition. The infl uential 406-page proceedings, titled “From a solid base of unchanging fundamentals, Mr. Soy Protein & Human Nutrition, are published in 1979, Danforth fl ung his ‘dare’ in many directions. His living edited by Wilcke, Hopkins, and Waggle. monument stands in the hearts of American Youth who May. The Soy Deli opens at The Soy Plant in Ann Arbor, remember his magnifi cent challenge to them–’Aspire nobly, Michigan. America’s fourth soy deli. adventure daringly, serve humbly.’” Address: St. Louis, June. Brightsong Tofu, founded by Joel Brightbill and Missouri. Bob Heartsong, starts making tofu in Redwood Valley, California. Sharon and Richard Rose bought the company 421. Foreign Agriculture (USDA Foreign Agricultural in June, 1980 and in Nov. 1980 started The Real Food Tofu Service). 1978. Soy protein plant opens in Belgium. Dec. 11. Cafe, a soy deli, adjacent to it. p. 15. June 26. First Takai catalog of tofu and soymilk • Summary: The fi rst manufacturing plant in Western Europe equipment published, written by William Shurtleff. The fi rst for the production of isolated soy protein has been opened by publication of its type in English, it helps start many new Ralston Purina at Ieper [Ypres], Belgium, according to the soyfoods companies. U.S. Agricultural Attaché in Brussels. The plant, which will July 28-31. First Soycrafters Conference held at The Soy supply isolated soy protein for European food processors, Plant in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Conceived and organized by cost about $16.6 million and will employ about 100 workers. Steve Fiering. 75 people attend. The Soycrafters Association of North America (SANA) is founded, with Larry 422. SoyaScan Notes. 1978. Chronology of soybeans, Needleman as the fi rst president and a board of directors. soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1978 Sept. First issue of Soyanews published in Sri Lanka. (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Oct. The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (revised ed.) by Soyfoods Center. Louise Hagler published by The Farm’s Book Publishing Co. • Summary: Jan. 25-27. International Soya Protein Food in Tennessee. Conference held in Singapore, sponsored by the American Oct. Morinaga Milk Co. in Japan starts to export their Soybean Association. 400 people from 24 countries tofu in aseptic Tetra Brik cartons worldwide. They issue a participated. color recipe booklet to accompany each carton. Jan. Whole Foods magazine starts publication in Oct. Kendall Food Co. starts to make America’s Berkeley, California, founded by Steven & Henrietta Haines, earliest known commercial amazake in Brookline Village, and Jim Schreiber. The fi rst issue features an article titled Massachusetts. Amazake is made from koji, as are miso and “Making Money Making Tofu,” about fi ve tofu companies. shoyu. Not even in Hawaii was commercial amazake made Westbrae has a full-page color ad titled “Someday all of this before this–so far as we know. will be as familiar as apple pie,” showing fi ve types of miso Oct. 29-Nov. 3. World Conference on Vegetable Food plus sea vegetables. Proteins held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. More than Feb. 17. Laughing Grasshopper tofu shop changes its 1,000 participants. Sponsored by the American Soybean name to New England Soy Dairy, Inc., the fi rst company Assoc. and others. to use the term “soy dairy” in its name. Also in 1978 Nov. The Tofu Shop, America’s fi fth soy deli-restaurant, White Wave in Boulder, Colorado, publishes a charming opened in Rochester, New York, by Greg Weaver. Large and poster announcing, “We’ve got an alternative. White Wave very creative menu. Later called The Tofu Gardens, and The Soy Dairy.” An illustration shows a man leading his cow, Lotus Cafe. standing under a beanstalk, looking in wonder at the seeds, Dec. American Soybean Association moves its soybeans. headquarters from rural Hudson, Iowa, to St. Louis, March. The Cow of China, America’s third soy deli, Missouri, into greatly enlarged, modern offi ces. run by White Wave, opens in Boulder, Colorado. It is later Dec. The Book of Tofu (extensively revised, renamed Good Belly Deli. Americanized edition), by Shurtleff and Aoyagi published April. Nasoya Foods Inc. starts making tofu and soymilk by Ballantine Books in a mass-market paperback edition. By in Leominster, Massachusetts, inside a former dairy. Founded 1987 the two editions have sold over 450,000 copies. by John Paino and Robert Bergwall. May. 3. “What is this Dec. Tofu Goes West, by Gary Landgrebe published by Thing Called Tofu” by Patricia Wells published in The New Fresh Press. York Times. Dec. How to Cook with Miso, by Aveline Kushi May 22-25. Keystone Conference on Soy Protein and published by Japan Publications. Human Nutrition held in Keystone, Colorado, organized by Dec. Tofu Madness, by Olszewski published by Island Ralston Purina. 105 registrants. The world’s top researchers Spring tofu company in Washington [state]. on the subject present 34 papers demonstrating a new Dec. Growing use of the term “shoyu” and less misuse

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 198 of the term “tamari” in publications, indicating awareness of 60,000 bushels/day. Victory Mills (Toronto, Ontario) 42,000 the difference between these two types of soy sauce. bushels/day. Canadian Vegetable Oil Processing (CVOP, * Peaking Out on Tofu, by Matthew Schmit self- Hamilton, Ontario) 33,000 bushels/day. Maple Leaf Mills published in Colorado. (Toronto, Ontario) 13,000 bushels/day. Total: 148,000 * Soymilk Piima, resembling the traditional Finnish bushels/day. Note: Maple Leaf Mills is the largest Canadian cultured dairy product, is fi rst made (on a home scale) by Pat soybean crusher, with a total capacity of 73,000 bu/day. Connolly in southern California. * Soy oil: The King with no crown. A series of studies 424. Darrington, Hugh. 1979. Soy protein comes to Ypres initiated by the American Soybean Assoc. in 1978 showed, [Ralston Purina’s new isolated soy protein plant opens in surprisingly, that although soy oil is by far America’s Belgium]. Food Manufacture (London) 54(1):61-62. Jan. widely used oil (accounting for 84% of all vegetable oils • Summary: A large photo shows the new Belgian plant, and 58.3% of all edible oils and fats), most consumers are which is said to be the fi rst of its kind in Europe. It was built simply not aware that they are using soy oil. When 1,200 at a cost of 19 million British pounds by Ralston Purina female heads of households were asked “What oils can you Europe, a company started by Ralston Purina in 1972 to help think of?” only 17% mentioned soy oil (52% mentioned them enter the European market. Ralston Purina’s vegetable corn oil, 36% peanut oil, and 23% saffl ower oil), and only protein story really began 20 years ago, when they began 7% reported having purchased soy oil in the past 6 months. researching alternative methods of supplementing meat, The ASA Market Development Foundation promptly began milk and egg proteins with proteins from oil seeds. The new a campaign to increase product recognition and loyalty, Belgium plant at a cost of £10M was built by Purina Protein improve product image, and to encourage manufacturers Europe, a company started by Ralston Purina in 1972 to help worldwide to identify soy oil on product labels. The slogan them enter the European market. The isolate is available used is shown at the start of this paragraph. in 9 different forms, depending upon application, ranging from Purina Protein A, a simple acidifi ed protein and Purina 423. Shearson Hayden Stone Inc. 1978. Special survey: U.S. Protein 500E (general purpose) to Purina Protein 200–a fi bre and Canadian soybean processing facilities. New York, NY. version. It is being used now in French pate, ham products, 8 p. Nov. poultry roll, Scandinavian fi sh balls, and protein enriched • Summary: The USA has a total soybean crushing capacity pasta. of 1,226 million bushels/year based on 330 available days. A The new plant was offi cially opened by Belgian Prime ranking of the capacity of major U.S. soybean crushers is as Minister Leo Tindemans and will employ around 100 people. follows (as of 1 Nov. 1977): Products from Ypres will be distributed in the UK and Cargill 224 million bushels/year. 18.3% of industry total. Ireland by McAuley Edwards Ltd, 9 High Street, Baldock, Archer Daniels Midland 178 million bushels/year. Herts, which is a joint venture company with Ralston Purina. 14.5% of industry total. They also operate a Protein Application Laboratory now Central Soya 94 million bushels/year. 7.7% of industry being expanded and relocated at St. Albans, which developed total. the application of Purina’s products for the entire European A.E. Staley 93 million bushels/year. 7.6% of industry market. total. Ralston Purina 92 million bushels/year. 7.5% of industry 425. Food Engineering. 1979. Dairy products with soy total. protein. 51(1):ef-10, 11. Jan. [1 ref] All Co-ops 232 million bushels/year. 19.0% of industry • Summary: Contents: Introduction: Coffee creamers and total. whip toppings. Soy isolate in yogurt. Soy-based infant Other 312 million bushels/year. 25.4% of industry total. formulas. Soy-whey drink mix. Soy in ice cream. Room for The leading soybean crushing states (in million bushels new technologies. per year capacity) are: Illinois 258, Iowa 176, Minnesota A table lists 15 soy-based infant formulas, showing 83, Tennessee 73, Indiana 70, Arkansas 69, Missouri 68, the product name, form (powdered, ready to feed, or Mississippi 59, Ohio 50. concentrated liquid), and manufacturer. The product names The individual soybean crushing plants with the largest are Bon Lact, Espelin, Isomil, Lactopriv, Mull-Soy, Multilac, capacity are (* = food grade plant): ADM* (Decatur, Illinois) Neo-Mull-Soy, Nursoy, Nutri-Soja, Prosobee, Sobee, Soja 150,000 bushels/day. Quincy Soya (Quincy, Illinois) 120,000 Semp, Soyalac, i-Soyalac, Vegebaby. bushels/day. Cargill, Inc. (Memphis, Tennessee) 100,000 bushels/day. A.E. Staley (Des Moines, Iowa) 100,000 426. Product Name: Purina Protein 220 (Isolated Soy bushels/day. Protein). Canadian soybean crushers capacity (total 148,000 Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. bushels/day) are: Maple Leaf Mills (Windsor, Ontario) Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis,

MO 63164. Soyburgers (with 7 cups cooked soybeans; makes 16. From Date of Introduction: 1979 January. The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook). Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 50 lb (22.7 kg) multiwall The event was largely sponsored by the Food Protein sleeve-pak bags. Council and its member companies. “There were a few How Stored: Shelf stable. interesting hors d’oeuvres including soy nuts and garlic New Product–Documentation: See next page, Ralston smothered bean curd.” Purina Co., Protein Division. 1979. Aug. 1. General product description. 428. Anton, J.J. 1979. The marketing of isolated soy proteins. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56(3):409-11. 427. Davis, Melissa. 1979. The soy of cooking: Out of the March. fi eld, into the kitchen. Washington Post. March 15. p. E1, • Summary: In 1976 the Gallup organization conducted a E14, E20. survey showing that “soy protein is most often named by • Summary: Starts by discussing Henry Ford’s interest in consumers as the protein source of the future.” and work with soybeans. He wanted to fi nd a way to “grow “Today the growth rate of isolated soy protein is several automobiles out of the soil. In 1940 he discovered that times greater than that of other classes of soy proteins. Today soybeans were his bumper crop.” its worldwide expansion rate is estimated to be more than Last week a milestone in soybean history was made on 25% per year.” Capitol Hill [Washington, DC]. “About 500 people including “With the recognition of isolated soy proteins as senators, representatives, ambassadors, diplomats and comparable nutritionally to meat, milk and eggs, the freeloaders turned up at the International Soybean Fair. opportunity to position soy as a major nutrition source surely While Chai Zemin (of the People’s Republic of China) will be a future direction for marketing.” This recognition and Bob Bergland (U.S. Secretary of Agriculture) stood came about in May 1978 as a result of the Keystone shaking hands, people pushed and shoved to get to the bar Conference on Soy Protein and Human Nutrition, held in and to hors d’oeuvres made from every soybean product Colorado. imaginable–soy fl our, tofu or bean curd, textured vegetable Soy protein is probably the most widely researched food protein (TVP), soy milk, soy sauce, etc. Also mentions in human history. tempeh and miso. A portrait photo shows J.J. Anton. Address: Protein and Although most Americans think of soybeans as Dairy Food Systems Div., Ralston Purina Co., Checkerboard something fed to chickens and cows, companies like Miles Square, St. Louis, Missouri. Laboratories, Procter & Gamble, Ralston Purina, Nabisco and Kraft are “hoping we will take soybeans into our 429. Desmyter, E.A.; Wagner, T.J. 1979. Utilization of kitchens.” vegetable proteins in meats of large cross sectional area. J. of The hors d’oeuvres at the Soybean Fair (10 dishes the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56(3):334-36. March. prepared by chefs from the Chinese Embassy and 13 • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Current presented by the Food Protein Council) attempted to prove technologies related to whole cuts of meat. Incorporation that soy protein foods can be tasty and attractive. Although of isolated soy protein in whole cuts of meat. Typical one critic said, they ‘taste like vacuum cleaner dust,’ some applications. A shows one of the authors. Address: 1. Purina of them came close (the Morning Star Farms bacon analog Protein Europe, Brussels, Belgium; 2. Ralston Purina Co., St. had a dusty nutty taste very unlike bacon). There were a Louis, Missouri. few interesting hors d’oeuvres including soy nuts and garlic smothered bean curd.” 430. Hardin, Clifford M. 1979. Conditions and trends in the Then comes a description of how to cook soybeans world protein economy. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ using 3 different methods: (1) Pressure cooker method–45 Society 56(3):173-77. March. [5 ref] minutes at 10-15 pounds pressure. (2) Regular method–soak, • Summary: This brilliant article unfortunately contains then cover and simmer for 4½ to 5 hours, or until tender. Add no subdivisions (A-level heads), making it diffi cult to water as needed. (3) Freezer method: Pour the soaked beans summarize. with water into ice trays or freezing containers. The beans A graph shows U.S. exports of feed grains and wheat should be just covered with water. Freeze overnight, or as from marketing year 1970-71 to 1976-77 (million tons). long as you like. Remove from freezer, place in a pot with Tables show: (1) Grain and livestock–production and exports suffi cient water to cover. Cover and simmer (do not boil) for 1974-75 as percent change from year earlier. (2) Feed uses 2½ to 3 hours, or until tender. Add more water if needed. of grain in Developed countries (with USA broken out), Then come four recipes: (1) Soy nuts. (2) Peanut Butter centrally planned countries, and developing countries, in 3 Cookies (with 3 cups soy fl our; makes 60 cookies). (3) years–1960, 1970, 1976. Fried bean curd with garlic and scallions (6 servings). (4) (3) Estimates of sources of world protein production.

Plants produce 79% of the world’s protein vs. 21% from 38(3):548 (Abst. #1644). March. animals. Among the plants, cereals, roots and tubers produce • Summary: Soy polysaccharides (SP) are primarily the 52% of the total vs. 12% from oilseeds. (4) FAO estimates of cell wall components of soybean cotyledons, which are world average per capita protein supply, 1961-65 and 1974, derived from processing defatted soybean fl akes. Tests were in booth grams per day and percentage of total. conducted on pigs to investigate the physiological functions A photo shows Clifford M. Hardin. Address: Vice of SP. Calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper retention were Chairman of the Board, Ralston Purina Co., Checkerboard not affected in the pigs fed diets containing SP and cellulose. Square, St. Louis, Missouri. Magnesium retention was reduced signifi cantly in the pigs fed SP and wheat bran. Results from this study indicated that 431. Kolar, C.W.; Cho, I.C.; Waltrous, W.L. 1979. Vegetable SP is able to decrease transit time, increase fecal volume and protein application in yogurt, coffee creamers and whip fecal moisture with minimal effects on mineral and nitrogen toppings. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56(3):389- utilization. Address: 1-3. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, 91. March. Missouri 63188. • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Coffee creamers. Whip toppings. Yogurt. 433. Nichols, J.H. 1979. How the consumers perceive “Soy proteins and, in particular, isolated soy proteins proteins. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56(3):415- are being used in coffee creamers and whip toppings. With 16. March. the increasing cost of traditional protein sources, more food • Summary: The writer and his company are in the soy manufacturers are investigating and utilizing soy proteins protein industry. In 1976 in the United States, the Gallup in other dairy type products. Isolated soy protein added as Organization conducted a national sample attitude survey a replacement for the nonfat dry milk in the production of sponsored by the Food Council of Washington, DC. the yogurt increased the viscosity and gel strength to a greater “Gallup study has two fi ndings that are relevant. The fi rst is amount than nonfat dry milk and sodium caseinate added on that 33% of the consumers stated that the soybean would be an equivalent protein basis. the most important source of the protein in the future. This “Coffee creamers are generally grouped into 3 is the largest number of people to make this conclusion for categories: liquid, frozen and dry. any of the foods mentioned. The rest of the foods receiving “Whip toppings: Isolated soy proteins are being used in less frequent mentions included beef, fi sh, powdered milk, the manufacture of 4 types of whip toppings: (1) aerosol, (2) cheese, peanuts and pork.” liquid, (3) frozen, and (4) frozen, prewhipped toppings. The study also found that “54% of the consumers stated “Yogurt: Two styles of yogurt are popular in the U.S. that they has eaten foods containing soy proteins during the These are Swiss and sundae styles. The Swiss style is a year.” stirred yogurt incubated in bulk. Fruit and fl avorings are Moreover 39% of those polled said that soy protein commonly combined with the yogurt before packaging. improves the quality of the fi nished food. The sundae style is produced by the addition of fruit and And 26% said that soy protein will have no effect on the fl avoring to the retail cup followed by the addition of an quality of the fi nished food. inoculated milk to the container.” Gallup also found that the more affl uent and educated “Research has been conducted to investigate the a person was, the more likely he or she would have positive potential use of isolated soy proteins as replacement of perceptions of soy proteins. The food industry must work some of the stabilizer products such as plant hydrocolloids hard to repeatedly provide foods containing soy proteins that and sodium caseinate. The addition of isolated soy protein meet or exceed consumer expectations. Address: Ralston contributes to increased viscosity and gel strength and will Purina Co., Belgium. contribute to the protein content while many of the stabilizer products do not... Isolated soy protein may be used to replace 434. Ralston Purina Co. 1979. The versatile isolate–for the nonfat dry milk or sodium caseinate that is added to milk the world who burns the candle at both ends (Ad). J. of the to improve viscosity and texture of yogurt. In addition, the American Oil Chemists’ Society 56(3):216A-217A. March. isolate is effective in reducing syneresis or whey separation • Summary: “Proteinability–we’re the fi rst source.” This from the gel structure of the yogurt.” A photo shows Kolar. striking two-page color ad, which shows 4 candles burning Note: This is the earliest published document seen with in the sand, appeared as early as June 1977 (which see). It the term “coffee creamers” (or “coffee creamer”) in the title. demonstrates Ralston Purina’s continuing commitment to Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. becoming the world leader in isolated soy proteins. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. And, Protein 432. Lo, G.S.; Settle, S.L.; Steinke, F.H.; Hopkins, D.T. Purina Europe SA, 391 Avenue Louise–Box 6, B-1050 1979. Effect on transit time and fecal output of soy Brussels, Belgium. Phone: 1-800-325-7136. polysaccharides in pigs. Federation Proceedings (FASEB)

435. Roberts, L.H. 1979. Vegetable protein legislation: When opened, the portfolio folds out into three large An industry perspective. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ panels. On the two left panels is a striking two-page color Society 56(3):201-05. March. [11 ref] photo that shows 4 candles burning in the sand. A moon • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Food is refl ected in candle. Below the two candles on the left standards. Labeling of foods containing vegetable proteins. is written, “Call toll free: 800/325-7136.” Below the two Types of vegetable protein uses. Nutrient fortifi cation. A candles on the right is written, “For the world who burns photo shows Roberts. Address: Food Protein Div., Ralston the candle at both ends.” The far right panel is designed to Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. hold inserts, but unfortunately none are there. At the bottom is written: “Proteinability–we’re the fi rst source.” Address: 436. Wilcke, H.L.; Waggle, D.H.; Kolar, C.K. 1979. Textural Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. Phone: contribution of vegetable protein products. J. of the American 1-800-325-7136. Oil Chemists’ Society 56(3):259-61. March. [14 ref] • Summary: An early process for the texturization of protein 439. Morgan, Dan. 1979. Cotton, wheat and corn bowing to fi bers was that described by Boyer in a 1954 patent in which the reign of king soybean. Washington Post. July 24. Section “protein fi bers were spun into a fi brous texture.” The process A. p. 1, col. 1. is described briefl y. Contains numerous photos and the • Summary: According to unoffi cial private estimates, following fi gures: (1) Steam texturization process (schematic America’s largest soybean crushers (with their estimated diagram). (2) Process for manufacturing structured isolated capacity in millions of bushels) are: Cargill 224, ADM 178, soy protein (schematic diagram). Central Soya 94, A.E. Staley 93, and Ralston Purina 92. A portrait photo shows H.L. Wilcke. Address: Ralston “In West Germany soybean oil has gained wide Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. acceptance and is produced by such major companies as Unilever. But the oil has encountered strong resistance 437. Decker, C.D.; Kolar, C.W. 1979. Utilization of in France as a cooking oil because ‘the French prefer a soy protein isolates in meat and fi sh applications. In: richer, peanut smell and like butter,’ says the American Hideo Chiba, et al., eds. 1979. Proceedings of the Fifth Soybean Association’s Michael A. Phillips. Efforts to International Congress of Food Science and Technology promote soybean oil in France also have encountered strong (1978-Kyoto). Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd.; Amsterdam and New resistance from French agricultural interests. York: Elsevier Scientifi c Publishing Co. xi + 436 p. See “Earlier predictions that Brazilian soybean products Chapter 2.3, p. 79-82. Illust. Author index. Subject index. 26 would supplant those of the United States in markets abroad cm. Series: Developments in Food Science, Vol. 2. have proved to be exaggerated. Since the early part of the • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Economics and basic decade, foreign and local interests have invested massively philosophy of using isolated soy proteins. Importation in processing plants in Brazil. The Brazilian government hydration principles. Comminuted applications (bologna and backed this development with generous concessions to kamaboko). Muscle augmentation (pumping or injecting a foreign investors and with enormous subsidies to exporters slurry of soy protein isolates into whole cuts of meat, such as of meal. These subsidies have amounted to as much as ham, or fi sh). $1 a bushel and have enabled exporters in Brazil to offer It is essential to use vegetable proteins to extend and European and Japanese feed buyers discounts of $20 to replace more expensive animal proteins if future protein $30 a ton below the U.S. price. But this year U.S. trade demands are to be met. “The soybean is one of the most negotiators–spurred by the powerful Midwest farm bloc– successful sources of vegetable protein.” “Processed soybean obtained a promise from Brazil to phase out the subsidies.” protein products, which as food ingredients can replace and extend meat and fi sh proteins, have only gained prominence 440. Leviton, Richard. 1979. The beanfi eld. “Let the Earth within the last 10 years. Flours, concentrates, and isolates say beans”–Henry David Thoreau. Soycraft (Greenfi eld, are the major forms of processed soy protein, and all forms Massachusetts) 1(1):2. Summer. are important to the world’s food supply.” Address: Ralston • Summary: This is the fi rst article (actually, more like an Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. editorial) in this new magazine. “Making and marketing soyfoods is becoming an 438. Ralston Purina Co. 1979. Proteinability (Portfolio). St. increasingly widespread and satisfying practice. What Louis, Missouri. attracts many people to soycrafting, I think, is that it serves • Summary: This portfolio was handed out at the IFT (Inst. as a focal point for many vital life-ambitions currently of Food Technologists) show in June 1979. On the red cover, circulating in our generation. in the upper left corner, the “Proteinability” logo is like a “Desire for social service, anguish over world hunger, sunfl ower with 6 round petals. The word “Proteinability” is meaningful political action, skilled traditional foodcrafts, also written in black on a tab. employing appropriate technology, self-employment, health-

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 203 consciousness, food-awareness and vegetarian lifestyles, booming, they are expanding and re-locating. More recent ecological concern, local economies and community food shops, however, seem to be expending considerably more self-reliance, an integrated, non-alienated workplace, and time in planning and research, hoping to avoid the nuisance right livelihood–these are some of the core motivations that and expense of expansion within the fi rst year of business, are the inspiration for many of the newly-formed tofu shops and some have a more concentrated vision of making money. and soy dairies in the United States. Many shops, now entering their second and third years of “While for Oriental shops, tofu-making is a respected business, are experiencing growing pains as cherished goals cultural foodcraft, for the newer Occidental companies, it is, come into confl ict: an ecological sensitivity confl icts with rather, a way to plug into the social system in a personally the need for packaging which democratizes tofu by putting meaningful and socially benefi cial manner. Tofu-making is a it into the mainstream, the supermarkets: expanding sales way of transforming late sixties’ revolutionary anti-capitalist requires more money, workers, and management which can zeal into late seventies’ benign capitalism and soyfoods invite alienation and bureaucracy. The rigorous demands of evangelicism. It is, primarily, a visionary movement, initiated business survival are confronting the ideals of soycrafting and managed by exceptionally talented and committed in a dialectical joust: let’s hope that some kind of positive amateurs, who place a belief in high-quality products above synthesis emerges. mere monetary gains. “Each company will need to chart its own boundaries “While this visionary enthusiasm is contagious and for growth and adjust them to market conditions; each certainly worthy of encouragement, it is now bringing tofu- company will need to assess constantly its current prevailing makers face-to-face with an at least initially distressing attitude and practices against its original philosophy; and reality of business-competition. Competition among Oriental each company will have to blend inspired foodcrafting and tofu companies, especially in California, is nothing new, estimable quality standards with astute business sense and but for fl edgling Occidental shops, who have up to now a keenly managed operation. The perplexing demands of enjoyed prima donna status in a state or entire region, growth and survival in the marketplace which many are competition and the concomitant demands for effi ciency now experiencing, are, simply, a watershed in a company’s and operational streamlining, has entered the soyfoods maturation as euphoria transmutes into pragmatism. arena. How can soy-crafters maintain their high spirits “We have conceived Soycraft to provide a panoramic and desire for unilateral cooperation and sharing when view of the dimensions and activities of the newly-emerged other similarly inspired companies are selling tofu in their worldwide soyfoods industry and as an operational guide for own hometown market? Proprietary and Profi t are two soyfoods entrepreneurs. Most of us, who began as inspired words from conventional business discourse that are now amateurs with little previous business or manufacturing knocking at our doors. Harold Wilcke, speaking at an training, are now perceiving that this is the core of our industry-wide conference on soy protein, sponsored last present diffi culties today in the American marketplace. year by his company, Ralston Purina, posed the question: Soycraft will, we hope, fi ll these gaps with information ‘How do we justify the expenditures of shareholder’s money on manufacturing (machinery, techniques, capacities), organizing a public scientifi c conference that will provide a marketing (promotions, channels, merchandising, comprehensive summary of the information, when the usual advertising), fi nance (business tactics, risk and return policy is not to share such information, at least not with concepts, people as resources), philosophical problems (local competitors?’ The Food Protein Council (a trade association control, organic ingredients, dairy-like products), and long- in Washington, D.C.), which represents fi fteen of the major range goals (growth, direction, diversity, franchises). We soy protein companies, who are all in mutual competition, trust that, by addressing these topics and by pointing people has managed a modus operandi, a kind of middle ground, in the directions to fi nd their specifi c solutions, Soycraft will of providing marketing liaison between the soy companies provide a worthwhile service to the industry. and the consumer and government sectors–a formula from “Soycrafters Association (SANA) is steadily growing which SANA could benefi t greatly. Mr. Wilcke answers with sixty new members since January, many international, his question with ‘In the fi nal analysis, the ultimate goal of many from large food corporations. SANA is gathering everyone working with the soybean as a food is to provide steam to tackle some important projects this year, such the information that is necessary for the full recognition of as developing a domestic source for nigari, developing the commodity as an important food source.’ Let us abstain promotional materials and generic radio and television from fi xing a price tag on our magnanimity and let’s marshal advertising packages for member companies, and petitioning our collective strength into popularizing soyfoods around the the USDA/FDA complex to approve tofu for school lunch world. programs. We are gradually building a strong network of “Growth–its extent and limits–is another current food craftsmen, scientists, and soybean producers around the problem. Most shops, it seems, made their initial facility world. too small with ineffi cient equipment, and now, with sales “For their commendable assistance in the preparation of

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 204 this pioneer issue of Soycraft, I express gratitude to my wife, ref] Kathy Leviton, for providing me with invaluable fi nancial • Summary: “This application is a continuation-in-part of support over the last six months: to Bill Shurtleff, for his our co-pending application Ser. No. 761,424 fi led Jan. 21, never-fl agging encouragement, support, and advice; and to 1977, now abandoned. The New England Soy Dairy, my alma mater, for material “Background and Summary of Invention: This invention support and offi ce space. Gratitude is expressed also to Dr. relates to a meat pumping process employing soy protein Walter Wolf, of Northern Regional Research Center, for his isolate and, more particularly, a non-gelable, soy protein editorial suggestions on soy protein chemistry; and to Dr. isolate which is rapidly dispersible in water to provide a Kenneth Samonds, of the University of Massachusetts, for portion of the pumping medium, i.e., ‘brine.’ his comments on soy nutrition; and to the many companies “The pumping of hams with brine, sometimes referred and individuals that have put their trust and membership fees as ‘pickle’, probably antedates recorded history. The most behind our efforts. common salt employed is sodium chloride which provides Note: For these reasons, some people have referred to curing (color), preservative (shelf life) and organoleptic the “soyfoods movement” in North America and soyfoods as (taste) functions.” a “way of life.” Among the soy protein isolates used is Promine, Promine-D, and Supro640T. A table gives two brine 441. Morgan, Dan. 1979. Once-lowly soybean is nation’s top formulations. cash crop, beating corn and wheat. Los Angeles Times. Aug. Soy is mentioned 37 times in this patent in the forms 13. p. D14, D16. “Central Soya Company,” “soy protein isolate (sometimes • Summary: Across the American South, large areas that had referred to as ‘isolated soy protein’),” “soybeans,” “soy once been planted to cotton are now planted to soybeans. In protein,” “soybean fl akes,” “dehulled soybeans,” “soy 1979 American farmers will harvest more acres of soybeans isolate” and “edible isolated soy protein.” Address: 1. than of either corn or wheat. Soybeans (all 21.3 billion Langen, Fed. Rep. of Germany; 2. Chicago, Illinois; 3. bushels in 1979) are now also the leading U.S. cash crop, Mundelein, Illinois. producing more income for farmers than corn, wheat, or cotton. In addition, soybean exports now “bring in more 443. Eldridge, Arthur C.; Black, L.T.; Wolf, W.J. 1979. revenue than any other U.S. crop–$6.9 billion in 1978 Carbohydrate composition of soybean fl ours, protein compared with $5.9 billion for feed grains and $4.6 billion concentrates, and isolates. J. of Agricultural and Food for wheat.” Chemistry 27(4):799-802. July/Aug. [22 ref] “The rise of soybeans to the status of a glamour crop • Summary: Products tested include: Nutrisoy 7B, toasted came about through” the increased consumption of animal Nutrisoy, and unfl avored minced TVP (from ADM), Baker’s products (especially poultry and hogs) at home and abroad Concentrate, Promosoy 100 [soy protein concentrate made since World War II. Soybean meal became the main source by aqueous alcohol leach process], and Promine D [isolate] of protein in feeds for these animals. (from Central Soya), uncooked fl avored Crumbles [textured Pfi zer and several other pharmaceutical fi rms have soy fl our] (General Mills, Inc.), undenatured GL-301 [soy entered the soybean seed business. protein concentrate made by dilute acid leach process], A bar chart shows the largest U.S. soybean processors, and denatured Patti-Pro [soy protein concentrate made by based on the estimates of private security analysts. Figures dilute acid leach process] (Griffi th Laboratories, Inc.), FPC are for capacity in millions of bushels per year: Cargill 224. [food protein concentrate, made by steaming & water leach ADM 178. Central Soya 94. A.E. Staley 93. Ralston Purina process] (Swift and Co.), Edi-Pro N, Edi-Pro A, Supro 700, 92. Supro 610 (isolates from Ralston Purina Co.). Soybeans grown near the Mississippi River–”the ‘Main Dehulled, defatted soybean fl ours contained the Street’ of the world grain trade”–are like to be exported. following mean sugar content: rhamnose 0.6%, fucose 0.1%, The soybean trade up and down this river is largely ribose 0.1%, arabinose 2.4%, xylose 1.0%, pinitol 0.9%, dominated by multinational grain companies such as Cargill, mannose 0.9%, galactose 7.6%, and glucose 8.1%. The same Continental, and Bunge. In a 180-mile stretch of river from sugars were found in soybean protein concentrates; however, Osceola, Arkansas, up to Silkeston, Missouri, are 10 grain the amount of each was less. Soybean protein isolates terminals belonging to those 3 multinationals. Address: The contained mannose 0.8%, galactose 0.5%, and glucose Washington Post. 0.5%, with traces of the other fi ve sugars. Address: Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria, Illinois. 442. Kadane, Victor V.; Meyer, E.W.; Whitney, R.W. Assignors to Central Soya Company, Inc. (Fort Wayne, 444. Wall Street Journal. 1979. Ralston Purina sees fi scal Indiana). 1979. Meat pumping process. U.S. Patent 1980 as the start of new growth trend. Oct. 24. 4,164,589. Aug. 14. 5 p. Application fi led 5 Sept. 1978. [6 • Summary: While conceding that soy protein sales haven’t

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 205 increased as rapidly as expected, R. Hal Dean (chairman and CEO) predicted that they “will make a meaningful 447. Food Trade Review. 1979. Soya isolates in Europe. contribution to earnings, from 5% to 10% of total corporate 49(11):644-46. profi t, within three to fi ve years.” • Summary: In 1972 Ralston Purina “formed Purina Protein Europe and began organizing a marketing function. This was 445. Feedstuffs. 1979. Top 30 commercial feed followed by a technical service organization which operated manufacturers [in the USA] (based on capacity). 51(44):9. from a laboratory at West Haddon in the UK. This laboratory Oct. 29. was known as the Purina Protein Application Laboratory, • Summary: 1. Ralston Purina Co. (7,000,000+ tons annual but it quite rapidly outgrew these premises and a new larger capacity; 61 mills in USA). laboratory has been opened at St. Albans, Herts, about 40 2. Allied Mills, Inc. (3,000,000+ tons; 23 mills). minutes by road from London’s Heathrow airport, to service 3. Central Soya Co. (2,500,000 tons; 32 mills). the requirements of Europe.” 4. Agway, Inc. (2,000,000 tons; 22 mills). In late September 1978 Ralston Purina opened Europe’s 5. Gold Kist, Inc. (2,000,000; 14 mills). fi rst plant manufacturing isolated soy proteins at Ieper 6. Farmland Industries, Inc. (1,550,000 tons; 20 mills). (Ypres), Belgium. Total budgeted cost of the new plant is 7. Cargill, Inc. (1,000,000 tons; 33 mills). approximately £10 million. An aerial photo shows the nearly 8. Carnation Co. (1,000,000 tons; 14 mills). completed factory. 9. Moorman Mfg Co. (1,000,000 tons; 7 mills). 16. ConAgra, Inc. (600,000 tons; 8 mills). 448. Smouse, Thomas H. 1979. A review of soybean oil 17. Land O’Lakes, Inc. (500,000 tons; 10 mills). reversion fl avor. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 18. MFC, Inc. (500,000 tons; 7 mills). 56(11):747A-51A. Nov. [52 ref] Capacity in most cases is based on 2 shifts, 5 days a • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Theories week. [of the cause of fl avor reversion]: linolenic acid theory, isolinoleic acid, phosphatide theory, unsaponifi able matter 446. Feedstuffs. 1979. The integrators: The ‘in-house’ feed theory, oxidative polymer theory. Flavor characterization. manufacturers. 51(44):44. Oct. 29. Recent publications indicate that slight oxidation of the • Summary: The integrators–virtually 100% of the broiler soybean fatty acids is the major cause of fl avor reversion. industry and about 80% of the turkey and egg industries– “Techniques that are effective in increasing the fl avor are defi ned by control of the production, processing, and stability of soybean oil are presented.” Address: Manager, marketing functions. In each table, estimated feed usage Lipid Sciences, Ralston Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, is also given. One table shows America’s top 20 broiler St. Louis, Missouri 63188. producers: The fi rst number gives the company’s rank and the second (in parentheses) the number of birds processed 449. Dussaigne, A.; Dronne, Yves. 1979. Les protéines in millions in 1978: 1. Holly Farms (Federal Co. 260). 2. nouvelles en alimentation humaine [The new proteins in Gold Kist, Inc. (240). 8. Central Soya Co. (130). 9. ConAgra human nutrition]. Rungis, France: Laboratoire de recherches (129). 10. Wayne Poultry (Allied Mills. 114). 19 Cargill, Inc. et d’etudes sur l’economie des I.A.A. 111 p. Dec. [97 ref. (57). Fre] Another table shows America’s top 15 turkey operations. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. List of 30 tables. Part The second fi gure shows millions of pounds live weight I: The protein industry. Defi nition and characteristics of processed: 1. Swift Dairy & Poultry Co. (325). 2. Armour & proteins. The quantitative structure of the protein industry Co. (175-200). 3. Cargill, Inc. (150-175). 6. Land O’Lakes (the world protein industry, the French protein industry). (100-110). 14. Central Soya (20-25). Qualitative aspects of the protein industry. Energy problems A third table shows America’s top 20 commercial in the protein industry. cattle feeding companies. The second fi gure represents the Part II: New proteins in human nutrition. Supply and total capacity in number of cattle: 1. Cargill, Inc. (Caprock demand. Products derived from soya: Powdered products, Industries, 5 lots; 216,000 head; 982,800 tons of feed). 9. textured products. The domains of utilization: Restaurants, Continental Grain Co. (Allied Mills, 3 lots; 105,000 head). the food industry. Regulations that are in force: In the Cattle have an average 140-day fi nishing period in the USA, in Europe (France, Britain, European Union). The feedlot, and consume 25 lb. of feed per head per day. in the structure of the supply: Overview, manufacturers (American, A fourth table shows America’s top 20 table egg layer European, Japanese, those in other countries). Development operations. The second fi gure is number of layers in millions: of consumption in the principal markets: The American 1. Cal-Maine Foods, Inc. (11.0). 4. Cargill, Inc. (3.5). 13. market, European, Japanese. ConAgra, Inc. (1.6). 15. Central Soya (1.5). 16. Gold Kist Part III (p. 77+): Perspectives on development of Eggs (1.33). 17. MFC Services (1.33). new proteins. The nature and present utilization of new

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 206 proteins: Importance of terminology, characteristics of acceptability of soy protein products. Summary. Discussion. the potential markets (Third World countries, developed “At total protein intakes that approximate current dietary countries). Consumption of new proteins and the economic allowances for good-quality protein in adults, well processed environment. Bibliography (in chronological order). soy protein isolate products fully replace beef without Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2015) reducing the utilization of dietary nitrogen... that contains the term “European Union” in connection with “Under conditions of normal usage in adults, methionine soy. supplementation of good-quality soy protein products is Note 2. This is the earliest French-language document unnecessary and probably undesirable... seen (Nov. 2015) that uses the terms concentrat or “Properly processed soy protein foods are well tolerated concentrats to refer to a soy protein concentrate. Address: and of good protein value for human nutrition.” France. The discussion session contains the following exchange: “Scrimshaw: I suggest that PER [Protein Effi ciency Ratio] 450. Hardin, Clifford M. 1979. Impact of plant proteins in should be discarded entirely as soon as possible. The worldwide food systems. In: H.L. Wilcke, D.T. Hopkins, and AOAC (Association of Analytical Chemists) should adopt a D.H. Waggle, eds. 1979. Soy Protein and Human Nutrition. standardized slope ratio assay instead... PER is not a suitable New York: Academic Press. xiv + 406 p. See p. 5-17. [2 ref] measure of protein quality for humans, and neither is NPU • Summary: “As income levels increase, people start [Net Protein Utilization] determined at a single defi cient climbing what has been termed the ‘food ladder.’ People with level of intake. the lowest incomes live typically on diets that are high in “Hackler: I disagree; the slope is more expensive starch–rice, corn, root crops. Such people crave fat in their (it requires more labor, more animals and more dietary diets, and they buy it when they can afford it. Next they want ingredients), and I would question that it is better for protein, including meats. nutritional labeling purposes.” Address: Massachusetts Inst. “And fi nally, they want some of the more luxury-type of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA of items–fruits and vegetables out of season, and many 02139. of the refi ned types of foods that are sold in the modern supermarkets in the Western world.” Address: Ralston Purina 453. Struthers, Barbara J.; Dahlgren, R.R.; Hopkins, D.T.; Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. Raymond, M.L. 1979. Lysinoalanine: Biological effects and signifi cance. In: H.L. Wilcke, D.T. Hopkins, and D.H. 451. Roberts, Leonard H. 1979. Worldwide regulatory Waggle, eds. 1979. Soy Protein and Human Nutrition. New perspective of plant proteins in foods. In: H.L. Wilcke, D.T. York: Academic Press. xiv + 406 p. See p. 235-60. [34 ref] Hopkins, and D.H. Waggle, eds. 1979. Soy Protein and • Summary: “Lysinoalanine (LAL), an unusual amino acid Human Nutrition. New York: Academic Press. xiv + 406 p. formed as a result of alkali treatment of protein, was fi rst See p. 359-68. [8 ref] reported in alkali-treated ribonuclease (Patchornik and • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Food class orientation. Sokolovsky, 1964)... LAL has received the most attention Regulatory approach (vertical vs. horizontal). Diversifi cation because of its ability to induce a unique renal lesion in of legislation. Conclusion. rats. The renal lesion was initially observed by Newberne Regulations concerning the use of vegetable proteins and Young (1966). Woodard (Woodard and Alvarez, 1967; has been under continuous review by the U.S. Food and Woodard, 1969) was the fi rst investigator to fully describe Drug Association (FDA) and by the USDA, “On June 14, the lesion, which he termed cytomegalia.” Address: Ralston 1974, FDA issued its proposed Common or Usual Name for Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. Plant Protein regulation” (Federal Register, 1974). Address: Ralston Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, 454. Torun, Benjamin. 1979. Nutritional quality of soybean Missouri 63188. protein isolates: Studies in children of preschool age. In: H.L. Wilcke, D.T. Hopkins, and D.H. Waggle, eds. 1979. Soy 452. Scrimshaw, Nevin S.; Young, Vernon R. 1979. Soy Protein and Human Nutrition. New York: Academic Press. protein in adult human nutrition: A review with new data. In: xiv + 406 p. See p. 101-19. [23 ref] H.L. Wilcke, D.T. Hopkins, and D.H. Waggle, eds. 1979. Soy • Summary: Tests using two isolated soy protein products Protein and Human Nutrition. New York: Academic Press. (Supro 620 and 710, made by Ralston Purina) on school- xiv + 406 p. See p. 121-48. [33 ref] aged children showed them to be as digestible as cow’s • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Available data on milk. Their nitrogen balance index was 96% and 86% of soy protein quality for adult humans. MIT studies of soy that for cow’s milk, using nitrogen balance techniques for protein (using Supro 620 and 710, made by Ralston Purina). measurement. The PER of soy protein isolate was 2.10. Evaluation of soy protein quality. Comparison of the protein Address: INCAP, Apartado Postal 1188, Guatemala City, quality of soy products and beef. Long-term tolerance and Guatemala.

455. Waggle, D.H.; Kolar, C.W. 1979. Types of soy protein products. In: H.L. Wilcke, D.T. Hopkins, and D.H. Waggle, eds. 1979. Soy Protein and Human Nutrition. New York: Academic Press. xiv + 406 p. See p. 19-51. [42 ref] • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Soybean supply: Seed structure and composition, composition of source material, storage and handling, soybean oil, food products from defatted soybeans, soy ﬂ ours and grits, soy protein concentrates, isolated soy protein, amino acid and mineral composition. Food uses of soy proteins: Meat products, baked products, infant formulas and food, food analogs, dairy type foods (yogurt, sour cream, frozen desserts, cheese, and dip-type products), protein supplements, other uses. Address: Ralston Purina, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188.

456. Wilcke, H.L. 1979. Keystone Conference: Objectives, and summary. In: H.L. Wilcke, D.T. Hopkins, and D.H. Waggle, eds. 1979. Soy Protein and Human Nutrition. New York: Academic Press. xiv + 406 p. See p. 1-3, 377-81. • Summary: “This is the fi rst Keystone Conference on soy protein and human nutrition.” The Conference has three objectives: (1) “To present the most up-to-date information on the role that soy protein and plant proteins, in general, should fulfi ll in the human diet. The literature has become increasingly voluminous...” (2) To “stimulate interest among both the public and private sectors in pursuing research programs directed toward the determination of the proper place of plant proteins in the human diet...” (3) To “stimulate interest in better methods of evaluating the quality of plant proteins for human nutrition. Present methods of evaluation, largely based on animals as they are, do not supply a wealth of good information on both the nutritional value and products; and the safety of food products... There is always a question “(3) conventional methods of measuring protein quality when we must extrapolate information from one species to for human nutrition are not adequate, and the protein quality another.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. of isolated soy protein is underestimated by the conventional and offi cial methods for measuring protein quality.” Address: 457. Wilcke, Harold L.; Hopkins, Daniel T.; Waggle, Doyle Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. H. eds. 1979. Soy protein and human nutrition. New York, NY: Academic Press. xiv + 406 p. Illust. Index. 23 cm. 458. Wilcke, Harold L.; Hopkins, Daniel T.; Waggle, Doyle Proceedings of the Keystone Conference held in Keystone, H. 1979. Preface. New York, NY: Academic Press. xiv + Colorado, May 22-25, 1978. [500+ ref] 406 p. Illust. Index. 23 cm. Proceedings of the Keystone • Summary: 25 papers by various authors were presented Conference held in Keystone, Colorado, May 22-25, 1978. at this important conference; many are cited separately. A [500+ ref] conference summary and list of registrants are included. • Summary: “Results reported here from actual nutritional The conclusions presented in this book are: experiments, where soy proteins, particularly the isolates, “(1) isolated soy protein, when measured by human were fed to infants, growing children, and young adults, nutritional studies, is comparable in protein quality to other have clearly demonstrated that the soybean is a much more high-quality protein sources such as meat, milk and eggs; nutritionally adequate protein than had been expected on the “(2) due to its quality, latest information shows that basis of research done with animals. This has demonstrated properly processed isolated soy protein is a protein source a need for more adequate methods of evaluating proteins that can be used in a wide variety of food applications such for the human. A panel of eminently qualifi ed scientists as infant foods, processed foods, and other modern food has addressed this question and has made some positive

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 208 suggestions on better approaches to the evaluation of students were randomly assigned to two groups for 17 proteins for humans. Their discussions are presented as a part days. One group was fed a fi ber-rich soy product containing of this volume. Further, the work reported on the possible 73.5% fi ber. The fi ber-rich product signifi cantly increased effects of the plant proteins on the plasma cholesterol fecal water content and did not change fecal excretion of levels of humans opens up an entirely new dimension for nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, and the evaluation of proteins. Therefore, this volume will be copper, total serum cholesterol (Ch), triacylglycerol (TG), of particular interest not only to those who are seeking levels of Ch and TG in chylomicron, VLDL, LDL and HDL, information on the characteristics of the soybean as a food fasting serum glucose, and 20 other commonly tested serum and its potential in the food system but also for those who parameters. In an oral glucose tolerance test, addition of 15 have the broader interest in how to evaluate proteins for gm of the fi ber source to the glucose solution signifi cantly humans. prevented the downward rebound of serum glucose at 120 “This volume has been organized to present the present and 180 minutes after dosing. Consumption of the fi ber state of knowledge regarding the nutritional values of the also appeared to lower serum insulin levels at 30, 60, and soybean as a potential in our food supply...” Address: Ralston 120 minutes during the same test. No undesirable effects Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. (physiological or clinical) were observed. This study suggests that this fi ber-rich soy product may 459. Food Processing (Chicago). 1980. Plants and have benefi cial effects on sugar metabolism and bowel habit laboratories. Feb. p. 24. in humans. Address: Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI • Summary: “Ralston Purina, St. Louis, Missouri, has 48109; and Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63188. decided to dispose of 232 Jack-in-the-Box fast-food restaurants and related facilities in the Central and Eastern 463. Cooper, Russell. 1980. Rationale of soy protein parts of the country. To be divested are outlets in Chicago, products. In: Food Protein Council, ed. 1980. Government Detroit, Kansas City, Eastern U.S. markets, including Seminar. May 21, 1980. Abstracts and Remarks. Washington, Florida.” DC: FPC. See p. 5-10. • Summary: This presentation is divided into an Abstract (p. 460. Food Technology. 1980. People [Ralston Purina]. Feb. 5-6) and Remarks (p. 7-10). Here is the Abstract: p. 110. “Interest in nutrition on the part of the consumer is • Summary: “At the Protein Division of Ralston Purina growing by leaps and bounds. Seventy-seven percent of Company, St. Louis, Missouri, John N. Nichols advanced consumers interviewed in a recent U.S. survey conducted by to manager, market planning; David E. Stone named to Yankelovich, Skelly, and White, indicated they were more newly created position of manager, market communications; interested in nutrition now than they were only a few years Thomas D. Aiken appointed assistant manager, marketing ago. Consumers are requesting more information on how to services; and Julie L. Holekamp promoted to assistant eat well on less money; how to plan balanced meals; ideas manager, marketing services, to take charge of managing for helpful snacks; diet and weight control and a host of communications and promotion projects.” other subjects. A small portrait photo shows each of the four people “Research indicates that most people base their dietary mentioned. habits not on what is good for them but on social and cultural factors like familiarity, availability, tradition, cost and 461. Lo, G.S.; Settle, S.L.; Steinke, F.H.; Hopkins, D.T. personal matters like taste and pleasure. 1980. Effect of soy polysaccharides fi ber (SPF) on lipid “Recognizing the need for an overhaul in eating habits, metabolism in rats. Federation Proceedings (FASEB) agencies of the U.S. government are demonstrating new 39(3):784 (Abst. #2735). March. and acute concerns for the health quality of the American • Summary: These studies show that SPF lowers serum food supply. In 1977 the Senate select committee on cholesterol and triglycerides of rats fed hypercholesterolemic nutrition and human health directed by George McGovern, diets but has only minimal effects on rats fed diets without issued a groundbreaking report entitled ‘Dietary Goals,’ added cholesterol. Address: 1-2. Ralston Purina Company, advising Americans to specifi cally ‘reduce cholesterol St. Louis, Missouri 63188. consumption from about 600 to 300 milligrams a day’ and to ‘reduce saturated fat consumption from 16 percent to 462. Tsai, Alan C.; Mott, E.; Owen, G.M.; Lo, G.S.; Steinke, about 10 percent of total energy intake and balance that with F.H. 1980. Effect of a fi ber-rich soybean product on fecal polyunsaturated and unsaturated fat...’ In February 1980, the moisture, mineral excretion, glucose tolerance and serum Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health, parameters in humans (Abstract). Federation Proceedings Education, and Welfare issued a report ‘Dietary Guidelines (FASEB) 39(3):659 (Abst. #2083). April 13-18. for Americans,’ which in principle adopts a McGovern plan • Summary: In a diet-controlled study, 14 male college to avoid too much fat, saturated fat and cholesterol.

“The use of vegetable protein, particularly highly quality economical nutritional food products. Not only functional, economical, and nutritious proteins, relates are consumers accepting soy protein containing foods in directly to these factors. Soy proteins, when combined with growing numbers, they are also beginning to understand traditional foods, or used in new foods, allow consumers the importance of the renewable, effi cient source of protein to choose traditional food products that are equivalent in that offers quality and value to their traditional foods. protein and lower in fat, calories, and cholesterol. Whether The challenge of the ‘80’s will be to maximize resource the food is one in which a cost conscious consumer is effectiveness in satisfying these consumer demands. looking for value, or one which is expected to provide “It is up to government offi cials to make policy and nutrition in a prepared convenient manner, food products program decisions that can encourage the development of made with soy protein deliver the functional, economic, and soy protein products for their economical savings and the nutritional alternatives consistent with today’s food buying increased nutritional benefi ts that will accrue in our food habits. system.” Address: Manager, Marketing Regulatory Services, “A recently conducted Gallup organization poll Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. determined that Americans view soy protein as a good nutritional value. Seventy-one percent regarded it favorably 464. Hannigan, Kevin J. 1980. Crab salad with soy: and seventy-nine percent of all Americans believe soy Every particle looks and tastes like real crabmeat. Food protein is a good or fair economic value. The gallop poll Engineering 52(5):11. May. concluded that ‘the most prevalent opinion among the public • Summary: “If crabmeat is $12.50/lb, can soy extenders be is that soybeans will be the most important source of protein far behind? As a matter of fact, one soy extender is way out for human consumption in the future.’ in front. Ralston Purina’s soy protein fi ber (SPF-200), backed “The crux of the economics of protein production is the up by Haarmann & Reimer Corporation’s ‘Taste of Crab’ cost of conversion of the raw materials into edible proteins, Flavor Compound (R-6388), is used regularly to extend regardless of the protein source. Essentially, the comparison the crabmeat in an excellent crab salad. There’s a hitch, is one of vegetable-sourced protein versus animal-sourced though. Mostly, this tasty crab salad is prepared to feed a few protein. Both have their origins in agricultural products, hundred food scientists at IFT Shows.” specifi cally grains. Beyond this base, however, the A photo shows a “crab” salad which contains as much conversion of grains to protein from meat, milk, fi sh and spun soy protein fi ber as it does crabmeat (23% each by eggs is a biological conversion whereas the conversion to weight). To prepare the salad, just adjust soy protein fi ber vegetable protein is a technological conversion. to pH 6.4 using sodium carbonate, then add the other “Vegetable proteins offer the opportunity to directly ingredients (mayonnaise, chopped celery, onions, and sweet utilize in the food systems one of the most effi cient protein pickles, salt, pepper, etc.) and mix well. sources known–the soybean. Direct utilization of the soy protein offers the opportunity to alleviate the economic 465. Shurtleff, William. 1980. Notes from INTSOY Short pressure on protein demanded by a complex, multi-step food Course in soybean processing, SANA Conference (Urbana, system. Illinois), and subsequent research trip (May 5 to Aug. 3). “The consumer is not alone in the economic pressures Lafayette, California: New-Age Foods Study Center. 143 p. on their food budget. Food processors are facing new and Unpublished manuscript. 28 cm. Spiral bound. more diffi cult demands as they work to supply quality • Summary: This fi ve-week INTSOY short course at the products for a cost-conscious market. Although there is no University of Illinois at Urbana began on 16 June 1980. one cure for these pressures, there are alternatives available Contents: Introduction (John Santas, Tom McGowen, Dr. to food processors today that are products of advancing food Siedler, D. L.S. Wei). Tour of Food Science Lab. History technology. Soy protein is one of these products. It comes of INTSOY, by Dr. Thompson. Soybean nutrition, by John from a raw material–soybean–that is abundant in supply, Erdman. Soybean grading methods, by D. Wei. A.E. Staley and is less costly to produce than traditional, animal-based Mfg. Co., by Hank Parker. Soybean oil and margarine, protein products. Properly used, soy protein can be employed by E.G. Perkins. Soybean crushing, by Ross Brian. to produce fi nished food products that maintain traditional Soybean agronomy, by Bill Judy. Antinutritional factors in eating qualities, reduce cost and provide a good source of soybeans, by Dr. Wei. Harvesting, drying, and handling raw protein nutrition. It is not a panacea for economic woes; but soybeans, by Gene Shove. Field trip to University of Illinois it is a product that is commercially available today that can agricultural machinery dept. Soybean nutrition, by Barbara help food processors and consumers alike relieve some of Klein. Livestock feeding, by Don Bray. Processing whole these pressures bearing upon them. soybeans for food, by Dr. A.I. Nelson. Ralston Purina Co. “Our present technology and continuing developments and soy protein isolates, by Dr. Kolar. Film titled “Protein for will result in products that will enable food processors to People” from Ralston Purina. offer effective responses to consumer demands for high Third week: Margarine, by Dr. Wei. Quality control of

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 210 soy protein products, by Dr. Wei. Field trip to Kraft Foods 50A (textured soy fl our; 1 Jan. 1980), SPF 200 (structured Humco plant in Champaign, Illinois (Margarine, Vegemite). protein fi ber made from spun isolated soy protein; 1 Aug. Wenger, extrusion cooking, and textured protein foods, by 1978), SPF 200F (fortifi ed spun fi ber; 1980), Purina Protein Randy McDonald. Low-cost extrusion cookers and cooking, 220 (isolated soy protein; 1 Aug. 1979). Dari-pro 35 (1 Aug. by A.I. Nelson. Field trip to Lauhoff Grain Co. (good 1978), Dari-pro 300 (1 Feb. 1980). Address: Checkerboard manufacturing practices). Drying foods, by Dr. Wei. Soya in Square, St. Louis, Missouri. Phone: 1-800-325-7108. Third World countries, by Dr. Thompson. Fourth week: Soybean dal, by Dr. Nelson. Visit to Ted 467. Andres, Cal. 1980. Soy isolates offer wide range of Hymowitz who is writing a book on the history of soybeans functionalities: Fourteen-item line furnishes desirable (p. 56). Sensory evaluation, by Dr. Tobias. Oriental soyfoods, properties for foods. Ingredients. Food Processing by Dr. Wei. (Chicago). Sept. p. 40-41. Fifth week. Soymilk, soy yogurt, and soynuts, by Dr. • Summary: “Many proteins are used by food processors for Nelson (Kibun). Griffi th Laboratories, by Ann Daniels (incl. functional attributes rather than for nutritional fortifi cation. history, HVP, soy protein concentrate, TVP). Home and The extremely wide range of functional properties that can village level production of soybean foods, by Dr. Nelson. be developed in foods by understanding the role of proteins Soy fl our and soy fortifi ed baked goods, by Dr. Cho-Chen was demonstrated at the IFT Expo in New Orleans.” Tsen of Kansas State Univ. Soybean crushing, soy fl our, and Five color photos show different applications. plant sizes, by Sheldon Williams. For more information contact Ralston Purina Co., Shurtleff research trip. Visits to ADM and A.E. Staley Protein Div., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri Mfg. Co. in Decatur, Illinois, American Soybean Assoc. in 63188. Address: Senior Associate Editor. St. Louis, Missouri (Read William Morse’s 1929-31 journal of trip to East Asia). Talks with David Hildebrand, Mike 468. Dubois, Donald K. 1980. Soy products in bakery foods. Tarano. Address: P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549. AIB Research Department, Technical Bulletin 2(9):1-10. Sept. [12 ref] 466. Ralston Purina Co., Protein Div. 1980. Purina proteins– • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Processing of soy Product information (Portfolio). St. Louis, Missouri. 18 products. Quality factors. Defatted soy fl our. Enzyme active inserts. soy fl our. Full fat, high fat and lecithinated soy fl ours. Soy • Summary: Inserts include one glossy red brochure (titled grits. Soy protein concentrates. Soy protein isolates. Milk “Purina Proteins: Product Summary”) and 17 product replacer blends. Soy bran. Nutrition. Products. Summary. specifi cation sheets (each 8½ by 11 inches and single sided; AIB stands for the American Institute of Baking. “Soy most are dated). (1) Product summary brochure: Contains a products, because of their unique functional and nutritional brief description of each of the following products: Isolated properties, have become major ingredients in many food soy proteins: Edi-Pro-A, Supro HD-90, Supro 350, Supro systems. The use of soy protein as an ingredient, extender, 610, Supro 620, Supro 630, Supro 640T Fortiblend, Supro or analog has spread to every category of food, and 660, Supro 710, Supro 710K, Purina Protein 860. consumption of edible soy protein in the United States has Structured isolated soy proteins: SPF 200 (a structured grown from less than one hundred million pounds per year in isolated soy protein fi ber available in the frozen, hydrated the early 1960’s to over one billion pounds per year in 1978.” form. It is retort stable with no degradation of fi ber. Its Ten tables give the nutritional composition plus NSI texture is similar to that of meat muscle fi ber), Purina Protein (Nitrogen Solubility Index) and PDI (Protein Dispersibility 220 (an isolated soy protein granule). Index) of different soy products, and the manufacturer of Note: This is the earliest English-language document each, as follows: Table IV–15 defatted soy fl ours: A.E. seen (Oct. 2015) that uses the term “isolated soy protein Staley: Bland 50, I-200, and F-200. ADM Company: Baker’s fi ber” to refer to such an edible soy protein fi ber. Nutrisoy, Nutrisoy, and Toasted Nutrisoy. Central Soya Co.: Dari-Pro products: Dari-Pro 35 (a blend of milk proteins Soyafl uff 200W. Cargill, Inc.: 70 PDI Soy Flour and 20 PDI and isolated soy protein), Dari-Pro 300 (a blend of whey Soy Flour. Dawson Food Ingredients: Dawsoy Flour 100/70, and isolated soy protein), and Specialized Dari-Pro (spray- Dawsoy Flour 200/20, Dawsoy Flour 200/70, and Dawsoy dried blends of whey and isolated soy protein for special Flour 200/88. Farmland Industries: 200L and 200E. applications). Table V–2 enzyme active soy fl ours: ADM Company: The specifi cation sheets are dated as follows: Edi-Pro-A Nutrisoy 7-B. Cargill, Inc.: 90 PDI Soy Flour. (1981), Supro HD-90 (1 Jan. 1980), Supro 350 (1 Jan. 1980), Table VI–1 full fat soy fl our made by Ingredients Supro 610 (1 Jan. 1980), Supro 610K (1 Aug. 1978), Supro Systems, Inc. 620 (1 Jan. 1980), Supro 630 (1 Jan. 1980), Supro 640T Table VII–1 low fat soy fl our made by Food Ingredients. Fortiblend, Supro 660 (1981), Supro 710 (1 Jan. 1980), Table VIII–4 refatted soy fl ours made by ADM: 15% Supro 710K (1980), Purina Protein 810 (1 Oct. 1979). Supro High Fat, Bakers Nutrisoy, Toasted Nutrisoy T-6, and

Nutrisoy 220T. In about 1932 Ford set up his fi rst solvent extractor Table IX–8 lecithinated soy fl ours: ADM Company: near the River Rouge plant. About a year later he set up a Soylec C6, Soylec C15, and Soylec T15. Central Soya: plant to make soy protein isolates from the meal produced Soyalose 105W and Soyarich 115W. Cargill, Inc.: 3% by the solvent extractor. In about the mid-1930s Ford Relecithinated soy fl our, 6% Relicithinated soy fl our, and built a soymilk plant in Greenfi eld Village. It was just a 15% Relecithinated soy fl our. demonstration plant that made several hundred gallons of Table X–13 brands of soy grits: ADM Company: soymilk a day. The plant was part of the larger research Defatted Soy Grits 8-20, Defatted Soy Grits 20-40, Defatted effort; none of the milk was sold commercially. With the Soy Grits 40-80, and Defatted Soy Grits 80-0. A.E. Staley: arrival of World War II, the process was taken by Bob Smith, Bland 50-Medium Grits and Bland 50-Coarse Grits. Lauhoff: one of the fellows who developed it, and used as the basis Soy Grits 5/16, Soy Grits 8/30, and Soy Grits 20/0. Dawson for a private plant [Delsoy Products] in Dearborn where he Food Ind. [sic, Ingredients]: Dawson Grits 10, Dawson Grits sold a lot of soymilk for use in whipped toppings, baked 20, Dawson Grits 40, and Dawson Grits 60. goods and frostings. It was quite successful. A big bakery in Table XI–3 “soy protein concentrates”: Griffi th Labs: Detroit used a lot of the topping. As a result of that, the Rich Promax 70. ADM Company: Ardex 700F and Ardex 700G. Products Co. in Buffalo, New York, started making the same A.R. Staley: Sta-Pro. type of product and became very big. One of Bob Smith’s Table XII–16 “soy isolates” (incl. pH, particle size, workers [Holton “Rex” Diamond] went to Rich Products and and special properties of each): Ralston Purina: Edipro A, made a big success of it. Rich is very well known; they also Supro HD 90, Protein 220, Supro 350, Supro 610, Supro make coffee creamers. 620, Supro 630, Supro 660, and Supro 710. Dawson Food Henry Ford was not a vegetarian. He ate like most Ind.: Isoprime 900, Isoprime 900GL, Isoprime 900G, and Americans at the time, and he ate many steaks–even though Isoprime 900L. Grain Processing Corp.: Pro-Fam S-955 and he knew meat was not the best thing for you. Mrs. Ford Pro-Fam S-970. suffered from arthritis and he sought diets to help her. Table XIII–1 type of soy bran: Nutrisoy Fiber, made World War II killed the idea of the plastic car. The by ADM. Address: American Inst. of Baking, Manhattan, company would have needed to spend lots on dies to make it Kansas. commercial. Also each plastic body took too long to produce; it had to cure for 3 minutes in the die. Young Henry Ford II 469. Boyer, Robert A. 1980. Work with Henry Ford and threw out everything [not directly related to automobiles] soybeans. I (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of that his grandfather was interested in. General Motors was Soyfoods Center, Oct. 18. 2 p. transcript. actually the fi rst company to make a commercial car with • Summary: The Henry Ford Trade School was not the same a plastic body–the Corvette, whose body was made of as the Edison Institute of Technology. Boyer attended the fi berglass. Trade School. Edsel Ruddiman was the man who got Ford interested in In the mid- to late-1930s Henry Ford held several the food side of soybeans. Ruddiman was quite old. He had luncheons where the press and other famous or infl uential his own lab (which he got in about 1930-31) and was a very people were invited. He served a complete meal from soup to good scientist. He and Boyer worked closely together since nuts. Out of these events came a 19-page booklet published their labs were nearby. in about 1936 by the Edison Institute and titled “Recipes Ford grew 10,000 acres of soybeans in southern for Soy Bean Foods.” The purpose of these meals was to Michigan. Ford set up his fi rst solvent extraction plant in popularize soybeans and thereby to help farmers. But Ford about 1932 and his soy protein isolate plant a year later. Ford was most interested in fi nding industrial uses for farm crops. was personally very involved with soyfoods. He used them He was deeply interested in the fact that soy had been used a lot in his own diet. He built a soymilk plant in Greenfi eld in the Orient for so long by millions of people as a key Village in the mid-1930s as part of his research efforts. He source of protein in the diet. But he had been interested in made several hundred gallons a day. The milk was not sold health before he got interested in soybeans. Still, he was very commercially. After the start of World War II the process involved personally with soybeans as foods; he used them a was taken over by Bob Smith, one of the fellows working lot in his own diet. on it. Smith built a private plant in Dearborn where he made Ford grew his own soybeans on over 10,000 acres he the milk into frostings for use in baked goods. It was quite bought in southern Michigan. The idea was not to help successful. A big bakery in Detroit used a lot of it. As a farmers by buying their beans but to encourage farmers to result of that, Rich Product Corp. in Buffalo, New York, got grow soybeans then process them in small-scale solvent interested and eventually became very successful. One of extractors on their own farms. Eventually this village Bob Smith’s workers, Rex Diamond, went to work for Rich. industry concept proved to be uneconomical so it was They also made non-dairy coffee creamers and milk. abandoned. Boyer was director of research for The Drackett Co.

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 212 from 1943-1949. of a prototype product (pork chops) made from spun soy Ralston Purina’s edible soy isolate plant was in protein fi ber. He did not go to Swift initially because he had Louisville, Kentucky. It was hard at the beginning to get been advised to keep away from meat companies, which people to use isolates. Mead Johnson started using an isolate might buy then bury his patents. If Worthington hadn’t in their infant formula. Address: 632 Edgewater Dr., Apt. been interested in his spinning process when he fi rst visited 731, Dunedin, Florida 33528. Phone: 813-734-2415. them, he might have just given up then. He wasn’t sure if it was a screwball idea or not. Moreover, he had been out on 470. Boyer, Robert A. 1980. Work with Henry Ford and his own for almost a year and was running out of money. soybeans. III (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Worthington was excited with Boyer’s idea but they needed a Soyfoods Center, Nov. 3. 3 p. transcript. source of fi ber. • Summary: Floyd Radford was head of Ford’s soy farms. At So Boyer went to the Virginia Carolina Chemical Co. the Chicago World’s Fair the Ford exposition was producing (VCCC) in Taftville, Connecticut. They were spinning fi bers soybean oil by solvent extraction of soybeans. The soybean for cloth and they allowed him to use their spinning pilot oil was the sole fuel used to power a diesel engine, which ran plant in 1949 to produce the fi rst edible spun soy protein an electric generator, which produced all of the electricity for fi bers for research purposes and prototypes; he was not the exhibit. It was very neat. employed by them. VCCC was interested enough to call in Boyer developed the fi rst plant protein fi ber in about Corn Products Corp. (CPC), which was interested–but they 1938. That year the Ford Motor Co. had a machine to said they wanted to use corn gluten instead of soy protein. spin soy protein fi bers at the World’s Fair in New York. Boyer said “Fine.” After the fi rst successful run, using the He was aware of work in Italy spinning casein into fi bers VCCC pilot plant, CPC got very interested. Fibers were from reading technical journals prior to 1936. He used spun from casein, corn gluten, and soy. CPC bought the the term “spinning” because the textile industry uses that fi rst license to his soy fi ber spinning process for food use term to describe how rayon is produced. In both cases, a in 1949. They took an exclusive option on the license for more correct term would be “extruding,” since the dope is 9 months. The fi rst sale of edible protein fi ber was made extruded through spinnerettes. by CPC to Worthington Foods; the fi ber was made of corn Ford’s soybean fi ber spinning pilot plant had a capacity gluten. After working for a year with CPC, everyone in the of 1,000 pounds of fi ber a day, but they probably produced project realized that the fl avor of corn gluten was so horrible less than that. They would send the fi ber to the mill, where that it would never work in foods. So CPC converted to a 1 part of soy fi ber would be blended with 3 parts wool to non-exclusive license. Boyer, now a bit desperate and against make sidewall (not seat) upholstery, which got less wear and the advice he had been given, decided to approached a meat wouldn’t mark like cotton. company. He chose Swift & Co., which took an option When making soy protein isolates, the fi ber (insoluble immediately; they were the second company to license cellulose) is removed during clarifi cation by centrifugation; his patent and from 1950 to 1954 they retained exclusive no one had ever been successful in removing it by fi ltration, rights to his patent. In about 1955 Swift converted to a non- which would be better. After dissolving the soybean meal exclusive, and Boyer immediately went back to Worthington in alkali, it is clarifi ed by centrifugation, then precipitated. to see if they were interested in a license yet. They were. Practically the same process is still used to make soy protein So after having waited 7 years, Worthington fi nally isolates. purchased a spinning license in 1956. At that time, Boyer Just a few plastic trunk lids were ever made, and they began to spend 50% of his time at Worthington for a year were used only on demonstration or experimental cars; they after they took the license. Initially Worthington did not spin were never part of commercial Ford vehicles. their own soy fi bers since it was too expensive for them and When Boyer left Ford Motor Co. he went to work they did not have much money at the time. Ralston Purina for The Drackett Co., which bought Ford’s soy protein was well equipped to make these fi bers for them. It was not operations. Mr. Drackett sold [actually shut down] his soy until the mid-1960s that Worthington started to spin their fi ber spinning operation in 1949. Drackett later sold all its own fi bers. soybean operations to ADM. After Boyer left Drackett in By 1977 seven large food companies had licenses on the 1949 he fi led for his fi rst edible soy fi ber spinning patent the patent: Swift & Co., Unilever/Lever Brothers in England, same year; it may have been granted in 1951. He applied General Foods, Nabisco, General Mills, Ralston Purina, and for a new, expanded patent, with much broader claims to a Worthington. food product manufactured form man-made protein fi bers, in The original Bac*O’s were made from spun soy protein 1951; it was granted in 1954. fi bers. Today he thinks they are made from textured extruded In Aug. or Sept. 1949 Boyer paid his fi rst visit to soy fl our. General Mills took a license from Boyer. They Worthington Foods. Worthington was the fi rst company to got 25% of his consulting time, Ralston Purina got 25% and whom he disclosed what he was doing, and showed a sample Worthington got 50%. Bac*O’s came on the market in about

1965 and were a real sensation. It was the biggest thing that of exclusive rights from 1950-54, 1951-52 Unilever license had happened with Boyer’s idea to date. for production outside U.S., Worthington purchase of license Loma Linda is now spinning soy protein fi bers, as is 1956, advantages and limitations, licenses after Worthington, some company in Japan–or at least they used to be. royalties and consulting, Boyer’s quality evaluation, the How big is the market for foods made from spun soy future. Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 415-283-2991. protein fi bers? Boyer would guess at least $30 million a year. Worthington’s total sales was $20 million including gluten. 472. Ralston Purina Company. 1980. Annual report 1980. Miles got Worthington a new plant shortly after they bought Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188. 53 p. Worthington. Now Bayer owns Miles and Worthington. The • Summary: For the fi scal year ended 30 Sept. 1980, net Morningstar Farms line is not making the profi ts they would sales were $4,886.0 million, net earnings were $163.0 like it to make. million, and net earnings per common share (fully diluted) Note: This is the earliest English-language document were $1.45. seen (Oct. 2015) that uses the term “spin soy protein fi bers.” Ralston Purina Co. has four business segments: Address: 632 Edgewater Dr., Apt. 731, Dunedin, Florida (1) Grocery products (pet food and human food). (2) 33528. Phone: 813-734-2415. Agricultural products (includes formula feed products under the Checkerboard trademark, Purina Chow feeds for 471. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1980. Henry Ford livestock and poultry, and soybean crushing plants). (3) and Robert Boyer: History of work with soya. Soyfoods Restaurants (Jack in the Box, Boar’s Head, Hungry Hunter, Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 25 p. Nov. etc.). (4) Diversifi ed businesses (Keystone resort, protein 3. Unpublished typescript. Available online at www. production). For each of the four groups is given, from 1976 soyinfocenter.com. to 1980, sales, operating profi t, and assets. Grocery products • Summary: www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/henry_ford_and_ has the highest profi ts and assets, fi led by agricultural employees.php products, restaurants, and diversifi ed businesses. A comprehensive history of the subject. Contents: Soybean crushing (which made oil and meal) has Introduction: Ford. Early research with soybean oil and meal: sales of 333.3 million in 1980 and contributed 6.8% of 1928 chemurgic movement (joining of farm and industry), the company’s sales; both fi gures were down from 1979. setting up Edison Lab, Dec. 1931 soybean chosen as most Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Phone: 314-982-1000. promising crop for use in industry and as a food, 1931 encouragement of farmers to grow soy, biographical sketches 473. Product Name: Dari-Pro Products (Isolated Soy of Boyer and Ruddiman, soy oil (used in car paints and Proteins Blended with Carbohydrates). pioneer work in solvent extraction), meal, isolates, molded Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. parts, plastic pilot plant, cottage industries, barn solvent Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, mills, 1934 World’s Fair. Ford, Ruddiman, and soyfoods: MO 63164. Soyfoods press luncheons (not all were impressed), 50 recipe Date of Introduction: 1980. cookbook, soymilk (commercial and personal), personal New Product–Documentation: Designed as a functional interest in soyfoods, Greenfi eld Village (soy fl our and green replacement for nonfat dry milk in specialized applications. vegetable soybeans), Ford’s views on health. Development of the plastic car: Glidden fi rst commercial plant for industrial 474. Burbach, Roger; Flynn, Patricia. 1980. Agribusiness in soy protein isolates (1935), Ralston’s food use plant in 1960, the Americas. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press. 314 p. Ford built 3 small oil plants 1937-39, grew own soybeans, Index. 21 cm. [62 ref] connection with American Soybean Association, soybean • Summary: “In southern Brazil, more than a dozen plastic car (trunk lid unharmed when hit by ax), jokes, soy multimillion-dollar soybean processing plants owned by a minor element in later structural plastics, idea lost in fi les, U.S. multinationals are scattered throughout the region., General Motors’ plastic Corvette introduced 1953, lots of surrounded by large-scale mechanized soybean farms, none plastic by 1980 (but not from renewable resources like soy). of which existed two decades ago.” In Brazil, soybean Boyer’s soybean wool and edible protein fi bers: Soybean production has been growing at the rate of 8-12% a year over wool and history of fi bers, wool pilot plant, how to make the past decade (p. 84-85). edible soy fi bers, discovery of food protein idea. Henry The chapter titled “The U.S. Grain Arsenal” gives a Ford’s passing: Death in 1947, his contribution (quotes), history and assessment of PL 480, the U.S. Food for Peace actually not much soy used in Ford’s auto and tractor Program (established in 1954), as “an institutionalized arm factories. Boyer’s development of meat analogs: Drackett of U.S. imperialism... In the past 25 years, close to $30,000 purchase of Ford protein spinning operation, fi rst visit to million worth of agricultural commodities have been shipped Worthington (Sept. 1949), Corn Products Company purchase overseas under the PL 480 program. It is not surprising of fi rst license on edible protein fi ber patent, Swift purchase that little of this food has reached the hungry in recipient

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 214 countries, since the original legislation did not even pretend SA / 50 Address: Members of NACLA. to have a humanitarian purpose (The humanitarian intent clause was added to the law much later.) As suggested by its 475. Cox, Michael; Crockett, Desda. 1980. The subversive name–Agricultural Trade and Development Act–PL 480 was vegetarian: Tactics, information, and recipes for the intended primarily to develop future commercial markets for conversion of meat-eaters. With recipes by Desda Crockett. U.S. grain exports and to solve the problem of mounting U.S. Santa Barbara, California: Woodbridge Press Publishing Co. farm surpluses by dumping them overseas. 128 p. Illust. by Clive Birch. Index of recipes. 22 cm. [15 “In line with this purpose, over three-quarters of PL 480 ref] commodities have been shipped abroad under long-term, • Summary: This witty and amusing book explains how low-interest credits provided by Title I of the law. These to nicely convert meat-eaters to vegetarianism. It contains credits allow foreign governments to import U.S. agricultural recipes and much nutritional information. This book was products for resale in their own countries...” fi rst published in the United Kingdom in 1979 by Thorsons The sale of Title I commodities generates funds for Publishers Ltd. the recipient governments (known as “counterpart funds”); A section titled “Soya Protein (p. 18-19) notes that “the these funds as a form of U.S. economic assistance, which great soya revolution has not materialized, even though have often been used to fi nance military expenditures. The Ralston Purina and other giant food producers have put repayment of PL 480 loans in local currencies was allowed money as well as faith soya products.” The reason: Most until 1981. Britons still believe in “the regenerative power of blood,” Title II of the program, under which the U.S. fi nances and this believe that they need to consume meat. “More food donations to “friendly countries” through private textured soya protein is sold in pet foods in Britain than in international relief agencies is of less direct political use. food for human consumption.” During the fi rst 12 years of the PL 480 program, “one- An interesting table on p. 31 outlines the main quarter of all U.S. agricultural exports were fi nanced by PL physiological differences between carnivorous and 480’s easy credit terms... In 1969 PL 480 accounted for only vegetarian animals in Nature. The author attempts to 15% of U.S. agricultural exports, and by 1977 this fi gure had refute what he calls the “three vulgar errors” about dropped to 4%. vegetarianism” 1. That meat is essential to a proper diet. “Under the guise of the food aid program, the U.S. 2. That vegetarianism is an expensive alternative to eating Department of Agriculture has worked hand in glove with meat. 3. That vegetarian cooking is boring and uninteresting. grain multinationals to develop these commercial markets. Address: United Kingdom. One of their goals has been to generate demand for U.S. agricultural products by encouraging people abroad to adopt 476. Food Protein Council. ed. 1980. Government seminar. American-style eating habits. Trade associations representing May 21, 1980: Abstracts and remarks. Washington, DC. 43 the U.S. food industry have received millions of dollars p. 28 cm. [65 ref] worth of PL 480 local currencies toward this end. The U.S. • Summary: See next page. Contents: Introductory remarks, Feed Grains Council, for example, has used these monies by B. Marlo Dirks (Procter & Gamble Co.). Rationale of soy to promote the development of local livestock and poultry products, by Russell Cooper (Ralston Purina Co.). Technical industries which rely on imported feed grains. Another and nutritional aspects of soy protein, by Endre Sipos example is the Western Wheat Growers Association, which (Central Soya Co.). Current regulatory issues involving has encouraged people throughout Asia to eat wheat-based vegetable protein products, by Eugene I. Lambert (Covington products like bread instead of locally grown rice.” and Burling, FPC Counsel). Educational effort by FPC, by Page 255: Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. Helen Horton (Miles Laboratories, Inc.). Brazil: 1974 acquired; soybean processing, edible oil Food Protein Council member fi rms: ADM, Cargill, refi nery; Technologia Tecnologia em Vegetais e Proteinas SA Central Soya, Dawson Food Ingredients, General Foods / 50 Corp., General Mills, Inc., Grain Processing Corp., 1974 acquired / soybean processing, edible oil; ADM do Honeymead Products, Kraft, Inc., Miles Laboratories, Inc., Brasil Productos Agricolas Nabisco, Inc., Procter & Gamble Co., Ralston Purina Co., Cayman: 1974; soybean meal [built]; Agriproduct; 100 A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. Address: 1800 M St., Northwest, 1975; offshore insurance; Agrinational / 100 Washington, DC 20036. Mexico: 1956 acquired; 1966: sold; grain mill products; Productos Api Aba SA / 50 477. Schwarz, F.H.; Allwood, J.K. 1980. Role of soy protein 1964 acquired; 1967: sold; plastics, synthetic resins; products in national development. In: F.T. Corbin, ed. 1980. Admex SA / 40 World Soybean Research Conference II: Proceedings. 1966; plastic resins; Quimica Organica SA Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. xv + 897 p. See p. 831- Peru: 1956 whaling station [built]; Balanerna del Norte 38. [7 ref]

• Summary: Contents: An overview of soy protein products. were $54,600,000 compared to $49,800,000 last year. Relevant aspects of national development. Soy protein policy Sales for the period were $1,401,100,000 compared to recommendations. References. The author advocates the $1,218,500,000 for the same period last year. Primary increased use of soy proteins in combination with animal earnings per share of Common Stock for the fi rst quarter this proteins. Address: 1. International Business Development, year were 51¢ compared to 46¢ for the same period last year. Protein Div.; 2. Economic Research Dep. Both: Ralston “Our fi rst quarter results were better than anticipated Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63188. and support our previous projection that fi scal 1981 will be another record year in earnings. We look to the remainder 478. Warf Institute, Inc. 1980? Warf Institute, Inc. of the year with confi dence. For a more detailed analysis of (Brochure). Madison, Wisconsin. 21 p. Undated. 28 cm. our fi rst three months results, see the ‘Review of Financial • Summary: WARF, which stands for “Wisconsin Alumni Information’ elsewhere in this report. Research Foundation,” is an analytical laboratory. This “At their regular January meeting, your Board of colorful brochure describes its services. This company was Directors voted to increase the regular quarterly dividend apparently purchased by Raltech Scientifi c Services, Inc., rate on your Common Stock by 12½ percent, from 16¢ per P.O. Box 7545, Madison, Wisconsin 53707–A subsidiary of share to 18¢ per share. This is the ninth increase in your the Ralston Purina Company; Raltech’s business card (with dividend rate in the last nine years. We feel this refl ects the logo) has been glued on the front and rear covers. Address: continuing confi dence your Board has in the future earnings 3301 Kinsman Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin 53707. Phone: capability of your Company. (608) 241-4471. “R. Hal Dean, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Offi cer February 16, 1981.” 479. Ralston Purina Company. 1981. First quarter report to Page 10: “Very strong performance of our U.S. Soybean shareholders. Three months ended Dec. 31, 1980 and annual Processing Operations. and our U.S. Chow Division...” meeting highlights. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO Portrait photos show R. Hal Dean and William P. Stiritz. 63164. 12 p. 22 cm. Note: In Aug. 2014 www.valuewalk.com wrote: • Summary: “To Our Shareholders: Before discussing our “In 1981, it would have been impossible to predict the excellent fi rst quarter results, I would like to review an transformation Bill Stiritz would achieve at Ralston or the important development with respect to your Company. remarkable impact he would have on the company’s shares. “I am pleased to report that on January 29, 1981, at Pretax margins grew from 9% to 15% and ROE [return a special meeting of your Board of Directors, we chose on investment] more than doubled under his stewardship. William P. Stiritz, Group Vice President, to be my successor When combined with a shrinking share base, this produced as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Offi cer upon exceptional growth in earnings per share. A dollar invested my retirement. At that meeting, Bill was elected President with Stiritz when he stepped into the driver’s seat at Ralston and a Director, fi lling a vacancy on the Board that expires was worth $57 nineteen years later.” Address: St. Louis, in January 1982. He was also appointed a member of the Missouri. Executive and Finance Committees of the Board. “Under our transition plan, Bill will succeed me as 480. Ralston Purina Co. 1981. Fire or explosion in solvent Chief Executive Offi cer on July 1, 1981, and will continue extraction plant. Louisville, Kentucky. Feb. 13. as President. I will continue as Chairman of the Board until • Summary: Kingsbaker, C. Louis. 2005. “List of fi res and the stockholders meeting on January 21, 1982, when the plan explosions in extraction plants.” Atlanta, Georgia. 3 p. Aug. calls for Bill to become Chairman of the Board, President 4. Unpublished manuscript. Address: Louisville, Kentucky. and Chief Executive Offi cer. “Bill Stiritz is an experienced and capable executive 481. Detjen, Jim. 1981. Offi cials suspect 200 gallons of with an outstanding record of achievement at Ralston chemical hexane in blasts. Courier-Journal (The) (Louisville, Purina. He has made many signifi cant contributions to our Kentucky). Feb. 14. p. 2. overall success. I have a very high regard for Bill, and I am • Summary: “Information for this story was also gathered by confi dent that he will lead your Company into a new and Carolyn Colwell, Leslie Scanton and Kay Stewart.” exciting period of growth and opportunity. “What caused yesterday’s explosions that ripped through “I am also pleased to report that the highest quarterly old Louisville, injuring four people and causing millions of sales and earnings for any quarter in the Company’s 87-year dollars of damage? history were recorded for the fi rst quarter ended December “The answer to that question is likely to be disputed for 31, 1980. The previous record earnings quarter was last years to come. year’s fi rst quarter and the previous quarterly sales record “Lawyers for the Metropolitan Sewer District clearly was set in the fourth quarter of last year. believe that the Ralston Purina Co.’s Soybean Division at “Earnings for the fi rst three months of this fi scal year 2441 S. Floyd St. is responsible.”

“But offi cials with Ralston Purina deny they were chemical hexane, used at the Ralston-Purina plant to responsible for the explosions.” extract oil from soybeans, might never have happened if a George Kyd, Ralston Purina’s vice president at the containment basin, a shut-off valve, and a piping system company’s headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri, “said it to siphon off excess hexane were in place. The explosion hasn’t been determined if the explosions were related to any caused at least $42 million in damage to public property and operations at its soybean processing plant.” utilities alone. Address: Courier-Journal Staff writers. Kyd acknowledged that cold temperatures may have caused some of the plant’s operating equipment to 485. Wall Street Journal. 1981. Ralston Purina is sued for malfunction. “But he said company offi cials promptly damages resulting from Louisville blast. Feb. 19. p. 20. notifi ed MSD offi cials and requested that an inspection be • Summary: “Louisville–Residents and business owners made.” affected by an explosion earlier this week fi led class action “He said a team of 8 or 9 experts from Ralston Purina, suits in federal court seeking more than $150 million in St. Louis would conduct a full investigation of the situation damages from Ralston Purina Co. and that the company would work closely with MSD, the “The suits claim hexane, a fl ammable solvent used in state fi re marshall’s offi ce and other authorities.” Address: soybean processing, leaked from a Ralston Purina plant into Courier-Journal Staff writers. the city sewers and caused the blast. The explosion did about $42 million in damages to streets, sidewalks, and sewers, 482. Edwards, Virginia B. 1981. ‘I saw a fl ash and the and injured four people. Nearly 2,000 people were evacuated house shook like paper.’ Courier-Journal (The) (Louisville, after the explosion.” Kentucky). Feb. 14. p. 1-2. A spokesman for Ralston Purina said that the company • Summary: “Information for this story was also gathered was conducting its own investigation of the explosion and by Stan MacDonald, Elinor J. Brecher, Jim Detjen, Bob “still hasn’t determined that hexane caused the explosion or Johnson. leaked from its plant.” A manhole cover, blown high into the sky by the One suit, seeking at least $50 million, was from the explosion, came down through the roof of a home, and then Metropolitan Sewer District of Jefferson County and crashed through the fl oor–about a yard from where 10-year- Louisville. old Bobby Lee was sleeping. “Gov. John Y. Brown of Kentucky has asked President The rest of this long story describes what happened Reagan to declare the part of the city destroyed by the to various people as a result of the pre-dawn explosion. explosion a federal disaster area.” Address: Courier-Journal Staff writers. 486. Wall Street Journal. 1981. Ralston Purina is sued for 483. Lawrence, Jay. 1981. Blasts leave Louisville to pick damages resulting from Louisville blast. Feb. 20. up the pieces: offi cials fear health hazards, huge repair bill. • Summary: “Louisville–Residents and business owners Courier-Journal (The) (Louisville, Kentucky). Feb. 14. p. affected by an explosion earlier this week fi led class action 1-2. suits in federal court seeking more than $150 million in • Summary: “Information for this story was also gathered by damages from Ralston Purina Co.” Sheldon Shafer, Bob Johnson, Stan McDonald, and Virginia Four people were injured. Nearly 2,000 people were B. Edwards.” evacuated after the blast. The chain of massive sewer explosions began at 5:16, when it was still dark outside, and collapsed almost two full 487. Chemical and Engineering News. 1981. Ralston Purina blocks of Hill Street, a city thoroughfare. Manhole covers suspect in Louisville blast. Feb. 23. p. 11. were blown into the air. Only four people were reported • Summary: “A series of early morning explosions in the injured, none seriously. City offi cials estimated damages at city’s sewers sent manhole covers fl ying and left huge craters over $10 million. in streets.” A County Patrolman fl ying a police helicopter said he saw a line of “shiny brilliant green” blasts across South- 488. Cooper, R.L. 1981. Regulatory approach of Central Louisville. “Each was ‘shooting straight up and then industrialized countries to accommodate use of soy protein. rounding out like a big ball.’” Address: Courier-Journal Staff J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 58(3):431-33. writers. March. • Summary: Contents: Abstract, Regulation of soy protein 484. MacDonald, Stan; Adams, Jim. 1981. Cut-off valve, in foods. Accommodating soy protein in the food supply. piping might have averted spill at Ralston plant. Courier- Food standards. Labeling of food containing soy proteins. Journal (The) (Louisville, Kentucky). Feb. 19. p. A1, A12. Nutritional guidelines for foods containing soy proteins. • Summary: The spill of the fl ammable and explosive Enforcement.

“A reasonable approach to food legislation attempts: (a) claiming damages from a series of explosions that rocked the to allow the production of properly labeled, safe, wholesome city’s sewer system Feb. 13. The suit charges that Ralston foods, recognizing new developments in modern food employees spilled a ‘large volume’ of hexane gas into the technology; (b) to ensure the nutritional value of foods; (c) to sewer system prior to the explosions and failed to notify the provide suffi cient information and understanding to help the fi re department about the spill.” consumer make a wise purchase decision; and (d) to adopt controls as required to promote honesty and fair dealing in 493. Feedstuffs. 1981. Ralston Purina sued for damages in the marketplace.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, sewer blast. 53(8):8. Missouri. • Summary: “Louisville, Kentucky–Class action suits seeking more than $150 million in damages from Ralston 489. Hopkins, D.T.; Steinke, F.H. 1981. Uses of soy protein Purina Co. were fi led in federal court last week by residents in mixed protein systems to meet nutritional needs. J. of the and businesses affected by the explosion here earlier in the American Oil Chemists’ Society 58(3):452-55. March. [28 week. ref] “The suits claim hexane from a Ralston Purina plant • Summary: “Soya products can be introduced into animal leaked into city sewers and caused the blast.” protein food systems to supplement animal protein. This can serve to increase the total protein available to target 494. Worthy, Ford S. 1981. The 500: The Fortune directory populations.” Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, of the largest industrial corporations. Fortune 103(9):322-47. Missouri. May 4. • Summary: Companies are ranked by sales. Soy-related 490. Struthers, B.J. 1981. Lysinoalanine: Production, companies include: Ralston Purina (St. Louis, Missouri) signifi cance and control in preparation and use of soya and is No. 72 with $4,886 million in sales. Land O’Lakes other food proteins. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (Minneapolis, Minnesota) is No. 109 with $3,304 million. 58(3):501-03. March. [21 ref] Archer-Daniels-Midland (Decatur, Illinois) is No. 139 with • Summary: “Formation of lysinoalanine (LAL) in $2,802 million. Central Soya (Fort Wayne, Indiana) is No. proteins in response to alkali treatment is a well-known 207 with $1,744 million. And A.E. Staley Mfg Co. (Decatur, phenomenon... Higher temperatures, longer exposure times, Illinois) is No. 218 with $1,656 million in sales. and higher pH’s generally result in more LAL formation. Note: Cargill is not listed because it is privately owned. The addition of mercaptoethanol or cysteine to an alkaline In 1981 Cargill’s sales were about $12,000 million a year. protein solution decreases LAL formation markedly... LAL Exxon was No. 1 on the Fortune 500 with $103,142 million has not been shown to present a toxicological hazard to any in sales. Mobil was No. 2 and General Motors was No. 3. species other than the rat. Its presence in large quantities in any protein indicates destruction of cysteine and lysine...” 495. Andres, Cal. 1981. The versatile soybean: Supplies Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63188. two necessary food components–protein and fats–plus wide range of functional attributes. Food Processing (Chicago) 491. Waggle, D.H.; Decker, C.D.; Kolar, C.W. 1981. Soya 42(5):142-44, 146, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 163. May. products in meat, poultry and seafood. J. of the American Oil • Summary: This article is in the section titled “Ingredients Chemists’ Society 58(3):341-43. March. [24 ref] handbook.” Contents: Introduction. Protein: Soy fl our • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction: Basic and grits (50-52% protein), soy protein concentrate (70% principles of utilization, meat, poultry, seafood, maintenance protein), and isolated soy protein (90% protein or more), of traditional quality. extremely versatile, extruded products, spun soy protein “About 16% of the meat could be replaced with soya made from isolated soy protein, functional benefi ts of using protein product A before the extended product became soy protein, analogs–products resembling conventional foods signifi cantly different from the hidden all-meat control, in appearance, color, fl avor and texture (such as breakfast whereas only 9% meat could be replaced by soya protein strips {bacon}, whipped toppings, and imitation cheese), product B before the differences became signifi cant.” A soy protein makes excellent use of farmlands potential to trained 16-member taste panel was used. produce protein, Gallup poll shows 71% of Americans view A portrait photo shows C.W. Kolar. Address: Ralston soy protein favorably, different types of soy fl our. Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. Soy protein suppliers (tells what kinds of products are sold by each company): ADM Foods (Archer Daniels 492. Des Moines Register (Iowa). 1981. Ralston Purina sued Midland), Cargill Protein Products Dept., Central Soya Co., over Louisville blast. April 18. p. 7. Dairyland Products, Dawson Food Ingredients (Subsidiary • Summary: “Louisville, Kentucky (AP)–The city has of Dawson Mills), Farmland Agriservices, Inc. (formerly fi led a $50 million lawsuit against Ralston Purina Co., known as Far-Mar-Co., Inc.), Food Ingredients, Inc. (the

U.S. “sales representative of a full-fat soy-protein fl our consolidated 11 damage suits, totaling more than $200 produced in Germany), Griffi th Laboratories, Kraft Foods million, “against Ralston Purina Co. arising from a February (isolates), Lauhoff Grain Co. (soy fl ours and textured soy explosion that caused extensive damage to city streets, fl our), Ralston Purina (regular isolates, “blends of isolated sidewalks and sewers.” The suits allege that hexane, a soy proteins plus other ingredients such as dairy products.” fl ammable solvent used in processing soybeans, caused the “Structured isolated soy proteins are available as a fi ber and blast. as a granular product. The fi ber is the frozen, hydrated form and is retort-stable with no degradation of fi ber. Texture is 498. Leviton, Richard. 1981. Current research is promising similar to that of muscle fi ber”), A.E. Staley Manufacturing but more is needed: Spilling the beans on soyfood nutrition. Co. (The Protein People; soy fl ours and textured soy fl ours, Vegetarian Times No. 47. June. p. 64-65. [6 ref] soy protein concentrates, whipping proteins, hydrolyzed • Summary: “Longterm acceptance of soyfoods in the West vegetable proteins), Food Protein Council (Washington, DC; will depend largely on the ability to convince nutritionists, has two brochures). and other protectors of our food system, that tofu, tempeh, Soybean oil. Suppliers: Capital City Products Co. (Div. miso and the other emerging soyfoods provide solid human of Stokley Van Camp, Inc.), Durkee Foods (Div. of SCM nutrition superior to that of the foods they seek to replace: Corp.), Humco Products (Div. of Kraft, Inc.), A.E. Staley. largely meat and dairy products. Lecithin. Lecithin suppliers: Ross and Rowe, Inc. (Div. “Back in the 1930s and ‘40s, soybean meal researchers of ADM; regular and granulated lecithin), Central Soya, A.E. discovered that heating the raw legumes would remarkably Staley. On the last page is given the full name and address of improve the nutritional value of soy meal as a livestock each supplier mentioned in the article. feed. The fi ndings paid off handsomely for the soybean meal Photos in the article show the cover of the following industry. Today soybean meal, which is still used largely for brochures, each available from one supplier: (1) ADM cattle feed, constitutes a $5.4 billion market (annual sales of Foods: “Look where soybeans go.” (2) Central Soya 24 million tons at $225 per ton). Obviously the research paid Co.: “Soy fl ours & soy grits.” (3) Food Protein Council: off. “Vegetable protein: Products and the future.” (4) Kraft: “The “Those of us who produce and promote soyfoods for new soy on the block.” (5) Ralston Purina: “Purina proteins: human consumption (notably the products tofu, tempeh, Product information.”(6) A.E. Staley: “The protein people.” and miso), fi nd ourselves in a situation similar to that of the (7) Food Protein Council: “Soy protein: Improving our food soybean meal producers of the 1930s. Our market is small system.” (8) ADM: “Food oils.” (9) Capital City Products: (annual retail sales of about $50 million), but the potential is “A complete line...” (9) Staley: “Refi ned oils.” (10) Ross terrifi c: we need only convince everyone not already familiar & Rowe, Inc.: “Soybean lecithin: Yelkin T,...” (11) Central with our products of how great they really are. Soya Co.: “Lecithin from Central Soya naturally.” (12) “Unfortunately, in an age when a high price is placed Ralston Purina Co.: “Nutritional aspects of Ralston Purina on knowledge, knowledge often comes at a high price. isolated soy protein.” Address: Senior Associate Editor. Although evidence suggests great potential for these lightly-processed soyfoods in terms of cost and health 496. Ralston Purina Co. 1981. Prime proteins–minus one benefi ts, many of the claims made on behalf of soyfoods are (Ad). Food Processing (Chicago) 42(5):159. May. conclusions based upon extrapolations from research using • Summary: “The missing one is Ralston Purina’s prime other soy products, often texturized vegetable protein, soy protein–isolated soy protein. It’s prime because it contains isolates and concentrates. The reason is that the industry that all eight essential amino acids in a pattern that matches the manufactures these other products has the money to support amino acid pattern for high-quality protein established by the expensive research. Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences.” “Until recently, few researchers were willing to commit The top half of the ad contains a photo showing most the time or money for the serious nutritional study of tempeh of the different types of animal protein–slices of red meat, and tofu. Fortunately, that has begun to change. Some a plucked chicken, two dead fi sh, a glass of milk, slices of noteworthy researchers have come to the aid of the industry cheese and eggs, all on a cutting block. and the facts they have uncovered thus far with regards to In the lower right corner is a clip-out form to request these soyfoods are encouraging. the brochure “Nutritional Aspects of Isolated Soy Protein.” “What Is Known: Simple laboratory analysis reveals that Address: Protein Div., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, tofu contains anywhere from 4% to 13% protein, with a ‘Net Missouri 63188. Protein Utilization’ (NPU) rating of 65. The NPU refl ects the ‘bottom line’ value of how much of a given nutrient the 497. Wall Street Journal. 1981. Louisville blast suits against body can assimilate. Tofu is 95% digestible. It’s low in fats, Ralston Purina consolidated by judge. June 8. p. 29. calories, carbohydrates and contains no cholesterol. • Summary: Federal judge Thomas Ballantine in Louisville “Tempeh can have as much as 19.5% protein, an NPU of

56, and a digestibility rating of 86% (Ed. note: See Margaret protein digestibility. Regardless of the state of maturity (dry, Nofzinger’s article on “Tempeh and Non-Dairy Yogurt” in green or sprouted) Dr. Rackis strongly urges consumers this issue for information on vitamin B-12 in tempeh). to cook soybeans to convert the raw protein into more “Miso’s protein ranges from 13 to 20% while miso digestible forms. Dr. Rackis’ work and conclusions are an itself contains a favorable blend of easily digested sugars, example of solid, useable research of soyfoods, and refl ects minerals and vitamins. These fi gures refl ect the short-term, the nutritional basis for the growth of soyfoods in the market. immediately relevant, nutritional scorecard for soyfoods. “Soyfoods and Cholesterol: Another exciting area “Nutritionists want to understand the longer-range of nutritional research was reported recently by Dr. K.K. effects of daily consumption of these ‘new’ (to the West) Carroll of the University of Western Ontario, Canada protein staples, and this requires more complex and (published in the Journal of the American Oil Chemists expensive studies. Society, March 1981). Dr. Carroll’s work deals with rabbits, “Soy proteins, according to Dr. Nevin Scrimshaw of protein and cholesterol, and the role of soybeans in actually M.I.T., ‘are of good quality, approaching or equaling those lowering the blood levels of cholesterol. It’s commonly foods of animal origin, and are fully capable of meeting the known that soybeans, and therefore soyfoods, do not contain essential amino acid and protein needs of human adults.’ cholesterol, believed to be the major contributor to heart Another researcher, Dr. Harold Wilcke, of Ralston Purina, disease and other degenerative illnesses. What is not so notes, ‘The results presented in actual feeding programs commonly known is that soy protein-based diets can have for infants, children and young adults clearly show that soy a measurable impact on lowering cholesterol levels in the protein is a much better protein nutritionally for humans than body. Soy protein diets yielded consistently low levels of would have been predicted on the basis of rat assays.’ plasma cholesterol compared to casein (milk protein) diets “The conservative consensus among soy protein in Dr. Carroll’s studies with rabbits. Later studies, conducted researchers is that the protein quality of soy may be with humans, showed a small but statistically signifi cant considered nearly equal or equal, at adequate intake levels, to difference in the soy-based diet level of cholesterol. Even traditional milk proteins. more recent studies (see Vegetarian Times, No. 44, page “Now, let’s look at some of the specifi cs. 12), deriving from European investigations, report that diets “Less Gas: Dr. Joseph Rackis, a nutritional researcher containing textured vegetable proteins used for eight weeks at the U.S. Department of Agriculture laboratory in Peoria, produced startling reductions in plasma cholesterol levels: Illinois, reports that both tofu and tempeh are “essentially 23% in men and 2.5% in women. The British medical journal devoid” of fl atus- (or gas-) producing activity. Writing in The Lancet even ventured to recommend a soy-based diet as Soyfoods (Winter 1981, Vol. I, No. 4) Dr. Rackis states that an alternative to traditional low fat, low cholesterol diets as the oligosaccharides in raw soybeans responsible for gas in preventive measures against heart diseases. humans, have been either deactivated or processed out in “Findings such as these are bound to stimulate market tempeh and tofu production, leaving these two foods with interest in and demand for soy-protein foods. However, little fl atus activity. Flatus activity is an index of how well a typical of the subtleties and lack of complete agreement on given food is actually digested. nutritional studies, it must be pointed out there is not any “Protein vs. Vitamins: Dr. Rackis also reports on the unequivocal agreement on the role of cholesterol in causing nutritional value of immature, dry mature and sprouted heart disease, at least not enough to totally convince the soybeans, which tend to contain high levels of ascorbic FDA. acid (vitamin C) and beta-carotene (vitamin A). The protein “Trypsin Inhibitors: Trypsin inhibitors are anti- quality of these three forms of soybeans in the raw, uncooked digestive factors in raw soybeans and were implicated in state is very low, regrettably, with PERs (Protein Effi ciency the original studies that discovered the value of toasting raw Ratio, the standard protein value reference) for green mature soybeans. Trypsin inhibitors are believed to interfere with soybeans of 0.77; for dry mature, 0.75; and for sprouts, 0.64. the normal activity of human pancreatic trypsin, a digestive This is in contrast with cow’s milk which has a PER of 2.5, enzyme. I say believed because this has never been actually generally considered a reference value. demonstrated in human subjects, only in laboratory animals. “By comparison, moist heat treatment greatly improves In experiments with rats, prolonged trypsin inhibitor activity the PER values (and the protein digestibility) of these forms has been shown to develop an enlarged pancreas and reduced of soybeans to values close to 80% of milk protein. The growth rates. Adequate heat treatment of raw soybeans PER for heated green mature soybeans becomes 2.05; for destroys at least 80% of the trypsin inhibitor, an amount dry mature, 2.11; for sprouts, 2.02. It becomes a nutritional considered the safety threshold for humans. Tofu generally trade-off, however, with sprouts which are often grown has 10% or less according to laboratory analyses. for their vitamins. You have either a high protein sprouted “Dr. Irvin Liener, of the University of Minnesota, one of vegetable but lose most of the vitamins through heating, the key researchers in this fi eld, has reported that, based on or you have a high vitamin content at the expense of poor the pancreatic sizes of test animals, humans may actually not

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 221 be susceptible to pancreatic enlargement and reduced growth for use in retorted applications such as infant foods and other from trypsin inhibitors at all, contrary to what had been heat treated products. thought. While this is yet to be proved defi nitively, and is “Supro HD-90–An isolated soy protein with excellent more of a likely extrapolation from laboratory tests, it could nutritional properties for use in protein enrichment wipe the slate clean of a longstanding anti-nutritional aspect applications requiring protein with high density. of soybeans” (Continued). Address: Editor and Publisher, “Supro 350–An isolated soy protein with high acid Soyfoods magazine, 100 Heath Rd., Colrain, Massachusetts stability designed for low pH products such as citrus pudding 01340. Phone: 413-624-5591. and similar applications. “Supro 610–Isolated soy protein with high water 499. Garino, David P. 1981. New Ralston chief says he’ll absorption characteristics designed for function and sacrifi ce sales to keep profi t margins high. Wall Street fortifi cation in a wide variety of applications. Journal. July 2. p. 19, 29. “Supro 620–An isolated soy protein with high viscosity, • Summary: “Pet food is by far the biggest contributor to emulsifi cation and gel forming characteristics. Supro 620 Ralston’s profi ts; the company controls more than 40% of performs extremely well in emulsifi ed meat products and the dog and cat food market.” A portrait illustration shows is available with TiO2 [titanium dioxide] tracer for use in William P. Stiritz. USDA regulated meat applications. “Supro 630–An isolated soy protein with superior 500. Hooten, Dan. 1981. Dawson Mills’ protein analog dispersibility characteristics designed for a variety of plant. Protein prices. Isolate markets. Functional properties hydratable dry mixes. desired by industry (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 17. “Supro 640T Fortiblend–An isolated soy protein Conducted by Walter J. Wolf of NRRC, Peoria, Illinois. fortifi ed with vitamins and minerals required for use in • Summary: Dawson Mills invested $11 million in their whole meat muscle augmentation. protein analog plant. It was intended to have a capacity of “Supro 660–A high density isolated soy protein designed 9.5 million lb/year but was actually capable of producing to provide smooth mouthfeel and rapid dispersibility. Well only about 400,000 lb/month or 4.8 million lb/year. suited for use in protein fortifi ed beverages. Soy protein prices (per lb): Flours and grits: $0.14. “Supro 710–A low viscosity isolated soy protein with Concentrates: $0.31-33. Isolates: $1.02–from Ralston Purina high solubility characteristics designed for application in and Grain Processing Corp. $0.90–from ADM. Note that coffee whiteners and other products requiring solubility and ADM is working off inventory that they have accumulated stability. since start-up. A number of Central Soya’s former isolate “Supro 710 K–An isolated soy protein with low customers have gone to other suppliers. viscosity and high solubility designed for systems requiring Isolate markets: (1) Health foods. (2) Infant formulas– low sodium levels. Some doctors go to soy formulas directly to avoid potential “Purina Protein 860–An isolated soy protein with allergy problems with cow’s milk. (3) Milk products. low moisture absorption and high density characteristics. (4) Meat emulsions–In Europe fat, water and isolate are Recommended for applications requiring smooth mouth feel emulsifi ed and then frozen. This emulsion is later mixed and low solubility where high moisture absorption is not with meat in the preparation of products that are “stuffed into desirable. casings or cans.” “Structured Isolated Soy Proteins: Japan is still a net importer (2-3 million lb/yr) of “SPF 200–A high quality structured isolated soy protein isolates. fi ber available in the frozen, hydrated form. It is retort stable Functional properties desired by industry: (1) Film with no degradation of fi ber. Its texture is similar to that of forming ability–with strength. (2) Casein-like properties (the meat muscle fi ber. SPF 200 functions to fortify with protein, imitation cheese market is now about 150 million lb–uses add texture, control shrink, control cost and is extremely 40 million lb of casein). Casein sells for $1.35-$1.40/lb. bland in fl avor. Address: Dawson Food Ingredients. “Purina Protein 220–A specially processed isolated soy protein granule with excellent nutritional, structural and 501. Ralston Purina Co., Protein Division. 1981. Product functional properties. Purina Protein 220 provides chewy summary (Leafl et). St Louis, Missouri: Ralston Purina Co. 1 mouthfeel when used in coarse ground meat systems. p. 2 panels each side. “Dari-Pro Products: • Summary: “Proteinability–Protein technology working “Dari-Pro 35-A blend of milk proteins and isolated soy for you. Lists and describes each of three different types of protein that provides functional characteristics similar to products: those of Non-Fat Dry Milk and is designed as a one to one “Isolated Soy Proteins: functional milk replacer in a variety of baked goods. “Edi-Pro A–An isoelectric, isolated soy protein (pH 4.5) “Dari-Pro 300–A highly functional blend of whey and

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 222 isolated soy protein with characteristics similar to those list, issued in 1970, did not attempt to give more than the of Non-Fat Dry Milk designed for use in cake and related barest outline of the relations between the terms encountered. bakery systems. In 1977, therefore, an FSTA Thesaurus was published, in “Dari-Pro for Specialized Food Systems–Highly which the basic structuring of the material found in FSTA functional spray dried blends of whey and isolated soy was set out. The Thesaurus was designed to give maximum protein designed to function in potato granules, instant compatibility with the EEC Multilingual (English / French breakfasts, beverage drinks, baby foods and imitation dairy / German / Italian) Food Thesaurus, published in 1979 (and products.” itself based largely on the FSTA system for the English version), and to take into account the needs of on-line users.” 502. Dunn, John R. 1981. U.S. cooperative soybean The terms are divided into headings (main terms or processors (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of descriptors), which are printed in capital letters, and lead-in Soyfoods Center, Sept. 15. 1 p. typescript. [1 ref] terms (non-descriptors) printed in lower case. Additional • Summary: It is now generally agreed that ADM has passed information is included in square brackets. The following Cargill as America’s leading soybean crusher–but both abbreviations show the types of relationship between terms: companies have about the same crushing capacity. According BT = broader terms. NT = narrower terms. RT = related to his best information, America’s top 12 soybean crushers terms. UF = used for. lead-in term followed by “see” heading are (as of Oct. 1979): 1. ADM. 2. Cargill. 3. A.E. Staley. (e.g. bean curd see TOFU). 4. Central Soya. 5. Bunge. 6. Ralston Purina. 7. Gold Kist. Soy-related terms: Beverages: UF soy milk. Lecithins: 8. Farmland Industries. 9. Continental Grain. 10. Riceland BT Emulsifi ers, Phospholipids. UF phosphatidylcholine. Foods. 11. Quincy Soybean. 12. Land O’Lakes. Other Legumes: NT Soybeans. Miso: BT Soy Products. natto: see leading cooperative crushers, in descending order of size, Soy Products. Sauces: NT Soy Sauces. soy fl our: see Soy are Honeymead Products, Agri Industries, Boone Valley Products. soy milk: see Beverages; Soy Products. Processing & Marketing Assoc., and Missouri Farmers Soy Products: BT Soybeans, Vegetable Products, Association. All of these companies use solvent extractors. Fermented Products. NT Miso, Soy Proteins, Soy Sauces, The top 4 fi rms own and operate 54.5% of the Soybean Oils. UF natto, nyufu, soy fl our, soy milk, sufu, processing capacity. The next 4 control 20.6%, for an 8-fi rm tempeh, tofu, tsukudani, vital. total of 75.1%. The next 4 control 11.2%, for a 12 fi rm total Soy Proteins: BT Protein Products, Soy Products, of 86.3%. Bunge, which is based in Argentina, has moved up Proteins Vegetable. RT Textured Vegetable Proteins. UF on the list through some recent acquisitions, including a plant okara protein, Promine [Central Soya Co.], Supro 620, yuba. in Mississippi in July from Gold Kist. Soy Sauces: BT Fermented Products, Sauces, Soy Concerning cooperatives, each regional co-op is taken Products. UF moromi, shoyu. as a unit. They operate completely independently of each Soybean Oils: BT Oils Vegetable, Soy Products. other. So it is not accurate to think of the co-ops as a whole– Soybeans (Glycine max): BT Legumes, Oilseeds. NT Soy although they do have some areas of cooperation with one Products. another, e.g. export sales efforts and domestic processed Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2003) product sales. The operate independently on procurement that is a thesaurus containing terms related to soybeans and and processing. The total amount of soybeans crushed by the soy products. Address: IFIS (International Food Information cooperatives is probably less than that crushed by ADM or Service), Lane End House, Shinfi eld, Reading RG2 9BB, Cargill. Address: USDA Agricultural Cooperative Service England. (ACS), Washington, DC 20250. Phone: 202-475-4929. 505. Shorey, RoseAnn L.; Bazan, Belinda; Lo, Grace S.; 503. Tompor, Susan. 1981. Sewer blast damage lingers in Steinke, F.H. 1981. Determinants of hypocholesterolemic Louisville amid haggling over who will be blamed. Wall response to soy and animal protein-based diets. American J. Street Journal. Sept. 16. p. 19, 29. of Clinical Nutrition 34(9):1769-78. Sept. [34 ref] • Summary: After months of mostly inaction, the residents • Summary: Isolated soy protein completely replaced animal are getting irritated. Water lines and sewer lines must be protein in a diet fed to 27 subjects for 42 days. For the repaired in a certain order. Address: Staff reporter of the responders, there was no change in total cholesterol but HDL WSJ. cholesterol was lowered 15.6%. Address: Graduate Nutrition Div., Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78712. 504. Inkson, Ms.; Mann, E.J. comp. 1981. Thesaurus: Food Science and Technology Abstracts. 2nd ed. Shinfi eld, 506. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1981. History of Reading, England: IFIS (International Food Information Ralston Purina Company. Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Service). 238 p. No index. 30 cm. First edition, 1977. [Eng] Lafayette, CA 94549. 2 p. Sept. Unpublished typescript. • Summary: The Introduction states: “The original IFIS word Available online at www.soyinfocenter.com.

• Summary: www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/ralston_purina. outside in the next lot. There he built a brand new building php with 4 big extractors. The soybean meal produced by these A brief history of the subject. Founded in 1893. Work extractors went into the plastics made in the glass plant. with soy started in 1930. Address: Lafayette, California. Then in the coke oven building, constructed in about 1940, Phone: 415-283-2991. Ford built a new extraction plant. He also used this plant for forming the plastic rear trunk lid. 507. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1981. History CPC (Corn Products Company) purchased the fi rst of Worthington Foods. Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, license to manufacture edible spun soy protein fi ber under Lafayette, CA 94549. 11 p. Oct. 5. Unpublished typescript. Boyer’s patent; Swift purchased the exclusive rights from Available online at www.soyinfocenter.com. 1950-54. CPC was the fi rst company to actually sell this • Summary: www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/worthington_ spun soy fi ber; they did it as a legal tactic in early 1950 foods.php to establish an interstate sale allowing them rights to the A comprehensive history of the subject. Contents: name they wanted to use for the product. Worthington Introduction. Founding in 1939 and founders: Harding, accommodated them, and mixed the rest of the batch in with fi nancing and duties, fi rst product (Proast, with soy), their products to use it up. Numete, growth of sales, Hagle joins company, Robinson In 1955 changed their license from an exclusive to a leaves, Twomley’s description of Hagle: “an uncommon non-exclusive. Boyer then went to Central Soya [actually businessman.” New Developments in the 1940’s: 1945 probably to Glidden] in Chicago, then Ralston Purina, then incorporation and sales to $500,000, Buller and Hartman, Worthington to ask them to license the patent. Ralston agreed Boyer’s 1949 visit. Acquisitions and analogs (1950-69): and decided to get into edible soy protein. In 1956 they took Acquisition of Dr. Harry Miller’s International Nutrition a non-exclusive license at the same time as Worthington and Foundation in 1950, Soyamel (1954, 1961), new products General Mills. introduced in 1950’s, big break to go ahead with Boyer When Boyer was working with Swift & Co., they were (1956) and Ralston Purina, how foods made, sales take off, pushing The Glidden Co. to make a food grade isolate. 1962 fi rst products and Soyameat, use of powdered isolates, Before Glidden developed this edible soy protein isolate, acquisition of Battle Creek Foods and Madison Foods, the only alternative was casein. In Nov. 1957 The Glidden Patties, Numete, spinning of soy protein fi bers, praised in Company announced that it was building a plant to make Stanford study. “The big time and then back home again” food-grade soy protein isolates. Their product was named (1970’s and 1980’s): Acquired by Miles Laboratories Promine. In 1958 Central Soya purchased The Glidden Co. of Elkhart, Indiana (March 1970), sales leap, expanded and built the world’s fi rst plant to make food-grade soy research, introduction of Morningstar Farms line 1972- protein isolate in Chicago; their Promine D was introduced 74, rise and fall, reformulation of line and relaunching as in Oct. 1959. So in 1956 when Worthington Foods purchased cholesterol free, failure, growth of other products and of a license to spin soy protein fi bers for the health food market, the “motivated” market, Bayer AG purchase of Miles in the only food-grade isolate on the market was Promine made late 1977, uncertain future, “third generation” meat analogs by Central Soya–which Boyer felt had a “terrible taste.” For (1976), ready-to-eat vegetarian entrees (1980), 1981 product this reason, Boyer went to Ralston Purina and urged them to list. Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 415-283-2991. make an edible isolate. Ralston Purina made the world’s fi rst edible spun 508. Boyer, Robert A. 1981. Work with Henry Ford and protein fi ber in a pilot plant from about 1956-1960. Boyer soybeans (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 11. Conducted fi rst started to consult with Ralston Purina in 1960, when by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. they decided to scale up from a pilot plant to a commercial • Summary: Floyd Radford, a secretary to Ray Dahlinger, one in Louisville, Kentucky; he then joined their staff in did a lot of farm work for Dahlinger, who was a very high 1962. Ralston Purina started selling their fi ber in about 1961 assistant to Henry Ford. Radford was involved with farming or 1962; they sold most of it to Worthington. Worthington in southern Michigan, not with soybean processing. and General Mills began experimenting with their own Henry Ford was probably the fi rst American pilot spinning units to develop prototype products, but they manufacturer of solvent extractors. He made them for use in bought their commercial fi ber from Ralston Purina. Later his factories, including his village industries. The fi rst one Worthington started to spin their own fi ber because of cost was only 6 tons, but later he made a 24-ton extractor. and quality factors; aging between the time the fi ber was Henry Ford’s soybean operations were conducted in produced and the time it was shipped caused a decline in various plants. The plastic molding machines were located quality. in the glass plant within the River Rouge plant. The soybean Today there is a lot of soy protein spun in Holland. The operations in the glass plant were set up in about 1934- isolates are probably made at the Ralston Purina plant in 35. Then he decided to build the solvent extraction plant Belgium. Address: 632 Edgewater Dr., Apt. 731, Dunedin,

Florida 33528. Phone: 813-734-2415. he probably would have just given up then and done something else. Advised to keep away from the large meat 509. Boyer, Robert A. 1981. Development of meatlike companies, who might buy up the patent and “bury” it, he products based on spun soy protein fi bers. Part I (Interview). went to Worthington and disclosed his concept and a pork SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 11. Conducted by William Shurtleff of chop prototype. Mr. Hagle, president of Worthington, was Soyfoods Center. immediately very excited with the idea, but the company • Summary: This history is compiled from 5 interviews was reluctant to take a license until there was a source of soy conducted with Robert Boyer from Oct. 1980 to Oct. 1981. protein fi ber. Harrison Evans, a top Worthington employee, One day at the Ford plant in 1942, Boyer, while later recalled: “I’ll never forget the day Bob Boyer came by. sampling fi bers of his “soybean wool,” realized that these They brought him down with this textured protein wrapped same soy protein fi bers, if made tender by omitting the in a piece of aluminum foil and all it looked like was rope. protein denaturation, hardening, and insolubilization, could Just unattractive, white... It certainly did not look like real be used as a basic ingredient in making meatlike textured meat.” soy protein foods. Already he had developed an analog for Worthington waited, so Boyer went to Virginia Carolina the protein fi bers that grow on the outside of a sheep (wool), Chemical Company (VCCC) in Taftville, Connecticut; why not develop an analog for those on the inside, a meatless they were spinning fi bers for textiles and Boyer hoped they meat or meat analog? would be able to produce soy fi bers for Worthington. VCCC Throughout the years of World War II, the idea of allowed Boyer to use their protein spinning pilot plant for using spun soy protein fi bers as the basic of human foods, research; he provided his own materials. Here he made the in the form of meat analogs, returned to Boyer again and world’s fi rst edible protein fi bers, which were used to make again. In late 1943 The Drackett Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio meat analog prototypes. Incorporating egg albumen binder (which had a fairly large soybean crushing operation and plus vegetable fats and fl avorings into the spun fi bers, he also made consumer household cleaning products such as fabricated the fi rst man-made meatless pork chops and then Drano and Windex), purchased the Ford Motor Company’s made hams from soy protein. After the fi rst successful run, soy protein and protein spinning operations. Boyer went nearby Corn Products Company (CPC) got very interested with the equipment and processes to Cincinnati. Boyer, and ended up buying the fi rst license on Boyer’s patent (an now Drackett’s director of research, told the company of his exclusive option), which gave Boyer his fi rst income from interest in producing foods from soy proteins, but Drackett the project. Boyer then consulted for CPC for 9 months. The was only interested in industrial products at the time. In early fi rst sale of commercial edible protein fi ber (produced from 1949 H.R. Drackett died; the company shut down its plant corn gluten) was made by CPC to Worthington. Eventually, that was spinning Soybean Azlon fi bers, and closed part of however, it was realized that corn gluten would not work its protein R&D laboratories. Boyer left Drackett to work on well in foods because of its unpleasant and dominant his own. fl avor. The project was dropped. Continued. Address: 632 On 28 September 1949 Boyer fi led for his fi rst patent on Edgewater Dr., Apt. 731, Dunedin, Florida 33528. Phone: edible protein fi ber (application serial no. 118,445). It was 813-734-2415. issued in 1951, then rewritten that year in a much broader format and issued in fi nal form in 1954 (No. 2,682,466). 510. Boyer, Robert A. 1981. Development of meatlike According to this patent (which expired in 1971 and has products based on spun soy protein fi bers. Part II (Interview). come to be regarded as a classic), no one can use a man- SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 11. Conducted by William Shurtleff of made protein fi ber in a food without violating the basic Soyfoods Center. claim. The patent called for the use of various proteins • Summary: Now somewhat desperate, Boyer decided to (including soy, casein, and peanut protein) to make edible try a meat company anyway. He went to Swift & Co. in protein fi bers that could be transformed into meat analogs or Chicago, Illinois, in 1950 and they immediately liked these extenders that are low in saturated fats and virtually free of ideas and bought exclusive rights to the patent from 1950- cholesterol. 1954 (in 1955 they converted to nonexclusive). In 1950, the In September 1949 Boyer took his patent idea to his war scarcity psychology still prevailed. American consumers fi rst company, Worthington Foods, Inc., a small company and food produces had watched in astonishment during the in Worthington, Ohio, operated by a group of businessmen war as meats became so scarce and expensive that only a and doctors, that produced meat analogs and vegetarian few could afford them. Thus it was easy to sell the notion foods primarily for Seventh-day Adventists and Adventist that even after the war, as world population continued to institutions. Boyer had now been on his own for over eight rise, plant proteins would play an increasingly important months and was almost out of money. He still wasn’t sure role in diets throughout the world. Boyer worked with Swift of whether the whole idea was a screwball one or not. He for fi ve years, but in considerable secrecy. Swift told him later commented that if Worthington had shown no interest, that if their Livestock Relations Department found out that

Swift was doing research on meat analogs, “all hell would Netherlands, one in Denmark (Nutana), and one in Belgium break loose.” Eventually Swift made and test marketed using food-grade spun protein fi bers. In Japan, Nisshin Oil new soy protein products. However in 1952-53 livestock Mills Ltd. built the fi rst plant to spin edible soy protein fi bers producers in America were in such bad shape economically in 1968. In 1976 Fuji Purina Protein Ltd., a subsidiary of Fuji that they marched on Washington, DC, demanding a better Oil Co. and Ralston Purina, introduced Fujipur SP-90 spun price for their products. Swift, fearing the possibility that soy protein fi bers. the media might get word of their new project and come out Most manufacturers of meat analogs in the U.S. agree with headlines reading “Swift Making Synthetic Meats from that the general market has been disappointing, but that the Soy Protein,” decided to shut down the project. None of the idea is simply ahead of its time, which will inevitably come products was ever marketed commercially. as meat prices continue their rapid rise. The vegetarian In 1951-52 Unilever bought a license from Boyer for or “motivated” market (and especially the Seventh-day spun protein isolate production throughout the rest of the Adventist sector) showed a steady increase each year. No world. Boyer went to England and worked with Unilever sales fi gures are available on the total market size. in their peanut protein isolate plant and research labs near When asked in 1980 how he liked the newest Liverpool. Here, for the fi rst time, his process was used in generation of meat analogs, Boyer replied that he found the making of sausages containing fi bers of peanut protein the quality disappointing, since the producers have to make isolate. compromises in equipment and processing to keep costs In 1956 Boyer returned to America and went down. A researcher can get much better textures and fl avors immediately to Worthington, who had now been thinking in his lab working by hand. Another problem is the subtle about taking a license on Boyer’s spinning patent for seven beany fl avors that result from isolates and from typical years. The fi rst food-grade soy protein isolates were just defatted soy meal rather than specially defatted soy meal becoming available, so the company bought the patent rights that can be made to contain almost no beany fl avor. Boyer for the health food industry and asked Boyer to work with eats store-bought meat analogs (including bacon bits) from them as a consultant. Worthington eventually did more with time to time but not as a regular part of his diet. He prefers Boyer’s discovery than any company in America. Worthington products to Loma Linda. He likes meat, too, After Worthington purchased Boyer’s license (for the and also uses tofu quite a bit. health food trade), other large food companies followed suit: How about the future? Harkening back to the years of Ralston Purina, General Mills, and Nabisco. General Foods his work with Ford, Boyer said in 1981, “We’re at the Model developed their own related process. In 1962 Boyer joined T stage right now with analogs. I’m impatient to get to the the research staff of Ralston Purina as a Protein Scientist; he Lincoln Continental stage.” He feels that the products still worked there until his retirement in 1971, at which time he have a very bright future, and that when the price of meats became a Protein Consultant for Miles/Worthington. rises to 10 or 20% above those of the analogs, sales will start After General Mills took a license on Boyer’s product, a period of steady growth. Address: 632 Edgewater Dr., Apt. they built a commercial-sized fi ber spinning plant at Cedar 731, Dunedin, Florida 33528. Phone: 813-734-2415. Rapids, Iowa, and developed their Bontrae line which featured Bac-O’s, a spun fi ber analog resembling cooked 511. National Soybean Processors Association. 1981. bacon bits and launched in 1965. The venture was impressive Yearbook and trading rules 1981-1982. Washington, DC: in scope and the product was a real sensation, the biggest National Soybean Processors Association. ii + 106 + A1-12. thing that had happened to Boyer’s idea to date. (The product 23 cm. Spiral bound. is now made with extruded soy fl our.) The whole venture • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: had a profound effect on the thinking of other large food Effective October 1, 1981. Issued annually to all members producing companies concerning soy protein foods. Boyer of the association. Contents: Constitution and by-laws. was now spending 50% of his time with Worthington and Offi cers and directors. Executive offi ce. Members. Associate 25% each with General Mills and Ralston. members. Standing committees. Trading rules on soybean Boyer’s years of research eventually began to pay off meal (fi rst adopted 18 Oct. 1933). Sales contract. Appendix in terms of handsome royalties from his patents, of which to trading rules on soybean meal: Offi cial methods of he now had more than thirty, some shared with Ford. These analysis (moisture, protein, crude fi ber, oil {only method lasted until the patent expired in 1971. Now any company numbers listed}), sampling of soybean meal {at origin} can use the protein spinning process without having to buy (automatic mechanic sampler, pneumatic probe sampler, a license or pay fees. In 1981 the main American companies probe sampler), sampling of soybean meal (at barge loading using spun protein fi bers in foods were Worthington transfer facilities), offi cial weighmaster application, semi- Foods, Dawson Mills in Minnesota (which bought General annual scale report, manufacturers’ certifi cation–Installation Mills’ equipment), Loma Linda Foods in California, and of automatic sampler (at barge loading transfer facility), Ralston Purina. In Europe there are two companies in the semi-automatic sampler certifi cation (at barge loading

36 percent of the crop, and the remainder [14%] is returned to farms for seed, feed, and residuals.” Also discusses industry programs, soybean research, and international market development.” The section on offi cers, executive committee, and board of directors (p. 7-8) gives the name, company affi liation, and phone number of each person. Offi cers–Chairman: Gaylord O Coan, Gold Kist, Inc. Vice Chairman: Edward J. Cordes, Ralston Purina Co., President: Sheldon J. Hauck. Secretary: Donald H. Levinworth, Cargill, Inc. Treasurer: Lowell K. Rasmussen, Honeymead Products Co. Immediate past chairman: C. Lockwood Marine, Central Soya Co., Inc. Executive committee: Richard G. Rypkema (‘83), Agri Industries. Charles Bayless (‘83), Archer Daniels Midland Co. David C. Thompson (‘82), Bunge Corporation. Harold H. Leavenworth, Cargill, Inc. C. Lockwood Marine, Central Soya Co., Inc. Gaylord O. Coan, Gold Kist, Inc. Lowell K. Rasmussen, Honeymead Products Co. Kermit F. Head (‘82), Missouri Farmers Assn.–Grain Div. Sewell L. Spedden (‘82), Perdue, Incorporated. Edward J. Cordes, Ralston Purina Co. Board of directors (alphabetically by company; each member company has one representative on the board): Richard G. Rypkema, Agri Industries. Thomas H. Wolfe, Anderson, Clayton & Co. Charles Bayless, Archer Daniels Midland Co. Keith Voigt, Boone Valley Coop. Proc. Assn. David C. Thompson, Bunge Corporation. Harold H. Leavenworth, Cargill, Inc. C. Lockwood Marine, Central Soya Co., Inc. Ronald L. Anderson, Continental Grain Co. Donald M. Chartier, Farmland Industries, Inc. Gaylord O. Coan, Gold Kist, Inc. Lowell K. Rasmussen, Honeymead transfer facility), offi cial referee chemists (meal). Soybean Products Co. Kenneth J. McQueen, Land O’Lakes, Inc. meal export trading rules: Minimum blending procedures Kermit F. Head, Missouri Farmers Assn.–Grain Div. Robert for export meal blended at ports, sampling of soybean meal E. Hicks, Owensboro Grain Co., Inc. Sewell L. Spedden, (at vessel loading facilities), manufacturers certifi cation– Perdue, Incorporated. Wilton L. Adcock, Planters Oil Mill, Installation of automatic sampler (at vessel loading facility), Inc. Thomas L. Shade, Quincy Soybean Co. Edward J. semi-automatic sampler certifi cation (at vessel loading Cordes, Ralston Purina Co. William P. Hudson, Riceland facility). Trading rules on soybean oil (fi rst adopted 21 May Foods, Inc. J.D. Morton, Sherman Oil Mill. Styles M. 1930). Sales contract. Defi nitions of grade and quality of Harper, Southern Soya Corp. Kenneth A. Robinson, A.E. export oils. Soybean lecithin specifi cations. Appendix to Staley Mfg. Corp. Preston C. Townsend, Townsends, Inc. trading rules on soybean oil: Inspection, grading soybean Tyler Terrett, West Tennessee Soya Mill, Inc. oil for color (NSPA tentative method), methods of analysis Executive offi ce, Washington, DC: Executive Director, (A.O.C.S. offi cial methods): Soybean oil, crude; soybean oil, Sheldon J. Hauck. Director, Public Affairs: Murray C. refi ned; soybean oil, refi ned and bleached; soybean oil for Keene. Director, Regulatory Affairs: Rhond R. Roth. technical uses; soap stock, acidulated soap stock and tank Administrative Asst.: Alicia B. Rickman. National Soybean bottoms (only method numbers listed), offi cial weighmaster Crop Improvement Council: Robert W. Judd, Managing application, semi-annual scale report, offi cial referee Director. General counsel: Elroy H. Wolff, Sidley & Austin. chemists (oil). Soybean oil export trading rules. Uniform Special counsel: Julian B. Heron, Jr., Heron, Haggart, Ford, soybean oil export contract. Foreign trade defi nitions. Burchette & Ruckert. The page titled National Soybean Processors Association Members (listed alphabetically by company; within (p. ii) states: “During the past crop year about 1,000,000,000 each company, fi rst the name of the offi cial Association bushels of soybeans moved through processing plants of representative {who is on the Board}, followed by the NSPA’s 24 member fi rms. Approximately 50 percent of other personal members listed alphabetically by surname. America’s 1.8 billion-bushel soybean crop was bought and For example, Archer Daniels Midland Co., the company processed by NSPA members. Exporters account for another with the most personal members, has 23. After the name

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 227 of each personal member is given with his address and Cobec Brazilian Trading & Warehousing Corp. of the U.S., phone number. In the listing below, the number of personal New York City. Delta Cotton Oil & Fertilizer Co., Jackson, members is shown in parentheses after the name of Mississippi. Durkee Foods, Div. of SCM Corporation, each company, followed by city and state of the various Chicago, Illinois (Millark M. Evak). Hunt-Wesson Foods, locations): Agri Industries–Soybean processing division (2); Inc., Fullerton, California. Kraft, Inc.; Glenview, Illinois; Des Moines, Iowa. Anderson, Clayton & Co. (4): Phoenix, Memphis, Tennessee. Lever Bros Co., New York City, New Arizona, Jackson, Mississippi, Houston, Texas. Archer York. Louis Dreyfus, Stamford, Connecticut. Maple Leaf Daniels Midland Co. (23); Archer Daniels Midland Co. (26); Monarch Co., Toronto, Ontario, Canada (W.G. Milliken). Little Rock, Arkansas; Augusta, Georgia; Decatur, Illinois; Marwood Company, San Francisco, California. Overseas Galesburg, Illinois; Granite City, Illinois; Fredonia, Kansas; Commodities Corp., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Pillsbury Co., Mankato, Minnesota; Red Wing, Minnesota; Kansas City, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Missouri; Clarksdale, Mississippi; Fremont, Nebraska; Ohio. Schouten International, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Lincoln, Nebraska; Kershaw, South Carolina; Memphis, Spencer Kellogg, Div. of Textron, Inc., Buffalo, New York. Tennessee. Boone Valley Coop. Processing Assn. (3); Alfred C. Toepfer, Inc., New York City, New York (Dierk Eagle Grove, Iowa. Bunge Corporation (9); Cairo, Illinois; Overheu). Danville, Illinois; Logansport, Indiana; Emporia, Kansas; Standing committees: For each committee, the function Marks, Mississippi; New York City, New York. Cargill, Inc. of the committee, the names of all members (with the (20); Osceola, Arkansas; Gainesville, Georgia; Cedar Rapids, chairman designated), with the company and company Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Sioux City, Iowa; Washington, address of each are given–Export development committee, Iowa; Chicago, Illinois; Wichita, Kansas; Burnsville, Crop Improvement Council. Meal trading rules. Oil trading Minnesota; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Fayetteville, North rules. Safety, health, and loss prevention. Technical. Address: Carolina; Sidney, Ohio; Memphis, Tennessee; Chesapeake, 1800 M. St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Phone: 202/452- Virginia. Central Soya Co., Inc. (11); Gibson City, Illinois; 8040. Decatur, Indiana; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana; Belmond, Iowa; Bellevue, Ohio; Marion, Ohio; 512. Smith, Oak B. 1981. Re: Research–Wenger’s Delphos, Ohio; Chattanooga, Tennessee. Continental accomplishments in the past 26 years. Letter to Joe Wenger, Grain Co. (11); Guntersville, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Lou Wenger, Don Wenger and Lavon Wenger at Wenger Taylorville, Illinois; New York City, New York; Cameron, International Inc., Nov. 27. 8 p. Typed, on letterhead. South Carolina. Farmland Industries / Far Mar Co (4); • Summary: I think we are observing an important Van Buren, Arkansas; Sergeant Bluff, Iowa; Hutchinson, development–”a technological revolution in food processing Kansas; St. Joseph, Missouri. Gold Kist Inc. (6); Decatur, which may be the best and perhaps the only economic Alabama; Atlanta, Georgia; Valdosta, Georgia. Honeymead answer to the food and feed needs of the world which will Products Co. (3); Mankato, Minnesota. Land O’Lakes, see its population jump from four billion souls today to 7 Inc. (5); Fort Dodge, Iowa; Sheldon, Iowa; Dawson, billion by the year 2000.” Minnesota; Minneapolis, Minnesota. Missouri Farmers “Extrusion cooking, of course, is but one small link in Assn.–Grain Div. (6); Mexico, Missouri. Owensboro Grain that food processing chain. I think, however, that we need Co., Inc. (2); Owensboro, Kentucky. Perdue Incorporated to look at our own contributions towards solutions of major (2); Salisbury, Maryland. Planters Oil Mill, Inc. (2); Rocky food problems, and hope that our past accomplishments will Mount, North Carolina. Quincy Soybean Co. (4); Quincy, help point us towards equally important achievements in the Illinois. Ralston Purina Co. (8); Bloomington, Illinois; future. What are those Wenger accomplishments in the past Lafayette, Indiana; Iowa Falls, Iowa; Louisville, Kentucky; 26 years? [i.e., since 1957]. Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Raleigh, North “1. We saw and understood the opportunity that Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee. Riceland Foods, Inc. (9); extrusion cooking could give us as a company. Helena, Arkansas; Stuttgart, Arkansas. Sherman Oil Mill “2. We developed the fi rst commercially available (1); Fort Worth, Texas. Southern Soya Corp. (1); Estill, extrusion cooker, and it was all Wenger–we followed nobody South Carolina. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. (7); Decatur, else, copied no one, we learned to control our own (often Illinois. Townsend’s Inc. (2); Millsboro, Delaware. West irascible) machine. Tennessee Soya Mill, Inc. (1); Tiptonville, Tennessee. “3. We learned how to apply moisture uniformly and Associate Members: ACLI Soya Co, White Plains, how to develop temperatures with screws, with steamlocks, New York. Anderson Clayton Foods, Dallas, Texas. Balfour and with fi nal dies. MacClaine International, Ltd., New York City, New York. “4. We learned the advantages of preconditioning with Best Foods, a Unit of CPC International Inc., Englewood steam. Cliffs, New Jersey. Canadian Vegetable Oil Processing– “5. We learned what gelatinization of starches and cereal Div. of Canada Packers Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. fl ours was, and developed our own method of gelatinizing.

We defi ned gelatization, and we explained our method of “22. We developed, perfected, and patented Uni-Tex, gelatizing fully and quickly to the industries of pet foods, a product which is more like the structure, appearance, and breakfast cereals, snacks, starches, and industrial processing mouthfeel of meat than any man-made product in the world. industries. We publicized the fi rst article written about We have not done as well commercially with this product extrusion cooking and related that to pet foods, and we made as it merits, but that is only because of inability to locate this known around the world. good meat-like fl avors which will stand the temperatures of “6. We learned about the toxic constituents in oilseed extrusion. We will fi nd such fl avors, and we will also apply and pulse proteins, and studied the methods by which heat fl avors externally (which could not be used in soups or labile growth inhibitors can be controlled in soybeans, in stews), but which could be used in casserole dishes, curries, glandless cottonseeds, and in fi eld beans and peas. ethnic foods, etc. “7. We defi ned growth inhibitors, and proposed to “23. We developed our fi rst small machine in 1962, and the feed and food industries the possibilities of extrusion managed to persuade the major food companies of the world cooking of full fat soybeans.” to install the X-25 (and more recently the X-20) as a research “9. We explained the process for the extrusion cooking and development machine in this country and abroad.” of full fat soybeans for control of growth inhibitors to “25. We have greatly improved our ability to produce, U.S.D.A., and we were told be U.S.D.A. that our methods shape and continuously cook, shape and dry third generation would never work in control of growth inhibitors in soy snacks. This represents one of the best potentials for future which (they said) needed to be cooked for 30 minutes at 220 business for us, in my opinion. degrees F. to control the growth inhibitors. U.S.D.A. did “27. We have mastered the processing arts of making dry subsequently back down, but only after we had shown them expanded pet foods, soft moist, and semi-moist pet foods and the Purdue [Indiana] work. fi sh foods. We have maintained our dominant position in pet “10. We explained to UNICEF the dual capability foods, while developing dominant postures in the production of controlling the growth inhibitors in soybeans, while of snacks, textured soy, breakfast cereals, instantized soups, simultaneously gelatinizing cereal fl ours, thus producing and cereals processed for industrial purposes.” Address: the fi rst extrusion cooked, cereal based, protein enriched, [Chairman, Wenger International, Inc., 2400 Pershing Rd., mixed and fortifi ed foods for children. We demonstrated that Kansas City, Missouri]. Phone: (816) 221-5084. capability to UNICEF and (later) to U.S.D.A.” “11. We developed a good and simple method of 513. Bannar, Robert. 1981. Extended ground beef without dehulling soybeans. a ‘beany’ taste: ground beef extended with 23% textured, “12. We developed a method of adding intermediate isolated soy protein results in a product that is lower in fat heads, screws, and steamlocks to provide additional dwell and calories, higher in moisture content. Food Engineering time in the extruder. 53(11):87. Nov. “13. We demonstrated to U.S.D.A. the fi rst cooking • Summary: “Faced with the price problems of supply-and- of defatted soy proteins, thus producing the fi rst chewy, demand, beef processors are constantly on the lookout for meat-like substance now called textured soy protein meat methods of reducing costs. extenders. We, thereafter, demonstrated this capability to “One such method-using soy protein as a beef extender- ADM, Swift, and to Ralston Purina and to others who have aroused immediate interest when fi rst introduced. but quickly become the major producers of textured soy proteins around fell into disfavor when consumers complained of a ‘beany’ the world. taste in the cooked product.” “14. We developed a secondary cooling and forming But now Ralston Purina’s Protein Division (St. Louis, extruder, which in turn brought us into the production of Missouri) has developed PP 220, which has no problems third generation snacks, breakfast cereal fl akes, and textured with ‘beany’ taste and should result in a minimum savings of soy meat analogs. 20¢ per pound compared with all-meat products. “15. We demonstrated to the world our ability to make second generation snacks at unheard of capacities, and with a 514. Becker, Frederick F. 1981. Inhibition of spontaneous versatility which no competitor could approach.” hepatocarcinogenesis in C3H/HeN mice by Edi Pro A, an “21. We studied and mastered our ability to process isolated soy protein. Carcinogenesis (London) 2(11):1213- foods at the maximum capacity per hour to a preselected 14. Nov. [11 ref] degree of cook of any extrusion cooker manufacturer in • Summary: Protease inhibitors block cancerous tumors in the world. We did so with much less electrical energy and mice. Address: M.D., Dep. of Pathology, The Univ. of Texas, much less steam per ton of product. The economics of these Anderson Hospital and Tumor Inst. at Houston, 6723 Bertner achievements are probably the largest single reason why Ave., Houston, TX 77030. people buy Wenger equipment today, to the exclusion of others. 515. Ralston Purina Company. 1981. Annual report 1981. St.

Louis, Missouri. 52 p. 28 cm. Dr. Wolf visited with Mr. Saburo Kikuchi and Dr. Hitoshi • Summary: Under “Legal” (p. 42) we read: “Various claims Taniguchi of Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. “Again I was able to sample and legal proceedings arising in the course of business are a large variety of foods containing soy proteins. According pending against the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to Mr. Kikuchi, ‘the fl avor problem is the last remaining seeking monetary damages and other relief. Included in such obstacle to successful utilization of soy protein in Japanese proceedings are a criminal investigation and consolidated foods”). civil proceedings seeking compensatory and punitive The report ends as follows: “In the afternoon of October damages in the United States District court for the Western 19, I participated in a symposium entitled ‘New Soy Protein District of Kentucky, related to series of explosions is the Foods Today and Tomorrow’ along with four Japanese Louisville, Kentucky sewer system in February 1981. Those speakers. Over 250 people attended and an additional 50 proceedings involve highly complex issues of fact and law, persons were turned away because of lack of space in the are in early stages, and may proceed for protracted periods of meeting room. The other speakers dealt with nutritional time...” studies of soy proteins and their potential uses in foods. Note: As a result of this explosion, Ralston Purina Professor Kazuyoshi Okubo, Yamagata University reviewed decided to get out of the soybean processing business. In his nutritional studies on soybean saponins and gave a Oct. 1984 it sold six of its soybean plants to Cargill. Address: detailed coverage of our earlier studies on the chemistry of St. Louis, Missouri. soy saponins. Professor Okubo has evidence that saponins have a cholesterol lowering effect, although other workers 516. Wolf, Walter J. 1981. Foreign travel report. Peoria, have not found such effects on ingestion of saponins. Illinois. 4 p. Dec. 18. Typed, with signature. Following the symposium, a number of Japanese companies • Summary: “Country visited: Japan, Oct. 10-21, 1981. displayed their food products based on soy proteins. Soy Purpose of trip: (a) Participate in the U.S./Japan Cooperative milks were a prominent part of the exhibit. The symposium Program in Natural Resources (UJNR), Protein Resources was organized by eight different organizations concerned Panel Meeting; (b) participate in UJNR panel study tour; (c) with food uses and nutritional properties of soy proteins.” visit research institutes and industrial laboratories working Address: Leader, Meal Products Research, Oilseed Crops on soybean proteins; and (d) participate in symposium on Lab., Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria, Illinois soy protein foods. Summary: The UJNR meeting in Tsukuba 61604. included 10 presentations by seven Japanese research workers from six different research institutes and three U.S. 517. Commercial-News (Danville, Illinois). 1981. Offi cials scientists from three USDA regional research centers. Topics probe Lauhoff blasts. Dec. 22. p. 1, 3. discussed included... (f) single cell protein production from • Summary: Workers are still trying to determine the cause soybean cooking waste waters; (g) soybean storage; (h) of the explosions and fi re Monday at Lauhoff Grain Co. food uses of soy protein; and (i) nutritional evaluation of that sent 17 workers to hospitals and rocked downtown soy proteins. The study tour included a visit to a miso and Danville. One suspect is “hexane, a highly fl ammable liquid soy milk factory which was impressive and confi rms earlier used in extracting oils from corn and soybeans at the plant.” reports that soy milk has become very popular in Japan in Emergency workers continued to monitor levels of hexane the past 5 years. Visits to industrial laboratories revealed that in the sewer system near the plant. “Offi cials feared a repeat soy proteins are now used in a large variety of foods. Flavor of an explosion that occurred in Louisville, Kentucky...” is one of the last problems holding back development of soy [on 13 Feb. 1981 at the Ralston Purina Co. soybean solvent protein-based foods.” extraction plant]. The UJNR program, initiated in 1964, plays an Lauhoff employs 400 persons at the plant and offi ce, important role in implementing the policy of scientifi c including 45 in the soybean processing plant where the cooperation between the United States and Japan. The explosion occurred. Fifteen people were injured, four protein panel was organized in 1968, and there are now 17 seriously. different panels in UJNR. Large photos show: (1) An aerial view from directly Dr. Ebine reported that about 790,000 metric tons (29 above the plant shows the wreckage atop the soybean million bushels) of soybeans are used in traditional Japanese extraction plant. (2) Part of a metal wall blown out by the foods–miso, natto, tofu. Organizations visited included force of the explosion. An updated list of the injured and the Okazaki Marusan Co. Ltd (makes miso, soy milk, and condition of each is given. soy yogurt), Research Institute for Food Science of Kyoto University at Uji, Nisshin Oil Mills Ltd., Ajinomoto Co., 518. Wall Street Journal. 1981. Ralston Purina Co. indicted Inc., Fujipurina Protein Ltd. (Fuji Oil Co. has a joint venture on 4 counts in Louisville blasts. Dec. 31. p. 14. with Ralston Purina Co. for the manufacture and importation • Summary: A federal grand jury in Louisville “indicted of soy protein isolates. On the morning of Oct. 19, 1981, Ralston Purina Co. on four counts of violating environmental

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 230 laws in connection with explosions last February in the city’s wastes by feeding, by J.P. Fontenot. sewer system. Commentary on the protein problem: 11. Protein– “The Justice Department said the blasts were caused by Requirements, availability, preferences, by Harold L. the chemical hexane, which leaked into the sewer system Wilcke and Daniel T. Hopkins. 12. Protein food models, by from Ralston’s soybean-extraction plant,...” Aaron M. Altschul and Lyle P. Schertz. Address: 1. Dep. of “The four-count indictment carries a maximum total ﬁ ne Community and Family Medicine, Georgetown Univ. School of $62,500.” In addition, “the company still faces millions of of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007; 2. Ralston Purina Co., dollars of potential damages in civil suits.” St. Louis, Missouri 63188.

519. Product Name: Supro 630, Supro 660 Fortiblend, 710, 521. Altschul, Aaron; Schertz, Lyle P. 1981. Protein food SPF200, Purina Protein 220 and 500E. models. In: A.M. Altschul and H.L. Wilcke, eds. 1981. New Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Protein Div. Protein Foods. Vol. 4. Animal Protein Supplies, Part B. New Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, York: Academic Press. xix + 378 p. See p. 335-63. Chap. MO 63188. XII. [52* ref] Date of Introduction: 1981. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Nutrition framework: How Stored: Shelf stable. Joint outcomes from food consumption (nutrition and New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1981. pleasure), schematic diagram (income, consumption, and p. 62. Product leafl et. 1981. Supro 630 is an instantized nutrition). Food concepts: Application to regions I and II: (lecithinated) isolated soy protein. It can be easily dispersed Introduction, solutions within the prevailing food culture, with minimum agitation. Ingredients are isolated soy protein solutions outside the prevailing food culture. Food concepts: and lecithin. Application to regions III, IV, and V. General properties Letter from Catherine M. Richardson of Ralston Purina of technological solutions in matters relating to food and to Gary Barat of Legume. 1984. June 18. “Purina Protein nutrition. Comment. References. 200 is a high quality, structured isolated soy protein fi ber in “Over 400,000 preschool children [in Sri Lanka] receive frozen, hydrated form. This elongated fi lament-like fi ber [i.e. Thriposha, a fortifi ed food based on corn and soybeans made spun protein fi ber] is designed to simulate muscle fi bers of from locally produced grains that is processed in Colombo, poultry and seafood. Purina Protein 200 is manufactured at Sri Lanka. A factory in Chihuahua, Mexico produced (in a pH of 5.5, which is at the point of minimum water-holding 1980) 300 tons/month of soy bean fl our added as a protein capacity. Purina Protein 200 should, therefore, be buffered fortifi cant to corn fl our for tortillas. Additional fl our is sold in with sodium carbonate (food grade) to elevate the pH commercial markets as an inexpensive substitute for eggs in between 6 and 7 to provide a tender and soft product.” Note baked goods and as an extender for fl uid cow’s milk. Another that this adds sodium to the product. factory in Chihuahua is producing soy-fortifi ed tortilla fl our, Note: Talk with Robert Davis of Ecotrition. 1993. Feb. and corn-soy and oat-soy beverage base products.” (p. 351). 19. SPF200 is now named 200E, a spun soy protein fi ber, Address: 1. Dep. of Community and Family Medicine, sold frozen in fi laments 6-7 inches long. Georgetown Univ., School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007; 2. Economics & Statistics Service, USDA, 520. Altschul, Aaron M.; Wilcke, Harold L. eds. 1981. New Washington, DC 20250. protein foods. Vol. 4. Animal protein supplies, Part B. New York, NY: Academic Press. xix + 378 p. Index. 24 cm. 522. Anton, J.J. 1981. Marketing plant proteins in North [500+* ref] America–I. In: D.W. Stanley, E.D. Murray, and D.H. Lees, • Summary: Contents: List of contributors. Preface. Animal eds. 1981. Utilization of Protein Resources. Westport, CT: production and consumption: 1. The upper limits of livestock Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. 403 p. See p. 370-76. Chap. 20. production, by Ralph W. Phillips. 2. Government policy • Summary: Introduction. Plant protein sources. Marketing and the production of animal protein: An international perspective. Current situation. Economic trend. Regulatory perspective, by G. Edward Schuh. 3. The nutritional and status. Future implications. metabolic impact of variable protein intake in man, by “In the U.S. over 40% of the protein is consumed as M.K. Fordyce and G. Christakis. 4. Developments in meat, poultry and fi sh, compared to 16% for the rest of the pork production, by Wilson G. Pond. 5. Issues in poultry world. On the other hand, almost half the world’s proteins production, by John L. Milligan and Harold L. Wilcke. is derived from grains, but in the U.S. grain-derived protein 6. Small ruminants as food producers, by H.A. Fitzhugh. represents less than 18% of that consumed. Dairy proteins in 7. Amino acid fortifi cation, by G. Richard Jansen. 8. the U.S. are twice the level of the world average, while just Microorganisms as feed and food protein, by Park W. the opposite is true for peas, beans, nuts and oilseeds... Waldroup. 9. Noncompetitive sources of carbohydrates for “The U.S. soy protein industry consists of 12 animal feeding, by John K. Ward. 10. Recycling of animal organizations that are basic supplies of soy protein products.

In 1976, the industry produced 625 million pounds of food Adda Bush. By the spring of 1896 Danforth had become grade material. This is calculated on a 50% fl our equivalent president of the small company, and on May 26 of that basis. Sixty-three percent of this production was soy year he became the majority stockholder, by buying out the fl our and related products, while nearly 22% was isolated interest of William Andrews. The very next day a tornado soy protein.” Address: Div. Vice President and Director, completely destroyed the business. Marketing, Protein and Dairy Food Systems Divisions, His good character and work ethic earned him a bank Ralston Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, loan and by 1898 the business was fl ourishing again. Missouri 63188. Once-sickly Danforth, now a strong and healthy man, wanted to add a new kind of “health cereal” to his product 523. Bodwell, C.E.; Adkins, J.S.; Hopkins, D.T. eds. line. He met a Kansas miller who had devised a way of 1981. Protein quality in humans: Assessment and in vitro making a whole wheat cereal yet preventing the wheat germ estimation. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing Co. xxi from turning rancid. Danforth reasoned that the germ, part + 435 p. Index. 23 cm. Proceedings of a conference and of the whole, natural kernel, must be important to good workshop held 23-26 March 1980 at Warrenton, Virginia. health. So he arranged to package the miller’s cracked wheat [800* ref] for (initially) grocers and others in St. Louis. From his • Summary: Contains 21 chapters in 4 parts by various company’s slogan, “where purity is paramount,” he coined a authors. Several of these are cited separately. Contents: new name for the health cereal: Purina. Contributors. Preface. Part I: The importance of protein “At the same time, Danforth was being deeply quality (Chapters 1-6). Part II: Assessing protein nutritive impressed by the spectacular success of Dr. Albert Webster value in humans (Chapters 7-11). Part III: In vitro methods Edgerly who, as ‘Dr Ralston,’ had written an electrifying for assessing protein nutritional value (Chapters 12-21). book entitled Life Building and whose followers, now Part IV: Talk force reports and conference overviews. banding together in health clubs, numbered some eight List of participants. Address: 1. Chief, Protein Nutritional hundred thousand. Dr. Ralston was urging the use of only the Lab., Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Human pure, whole wheat, complete with germ. Will Danforth was Nutrition, SEA, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland; 2. Howard soon discussing his new Purina product with Dr. Ralston, Univ., Washington, DC; 3. Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, and the two were agreeing on terms under which the product Missouri. would be renamed Ralston Wheat Cereal and would carry the famous doctor’s endorsement. By 1902 the names Ralston 524. Cleary, David Powers. 1981. Great American brands: and Purina had become so widely known that the name of The success formulas that made them famous. New York, the fi rm was changed to Ralston Purina Company.” NY: Fairchild Publications. xii + 307 p. See p. 239-44. Illust. Note: The above paragraph can be misleading. Webster 24 cm. Edgerly was not a well-known person, largely because he • Summary: The unnumbered chapters in this book are wrote all his many books under pseudonyms. In 1891 he listed alphabetically by brand. The chapter titled “Ralston started using the pseudonym Everett Ralston for his fi rst Purina Foods and Feeds: ‘Find the right foundations and two books: The Ralston Health Club, and The Ralston Brain build them,’” tells the story of how William H. Danforth Regime. In 1892 he changed his pseudonym to Edmund brought the Ralston brand name into his Robinson-Danforth Shaftesbury. He also wrote books about subjects such as Company, formed in 1894. elocution, personal magnetism, etc. In 1920 (p. 3) he wrote: Will Danforth always recalled that as a boy, he was “The Ralston Health Club will soon be forty-four years old” sickly. He wanted to be part of the group, but never quite suggesting that it was founded in the 1870s. Yet we know of made it. Then one day a school teacher “stood him up in no evidence that it existed before 1891. Nor are we aware of front of everybody and ‘dared’ him to become the healthiest any evidence that Edgerly was ever a “Dr.” or that he ever boy in the class.” He decided to take the dare, and it used that title. Moreover, there was no such person as “Dr. transformed his life–and later his business. He grew up in Ralston,” although one can easily get the impression that Charleston, Missouri. Another vivid childhood memory there was from the above and from Edgerly’s books. was of the Brown family as they came into town, everyone Photos (p. 241) show: (1) The front of an early box dressed in red and white checkerboard pants, shirts, and of Ralston Wheat Food, showing the simple, graphic dress–all made from the same inexpensive bolt of cloth. checkerboard design that won it swift national recognition. In 1894, two years after graduating from Washington (2) An ad titled “Ralston Purina Miller” from the Ralston University in St. Louis, Missouri, at age 24, he formed the Purina Co. (St. Louis). (3) A stylish Ralston Purina wagon Robinson-Danforth Commission Company in St. Louis with pulled by two white horses. The checkerboard design appears two church friends; it was a “hand shovel horse and mule on both the sides of the wagon and on the horses’ harnesses. feed operation.” Advancing from bookkeeper to top salesman, he married 525. Ralston Purina Co., Protein Division. 1981. Industrial

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 232 proteins: Technical bulletin, St Louis, Missouri: Ralston The Hartz-Thorell Supply Co. in 1936 undertook building Purina Co. 18 + iii p. 28 cm. the fi rst elevator, principally for seed, in time for the fall • Summary: Contents: I. Introduction. II. ProCote in harvest.” This elevator, with a capacity of approximately pigmented coatings. III. Purina Protein P. IV. Laminating 70,000 bushels, was completed at a cost of $40,000 in adhesives. time for the harvest. By 1937 more than 60,000 acres were Page 1: “Ralston Purina, one of the world’s largest and planted to soybeans in the Stuttgart area. Hartz said: “From most experienced protein-based companies, has processed the start we promised our farmers a cash market for all beans soybeans since 1931 and has manufactured protein isolates they would bring to us in marketable condition and suitable since 1958.” for seed purposes.” “Hartz shipped the fi rst carload of soybeans for 526. Wilcke, Harold L.; Hopkins, Daniel T. 1981. Protein– processing and milling purposes in June 1937, and Hartz Requirements, availability, preferences. In: A.M. Altschul reported in an address later that they expected to ship 25 and H.L. Wilcke, eds. 1981. New Protein Foods. Vol. 4. carloads or more above seed requirements.” Animal Protein Supplies, Part B. New York: Academic Press. In 1937 Hartz predicted in an address: “In my opinion, xix + 378 p. See p. 307-334. Chap. XI. [25 ref] I see soybeans as one of the major crops in the South in the • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Determination of next ten years.” Note: He was one of the fi rst to realize this, protein requirement: Factorial method, nitrogen balance. and his prediction came true. “Our basis of prediction for Correction for protein quality. Controversy concerning soybeans being one of the major coming crops of the south protein requirements. Requirement expressed as protein was based on three fundamental facts: First the adaptability concentration. Availability of protein. Availability of fat. of the plant in all cotton- and corn-growing sections of the Food preferences. Concluding comments. References. south; second, the recognized value of soybeans by farmers Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63188. as a land-builder and forage crop; and third, the cottonseed crushing industry of the south was highly over-industrialized 527. Windish, Leo G. 1981. Jacob Hartz, Sr.: Pioneer and was clamoring for an auxiliary product which would seedsman, soybean processor, trailblazer and crusader in keep their plants operating through the off-season and slack the Midsouth (Document part). In: Leo Windish. 1981. The periods. This situation was even more pronounced since the Soybean Pioneers: Trailblazers, Crusaders, Missionaries. Farm Bill was passed, curtailing the cotton acreage about one Galva, Illinois: Published by the author. viii + 239 p. See p. third.” 91-95. Chap. 18. Jacob Hartz worked closely with his friend George • Summary: A good history of this pioneer seedsman. “Few Heartsill Banks, who was director of fi eld service for the soybean pioneers worked harder than Hartz to promote Arkansas Cotton Growers Cooperative Association from soybeans in the south.” “As early as 1925 the Hartz-Thorell 1921 to 1926 in Little Rock, Arkansas. He was Director in Co. brought in forage types of soybeans and, with the Charge of the Rice Branch Experiment Station at Stuttgart, assistance of the People’s National Bank, gave soybeans to Arkansas, from 1926 to 1937. He was with Ralston Purina key farmers on a trial basis to fi nd out if they were suitable Co. at Osceola, Arkansas and Kansas City, Missouri, from for production in Arkansas county. The forage varieties 1937-1946. Banks liked to refer to soybeans “as being the were used principally for hay, silage, and for turning under triple-threat crop of legume plants, fi rst as a soil builder, as a green manure crop. Hartz had several motives in mind second as a forage crop, and third as a grain crop.” in inaugurating a new crop in the area.” First, he saw at a In 1965 Hartz had 110 certifi ed growers, primarily in very early date that rice farmers in the area “were badly in Arkansas, supplying the company with certifi ed soybean need of a crop to help change the rotation, help rid the land seed. Address: 101 Exchange St., Galva, Illinois 61434. of the plague of watergrasses, and, perhaps of even greater importance, to restore nitrogen to the soils.” Second, Hartz- 528. Windish, Leo G. 1981. Archer-Daniels-Midland Thorell was in the farm machinery business and wanted to Company, Inc.: Pioneer soybean processors who rank among create a need and demand for row-crop equipment. the giants in the industry (Continued–Document part III). Among the more popular soybean varieties in the South In: Leo Windish. 1981. The Soybean Pioneers: Trailblazers, in the early 1930s were Otoosan, Virginia, Laredo, Biloxi, Crusaders, Missionaries. Galva, Illinois: Published by the and Mammoth Brown. Soybeans seemed to be an ideal crop author. viii + 239 p. See p. 97-103. Chap. 19. for rotating with rice, and they gave the rice farmer a second • Summary: Continued: “Had it not been that most of the cash crop. extraction and processing facilities were new and at top “Production of soybeans for seed and forage in Arkansas effi ciency, ADM would have fared far worse during the county continues to grow in the early 1930’s, and it was period when marketing of soybean products was so seriously necessary for marketing facilities to be provided, rather than handicapped by economic factors. There were only 33 days storage on the farm and hit-and-miss buying and selling. during the 1953-54 crop year when soybean oil and meal

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 233 together brought a better price than soybeans themselves. sought to destroy this protection. In these battles Whitney In 1955 ADM lost money on its basic soybean processing. Eastman took an active part. In 1921 this small group Nevertheless, throughout these years ADM’s upgraded soy fought through a duty of 20 cents a gallon on cottonseed and products continued to produce a profi t. soybean oils, increases of taxes on some other competing “And thus another chapter in the pioneer history of oils, and a duty lift to 30 cents per bushel on fl axseed. There soybean processing has been added, on the part of the were further battles and further gains in 1922, 1930, and Archer-Daniels-Midland Company. Their innovations and 1936, until the soybean farmer felt at least his expansion added capacity helped greatly to expand the growth of the program could not be destroyed overnight by defective tariff soybean and its products (17). rates. “Back in 1926, the William O. Goodrich Co. was “During the fi ve years of the legislative drive beginning acquired by ADM... oil from soybeans and other vegetable in 1930, Whitney Eastman had served as president of the seeds, using a Scott batch-extraction system. In 1933, Shreve processor’s association. His company meanwhile moved M. Archer sent a representative to Europe to study the major ahead to the position it now holds as one of the giants in solvent extraction plants, and the next year started a 150-ton- the industry. Other major companies which entered the fi eld a-day Hildebrandt continuous solvent extraction unit, thus about that time were Allied Mills & Co. and Ralston-Purina becoming the fi rst in the country to process beans by that Co., which entered the fi eld in 1930 and at one time was the process. Walter Flumerfelt, then a successful processor largest single consumer of soybean meal. Spencer Kellogg in Waterloo, Iowa, had operated a small solvent plant at & Co. stepped into the industry in 1935 under the direction Monticello, Illinois for two years beginning in 1929. It was of Howard Kellogg, Jr., and Swift & Co. began operations the fi rst actual business venture of this type and Flumerfelt’s in 1937 with one of their larger early plants located in patent on continuous solvent extraction was later used on Champaign, Illinois. wheat-germ extraction. Much helpful information came out “Processors never lacked for courage. Even during of the Monticello venture. the stock market crash in October, 1929, new soybean While Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. began processing processing plants were being launched. Among them were by expeller in 1929, their big push in the industry came with Standard Soybean Mills and the Iowa Milling Co.” Address: entrance into the solvent extraction fi eld. They were fi rst 101 Exchange St., Galva, Illinois 61434. in volume production and merchandising of this type of 44 percent protein meal. In research work and merchandising of 529. Windish, Leo G. 1981. Eugene D. Funk, Sr.: Pioneer solvent extracted soybean oil meal, long popular in Europe, seedsman and the nation’s second pioneer soybean processor. they spent a fortune of substantial proportions. In this project An outstanding agriculturist (Continued–Document part II). alone there is an interesting story that has yet to be written In: Leo Windish. 1981. The Soybean Pioneers: Trailblazers, as a guide to other industries. The following information Crusaders, Missionaries. Galva, Illinois: Published by the was taken from pages 27-30, Chapter 4, titled The Big Drive author. viii + 239 p. See p. 71-79. Chap. 16. Starts, from the book Soybeans, Gold from the Soil. • Summary: (Continued): “To recap the story of Funk Bros. “At the outset the new solvent product was placed on soybean processing operation, the original production of consignment with all types of dealers and distributors over a Funk Bros. began in 1924 with a capacity of from 300 to 350 wide area. Said Whitney Eastman, ADM vice president: ‘We bushels per day using the original two expellers. A third was might just as well have placed it on the shelves of jewelry added in 1927, and two more in 1929, making a total of fi ve stores in Iceland.’ No. 1 type units with a total capacity of 800 bushels per day. “Years of intensive sales plugging and skillful About 1932, two R.B. type Anderson expellers were added to merchandising policies brought about the present-day further increase the capacity. By now the processing capacity acceptance and a growing demand that absorbs a larger had grown to 1300 bushels. Later two Super-Duo expellers volume each year, Long before the Goodrich Co. was were added, bring the daily capacity to 2,000 bushels. acquired by Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., it had studied the “Funk Bros. were indeed pioneer soybean processors. refi nement of Manchurian soybean oil and in the early 1920’s They provided the farmers a continuous market for their clarifi ed soy oil was developed, along with a number of other soybeans from 1924. They responded quickly in increasing special oils. This was a forward step of some consequence. their capacity to take care of the added volume. It is believed “A Very Close Call: Only tariff protection saved the that Funk Bros. were the fi rst to offer farmers an opportunity soybean industry from being nipped in the bud and permitted to bring in their beans and take back in trade, soybean oil- manufacturers to expand the grower’s market. Even before meal on a barter basis. the industry was developed there was a group of vegetable- “In order to meet the emergency during the World War oil processors and agriculturists seeking domestic protection II years Funks again increased their milling capacity when from the Manchurian inroads, and progress was made after our government was asking for an all-out effort by increasing the tariff act of 1913. For the next eight years ‘free traders’ soybean production, astronomically. A new solvent plant

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 234 for soybeans was installed in 1951 and began operations in 1972–Ralston introduced its fi rst soy/dairy blend (Dairy- January of 1952. Pro). “Mr. Delmar Walker of the younger group joined the 1974–Ralston Purina started its joint venture (named company after having trained as a chemical engineer at Fuji Purina) with Fuji Oil Co. of Japan; it is still in operation. the University of Tennessee. He saw active duty as a naval 1977–Ralston introduced its fi rst textured soy protein offi cer on an L.S.T. from Guam to Japan. He held a position isolate; it was in granule form. as a chemical engineer with the Argo plant of Corn Products 1979–In Ieper, Belgium, Ralston opened a plant making from 1946 to 1950. During this time, he also found time a line of soy protein isolate products made from soybean to acquire his master’s degree in business administration fl akes purchased on the open market in Europe. from the University of Chicago. After a year at Owensboro, Edi-Pro was an isolated soy protein. Kentucky, he accepted a position with Funk Bros. in charge Ralston’s protein division buys its raw materials from of the solvent soybean plant when it opened. the Ralston Commodities Group. Address: Protein Div., “Among the largest users of soybean meal during those Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. Phone: 314-822- days were Ralston-Purina (perhaps the world’s largest), 3187. Allied Mills, Arcady Farms Milling Co., Hales and Hunter, and others. Proctor and Gamble, Lever Bros., Glidden, Swift 531. Ralston Purina Company. 1982. First quarter report to and Company. Anderson & Clayton, and others refi ned crude shareholders. Three months ended Dec. 31, 1981 and annual or undefi ned oil such as that produced by Funk Bros. into meeting highlights. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO vegetable oil, shortening, margarines, and paint products. 63164. 16 p. 22 cm. “Thus, the decision by Funks to install a soybean • Summary: “Last month, the Board of Directors declared processing plant in 1924 was a hallmark decision. It gave a quarterly dividend of 19½¢ a share on the Company’s greater diversifi cation to the seed business. It seems ironical Common Stock. This equals an annual rate at 78¢ per in agricultural history that the sudden rise of the soybeans share, up from 72¢. The Board also authorized a program to prominence as a cash crop in the 1920’s and 1930’s so now in progress, to acquire up to 6½ million shares, or closely paralleled the spectacular advancement in hybrid approximately six percent, of the Company’s Common corn. (14) Stock.”–William P. Stiritz. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. “Eugene D. Funk, Sr. was a recognized leader in the expanding development of both crops so essential to 532. Lauser, Greg C. 1982. History of Cargill’s involvement American farmers. Funk became one of the most widely in the soybean processing industry. Minneapolis, Minnesota. known agriculturists of his time. Again, Gene Funk led in an 5 p. March 15. Unpublished manuscript. effort to better conditions for the farmers in the Corn Belt. • Summary: Soybean processing: “1942–Cargill entered the “As this manuscript is being written, both soybeans and soybean processing business with the acquisition of expeller corn lead in grain exports. Agricultural exports are expected plants in Springfi eld, Illinois (sold in 1950), and Cedar to top $43 billion for 1980. The writer vividly recalls those Rapids (east), Iowa. Note: These two plants were purchased times when Mr. Funk, Sr. visited the University of Illinois from Ike Sinaiko and Joe Sinaiko respectively, but probably South Farm on fi eld days. It was during that era, that it was in 1943. our pleasure to make the acquaintance of this kindly, affable “1943–Cargill acquired Plymouth Processing gentleman whose dynamic infl uence made such an impact Company’s plant and grain elevator at Ft. Dodge, Iowa (sold on American agriculture during this century.” Address: 101 in 1971 [to Land O’Lakes]). Exchange St., Galva, Illinois 61434. “1945–The company acquired from Honeymead solvent extraction plants in Spencer and Cedar Rapids (west), Iowa. 530. Stone, Dave. 1982. History of Ralston Purina’s work The solvent-extraction process is used in modern plants with edible soy protein products (Interview). Conducted by today. William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Jan. 13. 1 p. transcript. “1946–Cargill acquired the Washington, Iowa, soybean • Summary: 1961–Ralston Purina made its fi rst edible soy crushing plant and began crushing fl ax seed at a plant it protein product, a soy protein isolate. built at Port Cargill in Savage, Minnesota. The same year, In the mid-1960s Ralston started to make a textured soy the company acquired from the Falk Corporation a fl ax fl our, Supro-50. They still make this but do not emphasize it processing plant in Minneapolis. Since 1967, that plant also much. has been crushing sunfl ower seeds. 1962 Oct.–Ralston introduced its fi rst spun soy protein “1947–The company opened a soybean crushing plant at fi ber (named Textured Edi-Pro). Savage, Minnesota. 1970–Ralston opened Purina Protein Europe, in “1950–Cargill built its fi rst plant specifi cally designed Brussels. This was a sales and marketing offi ce that imported to crush soybeans in Chicago to serve domestic oil and Ralston Purina products from the U.S. It is still going great. meal markets. In 1956, a refi nery was built adjacent to the

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 235 crushing plant that produces industrial refi ned non-edible operates soybean processing plants in the United States, the oil used in paints and other protective coatings and in vinyl Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Brazil. The plants products. Cargill also acquired a fl ax crushing plant in range in capacity from 20,000 to nearly 120,000 bushels a Philadelphia that was closed as a crushing plant in 1953. day. In the U.S., the company operates 15 plants in Iowa, “1957–Cargill opened a soybean processing plant in Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, Virginia, North Carolina, Memphis, Tennessee. A second plant was added adjacent to South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Arkansas and Ohio. It the fi rst in 1970. operates 6 U.S. refi neries located in Gainesville, Georgia; “1959–Cargill expanded the scope of its soybean Fayetteville, North Carolina; Des Moines, Iowa; Hartsville, crushing activities to the Southeast by opening a facility in South Carolina; Chicago, Illinois and Wichita, Kansas.” Norfolk, Virginia, and acquired a plant in Sioux City, Iowa, In a cover letter to William Shurtleff, Greg says: “I’d from Sioux Industries. now like to answer the specifi c questions you posed in you “1960–The Wichita, Kansas soybean crushing plant was letter: acquired from the Soy Rich Company. “1. Ralston Purina is the largest animal feed producer, “1961–The company acquired the Des Moines, Iowa according to Feedstuffs magazine. soybean crushing plant from Spencer-Kellogg Co. In 1967, “2. Will Cargill is the focus of Cargill’s early history Cargill opened its fi rst domestic salad oil refi nery adjacent to because he was the founder and is generally regarded as the this crushing plant. most innovative and enterprising, while his brothers’ skills in “1965–Cargill began crushing soybeans overseas at its administration and fi nance served the company well. new plant in Tarragona, Spain. “3. Nutrena Mills were headquartered in Kansas City, “1968–The company opened a second overseas crushing Kansas, when they were acquired in 1945. While they may plant in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. have used Cargill soybean meal in their animal feeds, it is “1970–A third seed crushing plant [named Soja-France, highly unlikely because of the transportation costs between with Dominique de Clerq as chairman of the board and Kansas City and the nearest Cargill crushing plants at the general manager] was opened at St. Nazaire, France. A time in Ft. Dodge and Washington, Iowa. Nutrena probably crushing plant at Reus, Spain, also was added in 1970 and had closer sources of supply for meal. Australian cottonseed crushing operations were acquired in “4. I’ve addressed the seeming contradictions you 1972. mentioned in the attached, edited version of your copy.” “1967–The company opened the Gainesville, Georgia, Address: Public relations, Cargill, P.O. Box 5625, soybean processing plant. A refi nery, Cargill’s fi rst to Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440. produce hydrogenated or “hardened” oil for the Southeastern food manufacturing industry, was built adjacent in 1979. 533. Tally, Gene. 1982. The Coca-Cola Company’s work “1970–Cargill built the Fayetteville, North Carolina, with soymilk in Brazil (Saci) and Mexico (Samson) crushing plant and a refi nery was added in 1976. (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods [1971–Soybean crushing plant at Fort Dodge, Iowa, sold Center, April 2. 2 p. transcript. to Land O’Lakes.] • Summary: The Coca-Cola Co.’s (CCC) fi rst protein drink “1973–Soybean processing complex began operations at was a whey product in Surinam–the forerunner of Sansom Ponta Grossa, Brazil. in Mexico. Gene is quite sure that none of the early Samson “1975–Acquired plant in Osceola, Arkansas. products contained soy. The trademarks say that the protein 1976–Soybean plant was built at Barcelona, Spain. source can be whey or soy but all have been whey. “1977–Soybean plant constructed and operations began CCC has never marketed a soy based beverage outside at Brest, France. of Brazil–where they marketed Saci. Coke’s fi rst fi nancial “1978–The company opened a soybean processing plant success with a protein fortifi ed beverage was with whey in Sidney, Ohio, to serve domestic meal and oil markets. This Samson in Mexico. In Brazil, soy Saci was a fi nancial facility was the company’s fi rst soybean processing plant disaster. After infl ation gets under control in Brazil, CCC designed to burn coal as its source of power. will try a joint venture there with mass market retail soymilk. “1980–Construction began on vegetable oil refi nery They will steer clear of government programs such as the adjacent to Wichita soybean crushing plant and operations school feeding program. started in late 1981. A crushing plant also was acquired in In Japan, Fuji Purina does not like to produce soy Antwerp, Belgium. protein isolate because the effl uent causes environmental “1981–Company acquired a soybean crushing and problems and expenses. They do make some but they buy vegetable oil refi nery complex in Hartsville, South Carolina. most of what they use or sell from Ralston Purina in the “1982–Cargill acquired a soybean crushing plant in USA. Address: Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, Georgia. Monte Alto, Brazil. “Summary. Soybean Crushing: The company now 534. Eldridge, Arthur C. 1982. Determination of isofl avones

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 236 in soybean fl ours, protein concentrates, and isolates. J. of for 232 Jack in the Box fast-food restaurants east of the Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30(2):353-55. March/ Mississippi and Green Thumb fl oriculture operations.” April. [9 ref] • Summary: These commercial soy products have high 537. Armstrong, D.; Richert, S.H.; Riemann, S.M. 1982. The estrogenic activity. Their total and individual isofl avone determination of isolated soy protein in raw and pasteurized content was determined by high-performance liquid meat products. J. of Food Technology 17(3):327-37. June. chromatography. Dehulled, defatted soybean fl ours (10 [17 ref] samples) contain the following mean isofl avone content • Summary: “With the growing use of soybean proteins in (mg/100 gm): Genistin 119.8, daidzin 61.7, daidzein 32.8, meat products, the need for a competent method of their genistein 26.6, glycitein 7-Beta-glucoside 12.9. The total of detection and quantifi cation has also grown.” these numbers is 253.8. The same isofl avones were found “Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel in soy protein concentrates and isolates but in decreased electrophoresis was used to determine the isolated soy amounts. protein content in raw and pasteurized meat products. This Preparation of extracts: Ground defatted soybean method determined soy protein (±0.5%) by using an internal fl our was extracted with several solvents. Refl uxing with standard protein (haemocyanin) to compensate for variations 80% methanol gave the maximum extraction and most in the meat. The detection limit for meat products was 0.5%. reproducible results. Several possible meat and non-meat interferences were Of the commercial soy fl ours used, one was a true soy examined and none were found to interfere. The assay cannot fl our (Nutrisoy 7B, made by ADM), and eight were textured be used on retorted products.” Address: Ralston Purina soy fl ours: TVP (unfl avored, ADM), Textratein (Cargill), Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63188. Centex 300, 300L, 400, and 400 SL (Central Soya Co.), Mira Tex (Staley), and Promote III, SL (Griffi th Labs). 538. Goldberg, Andrew P.; Lim, A.; Kolar, J.B.; The soy protein concentrates tested were: Response Grundhauser, J.J.; Steinke, F.H.; Schonfeld, G. 1982. (Central Soya Co.), Food protein concentrate (Swift & Soybean protein independently lowers plasma cholesterol Co.), Pro Con 2000 (Staley), Promosoy 100 (Central Soya), levels in primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis and GL-301 (Griffi th Labs). GL-301 had the highest total 43(2/3):355-67. June. [32 ref] isofl avone content (317) and Promosoy 100 had the lowest • Summary: Isolated soy protein completely replaced animal (16)–a dramatic difference. Those with the highest isofl avone protein in a diet fed to 12 human subjects for 42 days. Total content were prepared by aqueous leaching of defatted cholesterol was lowered 3.5% and LDL cholesterol was soybean fl ours, whereas those with the lowest content were lowered 6.0%. Address: 1-4,6. Lipid Research Center, Dep. prepared by extracting hexane-defatted soybean meals with of Preventive Medicine and Medicine, Washington Univ. alcohols, which removed some of the isofl avones from the School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; 5. Ralston Purina meal. Scientifi c Laboratories, St. Louis. The soy protein isolates tested were: Edi Pro N, Edi Pro A, Supro 610, 620, and 710 (all made by Ralston Purina 539. Ralston Purina Company. 1982. Report to shareholders Co.). Supro 710 had the highest total isofl avone content for the third quarter and nine months ended June 30, 1982. (132) and Supro 620 had the lowest (105)–a relatively small Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 8 p. 22 cm. difference. Address: Northern Regional Research Center, • Summary: The company declared a dividend of 19.5 cents Peoria, Illinois. per share to shareholders of record on 2 Aug. 1982. It will be paid on 10 Sept. 1982. 535. Ralston Purina Company. 1982. Report to shareholders “The lower volumes, combined with unfavorable for the second quarter and six months ended March 31, 1982. soybean crushing margins and the devaluation of the Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 8 p. 22 cm. Mexican peso during the second quarter, resulted in a • Summary: “Outlook: As we are all too painfully aware, substantial decline in operating profi t of Agricultural worldwide economic conditions have been diffi cult and the Products for the nine months;...” Address: St. Louis, overall economic outlook remains uncertain.” Address: St. Missouri. Louis, Missouri. 540. Garey, C.L. 1982. Chemical engineering: Analyzing use 536. Garino, David P. 1982. Ralston Purina, out of favor with of soy protein binders in coating formulation. Paper Trade analysts in recent years, begins to win some converts. Wall Journal 166(17):41-44. Sept. 15. [5 ref] Street Journal. June 16. • Summary: Discusses the production and properties of • Summary: “A favorite through most of the 1970s, Ralston paper coatings containing soy protein binders, coating lost a good many admirers in the latter part of the decade preparation, and additives. Address: Manager, Coating because of a drop in dog-food market share and write-offs Research Polymer Div. of Ralston Purina Co.

and dryness. Has balanced pH 4.5–5.5 (the range of healthy 541. Wall Street Journal. 1982. Quaker Oats to buy Ralston’s hair and scalp). Contains RNA and DNA. Hydrolyzed soya pet-foods business. Oct. 5. protein penetrates damaged hair. Non-coating. Restores • Summary: “Quaker Oats said the operations have annual hair’s lost emollients, pliability and sheen. Gives hair sales of about $120 million and include pet-food plants in fullness manageability. Contains no harmful chemical West Germany, Holland and France.” preservatives. Directions–Since Soya System is concentrated, use only the size of a dime. Apply to wet hair, work into 542. Product Name: Soya System Professional Hair Care rich lather using the palms of the hands. Rinse. Repeat if Products [Formula One Shampoo for dry to normal scalp necessary.” skin and hair, Formula Two Shampoo for oily scalp, Formula Soyfoods Center shampoo test. 1990. March 8. This Three Deep Cleansing Shampoo for oily scalp, Ultra-deep shampoo has a dominant coconut aroma combined with reconstructor (Conditioner)]. many other aromatic essences. Thick in consistency, it leaves Manufacturer’s Name: Soya System. the hair so clean and silky that it does not stay in place well Manufacturer’s Address: 10734 Trenton Ave., St. Louis, after being combed. MO 63131. Phone: 314-428-0004. Date of Introduction: 1982 October. 543. Ralston Purina Company. 1982. Annual report 1982. St. Ingredients: Formula One Shampoo: Water, sodium lauryl Louis, Missouri. 42 p. 28 cm. sulfate, amphoteric-2, hydrolyzed soya protein, soybean oil, • Summary: Page 8: “We operate 63 feed manufacturing sesame oil, almond oil, palm oil, quaternium-15, fragrance, facilities in the United States and 59 feed plants in 11 other glyceryl palmitate, D&C Yellow #10. countries.” Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 4 oz, 8 oz, 16 oz, and 32 oz Page 12: Paul Hatfi eld is president of Ralston Purina’s plastic bottle. Diversifi ed Businesses. “... during the year, usage of How Stored: Shelf stable. our protein products increased considerably.” “Our soy- New Product–Documentation: Leafl et sent by American based polymer products are used in paper and paperboard Soybean Assoc. 1990. Jan. 22. Talk with Jim Costello, owner coatings.” and founder. 1990. Jan. 24. The company was founded in “Our Protein Technologies Division operates two food 1981 and the fi rst products were sold in Oct. 1982. These protein plants in the United States and two abroad. Our were 3 shampoos and a conditioner. They now have 12 food protein business is conducted in 30 countries, serving products. He sells to beauty supply houses (wholesale primarily the food processing industry. About 80 percent of distributors), who sell to individual salons. He does not sell our food protein business is conducted outside the United by direct mail. The hydrolysed soy protein was developed States. Our protein-based polymers are manufactured at one by Ralston Purina, but it was too expensive for Ralston to facility in the United States and are sold to the paper and use. Costello’s chemist has a friend at Ralston Purina in St. paperboard industry, principally in the United States.” A Louis. They worked together to create the product. Sales are color portrait photo shows Paul H. Hatfi eld. growing every year; last year they were about $800,000. His Note: This is the earliest document seen (Aug. 2020) products use soya protein instead of animal protein, because that mentions Ralston Purina’s “Protein Technology soya protein unquestionably gives a much better quality Division.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. product, but it costs more. Hydrolysed soy protein costs $4- $6/lb compared with $0.25-$0.50/lb. Soy is a much better 544. Product Name: [Purina Protein Soy Flour, Cargill Soy protein source than animal proteins, which are only 40-45% Flour, and Cargill Textratein]. pure (active, usable protein); the rest is waste products. Manufacturer’s Name: Interfood Deutschland GmbH. Div. Hydrolysed soy protein is 80-90% pure. All his products Interfood Luxemburg SAH. work instantly and have no undesirable coating (which dulls Manufacturer’s Address: Goldgrubenstr. 6A, 6380 Bad the hair and weighs it down)–most other products can’t do Homburg, West Germany. both those things. He suggests I try Formula One Shampoo. Date of Introduction: 1982. His best seller is Soya Sensation (Perm), followed by New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1982. p. Formula 1. 61, 66; 1986. p. 86. Address is now Louisenstr. 115, 6380 Label. 1990. Feb. 12. Bottle of Formula One. Plastic Bad Homburg 1, W. Germany. 8-oz. bottle. Black and orange on white. 7 inches tall. 2.25 inches in diameter. “Soya System reconstructive shampoo 545. Product Name: Supro DD90. for dry to normal scalp and hair is the fi rst shampoo to use Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Protein Div. a revolutionary hydrolyzed soya protein. Formulated from Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, all natural ingredients. Professionally formulated for dry MO 63188. and chemically treated hair. Skin cleanser. Prevents fl aking Date of Introduction: 1982.

New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1982. p. “1967–Began production of Vegetable Creams & Coffee 64. Whiteners “1967–Began production of Isolated Soy Protein at 546. Fuji Oil Co. Ltd. 1982. Annual report. Nihon Seimei Osaka Plant Midosuji Hachiman-cho Building, 6-1 Hachimancho, “1968–Started construction of an entirely new Minami-ku, Osaka 542, Japan. 20 p. 29 cm. [Eng] production complex to be known as Hannan Plant • Summary: Historical highlights: “1968–Began production of Margarines “1950–Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. established with a capital of “1969–Began production of Textured Soy Protein at ¥3,000,000 - Osaka Plant “1950–Fuji Oil acquired Osaka Plant and began Rice “1969–Inaugurated Operations at Hannan Plant Bran & Soybean Crushing Operations “1971–Closed Osaka Plant “1951–Inaugurated the fi rst successful Copra Crushing- “1973–Shares listed on the First Section of the Osaka Extraction Operation in Japan Stock Exchange “1954–Inaugurated the fi rst successful Palm Kernel “1973–Participated in the Establishment of POPM Crushing-Extraction Operation in Japan (Palm Oil Products (M) Bhd.) in Malaysia “1954–Perfected the fi rst Solvent Fractionation “1974–Started Marketing Soy Protein Products Technology in Japan “1974–Participated in the Establishment of SIOM “1955–Acquired Kobe Plant (Southern Islands Oil Mill Corp.) in the Philippines as a “1955–Installed Solvent Fractionation Equipment and source of supply of Copra and Coconut Oil began production of Hard Butters “1974–Established Fuji Purina Protein Co., Ltd. in Japan “1960–Installed Continuous Solvent Extraction jointly with Ralston Purina Co. of the USA. Fuji Purina Equipment and began Soybean Extraction at Kobe Plant Protein Co., Ltd. later changed its name to FPPM Ltd. “1961–Shares listed on the Second Section of the Osaka “1974–Began production of Structured Soy Protein Stock Exchange “1974–Capital Participation in AFP (Alberta Food “1963–Inaugurated Cocoa Bean Crushing Operations Products), a Rapeseed Crushing Operation in Canada “1964–Perfected Technology for production of Butter- “1977–Established a new Fuji Purina Protein Co., Ltd. like Fats by Interesterifi cation of Vegetable Oils (FPP) in Japan as a reorganized joint-venture with Ralston “1966–Developed Technology for production of Isolated Purina Co. Soy Protein “1978–Shares listed on the First Section of the Tokyo

Stock Exchange “1979–Sponsored the Soy Protein Nutrition Research 549. Patton, Greg. 1983. Modern soy protein products Group (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 11. Conducted by William “1979–Sold SIOM to a state-operated organ of the Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Philippines • Summary: The biggest market for soy protein isolates in “1980–Started Marketing Vegetable Cheese the U.S. today is in health-food protein powders. Many of “1980–Inaugurated the Fujisanie Plaza for Promotion of the big manufacturers of these are in Hayward, California: Joint Manufacturer-Customer Research and Development Natural Formulas, Natural Protein Products, Shamrock, “1981–Convertible Bonds issued. Cambridge Diet, etc. Isolates are not used much in meat Sales: A pie chart (p. 3) shows that Fuji Oil Co. has 4 pumping, sausages, etc. ADM and Ralston Purina both make different sources of revenue / sales, totaling 73.5 million yen isolates. Greg and Clyde Boismenue are competitors, and in 1981 (preliminary): (1) Processed oils & fats products both know the industry very well. 35.0%. (2) Confectionery oils & fats products 31.8%. (3) Central Soya’s “Response,” a textured soy protein Protein and protein products 17.0%. (4) Oils & fats, oil cakes concentrate, is the Cadillac of textured soy protein products. and meals 16.1%. Much better than TVP, it is excellent in patties and meat Fuji Oil Co.’s three types of modern soy protein loaves. Using Response in a reformulated hamburger need ingredients are Fujipro (isolated soy proteins), Fujipure SP not cost any more than using TVP, since it hydrates at a 4:1 (structured soy proteins), and Fujinik (textured soy proteins) ratio and more can be used since it has less soy fl avor and (see p. 13). causes less fl atulence. It costs $0.50/lb versus $0.30 for TVP. Contents: Cover. A message from the president. Address: 8707 San Leandro St., Oakland, California 94621. Historical highlights, incl. 10-year bar graph of corporate Phone: 415-638-5223. sales, equity, and net profi t. Company outline (with 2-page photo of the Hannan Plant). Raw materials & Products. 550. Ralston Purina Company. 1983. Report to shareholders Oils & fats. Confectionery products. Soy protein. Hannan for the second quarter and six months ended March 31, 1983. plant (“the hub of our production activities, occupies a Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 6 p. 22 cm. 192,000 square meter site on the Izumoisano Food Product • Summary: “To our shareholders:... Stock Acquisition: We Industrial Zone on the south side of Osaka Bay”). Research have completed the previously announced program calling & development. Fujisanie Plaza (two of them: One in Osaka for the acquisition, in open market transactions, of 5,000,000 and one in Tokyo). International activities. Overseas offi ces: shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock. New York, USA. London, UK. Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Currently there are 98,099,650 shares outstanding. Address: Osaka, Japan. “Dividend Declared: At its regular March meeting, your Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of 21¢ per 547. Soy Protein Council. 1982. Soy protein: Improving our share on the Company’s common stock, payable on June 10, food system. Washington, DC. 6 p. Bulletin 1/82/5000. 1983, to shareholders of record at the close of business on • Summary: An 1-page (front only) insert in this 1982 May 2, 1983. printing (5,000 more copies were printed in Jan. 1982) gives “Outlook: The Company’s earnings for the fi rst the name, address, contact information, and soy protein six months of this fi scal year are gratifying because products made by each current manufacturer: ADM, Cargill, they represent strong contributions from all of our core Central Soya Co., Grain processing Corp., Honeymead businesses. While we caution against projecting fi scal 1983 Products, Kraft, Inc., The Procter & Gamble Co., Ralston earnings based on six months results, we believe that 1983 Purina Co., and A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. Address: will be a good year for Ralston Purina Company. 1800 M Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Phone: 202- “William P. Stiritz 467-6610. “Chairman and Chief Executive Offi cer “May 13, 1983.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. 548. Ralston Purina Company. 1983. First quarter report to shareholders. Three months ended Dec. 31, 1982. And 551. Johnson, Dale. 1983. Statistics on soy protein annual meeting highlights. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, production. Full-fat soy fl our. Dawson Mills and Loma MO 63164. 19 p. 22 cm. Linda. Central Soya (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 23. • Summary: Page 1: “At its regular January meeting, your Conducted by Walter J. Wolf of NRRC, Peoria, Illinois. Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of 21 cents • Summary: Estimates of soy protein production: Textured a share on the Company’s Common Stock, up from the soy proteins (fl ours or concentrates) 150-200 million lb/year. 19.5 cents rate of the previous quarter.” William P. Stiritz, Isolates 120-150 million lb/yr, including: Ralston Purina Chairman and Chief Executive Offi cer. Address: St. Louis, (doing very well), ADM (having lots of problems), and Grain Missouri. Processing Corp. (“sold out”). Much of the isolate made

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 240 in the USA is being exported for use in meat products in 555. Brennan, Thomas J. 1983. Re: Soybean production in Europe and Africa. About 10-20 million lb/year of the non- Austria. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Sept. exported isolate is used to make infant formulas in the USA 30. 2 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. by Mead Johnson, Ross Laboratories, and Syntex (Borden • Summary: The closed door policies of the region make operation). A large amount of textured soy fl our is still going information gathering a diffi cult, if not impossible, task. Two into pet foods. Prices (dollars/lb): Soy fl ours $0.13. Soy soybean specialists in the region are: (1) Dr. Jerzy Szyrmer, protein concentrates $0.40-0.60 (lower priced are for calf Plant Breeding and Accilimatization Inst., Radzikow, Poland. starters). Soy protein isolates $1.10 to $1.35. He has been attempting to develop soybean varieties for Full-fat soy fl our: There is no signifi cant production in home production and consumption; he has no commercial the USA; in the past, production was several hundred tons/ interests at all. (2) Prof. Dr. Victor F. Lishchenko, or his month. Some is imported from Germany (Lucas Meyer). assistant, Dr. Leonid Kolesnikov, Food and Agriculture Dep., Dawson Mills: As of June 1, they will discontinue Inst. of U.S. and Canada Studies, 2-3 Khelbny per., Moscow, production of soy fl our and grits, and textured soy fl our. USSR. Lishchenko has just published a book in Russian on Loma Linda (California) purchased one of their two isolate soybeans in the USSR. spinning lines and was trying to have AMPI [American Milk “Now to address some of your questions. What causes Products, Inc.] run it for them [in Minnesota] using isolate swings in production and imports of soybeans and products? purchased from elsewhere. Dale is not sure of the status of That is diffi cult to answer. Initially I would say imports are this project. Dan Hooten, formerly with Dawson Mills, is directly related to hard currency availability. The scientists now apparently involved in sales of dairy products at Land and livestock production people recognize the value of O’Lakes (now located in Eau Claire, Wisconsin). soybeans, but don’t control the purse strings. That’s the Central Soya is no longer using their steam texturization central bank or foreign trade organizations. Soybean process. Address: Food Ingredients (Minnesota), Inc., 2121 purchase requests go in the basket with all other import Toledo Ave. North, Golden Valley, Minnesota 55422. needs. “Production swings are often caused by weather or 552. Hooten, Dan. 1983. Estimate of soy protein isolate disease. More commonly, however, I would attribute capacities in the USA (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 24. changes to government attitudes. For example, in Yugoslavia Conducted by Walter J. Wolf of NRRC, Peoria, Illinois. producers are paid nearly $400/MT (metric ton = 1000 kg) • Summary: He estimates the total capacity to be 100-110 to raise soybeans while they could buy C.I.F. at about $250/ million lb/year, with individual company capacities as MT. Soybean production has increased, but so has corn follows (in million pounds per year): Ralston Purina 70 at and wheat production. These products are now bartered for three plants (Pryor, Oklahoma 30; Memphis, Tennessee 20; beans and meal. If hybrids could be developed, Hungarian Louisville, Kentucky 20). ADM 20-25. Grain Processing production would soar, as corn production did in the 70’s. Corp. 14-15. Address: Industrial Sales, Land O’Lakes, Eau They want to grow soybeans, however, at this time, it is Clair, Wisconsin. still more profi table to grow corn and small grains. The value of the crop per hectare far exceeds soybeans’ potential 553. Food Processing (Chicago). 1983. Isolated soy protein / value. Certain state farms which have produced beans in ground beef system cuts fats 25%, calories 18%: ingredients, the past want to increase production; however, the central honors. July. p. 68. government discourages this by setting low prices. Three or • Summary: A positive review of the Purina Protein 220 / four years ago the attitude was different and soy production Menu Maker® ground beef system. A color photo shows a was encouraged. Talk to Bob Bergland about the Farmland / cub of Menu Maker cut crosswise into halves. Eaton proposal for a soy crushing plant in Hungary. “Statistics on soy protein utilization are hard to come 554. Ralston Purina Company. 1983. Report to shareholders by. Imports are usually handled by the Ministries of Food, for the third quarter and nine months ended June 30, 1983. where I have few contacts. Sales are also controlled by a Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 8 p. 22 cm. small number of companies, e.g., Ralston, ADM, Staley, • Summary: The company declared a dividend of 21 cents etc., which are not prone to reveal fi gures. USDA at one time per share to shareholders of record on 1 Aug. 1983. It will be listed TSP [textured soy protein] sales, but I haven’t seen paid on 9 Sept. 1983. any statistics for 1982 or 1983.” Address: Gatterburggasse “Our domestic pet food and cereal business contributed 18/2/3, A-1190, Vienna, Austria. Phone: 37-41-18. substantial earnings gains over the prior year due to improved margins on slightly higher unit sales.” Protein 556. Herald and Review (Decatur, Illinois). 1983. Inventor Technologies had improved earnings on higher sales sees use for TVP. Oct. 7. p. 14. volumes. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: William T. Atkinson, the inventor of TVP, retired in 1976 as “senior research chemist for the Decatur-

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 241 based Archer Daniels Midland Co. At age 72, he is a Michigan State Univ.; and Ralston Purina. consultant to ADM. In 1970, he patented the TVP process... He later assigned the patent to ADM. Many companies, 558. Atkinson, William T. 1983. History of work with including A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., Cargill and Ralston-Purina, soybeans and soyfoods, and the invention of TVP have purchased rights to use the process. The fi rst products (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods using the TVP process were sold in the early 1960s. They Center, Nov. 26. 6 p. transcript. did not become common in grocery stores until the 1970s... • Summary: In 1935 he began to work on soybeans with Since about 1950, Atkinson had been researching ways to Robert Boyer under Henry Ford. He isolated proteins convert soybeans into food for human consumption... from the soybean and attempted to manufacture Azlon, an “In 1935, the Detroit native went to work for Henry artifi cial wool, from spun soy protein fi bers. Atkinson did the Ford. He and other researchers in Ford’s Greenfi eld Village developmental work and spun the original soy protein fi bers. developed a soybean-based fi ber which was used for such Boyer’s work was to maintain the research lab and staff for products as automobile upholstery, clothing and, during Henry Ford, who made his offi ce in the building. Henry World War II, felt... The soybean operation, and Atkinson’s Ford at that time was chairman of the board and had a lot of services along with it, were sold in 1943 to The Drackett time to devote to agricultural research. His son, Edsel, was Co. and moved to that company’s Cincinnati, Ohio, president of the company. facility. Atkinson began working for ADM in 1957 when From 1935 to 1949 he worked with soy protein fi bers it purchased Drackett’s agricultural division. He moved to to make fabrics, and developed molded industrial plastics. Decatur in 1969. Drackett shifted its soybean research efforts In 1949 he made a major switch to developing foods made to food applications in about 1950. This was because of the from soy protein. Starting in 1949 he developed a food development of new synthetic fi bers which were superior to grade isolated soy protein in powdered form at Drackett. soybean-based fi ber in making clothing and other non-food He thought it was an excellent product with potential products. As a result, Atkinson’s research effort shifted.” A applications in products such as Gerber’s Baby Food, photo shows Atkinson. Address: 852 Karen Dr., Decatur, malted milks, etc. This was the original food-grade isolated Illinois 62526. Phone: 217-877-9048. soy protein. After a lot of market research they found that nobody was interested in a food grade soy protein, even if it 557. Tsai, Alan C.; Mott, E.L.; Owen, G.M.; Bennick, M.R.; tasted good, and was the right color and price. Lo, G.S.; Steinke, F.H. 1983. Effects of soy polysaccharide Atkinson began to work at ADM in 1957 when ADM on gastrointestinal functions, nutrient balance, steroid purchased Drackett’s Agricultural Division. In 1958-59 excretions, glucose tolerance, serum lipids, and other ADM started selling this soy isolate to Consolidated Foods parameters in humans. American J. of Clinical Nutrition in Texas; it was quite satisfactory and practical. In about 38(4):504-11. Oct. [29 ref] 1959 ADM made the mistake of selling about 25 pounds • Summary: The typical “Western diet” is known to of it to some company that was working with Pillsbury to be relatively low in fi ber. It has been implicated as a incorporate soy protein isolate granules into a chili product contributing factor in the development of several chronic for Pillsbury. One year later they received notifi cation from diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer Swift and Ralston Purina that the product could no longer be of the colon, and obesity. This diet-controlled study with a patented because a year had elapsed since it was fi rst sold. cross-over design was conducted to determine the effect of Discouraged, they began research on other ways of making soy polysaccharide on gastrointestinal functions, nutrient foods from defatted soy fl akes. balance, steroid excretion, blood lipid levels, postprandial In 1961 he started extruding his isolated soy protein into serum glucose response, and other blood parameters in plexilamellar material. Initially he used a rubber extruder, healthy, active male human subjects. 14 college students then changed to a plastics extruder. But ADM failed to patent participated voluntarily and there were two 17-day feeding the extruded isolates since they were basically a commodities periods. Blood samples from the beginning and end days of company with little knowledge in this patent area. No patent each period showed no changes in serum lipid levels or other attorney or department was connected with the research blood parameters from soy polysaccharide supplementation. group until about 1963. There was a signifi cant increase in fecal wet weight and Work on extrusion of defatted soy fl akes started in about fecal water content, but no changes in total dry weight, 1961. fecal neutral steroid, bile salt, protein, or mineral contents. Note: As of May 1991 William Atkinson was still alive Glucose tolerance tests conducted during the end period but he had Alzheimer’s disease and was unable to talk. showed that supplementation of soy polysaccharide may Address: 852 Karen Dr., Decatur, Illinois 62526. Phone: 217- result in some improvement in glucose tolerance response. 877-9048. Address: Human Nutrition Program, School of Public Health, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and 559. Leviton, Richard. 1983. Report of soyfoods research

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 242 and speaking trip to Europe with American Soybean Page 22: Sales of soy protein products were: $113.5 Assoc., Oct. 8–Nov. 15, 1983. Colrain, Massachusetts. 82 p. million in 1981, $132.4 million in 1982, and $144.3 million Unpublished typescript. 28 cm. in 1983. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: Describes visits to or discusses: ASA Belgium (Dennis Blankenship, Rita Batens, Michael Martin), Parma, 561. Scrimshaw, Nevin S.; Wayler, A.H.; Murray, E.; Euvepro Conference, Parmalat, Guy Coudert and Dr. Sabin Steinke, F.H.; Rand, W.M.; Young, V.R. 1983. Nitrogen president of ONIDOL, Anuga, Jonathan, Société Soy balance response in young men given one of two isolated soy (Bernard Storup, Jean de Preneuf), Le Bol en Bois, Budapest proteins or milk proteins. J. of Nutrition 113(12):2492-97. (Hungary), Agrimpex (Hungary), Migros, Sojalade / Die Dec. [11 ref] Genossenschafts Tofurei (Verena Krieger), Galactina, Soyana • Summary: “The protein nutritional value of two isolated (Walter Daenzer), Alpro (Belgium; Philip Vandemoortele soy proteins was compared with that of dried skim milk and Christian Daems), Aarhus retail stores (Denmark), Witte proteins in healthy young men.” Wonder, Manna, Cauldron Foods Ltd. (Phillip Marshall, “It is concluded that well-processed isolated soy proteins Peter Fagan). Contains a directory of principal people are indistinguishable from milk as a protein source for contacted, listed by country. Those not mentioned above are: maintenance of short-term N [nitrogen] balance in adult England: Wild Oats Wholefoods (Mike & Loes Abrahams), human nutrition.” Address: MIT; Ralston Purina. British Arkady Co. (Bill Pringle), Sunworld Inc. (David White), Health Foods Manufacturers’ Association (Britain). 562. Wayler, Alan H.; Queiroz, E.; Scrimshaw, N.S.; Belgium: ASA, Le Paradoxe (Dota Figuera). China Trading, Steinke, F.H.; Rand, W.M.; Young, V.R. 1983. Nitrogen Ralston Purina (A.G. van der Horn), Premier Foods (Pauline balance studies in young men to assess the protein quality Six Chan). Italy: Cargill SpA (Claudio Rocchietta), Parmalat of an isolated soy protein in relation to meat proteins. J. of SpA (Dr. Alberto Rota, Mr. Barilla), ASA (Sergio Monari). Nutrition 113(12):2485-91. Dec. [15 ref] France: Robert Bonneterre, Aux Rayons Verts. Germany: • Summary: “Thus, the protein quality of the isolated soy European Federation of Health Products Manufacturers protein appears to be comparable to that of animal protein (Wolfgang Reinsch, Bad Homburg). Hungary: Central Food sources such as milk and beef.” Address: 1-3, 5-6. Lab. Research Inst. (Balint Czukor), Agrimpex (Potori Karoly). of Human Nutrition, Dep. of Nutrition and Food Science, Denmark: Danish Turnkey Dairies, Det Gronne Kokken. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Mass Netherlands: Witte Wonder Products (Niko van Hagen), 02139; 4. Ralston Purina. Manna (Hans den Hoed), Albert Heijn Supermarkets, Dutch Seed Crushers & Oil Processors Assoc. (Dr. C.J.M. 563. Product Name: Supro 660. Renamed PP660 by Nov. Meershoek). Switzerland: Sojalade (Verena Krieger), Soyana 1987. (Walter Daenzer). Austria: Tom Brennan. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Protein Div. Bound in the back of the report are photocopies of Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, labels and promotional materials (graphics) from the MO 63188. following companies: Witte Wonder, Société Soy (Cerny), Date of Introduction: 1983. Cauldron Foods, Manna, Dansk Tofu (Sdr. Vinge Gl. New Product–Documentation: Product leaﬂ et. 1983. Mejeri, 8860 Ulstrup), Sojalade, Bonneterre, Mutter Erde, Supro 660 is an instantized (lecithinated) isolated soy Genossenschaftstofurei Engel (Dorfplatz, Ottenbach). protein. It can be easily dispersed with minimum agitation. Note: This is the earliest document seen (May 2005) that Ingredients are isolated soy protein and lecithin. mentions Parmalat in connection with soy. Migros (p. 18-19) is Switzerland’s biggest supermarket 564. Aarons, Theodore. 1983. Infringement against Schapiro / department store; it sells some whole wheat products. patent #3,988,511, “Preparation of Water Dispersible Consumers oppose them for their size, but they attract Protein Products.” Berkeley, California. 3 p. Unpublished foreign customers. Natural foods people are very political; manuscript. they are opposed to Third World imports. Migros is expected • Summary: Instantized (lecithinated) [isolated] soy protein to start selling tofu soon. Address: 100 Heath Rd., Colrain, is widely sold at retail stores. The three major manufacturers Massachusetts 01340. Phone: 413-624-5591. are ADM, Grain Processing Corp., and Ralston Purina (makers of Supro 630 and 660, which contain 91% protein 560. Ralston Purina Company. 1983. Annual report 1983. St. and 0.5% lecithin). Ralston had an estimated 75% of the Louis, Missouri. 38 p. 28 cm. market in 1976. The market size in the USA is estimated to • Summary: Inside front cover: “About 56,000 employees be at least 20 million lb a year. In 1983 Shaklee retailed 7 around the world produce the many products that bear the million lb, Fillmore Foods 4 million and Natural Formula red and white Checkerboard design, the company’s principal 0.5 million. Other large retailers include General Nutrition, trademark since 1900.” ABCO Labs (Concord, California), Winning Labs (Costa

Mesa, CA), Shamrock Labs (Dublin, CA), Bestline products Science, and Clinical Research Center, MIT, Cambridge, (Elk Grove, Illinois), National Vitamin (Hollister, CA), etc. Massachusetts 02139. The Ralston Purina Annual Report (30 Sept. 1982) stated that the company’s sales of soy protein were $144 568. Young, Vernon R.; Wayler, A.; Garza, C.; Steinke, F.H.; million. Murray, E.; Rand, W.M.; Scrimshaw, N.S. 1984. A long- According to U.S. Dept. of Commerce fi gures, term metabolic study in young men to assess the nutritional approximately 550 million lb of edible soy protein meal quality of an isolated soy protein and beef proteins. were produced in 1983; 44% of this meal is protein. Address: American J. of Clinical Nutrition 39(1):8-15. Jan. [14 ref] Protein Research Assoc., Berkeley, California. • Summary: This study followed 8 young adult men for 84 days in a metabolic (nitrogen balance) experiment. One 565. Decker, C.D.; Holt, S.K.; Westerling, D.B. 1983. group was given isolated soy protein and another group was Gelling proteins. In: Roy E. Martin, ed. 1983. Third National given beef proteins. Technical Seminar on Mechanical Recovery & Utilization “These observations confi rm the prediction, derived of Fish Flesh. Washington, DC: National Fisheries Inst. vii + from previous short-term N balance studies, that the 581 p. See p. 324-47. Held 1-3 Dec. 1980 at Raleigh, North nutritional quality of isolated soy protein is high and this Carolina. [9 ref] plant protein can serve as the sole source of essential amino • Summary: Reviews studies concerning the use of isolated acids and nitrogen for protein maintenance in adults.” soy protein with minced fi sh in some Japanese food products. Address: Dep. of Nutrition and Food Science, and Clinical Minced fi sh is the basis for surimi, a wet fi sh protein which Research Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. is the major ingredient in various traditional Japanese fi sh paste products–such as kamaboko. Alaska pollock is the fi sh 569. Calvert, Francis E. 1984. Work with Ford and Drackett used to make surimi. When properly manufactured, isolated on soybeans (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of soy protein can have excellent gelling properties. It has been Soyfoods Center, Feb. 19. 3 p. transcript. commercially successful in gelling minced fi sh in Japan. • Summary: Francis (Frank) Calvert was fi rst introduced Ralston Purina has worked with Fuji Oil Co. of Japan in to soybeans after he went to Detroit. In about 1931, Ford developing products. Address: Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, arrived at the Chemical Plant in Greenfi eld Village (also a Missouri. lab and a pilot plant), with a 20 pound sack of soybeans. He threw them on the workbench and said, “More people eat 566. Ralston Purina Company. 1984. First quarter report these than anything else. There must be something awfully to shareholders. Three months ended Dec. 31, 1983. And good about them. Why don’t you fellows fi nd out what it is.” annual meeting highlights. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, They were already doing research on agricultural wastes and MO 63164. 19 p. 22 cm. chemurgy, on almost every crop you could think of. • Summary: Page 1: “At its regular January meeting, your Their fi rst problem was getting soybeans. There were Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of 23 cents none available. Within the next year or two they planted a share on the Company’s Common Stock, up from 21 cents thousands of acres themselves. Ford plowed up a big fi eld the previous quarter.” William P. Stiritz, Chairman and Chief and planted quarter acre plots with different varieties. It was Executive Offi cer. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. an enormous quantity. Even though they didn’t know what to do with them, it was Ford’s style. He did nothing small. 567. Young, Vernon R.; Puig, M.; Queiroz, E.; Scrimshaw, They raised hundreds of quarter acre plots, testing different N.S.; Rand, W.M. 1984. Evaluation of the protein quality varieties. of an isolated soy protein in young men: relative nitrogen Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, after whom Edsel Ford was requirements and effect of methionine supplementation. named, was a nutritionist and pharmacologist. He ran the American J. of Clinical Nutrition 39(1):16-24. Jan. [26 ref] food laboratory and made lots of the foods served in the • Summary: The protein nutritional value of an isolated soy Ford cafeteria to Ford employees. They were fi rst sold as protein (Supro-620) was evaluated in a series of nitrogen samples, but didn’t sell well because of the fl avor. From balance studies in healthy young male students at the about 1932-33, the products included soy milk, soy cheeses, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. and soy ice cream and sherbets. Soynuts were also made in a “No benefi cial effects of methionine supplementation counter-current fryer in rectangular buckets on a chain. The were observed when the test nitrogen intake level was employees ate most of the products and tourists consumed 128 mg N/kg/day. These results indicate that for healthy some. Food was also served from the kitchen at the Wayside adults, the isolated soy protein is of high nutritional Inn in the village. Products were provided as a snack, but quality, comparable to that of animal protein sources, most were given as samples, and a few were sold. and that the methionine content is not limiting for adult Both Atkinson and Calvert, research chemists, reported protein maintenance.” Address: Dep. of Nutrition and Food to Boyer. Calvert left Ford in 1938 and went to Drackett.

Boyer and Atkinson left later to do work on soy-based pumping hams {by injecting an isolate solution} is yet plastics. legal in the USA; ask Ralston Purina). Is it legal in Europe? ADM bought The Drackett soybean crushing plant in Coffee whiteners and other dairy analogs (including infant about 1957. Calvert went with ADM for about 5 years, until formulas), for example blend with cheese whey to replace 1960-61. From 1962-74, he worked for Ralston Purina. In nonfat dry milk (NFDM; most may be soy fl our). Meat is a December 1958 Ralston purchased Procter & Gamble’s fairly big use. plant in Louisville, Kentucky, and were already somewhat 3. Textured soy fl our. Ground beef extender or atop involved with isolates; they began working with foods after pizza as a ground beef substitute or extender. Imitation bacon 1962. bits used in salad bars. All bacon bits are now made from Ralston went into dietary products and infant formulas textured soy fl our, not spun isolates. Cargill is a big maker in about 1963-64, supplying soy protein isolates to most of of imitation bacon bits. He thinks they supply General Mills the infant formula manufacturers such as Miles and Wyeth who sells them as Bac*O’s. He does not know who makes Labs. Ralston, Loma Linda and Worthington were the them for McCormick. So there are two sellers. biggest suppliers of infant formula from 1962-74. 4. Textured concentrates are used mainly in higher Don Walker, Vice President of Ralston Purina, took a quality meat products. Lots used by the military in extended strong interest in soy protein. Ralston took the lead primarily beef. (Does military now also use textured soy fl our?). because of the strong interest and leadership of Hal Dean, 5. Jet Cooked Textured Isolates. Meat extender or then Chairman of the Board and CEO. Dean was the key replacer? They are chewy. More expensive foods. Jet cooked motivating force from the early 1960s. He fi rmly believed in isolates are typically sold frozen; check. Not the typical and supported soy protein development. thermoplastic extrusion. He is not sure if Worthington or Ford was the father of the soybean industry in the U.S. anyone else makes textured isolates in the form of spun He had an impact just through his interest in soybeans. He protein fi bers. planted soybeans and promoted and merchandised them in 6. Modifi ed isolates are extensively hydrolyzed with the same way he promoted the industrial barn at the World’s pepsin (they are almost hydrolysates) and used in candies? Fair in Chicago. Ford set up an extraction plant and actually He thinks the isolates used in whipped toppings are not extracted oil and molded gearshift balls at the Industrial Barn hydrolyzed. Check. Whipped cream replacers are NOT at the Fair. People couldn’t believe their eyes! Ford was the hydrolyzed. He is not positive. Ask Gunther. A lot of them single largest soybean grower in the U.S. at that time. replace sodium caseinate with soy isolates to reduce sodium. Note: Frank Calvert passed away in about 1986. Question: Which of these products is most widely used Address: 1513 Northlin, Kirkwood, Missouri 63122. Phone: in sausages? Concentrates and soy fl our, he thinks. 314-822-3187. One good but expensive source of information about industry and market statistics is Frost & Sullivan Reports: 570. Ralston Purina Company. 1984. First quarter report F&S Inc. 106 Fulton St. New York, NY 10038. Winter of to shareholders. Annual meeting highlights. Checkerboard 1982 titled “Protein Ingredients Market in the U.S.” ($1100). Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 12 p. 22 cm. Another is “New Food Ingredients in Europe” (Sept. 1981; • Summary: For the three months ended Dec. 31, 1984. $1250). He’ll send me copy of fl yer. In the contents are the Six of the company’s soybean crushing plants were sold estimated market shares of soy protein ingredient producers. to Cargill, Inc. The seventh, at Memphis, Tennessee, They also did one ten years ago. The probably get their was closed. “This action removes the company from a information from retired people in the industry. Address: commodity business and frees up cash for other investment” Northern Regional Research Center, Peoria, Illinois. (p. 7). Address: St. Louis, Missouri. 572. Wolf, Walter J. 1984. The soy protein isolate industry 571. Wolf, Walter J. 1984. The main uses for the various in America in 1983 (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 2. modern soy protein products in America (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. SoyaScan Notes. March 2. Conducted by William Shurtleff • Summary: Dr. Wolf talked with Dan Hooten who is now of Soyfoods Center. with Land O’Lakes, but who used to be with Dawson Mills. • Summary: The following, listed within each category Land O’Lakes bought Dawson Mills several years ago. in approximate order of importance, are the main uses of The following are Hooten’s estimates of the capacities of modern soy protein products in the USA: America’s largest isolate manufacturers in 1983: Soy protein concentrates: Processed meat products, Ralston Purina, 70 million lb/year. The company has including sausages, meat loaves, turkey loaves, salisbury 3 plants: Prior, Oklahoma, 30 million lb/year. Louisville, steak in TV dinners (ground beef vs. sausages). Works as a Kentucky, 20 million lb/year. And Memphis, Tennessee, 20 binder and extender. million lb/year. 2. Isolates. Infant formulas (he does not know if ADM (Archer Daniels Midland), 20-25 million lb/year.

Grain Processing Corp., 14-15 million lb/year. of TSP cookbooks, starting in 1971. First World Soy Thus the total capacity of the top 3 U.S. companies is Protein Conference held in Munich, Germany, in 1973. In 104-110 million lb/year (47,200 to 49,800 metric tons/year). 1974 Miles Laboratories/Worthington Foods introduced Some of these isolate products are exported. A.E. Staley Morningstar Farms meat analogs, the fi rst soy protein meat Mfg. Co. began to make isolates about 1 year ago. Hooten analog entrees marketed to mainstream America. Textured does not know their capacity. Address: Northern Regional soy concentrates and other concentrate developments. New Research Center, Peoria, Illinois. developments with isolates. New fl avorings. New textured soy fl our development. 1978 Keystone Conference on soy 573. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1984. History of protein and human nutrition sponsored by Ralston Purina. soy protein concentrates, isolates, and textured soy protein Problems with government regulation. products. Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA Part III: History of modern soy protein products outside 94549. 25 p. March 4. Unpublished typescript. Available the U.S. and Europe (1960-1981): Japan. China. Other Asia: online at www.soyinfocenter.com. Philippines, India, Sri Lanka. Latin America: Colombia, • Summary: www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/protein_ Mexico. Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 415-283- concentrates.php 2991. A comprehensive history of the subject. Contents: Defi nition of types of products. Part I: History of modern soy 574. Stone, Dave. 1984. Ralston Purina’s work with soy protein products from origin to 1964. Soy protein isolate: (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Tofu, Nagel in New York 1903, Beltzer in 1911, Ajinomoto Center, March 7. in 1919, Cone and Brown patent in 1928, Glidden (fi rst plant • Summary: Ral-Con was a joint venture with Continental in U.S. for production of industrial grade soy protein isolate) Can, now disbanded. Ralston now makes the product on in 1935, fi rst study of use of soy isolates in food (Woodruff its own. It’s not a spun fi ber like Worthington’s. It is a at University of Illinois, 1938), Glidden fi rst company in the “structured protein isolate” that comes is fi brous strands. West to produce a soy protein isolate for use in food (1939, Color is light buff to white, sold frozen, in 50 lb. boxes. enzyme-modifi ed), Glidden fi rst with large-scale production The strands are of various lengths. The most common of non-enzyme modifi ed isolates (1957), Worthington applications are in poultry (white poultry roll) and seafood Foods introduced Soyamel in 1952 (fi rst soymilk based (crab salad). on isolate). Soy protein concentrates: First developed and “Granular isolate” is called Purina Protein 220. Its an introduced in Germany in 1925, fi rst commercial food-grade extruded product, but don’t call it jet cooked. They would concentrates and fi rst patent from Griffi th Laboratories in never use these terms; 90% protein on a dry-weight basis 1959. Textured soy protein products: Developed in China (DWB); 88% protein on an as-is basis. When hydrated its 1,000 years ago, made from tofu or yuba, earliest Western semi-translucent, chewy. The principle application is in meat analogs developed by John Harvey Kellogg about 1896 ground beef. Ralston is the only company in the industry (without soy), fi rst synthetic industrial protein fi ber (Lanital, making this or a textured isolate. Much improved Flavor made from casein) introduced in Italy 1936, fi rst industrial over textured soy fl our. (non-food) soy protein fi bers in 1938 from Robert Boyer Textured soy fl our. Most of their dry and semi-dry pet of Ford Motor Co. (used for upholstery), Boyer got patent foods are extruded products. Not all soy fl our; soy fl our is for use in food (1951), rights purchased by Worthington, part of some of them. Talk to Jim Reed 314-982-2261. They Dr. Harry Miller’s soya loaf in 1939, Worthington fi rst to also have a textured soy fl our line that is a very minor part of produce a meat analog based on spun soy protein fi bers in their business. “Frankly we think its cave man technology. 1960, textured soy fl our (TSP or TVP) introduced as food We’re not interested in making a big issue out of it.” Made in ingredient in U.S. in 1964. plants completely separate from and totally unrelated to the Part II: History of modern soy protein products in pet food products. It is made by their protein division which the U.S. from 1965 to 1981. 1964 Belden report from is totally different from Pet Food Div. The focus of their Harvard Business School Protein Paradox. Commercial protein division is soy protein isolates; in one of the plants Protein Foods Studies Program of the U.S. Agency for they have a textured soy fl our operation. Supro-50 is their International Development (AID) encouraged U.S. fi rms to brand. Dave is not aware of formulation of pet foods. Two develop protein foods for the Third World in 1967. General Separate divisions. Ask Jim Reed. Is it the primary protein Mills Bac-O’s test marketed 1966. Producers. February source? Is soy in all their products? 1971 breakthrough when USDA authorized use of TVP Ralston left the Food Protein Council for “reasons of in school lunch programs. 1972 Soybeans. Chemistry and divergent focus.” There are basically only 3 big producers Technology, edited by Smith and Circle, contained all the of isolates. One of these, ADM, which gives more emphasis research on nutrition and processing up to that time. 1973 to its textured soy fl our. Staley makes the “old Gunther high beef prices led to beef-soy retail blends. Appearance whippable proteins.” ADM has lots of ego invested in soy

fl our. So basically you have a lot of people most interested in regulation. Use textured isolates in ground beef. Still not use promoting soy fl our. Ralston believes this is very primitive that much textured isolate. Not small but not half. The dry technology and believes the industry will hurt itself as long granule. as it advocates using soy fl our in foods, which lowers their There are many buyer mentalities. Some only buy beef. quality. Now USDA requires that it be called “textured soy Some add only 1-2% TSP. Some use max 30% TSF to save fl our” When did they start doing that? At least a year ago. as much money as possible. Some want “all beef quality” The two terms ISP and SPI are interchangeable legally. but would like to save a little. They point the blood lipid Ralston prefers ISP of the two, because the emphasis is advantages. They might save 10-15% but he is not sure. on the word “protein.” “Isolated” sounds very chemical or The real determinant is how much they pay for their meat. foreign. Ralston would like to call it “soy protein” since Address: Manager, Marketing Communications, Ralston its 90% protein. The other terms would be soy concentrate Purina Co., Protein Div., St. Louis, Missouri. and soy fl our. Nice! What is the difference? He says the difference is NOT dietary fi ber but carbohydrates. He says 575. Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). 1984. Week’s fi ber is removed from concentrates. But carbohydrates are business in review: Ralston Purina Co. announced plans to the main thing removed in going from fl our to concentrate. build... April 21. Recheck Smith & Circle, Wolf & Cowan. • Summary: “... a fi ve-story offi ce building and develop a Food Protein Council: Industry should be taking a 4½-acre park on its Checkerboard Square property.” A artists position of advancing technology: Getting people like the rendering shows the proposed design. USDA, in regulatory and purchase programs, to consider the best available ingredient. Half the members emphasize low 576. Ralston Purina Company. 1984. Second quarter report cost. Narrow thinking of Council to focus on meat, not the to shareholders and six months ended March 31, 1984. whole food system. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 8 p. 22 cm. ADM, GPC, Ralston petitioned for the removal of • Summary: Page 1: “Shareholder news: Checkerboard titanium dioxide. There is little competition between plain Square Expands: Plans to expand and enhance the isolates and textured concentrate. Textured isolate is NOT Company’s Checkerboard Square headquarters complex a relatively small part of total business. Isolate fl avor were recently unveiled to employees and the St. Louis signifi cantly better than concentrates at 20% extension of community. Plans call for an addition of a fi ve-story offi ce meat. But in many applications, such as dairy, concentrates building and an improved working environment for the more have no role. He agrees isolate growth looks promising. than 2,400 employees at Checkerboard Square. In 1960 Ralston started isolates at their Louisville, “William Stiritz, Chairman and Chief Executive Offi cer, Kentucky plant. said the $15 million project is a statement of Ralston’s The Fuji joint venture started about 1973. It is still very commitment to its employees and to the City of St. Louis. He much alive, with Fuji providing the Asian Marketing. Only said, ‘This project will accomplish several key objectives. product made there is the “frozen fi ber.” The dry isolates are It will allow us to consolidate a large number of employees all made in the USA since its cheaper. He is not aware of any who currently occupy leased offi ce space at other locations pollution problem; never heard it mentioned. Too expensive away from Checkerboard Square. Also, with the addition to ship frozen fi ber to Japan. Frozen fi ber is used mainly in of the 4½ acre wooded area, we can offer employees a seafood products. suburban-like setting in the heart of St. Louis’ inner city New trends. Blood lipid research. They have a little which is undergoing one of the most dynamic and exciting folder on it. He’ll send it. Ken Carroll and Sirtori. Using periods in its history. As a result, we will benefi t from a plant instead of animal protein lowers serum cholesterol better work environment and accompanying productivity and reduces atherosclerosis. Clinical studies individual with gains.’ hyperlipidemia. Consumed as part of a modifi ed diet. They “Construction on the expansion project will begin this have data from Carroll and Others. They cite references. The summer and last approximately 18 months. Big problem is the average dietitian does not believe soy “Ralston Receives Dively Award: The Company has proteins are a complete protein. They still think all vegetable been selected from more than 60 nominees as the recipient proteins are “incomplete.” They are trying to communicate of the fi rst annual George S. Dively Award for Corporate to various publics the effi cacy of this protein. No other new Leadership in Urban Development. The Company’s LaSalle directions. Park Redevelopment Project was cited by George Dively, New Regulations. Prior to these in ca. Feb 1983 the only Chairman Emeritus of the Harris Corporation, for whom the product allowed in the School Lunch program was textured award is named, as ‘an example of outstanding corporate soy fl our. Now concentrates and isolates can be used. Only dedication to revitalization of an urban neighborhood.’ School Lunch. He has a brochure on it he’ll send, Done “The Dively Award carries a $25,000 stipend which by USDA Food and Nutrition Service. The old FNS 219 provides fi ve graduate fellowships for outstanding students

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 247 in the fi eld of urban development. The Company has selected tonnes ($0.32-$0.33/kg), textured soy fl ours 43,000 tonnes Cleveland State University [Cleveland, Ohio], Georgia ($0.59-$0.77/kg), soy protein concentrates 36,000 tonnes State University, Rutgers University [New Jersey], St. Louis ($0.88-$1.32/kg), textured soy protein concentrates 4,000 University and the University of Louisville [Kentucky] to tonnes ($1.32/kg), soy protein isolates 41,000 tonnes ($2.42- receive equal portions of the stipend. $2.97/kg). Address: ARS/USDA. “General Counsel Change James M. Neville, Corporate Vice President and Secretary, has been elected General 578. Richardson, Catherine. 1984. Re: Ralston Purina’s Counsel. This follows retirement plans announced by John P. isolated soy proteins. Letter to Mr. Gary Barat, Legume, Inc., Baird, Senior Vice President and General Counsel.” Address: 170 Change Bridge Road, Suite D-52, Montville, NJ 07045, St. Louis, Missouri. June 18. 2 p. 28 cm. • Summary: “Dear Gary: It was a pleasure talking with you. 577. Wolf, W.J. 1984. Present status of edible soybean I’m only sorry I didn’t have more time to further discuss our protein products in the United States. In: S. Wong, et al., isolated soy proteins, as well as some of our new product eds. 1984. Proceedings of the Second U.S.-China Soybean developments. Symposium. Washington, DC: USDA OICD. xix + 464 p. “Please allow me to further expand upon our See p. 169-92. [30 ref] conversation concerning Ralston Purina’s isolated soy • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Protein products: proteins. Grits and fl ours, concentrates, isolates, textured products, “Ralston Purina has over twenty isolated soy proteins, traditional Oriental soyfoods. Processing: Grits and each formulated to meet a variety functional criterion. Our fl ours (full-fat fl ours, defatted grits and fl ours), protein isolated soy proteins are over 90% pure protein and with concentrates, protein isolates, textured protein products Purina Protein technology, virtually all the carbohydrates (fl ours, concentrates, isolates), Oriental products. Producers which can cause indigestion and contribute to soybean taste– and production estimates: Producers. Food uses of soybean have been removed. proteins: Functional uses, nutritional uses, factors limiting “By contributing virtually pure protein, our isolated soy food uses, soy fl our and grit uses, concentrate uses, isolate protein helps control calories in weight loss or controlled uses. caloried [sic] foods. In addition, isolated soy protein can Table 2 shows “U.S. producers of edible soy protein help you provide low cholesterol or cholesterol-free, pareve products” in tabular form. The companies are listed products. alphabetically: “To detail some of our isolated soy proteins that are ADM: Flours, concentrates, isolates, textured fl ours, applicable for meat and dairy analogs, allow me to begin textured isolates. with the isolated soy protein you seemed to show a defi nite Cargill: Flours, textured fl ours. interest in. Central Soya: Flours, concentrates, textured fl ours, “As we discussed, Purina Protein 200 is a high quality, textured concentrates. structured isolated soy protein fi ber in frozen, hydrated form. Farmland Industries: Flours, textured fl ours. This elongated fi lament-like fi ber is designed to simulate Grain Processing Corp.: Isolates muscle fi bers of poultry and seafood. Griffi th Laboratories: Concentrates, textured fl ours. “Purina Protein 200 is manufactured at a pH of 5.5, Honeymead Products: Flours. which is at the point of minimum water-holding capacity. Lauhoff Grain: Flours, textured fl ours. Purina Protein 200 should, therefore, be buffered with Ralston Purina: Isolates, textured fl ours, textured sodium carbonate (food grade) to elevate the pH between isolates. 6 and 7 to provide a tender and soft product. Buffering is A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co.: Flours, concentrates, accomplished by combining sodium carbonate, 0.5 to 1.0% isolates (b), textured fl ours, textured concentrates. of the fi ber weight, with the formula, which is 10-15% of Worthington Foods, Inc.: Textured concentrates (c), the fi ber weight (as a starting point). This carbonate solution textured isolates (d). is then added to the Purina Protein 200 fi ber and mixed a = Flours (untextured) includes grits and fl akes for several minutes. Please note the enclosed experimental b = Regular and protease modifi ed forms. formulation for using Purina Protein 200, as well as the c = Meat analogs containing soy protein concentrate instruction sheet for use of Purina Protein 200. A fi ve-pound plus isolate. sample of Purina Protein 200 with a packet of sodium d = Meat analogs containing spun soy protein isolate. carbonate, are being shipped to you under separate cover. Table 4 shows annual production estimates (in metric “I am also sampling you our developmental tofu-like tons or tonnes, obtained from industry sources for 1982), and product. This product is similar to tofu in taste and texture. selling prices (as of May 1983) for edible soybean protein The directions for mixing are as follows: products in the USA: Defatted soy fl our and grits 159,000 “1. Mix 70.0 g. of the Tofu mix with 430 ml. (1-3/4

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 248 cups) of water in a food blender for one minute. phenolic compounds. Address: Dep. of Food Science, “2. Slowly bring the mixture to a boil. Remove from Clemson Univ., Clemson, South Carolina 29631. heat immediately. “3. Quickly stir in 3.0 g. coagulant and pour the mixture 580. Weaver, Connie M.; Nelson, Nancyann; Elliott, James into molds. Let set at room or refrigerator temperature. G. 1984. Bioavailability of iron to rats from processed “Gary, please keep in mind that this mix is not yet soybean fractions determined by intrinsic and extrinsic commercially available and is still in the developmental labeling techniques. J. of Nutrition 114(6):1042-48. June. [26 stages. ref] “In addition to Purina Protein 200 and our tofu-like • Summary: Soybean hulls may be used as a ingredient in product, we also have isolated soy proteins that can be used breads. Address: 1-2. Dep. of Foods & Nutrition, Purdue by themselves, as well as in conjunction with tofu. Purina Univ., West Lafayette, Indiana; 3. Central Research Div., Protein 620 is an isolated soy protein with high viscosity, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63164. emulsifi cation and gel-forming characteristics. A 4:1 ratio (H20:PP 620) will set to a rubbery gel in 15 minutes. Purina 581. Yang, Angel A.; Vander Zanden, Robert J. Assignors Protein 620 is ideal in systems that require a good emulsifi er, to Ralston Purina Company. 1984. Basal material for the as well as a texture forming isolated soy protein. preparation of tofu. U.S. Patent 4,460,613. July 17. 6 p. “Another isolated soy protein that performs well in non- Application fi led 1 Nov. 1982. [6 ref] dairy frozen dessert, sour cream, creamer, mousse, etc., is • Summary: “Abstract: A process for the production of a Purina Protein 710. A 4:1 solution (H20:PP 710) is pourable. dried basal material used for the preparation of a soy based Purina Protein 710 has a very smooth mouthfeel, as well as cheese food particularly tofu is set forth wherein a slurry of excellent whipping properties, making it an excellent isolated a soy protein material is formed followed by heating such soy protein to incorporate in dairy-like desserts. Please note slurry to a temperature of at least about 220º F. and the the enclosed sample formulation for experimental frozen retention of such slurry in heated condition under positive dessert. Samples of Purina Protein 620 and Purina Protein pressure for at least a few seconds up to about a few minutes. 710 are being shipped under separate cover. Following heating of the slurry, the slurry is cooled and “I am well aware of the fact that my brief attempt of mixed with an edible oil which is added to said protein describing some of Ralston Purina’s isolated soy proteins material in an amount suffi cient to improve the whiteness of may leave you with quite a few questions, therefore, products which are produced with the basal material. The oil please note the enclosed literature that contains additional is preferably added to said soy material in a proteinaceous information on the products discussed, as well as on our solids to oil ratio of between about 5 to 0.2:1. The mixture general line of isolated soy proteins. Also enclosed are of oil and soy protein material is dewatered preferably by brochures on nutritional studies, that may be of some value spray drying and then blended with other ingredients of a in working with the dietary/healthy market. basal mix thereby forming a basal material for the production “Gary, I would be most interested in meeting with of soy cheese or tofu which has unusual characteristics. you during your trip to St. Louis. I would appreciate the The present process provides an easy means of forming a opportunity of demonstrating our products to you, as well as starting material for tofu or soy cheese with an improved giving you the opportunity to meet with some of the people degree of whiteness over prior art starting materials and of a in the Protein Division at Ralston Purina. Perhaps, in our comparable texture to conventionally produced tofu or soy next conversion, we can make arrangements for a visit. cheese.” Address: Ralston Purina. “I will be calling you to make sure that you received the samples. Should you have any questions before then, please 582. Food Processing (Chicago). 1984. Plants & laboratories feel free to contact me at 800/325-7108. I look forward to [Far-Mar-Co]. July. p. 18. working with you. • Summary: In a patent infringement case involving textured “Sincerely,” Address: Ralston Purina Company, Account soy fl our, a U.S. District Court in Wichita, Kansas, has ruled Representative, Protein Div., Checkerboard Square, St. in favor of Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). The Louis, Missouri 63188. court issued an injunction against Far-Mar-Co, Inc. (Kansas City), to prevent it from making or selling this textured 579. Seo, A.; Morr, C.V. 1984. Improved high-performance soy product. The court also found Far-Mar-Co guilty of liquid chromatographic analysis of phenolic acids and international patent infringement. isofl avonoids from soybean protein products. J. of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 32(3):530-33. May/June. 583. Food Processing (Chicago). 1984. Plants & [15 ref] Laboratories: A U.S. District Court has ruled in favor of • Summary: Discusses: defatted soy fl akes, soy protein Ralston Purina Co.,... July. p. 18. isolates (Ralston Purina Co.), daidzein, genistein, some • Summary: “... St. Louis, Missouri, in a patent infringement

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 249 case involving the company’s textured vegetable protein “We believe that a vast majority of the red meat industry processed product. The court issued an injunction against is unwilling to concede that there is any health risk in Far-Mar-Co, Inc., Kansas City, from further manufacturing eating beef, and for a major cornerstone of that industry like or selling its soybean-based product.” Ralston Purina to hint that this could even possibly be the Far-Mar-Co was also found guilty of international patent case, is a major breach of faith with the livestock producers infringement. from whom they have realized a substantial portion of their revenues over the years.” 584. Ralston Purina Company. 1984. Third quarter report A photo at the bottom shows 2 chubs of TenderLean, one to shareholders and nine months ended June 30, 1984. partly sliced. In the foreground are hamburgers on a grill. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 8 p. 22 cm. • Summary: Page 1: “Ground Broken for Checkerboard 586. Feedstuffs. 1984. Ralston Purina to introduce new beef Square Expansion: Over 3,000 employees and their families product [Checkerboard Farms Tenderlean]. 56(33):3, 41. recently helped celebrate the offi cial groundbreaking...” Aug. 13. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: This product which is “part beef and part soy protein will be aimed at the ‘active lifestyle’ consumer.” A 585. Record Stockman (Denver, Colorado). 1984. Comment: photo shows the product in chub form next to a hamburger. We are appalled [Editorial criticizing Checkerboard Farms TenderLean from Ralston Purina]. Aug. 9. 587. Beefweek (Macon, Georgia). 1984. It’ll fry... but will it • Summary: “Ralston Purina, which realizes untold millions fl y? Editor’s viewpoint. Aug. 20. p. 6. each month in sales of livestock feed, supplements and • Summary: Ralston Purina Co. has introduced Tenderlean, supplies to American ranchers and farmers, is pioneering a mixture of 75% ground beef and 25% soy protein. It is the sale of a product that is 75 percent ground beef and targeted at the “active life-stylers,” who turn to ground beef 25 percent soy protein to be called Checkerboard Farms because it is quick and easy to serve, and who say they want TenderLean. less fat, less cholesterol, and fewer calories. This product “This is not exactly a new innovation, since most will contain 50% less fat, 25% less cholesterol, and 37% institutional food services, sports stadium concessionaires less calories. “Researchers at Ralston Purina, certainly and others trying to serve a hamburger on the cheap have among the best anywhere, contend that it will be the fi rst been selling such a product for several years. fresh meat product to bear nutritional labeling, that shelf- “These products are characterized by an almost total life will surpass present ground beef products, and that lack of fl avor or juiciness as the soy protein soaks up the ‘brand’ advertising will put an upbeat to beef selling.” Test moisture. Certainly for most consumers they have made marketing will start soon. the sales of ketchup, mustard, raw onions and pickle relish boom. 588. Beefweek. 1984. TenderLean. From Checkerboard “Presumably Ralston Purina has found some new Square: A jump into a new kind of beef-soy product. Aug. innovation that makes soy protein taste like beef, since they 20. p. 17. call their extender ‘isolated soy protein.’ They pitch it at • Summary: The product is now being test marketed in what they call ‘the Active Lifestyle consumer who wants Milwaukee. It will be priced comparably to ground chuck, a satisfying ground beef product that delivers less fat and but will have less calories and cholesterol. Address: Macon, cholesterol and fewer calories than USDA standard ground Georgia. beef.’ Currently TenderLean is available only on a test market basis in Milwaukee. 589. Koellermeier, Dave. 1984. [Comments on editorial “There is a weak argument to be made that this product criticizing Checkerboard Farms TenderLean from Ralston is helpful to the beef industry since it does still contain 75 Purina] (Letter to the editor). Record Stockman (Denver, percent beef. Midwest beef producers also raise soybeans, so Colorado). Aug. 23. [1 ref] the product does help keep the agricultural economy strong, • Summary: “A 1982 report by the Special Advisory if it sells. Committee of the National Cattlemen’s Association, “We believe this argument pales by comparison with the entitled ‘The Future of Beef,’ noted that the meat industry damage Ralston Purina is doing by putting in with the Diet- has entered a mature stage over the last 20 years, with per Health critics of red meat. They are admitting, in so many capita consumption of meat, including beef, leveling off words, ‘that beef may be fat, high in calories and unhealthful, at about 200 pounds per year. In the last decade, per capita but here’s away to eat a little of it with less damage–kind of annual beef consumption has fallen from 94 pounds to like putting fi lters on your cigarettes–its still damaging to only 77 pounds. The report concluded that two of the key your health, but maybe you won’t get cancer or emphysema factors in achieving beef industry growth in this highly quite as quick this way.’ competitive situation are ‘development of new beef uses and

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 250 beef products, and capturing a greater share of the available Journal. Aug. 31. market for meat.’ • Summary: Ralston Purina has been selling off unprofi table “’The industry will have to become more market- operations since William Stiritz became chairman and CEO oriented in all respects–determining consumer wants and in July 1981. needs, and then improving product acceptance through “Despite the fast growth in recent years of variety breads information and promotion programs aimed at different [such as whole wheat] that compete with Wonder,” Wonder market segments.’ the NCA report concluded. The bottom Bread remains that best-selling bread in the USA. Address: line is that when it comes to meat purchases, the industry Staff Reporters for the WSJ. must respond to consumer demand. “The industry recently embarked on an ambitious 592. Product Name: Checkerboard Farms TenderLean effort to clearly defi ne consumer attitudes toward meat. An (Mixture of 25% Isolated Soy Protein and 75% Ground extensive study, sponsored jointly by the National Live Stock Beef). and Meat Board and the American Meat Institute, showed Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. that meat buying habits divide consumers into fi ve distinct Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, categories: ‘Meat Lover.’ ‘Creative Cook,’ ‘Price Driven,’ MO 63164. ‘Active Lifestyle’ and ‘Health Oriented.’ Date of Introduction: 1984 August. “The study clearly identifi ed the ‘Active Lifestyle’ Ingredients: 75% lean beef, 25% isolated soy protein. consumer–young, affl uent and on-the-go–as a prime meat Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1.5 or 3 lb plastic, vacuum- industry target. The study showed that 25 percent of those sealed chub packs (sausage shaped). in the ‘Active Lifestyle’ segment are reducing the amount of How Stored: Refrigerated. meat they consume because of diet/health concerns. It also Nutrition: 4 oz. Tenderlean (vs. ground beef): Calories indicated that 65 percent of these consumers are concerned 240 (380), protein 21 gm (17.5 gm), fat 17 gm (34 gm), about the fat content of meat, 34 percent about cholesterol, cholesterol 60 mg (80 mg), moisture 74 gm (61 gm). and 43 percent about calorie content. New Product–Documentation: Register (Des Moines). “Purina developed Checkerboard Farms TenderLean in 1984. Aug. 16. “Ralston hopes beef, soybeans mix.” an effort to reverse this trend to reduced beef consumption. Beefweek. 1984. Aug. 20. p. 17. Product contains 75% This unique product contains 75 percent, American-produced American lean beef and 25% soy protein, and has 50% less lean ground beef blended with a new form of isolated soy fat than the USDA standard for ground beef. The fi rst fresh protein that in no way alters the good taste, appearance meat product to bear full nutritional labeling. The product is or cooking qualities of the meat. The result is a satisfying targeted at “Active Lifestyle” consumers who eschew fat and ground beef product that meets the ‘Active Lifestyle’ cholesterol in beef. Missouri Beef Cattleman (Kansas City, consumer’s demand for less fat and cholesterol and fewer MO). 1984. Sept. calories. As of June 1985 Ralston is test marketing Tenderlean in “We strongly believe Checkerboard Farms TenderLean Milwaukee, Wisconsin–says Fritz Schwarz, consultant. can help reestablish fresh ground beef as a dietary staple among ‘Active Lifestyle’ consumers who are attracted to its 593. American Soybean Assoc. ed. 1984. First European taste, appearance and cooking convenience, but who have Soyfoods Workshop, Proceedings. Brussels, Belgium: been steadily reducing beef consumption due to a fairly ASA. 129 p. Held Sept. 27-28 at Amsterdam, Netherlands high level of concern about diet/health issues.” Address: (Krasnapolski Hotel). No index. 30 cm. [38 ref] Product Group Director, Cattle Chow Marketing and Liquid • Summary: Contains 9 papers, mainly on soyfoods in Technology, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. Europe. A directory includes company name, person’s name, and address for the conference’s 105 participants. 590. Malone, Matt. 1984. Farmland [Agriservices] sold its Organizations represented include Caderas de Kerleau, textured soy fl our operation to PMS Foods, Inc. (Interview). Aarhus Oliefabrik (Aarhus C, Denmark), Aixagri, Alfa- SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 27. Conducted by Walter J. Wolf of Laval, Alfa-Laval Food (John Wilson), Alpro N.V. (Ph. NRRC, Peoria, Illinois. Vandemoortele, Ch. Daems), Alpura Koreco Ltd., Aros • Summary: The sale took place in August 1983. PMS makes Sojaprodukter (Ted Nordquist), BRT, Cargill (R. Sevink, Ultra-Soy textured soy fl our under license from Ralston Amsterdam, Netherlands), Cauldron Foods Ltd. (Mr. Purina Co. Address: Farmland, Hutchinson, Kansas. Phone: Marshall, Mr. Fagan), Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelstruct, (316) 663-5711. Centro Studi Proteini Vegetali, CETIOM ONIDOL (Emmanuel Prudom, Toulouse, France), Chemex, Comite 591. Williams, John D.; Guyon, Janet. 1984. ITT signs pact Eetbaar Plantaardig Eiwit (Hague, Netherlands), Consumers’ to sell baking unit to Ralston: proceeds of Continental sale at Association, Condimenta, Cooperative Occitane, Danish $475 million would be used to cut parent’s debt. Wall Street Turnkey Dairies Ltd., Delisana Natuurvoeding, Deutsche

Gesellschaft für Ernaehrung [2 different addresses], DE- the amount of meat they consume because of diet/health VAU-GE Gesundkostwerk (Dr. W. Lubosch), Dragon & concerns. 65% of them are concerned about the fat content Phoenix Ltd. (Donald Lysen), E & R Chemicals, Edelsoja of meat, 34% about cholesterol, and 43% about caloric GmbH (K.O. Tielker), E.M. Chajuss Ltd. [Daniel Chajuss], content.” Fa L.L. Frank (Missendorp de Bie), Fed. Nat. Syndicats Tenderlean is the fi rst fresh-ground beef product De Dietetique, F.I.M. Houterman, Food Industries, Food containing 75% lean ground beef with a unique, new isolated Manufacture, F.M. Lin, Galactina Ltd. (P. Speck), Gebruder soy protein. It is available only in Milwaukee on a test Bauermeister, Gemint, Giulini Chemie, Goorden Import Cy, basis. It is the fi rst fresh-meat product to bear full nutritional Henselwerk GmbH (Rolf Berger), Heuschen (Mr. Heuschen, labeling. Comparing 4 ounces of USDA standard ground Deurne, Netherlands), Itona Products Ltd. (Mr. and Mrs. beef with Tenderlean: Calories: 380 vs. 240. Total protein: Hampson), Ivel, Keuringsdienst Voor Waren, Libelle, Lucas 17.5 gm. vs. 21.0 gm. Fat: 34.0 gm vs. 17.0 gm. Cholesterol: Meyer (Axel Schulte), Masterfoods, Melkunie Holland, 80.0 mg vs. 60.0 mg. Address: Rapid City, North Dakota. Niticel B.V., ONIDOL (Guy Coudert), Paksoy TIC, Paul’s Tofu (Paul Jones), PFW Nederland BV, Plumrose FDD, 595. Cook, Fred. 1984. World production of isolated soy Premier Foods, Purina Protein Europe (A.G. van der Horn protein (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of & Willy Naesens, Zaventem, Belgium), Royal Neth. Dairy Soyfoods Center, Oct. 1. Federation, Ruitenberg N.V., Sanico N.V., S.G.A. Flavours, • Summary: You can use two approaches to get an estimate: SIO [Societe Industrielle des Oléagineux, Marie Gérard, (1) Best guesses at capacity. (2) Using US export stats and all Nanterre, France], Sopad Nestlé (Mr. Rolland, France), exports. Sojadoc (A. Lacombe, P. Roger, Mr. Henras & Mr. Attié; St. Both ways yield ca. 217-218 million lb. Paul, 81140 Penne du Tarn, France), Sojaquelle (Wolfgang He got Japanese fi gures from his consultant. Including Furth-Kuby), Solnuts B.V. (J. Liebregts), Soy (De Preneuf, China, Brazil is making some and expanding. #1 is USA, Cerny, France), Staley Intern[ational], Stern Chemie including a little made by Staley. #2 is Belgium? #3 is Japan. (Volkmar Wyviol, Hamburg), UNCAA, Union Deutsche #4 is Brazil made by Bunge/Samrig. Very small amount Lebensmittelwerke [Hamburg], Univ. of Strathclyde made in India by Tata/Sadawa? Mills, plus 2 other mills [Glasgow, Scotland], Vamo Mills (B. Cleenewerck, Ghent, planning to start. Belgium), Verstegen Specerijen, V.D.SP.V.B.A., Wenger China = 0.5-2.0 million lb. Total = 217-18 million lb. International (I. Ben Gera, Antwerp, Belgium). Q = Who are main makers in Japan? Registered on Sept. 27. Naarden Intl., Protevit, Q = Is Japan bigger than Belgium? Wessanen, Mr. Karas & Mr. Drosihn [Soyastern–From He heard a rumor that there is a second isolate plant in Germany, not Turkey]. China. Two Japanese companies involved. Fuji and Nisshin? A note in the Nov. 1984 issue of Soya Foods (ASA, Address: Ralston Purina. Europe) (p. 2) stated that the workshop was attended by 105 people from 14 countries, and was considered to have been 596. Cook, Fred. 1984. Ralston Purina’s production of very successful. isolated soy protein (Interview). Conducted by William Note 1. This is the earliest published document seen Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Oct. 1. (May 2015) concerning Sojadoc of France. • Summary: Total US isolate exports are known. Assume Note 2. E.M. Chajuss is the name of Daniel Chajuss’ 80% Ralston. Add to that Ralston’s Belgium production. father. He and his son founded Hayes Ashdod Ltd. “E.M. That is an enormous plant! Minimum 30 million lb/yr. Chajuss Ltd.” is a limited or incorporated company that Perhaps as high as 60. They make it there to avoid EEC was jointly owned by Daniel and his father. Daniel Chajuss duties or shipping. Exports out of Belgium are also very attended this Soyfoods Workshop as a “delegate” of E.M. large. Not only the famous Ralston-USSR contract (Ralston Chajuss Ltd. company. ships them about 30 million lb/yr, from both Belgium and Note 3. This is the earliest document seen (March US) but also to EEC countries. 2020) that mentions Wessanen of the Netherlands. Address: Exports from Belgium (what is made there plus some Brussels, Belgium. imports) may very well be over 50 million lb. Very big. Now, if you fi gure 80% of US exports plus the Belgian 594. Stockgrower. 1984. Facts about Checkerboard Farms plant, then read the annual report which states that 80% of TenderLean. Sept. their protein business (sales?) is done overseas (= probably • Summary: Consumers can be divided into fi ve groups produced + shipped overseas). This gets back to a Ralston based on their meat buying habits: Meat Lover, Creative total volume of 95-100 million lb. This ties back to the Cook, Price Driven, Active Lifestyle, and Health Oriented. fi gure I heard from Kolar in 1980? of 100 million. But that “According to the National Livestock and Meat Board, 27% should have gone up. Alfa Laval just supplied them with a of those on the “Active Lifestyle” segment are reducing new drier in Belgium. Thus we can get at the total from two

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 253 approaches. Final is higher than I am but not as high as he longtime general manager of the Association of Commerce. was initially. He said the title was justifi ed because Staley almost single- He has added some fi gures to the worldwide sheet, as handedly encouraged farmers to grow soybeans and provided textured isolates and concentrates in Japan. the fi rst and most dependable market. He thinks Japan does about 13,000 tonnes (metric tons) “Staley was born in 1867 on a farm near Julian, North of isolates and concentrates and 13,000 tonnes of textured Carolina, and at age 17 became a traveling salesman of such soy fl our (TSF) and related products. He is not sure of these products as starch, baking powder and fl avoring extracts. isolate fi gures. “After 15 years as a traveling salesman, he started his Actual production of soy protein isolates own starch business in Baltimore. He purchased the former 60 million lb at Prior, Oklahoma for Ralston Wellington Starch Co. plant in Decatur in 1909 and moved to 50 million lb at Memphis, Tennessee for Ralston the city. 10 million lb at Chicago, Illinois, for ADM “The company survived tough times after World War I 12 million lb at ? for Grain Processing Corp. Address: and gradually expanded. Ralston Purina. “Staley opened his fi rst soybean processing plant in 1922 in Decatur, after urging farmers to grow soybeans. 597. Wall Street Journal. 1984. Ralston signs to sell 6 “He put together a traveling promotional and soybean facilities to Minnesota fi rm. Oct. 19. p. 49, col. 1. educational ‘Soil and Soybean Special’ train which traveled • Summary: The plants were sold to Cargill. The move through Central Illinois in 1927. is part of Ralston Purina’s attempt to move away from “The special train of six cars and an engine had exhibits commodity based businesses to higher-margin consumer about soybean planting, cultivation, processing and uses; goods. The seventh mill, in Memphis, Tennessee, is reported motion picture theaters, and a lecture car. to be permanently closed. “The U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of We are not told where the plants were located except Illinois College of Agriculture and Southern Illinois State that they are in the Midwest and Southeast. Normal University at Carbondale helped put the exhibits The soybean industry has been unprofi table for the past together. three years as a result of lagging export demand and excess “In the 1930s, Staley envisioned using refi ned soy capacity. bean oil in foodstuffs instead of just using the crude oil as Cargill, a closely held fi rm “which doesn’t have to report a substitute oil in paints and soaps. He also convinced feed earnings on a quarterly basis to shareholders, is in a better formulators to use the protein-rich meal in their feed mixes. position to withstand several more years of slack profi t in the “Asked in the late 1930s what his hobby was, he cyclical commodity business, an executive from a competing answered, ‘Soybeans, I guess. They’re my baby.’ company said. “He fi rst became interested in soybeans as a boy, after “Cargill said the industry will probably suffer from his father had been given some soybeans by a missionary excess capacity for several more years. ‘We believe in who had returned from China. The city’s major processors the long-term potential of soybean processing.’ a Cargill and the production from the surrounding area led to the grain spokesman said.” trade pricing soybeans and bean products ‘F.O.B.’ Decatur. That designation provided the offi cial stamp of approval to 598. Walter, John. 1984. An experiment in packaging. Decatur’s “soybean capital” claim. Successful Farming in the South 82(11):B14. Oct. “Decatur now has just two soybean processors, down • Summary: About Ralston Purina’s Checkerboard Farms from fi ve in 1953. TenderLean, a food product which contains 75% ground beef “They are Staley and Archer Daniels Midland Co., and 25% “isolated soy protein.” Purina says its intent is to the world’s largest until Cargill Inc. recently purchased the increase beef consumption by appealing to the diet / health soybean facilities of Ralston Purina.” conscious consumer. A portrait photo shows Mr. A.E. Staley. Address: Herald A photo shows a patty next to a chub of TenderLean. & Review Farm / Business Writer. Address: Assoc. Beef Editor. 600. Ingram, Ron. 1984. Analysts: Staley to drop soybeans. 599. Cahalan, Steve. 1984. Staley created market. Herald & Herald & Review (Central Illinois). Nov. 14. p. A3. Review (Central Illinois). Nov. 14. p. A3. • Summary: “A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.’s review of its soybean • Summary: “In large part, Decatur owes its title of ‘Soybean operations is seen by market analysts as another move by the Capital of the World’ to Augustus E. Staley Sr., founder of Decatur fi rm away from total dependence on agribusiness for A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. which in turn founded the U.S. soybean its profi ts. processing industry in the early 1920s. “’They’re throwing in the towel. They’ve given up hope “The title was promoted by the late Henry H. Bolz, of the soybean business coming back to an adequate return

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 254 on investment,’ said David Goldman, a vice president with able to do.’ E.F. Hutton & Co. Inc., New York. “ADM is the second-largest U.S. soybean processor. “’Long term, maybe this (soybean crushing) doesn’t It held the No, 1 ranking until recently when Cargill Inc. fi t any longer’ in Staley’s plans, said Craig Carver, a vice of Minneapolis, Minnesota, acquired the mills owned by president with A.G. Edwards & Sons Inc., St. Louis. Ralston Purina Co. of St. Louis [Missouri]. The acquisition “If Staley should sell its soybean operations, both pushed Cargill into the top spot among U.S. soybean analysts agreed it would be a positive move for the company. processors.” Address: Herald & Review Farm / Business “’The soybean crushing business in good times tends to Writer. be quite volatile, and we haven’t had many good times in the last few years, Carver said. ‘Staley has gotten the reputation 601. Food Engineering. 1984. Is this beef/soy combo better for running that business pretty conservatively and that than beef? This new beef/soy-protein combo claims more eliminates a lot of profi t opportunities. You have to manage total-protein than standard ground beef, less fat, calories, and the business aggressively to take advantage of swings in the cholesterol [TenderLean from Ralston Purina]. 56(11):71. markets.’ Nov. “Goldman said it appears Staley sees there has been • Summary: A large photo shows two chubs of Tenderlean– a fundamental change in the soybean processing business one cut crosswise, the other uncut. It bears this caption: which has permanently reduced the profi t potential for “This beef / soy protein combination looks, cooks and tastes soybeans. like standard ground beef, and can be used in any ground ‘If you’ll pardon the pun, all of their soybean earnings beef recipe.” didn’t amount to a hill of beans anyway,’ he said. ‘It’s been a drag on earnings. It’s been a drag on return. 602. Ralston Purina Company. 1984. Annual report to “Goldman said Staley should be able to ‘get some cash shareholders 1984. St. Louis, Missouri. 40 p. 28 cm. for it, even if they have to write off something’ to do so. • Summary: In the fi nancial section, under “Raw materials” “Referring to Staley’s recent merger agreement with we read (p. 17): “The Company has entered [in Oct. 1984] CFS Continental Inc., nationally the No. 2 food service into a preliminary agreement with Cargill, Inc. to sell six industry supplier, Goldman said the acquisition will help of the Company’s seven soybean plants. On completion Staley restructure into high-growth and high-return areas. of the sale, the Company will purchase all of its soybean `When it’s all over they will be less of an agricultural meal requirements for animal and poultry and poultry company than they were.’ feeds, pet foods, and soy protein products from outside “Carver said last week’s announcement by Pepsico and soybean processors. This should not materially affect the Coca Cola to use 100 percent high-fructose corn sweetener–a cost of soybean meal to the Company.” Address: St. Louis, major Staley product–in their colas may have helped Staley Missouri. toward a decision to review its soybean operations. “Fructose will make the whole corn milling industry 603. Associated Press (AP). 1984. Farmers upset at proposed some good margins as a result of the major bottlers’ soybean facility sale. Morning Herald (Durham, North decisions, Carver said. Carver said there are some potential Carolina). Nov. 20. buyers for Staley’s soybean operations, among them Central • Summary: North Carolina farmers say they are afraid Soya of Fort Wayne, Indiana; Conagra Inc. of Omaha, that the proposed sale of a Ralston Purina Co. soybean Nebraska, or Continental Grain Co. of New York. crushing plant in Raleigh to Cargill might give Cargill a near “He also suggested Decatur-based Archer Daniels monopoly on the state’s soybean market. Midland Co. could buy part of Staley’s milling capacity, but Ralston Purina wants to sell soybean crushing plants could not acquire it all without getting in trouble with the in six states to Minnesota-based Cargill, which may be the U.S. Justice Department over antitrust violations. world’s largest agribusiness company. Address: Herald staff “Goldman said ADM is ‘up to something sneaky.’ He writer. said between June 30 and Sept. 30 ADM’s cash position increased to $1 billion from $300 million, strongly implying 604. SoyaScan Notes. 1984. Chronology of soybeans, the company is preparing to make a major acquisition. soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1984 “’I wonder if they may have known something about (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Staley,’ Goldman said. Soyfoods Center. “Richard E. Burket, ADM vice president and assistant • Summary: Jan. A highly infl uential 10-year, $150 million to the chairman, declined Tuesday to comment on Staley’s study released by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood announcement that it is reviewing soybean operations. Institute in Washington, D.C. proves for the fi rst time a direct “Burket acknowledged ADM was aware of the action relationship between high blood cholesterol and the risk of and added, ‘At this time we don’t know what we might be heart attack, the nation’s number one killer.

Jan. Legume, Inc. launches an all-natural line of March 29. First draft of the Tofu Standards, 15 pages cholesterol-free low-calorie Italian and international gourmet double spaced, is compiled by Shurtleff. Timmins allocates tofu-based frozen entrees in stylish full-color packages: $2,000 to retain two Washington, DC, attorneys who are Tofu Tetrazzini, Cannelloni Florentine, Vegetable Lasagna, specialists in foods and regulations to assist the committee Tofu Bourguignon, Sesame Ginger Stir-fry, Stuffed Shells in developing professional standards. The draft is circulated Provencale, Tofu Manicotti, and Tofu Lasagna. Jan. Eden to 38 people who are asked to respond to a poll on 14 key Foods becomes the sole import agent for Muso Shokuhin in issues. the United States. March 29. The term “second generation” products is Feb. 25. Soymilk Industry and Market: Worldwide and fi rst applied to soyfoods by Wm. Shurtleff in the new tofu Country-By-Country Analysis, by Shurtleff and Aoyagi standards. A computer-related term indicating one step more published by Soyfoods Center. 177 pages, 640 references. advanced, it quickly replaces the term “secondary,” which $350. has a slightly negative connotation. Feb. Marusan-Ai, Japan’s second largest soymilk March. American Soybean Association’s Belgium Offi ce maker and one of the fi ve largest miso makers, starts to publishes the fi rst issue of Soya Foods, a 6-page newsletter market tempeh. They publish a 27-page tempeh booklet and edited by Michael Martin, Protein Market Development by May are producing 30 tonnes (66,000 lb.) of tempeh a Manager. It will be issued three times a year in English, month, making them the largest tempeh manufacturer in the French, Dutch, and Italian. This is a completely new world. During 1984 at least fi ve Japanese food companies direction for ASA in the Western world... but it doesn’t last are making tempeh, leading to a mini-boom of this soyfood long. which was fi rst sold commercially in Japan in 1983. April 7. Soyfoods Industry and Market: Directory and March 2. Based on responses to his Oct. 1983 survey, Databook 1984 (4th ed.) by Shurtleff and Aoyagi published Tom Timmins drafts preliminary 3-page tofu standards by Soyfoods Center. 215 pages, $95. (2 pages of which are microbiological standards) that he April 13. Richard Leviton resigns as co-director of circulates to the Soyfoods Standards Committee, inviting Soyfoods magazine and decides to discontinue his active comments. On March 6 Wm. Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center involvement in the U.S. soyfoods movement. He plans to go expands these, keys them into the Center’s word processor, to England to write a novel about King Arthur; he leaves in and returns them to Timmins. late April. March 2. Problems start between Eden Foods and the April 20. Tofu, Tempeh, & Other Soy Delights, by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA sends Camille Cusumano published by Rodale Press. It is widely Eden a strongly worded letter citing eleven claims in Eden’s and positively reviewed by national media. brochures that the agency considers erroneous, including April 27. The term “soymilk” is legalized for use in the company’s apparent endorsement of Edensoy as an Canada, after a lengthy and expensive court battle by Victor infant formula. FDA asks Eden to recall the brochure in Food Products. The court ruled that this is the “common and which Edensoy is promoted as “Good for Babies.” An infant ordinary term” for the product, used since about 1918 in became ill due to copper defi ciency on an Edensoy diet. scientifi c articles and commerce. Thus it cannot be squelched March 8. Soyfoods Association of America members by dairy interests. have 12 pages of impressive color advertisements and April. New England Soy Dairy, America’s largest information about soyfoods and the Association in Natural Caucasian-run tofu manufacturer, changes its name to Foods Merchandiser, in preparation for the NFM Anaheim Tomsun Foods, Inc. Natural Foods Expo in March. Full-page color ads by May. Nutritional Cooking with Tofu, by Christine Liu Legume, Erewhon shoyu, Vitasoy, San-J, Tofutti, Edensoy, published by Graphique Publishing in Michigan. and Pure & Simple soy sauce. May. American Natural Foods (formed in Jan. 1984 March 11-13. At the Natural Foods Expo at Anaheim, by John Troy, creator of miso-containing Hot Stuff) has a the Soyfoods Association organizes the fi rst Soyfoods private stock offering that raises $150,000. In October ANF Pavilion, a 16-booth cluster of soyfoods companies and debuts a line mainstream American sauces and seasonings, products, which is the hit of the Expo and a show of strength each featuring miso, that are delicious and beautifully for the industry. Lots of delicious free food draws throngs marketed. from the 9,000 Expo attendees. May. Die Tofu Kueche (The Tofu Kitchen), by Verena March 11. At Anaheim, Vitasoy launches its fi rst Krieger, Swiss soyfoods pioneer, published by Tanner + designed-for-America soymilk, in natural, coconut, and Staehelin Verlag in Zurich. 171 pages with many photos. chocolate fl avors, each sweetened with maple syrup, and June 7. “Tofu” by Barbara Hansen and “Tofu: imported from Hong Kong. Many subsequent eye-catching, Americanization of a Soy Food” by Karen Gillingham health-oriented full-page color ads are run in national health published in the Los Angeles Times. magazines. June. Landstrom Distributing Co. of San Francisco,

fi les for Chapter XI bankruptcy. Keene Distributors of directors Snyder, Burke, and Barat travel to St. Louis, Texas, and Collegedale of Tennessee, both profi table, well- Missouri, to meet with the staff of the American Soybean run companies, are also pulled under, innocent victims of Association to discuss possible areas of mutual interest. the Landstrom collapse. All three units were owned by ASA appears friendly and open minded, and offers to Nutritional Foods, Inc. and all were major natural / health discuss specifi c future joint projects. A potential line of foods distributors. These bankruptcies seriously hurt the communication is opened. natural foods industry as well as many individual companies; July 30. People magazine (circulation 2.8 million) sales and confi dence plummeted nationwide. In late 1984 article on Tofutti titled (ineptly) “A Happy Zealot Turns Curd Fillmore Foods purchased Landstrom, and Balanced Foods (Yuck!) into a Creamy Treat.” purchased Collegedale and Keene. July. “The Soyfoods Industry: Growing Like a June. Migros, Switzerland’s largest supermarket chain, Beanstalk” by B. Bialick published in Whole Life Times. launches Tofu Nature, its own brand of tofu, made at Aug. 9. The last issue of Soyfoods magazine (No. 10) Conserves Estavayer S.A., with widespread publicity and arrives, with its fi rst color photo on the cover. 7,000 copies excellent product information on both tofu and soybeans. It printed at a cost of $11,200. Doug Fiske of Encinitas, is sold in the same section as dairy products and eggs. The Calif., a professional editor and publisher, did a fi ne job. launch is considered a great success; supply is not able to Magazine’s focus has been changed from production to catch up with demand until late December. marketing of soyfoods. June. The Book of Soybeans, by Tokuji Watanabe and Aug. 12-17. World Soybean Research Conference III Asako Kishi published by Japan Publications. 191 p. held at Iowa State University. Heavy emphasis on soybean June. Using Tofu, Tempeh & Other Soyfoods in production and agronomy; relatively little new material on Restaurants, Delis & Cafeterias, compiled by Shurtleff soyfoods. Soyfoods movement is not represented. & Aoyagi, published (comb bound; 181 p.) by Soyfoods Aug. 20. Ralston Purina introduces Checkerboard Farms Center. TenderLean, America’s fi rst branded ground beef product July. Kikkoman completes its second major shoyu consisting of 75% ground lean beef and 25% textured soy (Japanese-style soy sauce) plant outside Japan, in Singapore. protein isolate. Some meat journals are harshly critical and The 18,000 square meter factory, with a capacity of 3,000 many meat departments refuse to carry it. Ralston withdraws kl (792,500 gallons) a year and 40 employees, costs $14 the product. million. It will make shoyu and teriyaki sauce. Offi cial Aug. 24. Westbrae Natural launches WestSoy Natural, opening ceremony was Nov. 21. a plain soymilk similar to Ah Soy but lower in price and July. The requirement in effect since 1965 that isolated made with organic ingredients. Imported in a foil pouch from soy protein used as an ingredient in meat and poultry Saniku Foods in Japan, it is the company’s fi rst soymilk. products must contain titanium dioxide as a tracer, is Aug. 31. San-J International Inc. announces that it will removed from federal meat and poultry products inspection construct a soy sauce plant (44,000 square foot, $5 million) regulations, following a petition by ADM, Grain Processing in Virginia on a 27-acre site just north of Colonial Heights. Corp., and Ralston Purina. Sept. Chico-San, Inc. introduces unpasteurized miso in a July 9. “Its Trendy, Tasty and Tofutti” (2/3 page) by revolutionary “Pressure Release Package,” a plastic bag with J.D. Reed published in Time magazine (U.S. circulation 4.3 a one-way valve that allows the escape of the carbon dioxide million). Probably the biggest media coverage for tofu in produced naturally during fermentation. U.S. history. Tofutti hits the big time! Sept. 9-14. Gloria Vanderbilt announces that she, in July 17. History of Tempeh, by Shurtleff and Aoyagi conjunction with Dolly Madison and Frusen Gladje, will published by Soyfoods Center. 102 pages, including 375 launch a tofu ice cream. references. Continued. Sept. 27-28. First European Soyfoods Workshop held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, at the Grand Hotel 605. SoyaScan Notes. 1984. Chronology of soybeans, Krasnapolski, organized by the American Soybean soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1984 Association’s Belgium offi ce. ASA reports attendance (Continued–Part II) (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by as 105 people from 14 countries, but participants report William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. a maximum of 50 participants. Talks on tofu, soymilk, • Summary: Continued: July 26. At the NNFA (National tempeh, distribution, and microbiological standards, all later Nutritional Foods Association) show in Atlanta, Georgia, published in the Proceedings. There is a large Expo with Great Eastern Sun rolls out Ah Soy, its new line of soymilk soymilk equipment from Alfa-Laval and Soya Technology imported from Saniku Foods in Japan, in vanilla, chocolate, Systems prominently featured. A very successful event, and and plain fl avors, in foil retort pouches. After the show, the another ASA fi rst! Soyfoods Association board meets. Steve Snyder replaces Oct. The Tofu Gourmet by Linda Barber and Junko Michael Austin as director of SAA. The next day, SAA Lampert published by Kodansha in Menlo Park, CA. 129 p.

Many color photos. Cargill, Inc., to sell six of the Company’s seven soybean Oct. 15. “Here Tofutti, There Tofutti,” a full-page, very [crushing] plants.” It also reported strong, steady growth in positive article with 2 color photos published in Newsweek sales of soy protein products, from about $98 million in 1980 magazine (circulation 3 million). to $152 million in 1984, for an 11.5% compound annual Oct. 23. The joint managing directors of the growth rate (but only 4.5% after adjusting for infl ation). International Food Information Service, owners of Food Dec. Gloria Vanderbilt’s Glace, a soy-based nondairy Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA, the world’s ice cream, starts being test marketed in Los Angeles, in nine largest, oldest, and most widely used food-related fl avors. computerized database) visit William Shurtleff at The Dec. A poll of readers by Vegetarian Times magazine Soyfoods Center to discuss putting the 6,500 bibliographic fi nds that 53.1% of readers used tofu one or more times records in The Soyfoods Center Library into FSTA, thus during the past 7 days; 29.4% used it 3 or more times. making this information available worldwide. Both parties Dec. 31. Brightsong Light Foods in Petaluma, are very interested in the project but technical problems California, receives the fi rst funds of a $500,000 equity remain to be solved. investment from a Hong Kong investor, who had seen an Oct. Westbrae Natural Foods launches Malted’s, billed article praising Brightsong in Venture magazine. Brightsong as “thick and rich non-dairy soy delights.” Marketed like greatly expands its product development and promotion. a milkshake and imported from Japan in a foil pouch, they * American Soybean Assoc. phases out its Human come in three fl avors: vanilla, carob, and cocoa-mint. Nutrition Dept., headed for years by Judy Trujillo. Oct. Three member team from Plenty Canada * Chicago Board of Trade [Illinois] starts trading options spends one month in Sri Lanka, funded by the Canadian contracts on soybean futures. Continued. International Development Agency, studying the country’s soyfoods program. They learn, teach, and introduce tofu ice 606. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 1984. From cream. Washington: Japanese approval to save Ralston shipping, Nov. 13. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company, storage costs. 61(12):1778. Dec. [2 ref] America’s oldest existing soybean crusher, announces that its • Summary: “The Japanese government has given Ralston soybean crushing operations are for sale. Purina Co. a ‘seal of approval’ on soy protein, a move which Nov. 20. Tofu Time’s fi rst Tofutti Shop opens in uptown the company believes will help it increase its share of the Manhattan, New York. A fast-food retail outlet with a slick, $150 million-a-year Japanese market for such proteins. red-and-white plastic, almost gaudy, decor. Currently, Ralston Purina exports about $10 million a year in Nov. 16. Chico-San Inc. is purchased by H.J. Heinz Co., vegetable proteins to Japan.” largely for its rice cake business. This move will eliminate the need for dockside Nov. 21. After years of searching, William Shurtleff, inspection of each shipment arriving in Japan, resulting in a with help from Nancy Florida in Java, discovers an 1815 savings of approximately 40 per cent in shipping and storage reference to tempeh in the Serat Centini, from the Court in costs. Solo, Java. This pushes the earliest reference to tempeh back For more information see: Wall Street Journal, Sept. 25, 60 years and has it originating in Indonesian rather than in 1984, and Food Institute Report, Sept. 29, 1984, pp. 11-12. Dutch culture. Nov. 30. America’s fi rst Tofu Standards are issued by the 607. Product Name: [Proti {Soymilk}. Later renamed Soyfoods Association’s Tofu Standards Committee, in part to Purana]. help stem the rising tide of products bearing the name “tofu” Foreign Name: Proti, Purana. that contain little or no tofu. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina España, S.A. Nov. Galactina, a Swiss manufacturer of soymilks since Manufacturer’s Address: c/ Aribau, No. 125, 08021 1969 (they make Vita Drink / Enteroform, a soymilk sold to Barcelona, Spain. Phone: (93) 202 21 25. in vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry fl avors to the dietetic Date of Introduction: 1984 December. and pharmaceutical markets for tube feeding), starts test Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Tetra Brik Aseptic carton. marketing tofu in Swiss supermarkets. An attractive recipe How Stored: Shelf stable; refrigerate after opening. booklet is attached to each packet, which is pasteurized for a New Product–Documentation: Color photo on cover of 6-week shelf life. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. Dec. 1984, Dec. Excellent, 19-page cover story on “Soymilk and and on page 1784 of the same issue. Front panel shows Soyfoods,” published in the prestigious Journal of the stylized rolling hills planted to soybeans, with a blue sky American Oil Chemists’ Society. 1984 is the Society’s 75th overhead. Blue on yellow letters at top of package state: anniversary. Bebida 100% vegetal (100% non-dairy beverage). At the Dec. Ralston Purina, in its 1984 annual report, notes: bottom is written: “No colorings or preservatives.” “The Company has entered into preliminary agreement with Talk with European soymilk producer. 1990. April 19.

This product is made and packaged in Spain. It is distributed by a company that is linked with Ralston Purina and that distributes Purina Protein products. This soymilk is based on isolated soy proteins and produced in a dairy. It has had some success because it was the ﬁ rst soymilk available in Spain at a reasonable price, in part because they have custom/tariff protection. Letter (fax) from Hernadette Dechamps, American Soybean Assoc., Madrid. 1990. May 23. “The only company known to be manufacturing soymilk now in Spain is Ralston Purina España, S.A. (gives address and phone). The product, previously named Proti, is currently sold under the name of Purana.”

608. Whalen-Shaw, Michael. 1984. [Soy proteins for controlling coating structures]. Wochenblatt fuer Papierfabrikation. Fachzeitschrift fuer die Papier-, Pappen- und Zellstoff-Industrie 112(14):497-501. [Ger]* • Summary: Modiﬁ ed protein coatings containing kaolin, calcium carbonate, and butadiene-styrene rubber for paper and paperboard. Address: Ralston Purina Corp., St. Louis, Missouri.

609. Bertrand, Jean-Pierre; Laurent, Catherine; Leclercq, Vincent. 1984. Soja. Aus dem Franzoesischen von Felicitas Schaetzl [Soya. Translated from the French by Felicitas Schaetzl]. Zurich, Switzerland: Unionsverlag. 130 p. Illust. No index. 21 cm. Reprinted in 1988. [8 ref. Ger] • Summary: A German translation of Le Monde du Soja (1983), this book gives a very good overview (from the French point of view) of the development of the soybean plant in the context of world agriculture. However it suffers conquers America, soya against cotton–the oil battle. from lack of an index. 5. Soya from the Americas conquers the world: The Contents: 1. The soybean in the world economy: Portrait Marshall Plan–the fi rst clever offensive, Public Law 480– of a “sacred grain,” soybean meal / cake–a high-value feed, food aid with a club-foot, trade pressure under the banner soy oil–from diesel motors to ice cream, soy protein–the of free trade. 6. The politics of the importing countries: industrialized protein. Sidebar, by Verena Krieger: Soymilk U.S. soya vs. EU cereal grains, France–the model of protein and tofu, miso, tamari, shoyu and soy sauce, tempeh, dependency, in the maze of European agrarian politics, soy sprouts. Producers and users. 2. The soya complex: Japan–the free way for imports. 7. The embargo of 1973– Consumers and producers without power, the producers–a Trade war and crisis: the exchange awakens. club with contradictions, the multinationals in the middle of 8. Brazil–The new soybean giant: The export sector the soya chain (a profi le of each of the largest multinationals: is nursed back to health, credit–but not for everyone, the ADM {USA}, Bunge & Born {Argentina}, Cargill {USA}, export boom, the equal weight problem. 9. The newcomers– Central Soya {USA}, Continental Grain {USA}, Louis Argentina and Paraguay. Paraguay, a little appendage of Dreyfus {France}, Ralston Purina {USA}, A.E. Staley Brazil?, startup diffi culties in Argentina, help for Soviet {USA}, Unilever {England/Holland}, p. 30-31), the stock-farming. international wholesale business, the commodity exchange as 10. The new questions: The Eastern Bloc in the confl ict a barometer. of goals, industrial comeback of the soybean in China, 3. How prices are determined: Subsidy politics in the developing countries–meat and oil for the poor? 11. The USA, price guarantees in Brazil, the price of soybean meal reverse side of the “Soya Model:” Brazil–Flight from the and soy oil. 4. From sacred bean to soya complex–a look land, dependency, and hunger, Tunisia–adulterated olive back: Colonial times, Europe becomes curious, the American oil, Senegal as loser in the peanut / soya battle, a model of soya complex is born, the struggle over margarine, soybean supply dependency. meal becomes successful, the war as a big opportunity, soya

12. Which alternatives? A “protein plan” in the European food formulation by offering school foodservice operators Union, better utilization of the green forage stock, industrial the option of using improved vegetable protein ingredients amino acids–a way out / escape? 13. Plant- vs. animal which result in menu fl exibility and increased value for their protein: Industrial soya protein–food of the future?, the Third food purchase dollars. World, a large market with the ability to pay, a future with “What is VPP? (Substitute Food): A VPP is a food which contradictions. may be used to resemble and substitute, in part, for meat, Figures: (1) The various basic ingredients and poultry or seafood. A VPP used in this manner may contain commodities that can be made from the soybean (p. 11). (2) fl ours, concentrates or isolates, or any combination of these Overview of the use of soybeans and soy products (p. 14- as ingredients along with added nutrients, colors, fl avors, etc. 15). (3) Soybean production and trade worldwide, 1980/81, “How do the New Regulations Compare to FNS Notice Sept. to Oct., in million metric tons. (4) German newspaper 219?” A table compares 9 provisions of each. headlines concerning soybeans, 1983-84 (p. 36). (5) Map of “Can I use FNS Notice 219 and the new regulations worldwide soybean trade, 1935-1939, in 1000 metric tons interchangeably? No. Schools using VPP which meet FNS (p. 46). (6) Map of worldwide soybean trade, 1948-1949, Notice 219 must use these products in accordance with FNS in 1000 metric tons (p. 59). (7) Map of worldwide soybean Notice 219. Likewise, VPP which meet the new regulations trade, 1980, in 1000 metric tons (p. 63). (8) Graphs of must be used according to these regulations. soybean exports, from USA, from Brazil, from Argentina (p. “When is the fi nal effective date? All schools must use 83). (9) Bar graph–Yield of protein in kg of protein per ha: the new VPP regulations by February 7, 1984. Soybeans 7,900. Alfalfa 7,200. Potatoes 5,000. Maize 4,500. “I understand that the ‘texture’ requirement for VPP Poultry 1,200. Pork 800. Milk 700. Beef 600 (p. 120). has been eliminated. Why? The intent of this requirement About the authors: was to ensure that a hydrated product resembled the Jean-Pierre Bertrand, an agronomist (ingénieur physical characteristics of the meat, poultry or seafood agronome) and economist, is a research fellow at the French it replaced. Recent advances in the technology of VPP National Institute for Agricultural Research (Institut national make it unnecessary to impose such a requirement. Other de la recherche agronomique, INRA). methods are, and may be, used to produce structure where Catherine Laurent, a veterinarian and economist, is the appropriate. author of a doctoral thesis on the soybean industry (fi lière “How is VPP used as an alternate food in the school du soja). Vincent Leclercq, an agronomist (ingénieur en lunch program? agriculture) and economist, is a research associate at the “+ Vegetable protein products must be prepared in INRA, for the International Economics Laboratory in combination with meat, poultry or seafood. Montpellier (Laboratoire d’économie internationale de “+ A fully hydrated vegetable protein product may Montpellier). He is also a member of Solagral, which stands not exceed 30 parts to 70 parts uncooked meat, poultry or for Agro-Food Solidarity (Solidarités agro-alimentaires). seafood. Address: France. “+ Vegetable protein products may be used in the dry, partially hydrated or fully hydrated form in combination with 610. Soy Protein Council. 1984. Vegetable protein products meat, poultry or seafood. in child nutrition programs. An explanation of new “+ Vegetable protein products must resemble and opportunities and regulations (Brochure). Washington, DC. 4 substitute for meat, poultry or seafood. Substitute refers to p. 28 cm. a VPP whose presence in another food results in a smaller • Summary: “Introduction–History: Vegetable protein amount of meat, poultry or seafood. It does not refer to a products (VPP) have been authorized through FNS Notice VPP used to substitute for a starch. The VPP may resemble 219 since 1971 as an alternate food to meet part of the meat/ the meat, poultry or seafood at any point of preparation. meat alternate requirement of the meal patterns for the If the VPP in the fi nished food looks like, tastes like, etc., child nutrition programs. This notice established specifi c the meat, poultry or seafood with which it is combined, the requirements and guidelines for the use of VPP based on the resemblance criterion is met. technology available at that time. The use of VPP to meet “What food products provide the best opportunities for FNS Notice 219 was limited mainly to textured soy fl ours using VPP as an alternate food? Examples of products in with 50 percent protein and allowed for a maximum moisture which a VPP can be used as an alternate food include, but are content for hydrated VPP of 65 percent. not limited to, beef patties, chicken patties, pizza toppings, “Developments in food technology since that time have chili, meat loaf, tuna salad, and taco fi llings. created new types of VPP which schools can now use in “When can VPP not be used as an alternate food for addition to products which have been used in the past. These credit? Vegetable protein products cannot be used as an products include isolates and concentrates. Recognition of alternate food when substituting for a starch, as in foods such these technological advances allows for greater fl exibility in as pizza crust or as a breading on a meat, poultry or seafood

product. Also, VPP cannot be used as an alternate food when color. 28 cm. [4 ref] used as functional ingredients such as binders in products • Summary: Cover: Mostly glossy white paper. A (i.e., binders in meat products) and thickening agents in checkerboard with 9 squares. In each of the four corner sauces. However, this does not prevent the use of VPP squares is a photograph related to isolated soy protein. In the in the products, such as pizza crust, in the child nutrition center square is a checkerboard with 9 squares; six are red programs.” and 4 are white. Note: This brochure continues on two more pages. Page 2, contents: What is protein? What is isolated Address: 1800 M Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. soy protein? How nutritious is isolated soy protein? What advantages does isolated soy protein offer? 611. Ralston Purina Co., Protein Div. 1984? Good eating: Page 3, contents: Ralston Purina’s versatile Purina The value of isolated soy protein (Leaﬂ et). St. Louis, proteins. What about cost. Isolated soy protein–Ralston Missouri: Ralston Purina Co. 4 p. Undated. Front and back, Purina–Purina proteins (“The worldwide leader,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 261 manufacturer, and marketer of isolated soy proteins is commodity-based enterprises to higher-margin consumer Ralston Purina...”). goods. Ralston stopped operations at its seventh soybean- Rear cover: For more information call: processing facility in Memphis, Tennessee, on Dec. 18 and Ralston Purina Company the plant will be permanently closed on Feb. 1... Ralston will Protein Division buy soymeal from suppliers in the future.” Checkerboard Square Cargill, a closely held grain processor and merchant St. Louis, Missouri 63164 based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, now owns 20 soybean- Ph: (800) 325-7108 milling plants in the Midwest and Southeast. Telex: 447240 614. Cooper, Russell L. 1985. Re: Ralston Purina to work Purina Protein Europe S.A. with Soyfoods Association in developing standards. Letter Avenue Louise 391 to Dr. Clifford Hesseltine, Northern Regional Research Lab, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium USDA, 1815 No. University St., Peoria, Illinois, Jan. 17 1 . Ph: (02) 641-1211 Typed, with signature on letterhead. Telex: 64388 • Summary: “Dear Dr. Hesseltine: “Ralston Purina Company is looking forward to Fujipurina Protein working with the Soyfoods Association in developing proper SKF Building 4th Floor standards for tofu, and second generation commercial food 9-1, 1-Chome products containing tofu. Shiba Daimon “As a new member of the Soyfoods Association, we Minato-Ku, Tokyo agree that the development of standards and labeling for soy 105 Japan foods is an important priority. To facilitate the promulgation Ph: (03) 438-2021 of informed standards, Ralston Purina has prepared a Report Telex: 2423701. to the Soyfoods Association on Isolated Soy Protein. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. “Previous drafts of proposed standards for tofu have considered isolated soy protein. Ralston Purina, as the 612. Haake, Dave. 1985. Purina plant sale to Cargill ﬁ nal. leading producer of isolated soy protein, has prepared the Pantagraph (The) (Bloomington, Illinois). Jan. 3. p. 27. attached position paper for your information. It is hoped • Summary: “Sale of Ralston Purina Co.’s soybean this position paper will contribute to the Association’s operations in Bloomington and ﬁ ve other cities to Cargill understanding of isolated soy protein. Inc., Minneapolis, took place yesterday at Ralston Purina’s “I look forward to meeting you at the upcoming St. Louis headquarters. Soyfoods Association meeting. In the meantime, should “Terms of the sale were not disclosed.” you have any questions or comments regarding the attached Arrangements for Cargill’s takeover were completed last information, please do not hesitate to contact me at (314) week. 982-3885. Ralston Purina sold substantially all of its soybean “Thank you for your consideration.” operations, including soybean solvent crushing plants in: Attached to this letter is an 8-page paper (with 8 Lafayette, Indiana references) titled “Report to the Soyfoods Association on Iowa Falls, Iowa Isolated Soy Protein,” dated Jan. 1985. Address: Associate Louisville, Kentucky Counsel & Director of Regulatory & Trade Affairs, Ralston Kansas City, Missouri Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. Raleigh, North Carolina, and Bloomington, Illinois (built in 1948). 615. Boyer, Robert A. 1985. Henry Ford, soymilk, soy The acquisition “gives Cargill 20 plants in 10 Midwest ice cream, Bob Smith, Rex Diamond, and Rich Products and Southern states.” (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 30. Conducted by William A photo shows Steve Sproull, Cargill’s Bloomington Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. manager. Address: Pantagraph business writer. • Summary: Soymilk and soy ice cream: “We made soy ice creams in the early 1930s, as a sort of by-product of 613. Wall Street Journal. 1985. Ralston Purina says it sold 6 our work with soymilk. We actually built quite a nice soybean-processing sites. Jan. 3. p. 23, col. 3. little production unit for making soymilk. It was a natural • Summary: The deal leaves Ralston Purina completely evolution to make soymilk from ice cream; we didn’t learn dependent on outside sources for soybean products for its the idea or the process from anyone. To make the ice cream, pet food and other products. “The food and animal-feed we coagulated the soymilk to make a curd, like fresh tofu, concern said the sale is part of a strategy to move away from which we then dispersed (without drying it) in a colloid

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 262 mill. We found we got a better product from the curd than Chemists’ Soc. 1985. “Soy pioneer bows out, others grow from the soymilk itself. So you could call the fi nal product bigger.” March. p. 474, 476. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill fi nalized a sort of tofu ice cream. The ice creams were made in the its purchase of six soybean processing plants from Ralston laboratories at Greenfi eld Village in Dearborn. We had Purina Co. One of these was at Bloomington, Illinois. 2-3 labs there. Henry Ford used to call it the Engineering Laboratory. The ice creams were served to special 617. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. visitors. Mr. Ford would put on special press luncheons Manufacturer’s Name: Cargill, Inc. for journalists, food editors, etc. and soy ice cream was Manufacturer’s Address: Lafayette, Indiana. always on the menu. It was also served in the VIP lounge. It Date of Introduction: 1985 January. remained an experimental item that we and Mr. Ford would Ingredients: Soybeans. serve to impress people with the good taste and versatility New Product–Documentation: J. of the American Oil of soy. We served it in the basic favorite American fl avors: Chemists’ Soc. 1985. “Soy pioneer bows out, others grow Chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. I don’t recall whether bigger.” March. p. 474, 476. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill fi nalized or not it was served at the 1934 World’s Fair in Chicago its purchase of six soybean processing plants from Ralston [probably not], or whether it was served after the start of Purina Co. One of these was at Lafayette, Indiana. World War II. “Later at Ralston Purina we made soy ice cream 618. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. prototypes from soy protein isolates in order to show the Manufacturer’s Name: Cargill, Inc. potential and versatility of isolates. We served the ice creams Manufacturer’s Address: Iowa Falls, Iowa. to potential customers. I started to work with Purina in 1960 Date of Introduction: 1985 January. and our team (headed by Ralph Hoer and soon joined by Ingredients: Soybeans. Frank Calvert) started building an isolate plant in St. Louis, New Product–Documentation: J. of the American Oil Missouri, shortly after that, so the fi rst ice creams at Purina Chemists’ Soc. 1985. “Soy pioneer bows out, others grow were probably made in about 1962-63. bigger.” March. p. 474, 476. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill fi nalized “When I joined Ralston Purina, the company already its purchase of six soybean processing plants from Ralston had a commercial isolate plant in Louisville, Kentucky, that Purina Co. One of these was at Iowa Falls, Iowa. made industrial isolates for paper coatings. It was only after I arrived that Purina became involved in edible food-grade soy 619. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. protein isolates, and these isolates are now a major, rapidly Manufacturer’s Name: Cargill, Inc. growing product line–which trace their origin back to Henry Manufacturer’s Address: Kansas City, Missouri. Ford. Date of Introduction: 1985 January. Rich Products Corp. in Buffalo, New York got interested Ingredients: Soybeans. in soy via Rex Diamond, who worked for Henry Ford as New Product–Documentation: J. of the American Oil Bob Smith’s assistant. “Rex Diamond was the original spark Chemists’ Soc. 1985. “Soy pioneer bows out, others grow plug for Rich. I’m not sure who had the original idea for bigger.” March. p. 474, 476. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill fi nalized whip toppings, coffee creamers, etc. Rex fi nally became the its purchase of six soybean processing plants from Ralston research director for Rich Products Corp. and that company Purina Co. One of these was at Kansas City, Missouri. developed the fi rst good whipped topping and coffee whitener. 620. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. “When Bob Smith went out on his own to put out his Manufacturer’s Name: Cargill, Inc. own soymilk [sic, Delsoy whip topping], Rex went with him Manufacturer’s Address: Louisville, Kentucky. [though several years later]. After that, Rex left Bob Smith Date of Introduction: 1985 January. and eventually went with Rich Products. Later there were Ingredients: Soybeans. some hard feelings between Rich Products and Rex, but I New Product–Documentation: J. of the American Oil don’t know what that was all about. I once visited Rex in Chemists’ Soc. 1985. “Soy pioneer bows out, others grow Buffalo, New York.” Address: 632 Edgewater Dr., Apt. 731, bigger.” March. p. 474, 476. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill fi nalized Dunedin, Florida 33528. Phone: 813-734-2415. its purchase of six soybean processing plants from Ralston Purina Co. One of these was at Louisville, Kentucky. 616. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. Manufacturer’s Name: Cargill, Inc. 621. Product Name: Soybean Oil, and Soybean Meal. Manufacturer’s Address: Bloomington, Illinois. Manufacturer’s Name: Cargill, Inc. Date of Introduction: 1985 January. Manufacturer’s Address: Raleigh, North Carolina. Ingredients: Soybeans. Date of Introduction: 1985 January. New Product–Documentation: J. of the American Oil Ingredients: Soybeans.

New Product–Documentation: J. of the American Oil the public relations department. Chemists’ Soc. 1985. “Soy pioneer bows out, others grow The 1980s. By the early 1980s Freeze Flo had already bigger.” March. p. 474, 476. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill fi nalized become very popular in Europe, some exciting medical its purchase of six soybean processing plants from Ralston applications were being investigated. By 1983 Rich Products Purina Co. One of these was at Raleigh, North Carolina. was using the Freeze Flo process to make many of its “Fresh ‘n Ready No Thaw Desserts,” including Grand America (a 622. Young, L. Steven. 1985. Work with soy protein products dairy ice cream), Fresh ‘n Frosty (a mellorine, resembling by ADM and Central Soya, including soy ice creams and soy ice cream but with the butterfat replaced by soy oil), the protein isolates (Three interviews). Conducted by William fi llings for chocolate eclairs, Bavarian cream puffs, creme Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Jan. 9 and 16, Feb. 14. 7 p. pies, cakes, and cheesecakes–as well as Bettercreme. It was transcript. billing this “gentle freezing process” as “the most signifi cant • Summary: ADM and Ralston Purina have approximately breakthrough in Frozen Foods in 50 years.” Because of equal shares of the market for isolated soy proteins; there Freeze Flo, the ice cream and mellorine, both introduced are no other major manufacturers. In 1984 approximate total in 1983, could rise in temperature to 5º above zero without use of isolates, with Tofutti as a major user, was 200,000 to defrosting; typical ice creams defrost at 20º below zero. 400,000 lb as delivered. Since only 2% of the soy ice cream But Freeze Flo is not used to make some other of Rich’s mix is isolates, this translates into 10 to 20 million lb of mix. products, such as frozen fi sh and meat balls (Rich Products To convert this to gallons, fi gure 40-50% overrun, leading to 1983; Owen 1983). 3 to 3.5 million gallons of nondairy frozen desserts. In the late 1970s Rich hired Mike Billoni, a local sports Why did Central Soya get out of the soy protein isolate reporter, to write a company history. It was to be titled 35 business at the very time when they were the world leader Years Below Zero and published in 1980 to commemorate with their line of Promine products? Probably because it the company’s 35th anniversary. But so many exciting was not profi table. When they got out, they literally handed things began happening with Freeze Flo that Rich postponed the market over to Ralston Purina. They told their former publication and is now hoping that it will eventually be the customers to buy from Purina, and even which products to fi rst chapter in a longer work. The company also maintains a buy. This move made Purina’s isolate business profi table. large scrapbook that goes back to the founding in 1944. Prior to that, Purina was within a year of getting out of In 1985 Rich Products, still privately owned, was the isolates. Address: ADM, Manger of Product Applications, world’s largest maker of non-dairy products, with sales Food Research Div., 1825 N. Laramie, Chicago, Illinois, of $545 million a year. Roughly 75% of Rich Products’ 60639. sales were to foodservice organizations, and 25% to retail consumers. Starting in 1972, I.D. magazine picked Rich 623. Rich, Robert. 1985. History of Rich Products Products for 12 out of 13 years as the outstanding frozen Corporation’s work with soy-based dairy analogs (Interview: foodservice packer in America. The most popular retail Continued–Document part IV). Conducted by William products (in descending order of sales) were Coffee Rich, Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 8 and March 20. 12 p. Rich’s Frozen Chocolate Eclairs, and Rich’s Donuts. A transcript. little of Rich’s Whip Topping is sold retail in pressurized • Summary: (Continued): The process was Freeze Flo, a containers. Richwhip Topping, a beat-it-yourself liquid, dramatic processing breakthrough that was fi rst used to make sells well only in Milwaukee [Wisconsin] and Minneapolis Bettercreme. Freeze Flo makes it possible to use a frozen [Minnesota]. food without thawing it. By eliminating the need to thaw, From the 1970s on, the only two of Rich’s products Freeze Flo quickly began to change the very concept of contained a signifi cant amount of soy protein: Coffee Rich frozen foods. The process, invented by Marvin L. Kahn (who and Bettercreme. Of the two, Coffee Rich used the larger worked with a company Rich acquired), replaces free water amount in total annual tonnage. The company bought its in a product with water bound to fructose or other natural isolated soy proteins from Ralston Purina. But as of 1985 sugars in the product. Binding water in a product (such as Rich Products was seriously considering at least one product a fresh or dried fruit) it does two things: (1) It eliminates that would get the company much more actively involved a medium for bacteria to grow, so that spoilage is greatly with soy protein. It is still on the drawing boards, so details retarded, and (2) it makes it impossible for ice crystals to are not yet available. form. Rich Products soon had high hopes that Freeze Flo There are two basic types of coffee whiteners or coffee might become the most revolutionary development in this creamers: Powdered and non-powdered. Coffee Rich is fi eld since Clarence Birdseye froze his fi rst fi sh in 1929. the only non-powdered coffee whitener that is distributed In 1978 Bob Rich Jr. became president of Rich Products. nationally. It has an estimated 90% of the branded, non- His father retired but remained chairman of the board and powdered market. chief executive offi cer, and his brother, David, was/ head of In 1985 Robert E. Rich Sr. recalled: “In the frozen food

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 264 business, my heart has always been in the non-dairy segment with fl avors added then smoked in a smokehouse. Right after of it. I always fi gured that was my baby. That’s what put that, General Mills introduced Bac*O’s. our company on the map. . . Its always interesting to recall Swift, which had a combined dairy and ice cream the early days of the soybean business. I foresee a steady department (the main plant was in Holland, Michigan) was growth in that area” (personal communication) (Continued). also involved in making soy ice creams, using soy protein Address: Chairman of the Board, Rich Products Corp., P.O. isolates purchased from Central Soya. For years, Swift also Box 245 (1150 Niagara St.), Buffalo, New York. Phone: 716- made an artifi cial nonfat dried milk (NFDM) called Provide, 878-8000. based on soy fl our and cheese whey. They introduced it in about 1973-74. It was used by bakeries in place of NFDM. 624. Aldon, Don. 1985. Work with Swift & Co. and non- But Swift never really got into using isolates commercially. dairy frozen desserts (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 26. They were preparing to do so when they sold the business. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Dean’s Dairy in Arizona was the fi rst to start selling • Summary: Don started with Swift & Co. in 1961 in the Swift’s artifi cial milk, which contained vegetable fat, nonfat “Vegetable Protein Products Division,” a brand new division dry milk, and soy isolates. The product didn’t last very long; of the oil mill department. The oil was their main product it was used to sort of test the market. For details, ask Tony and the protein-rich meal was a by-product. The president Scaletto, who was Mr. Dipper Dan–head of Swift’s ice cream of the oil mill department started this department to turn the operations. “We had those ice cream parlors nationwide at meal into food. Research on vegetable proteins started in one time. He developed all the ice creams and novelties. about 1957-58. He may not remember all that went on with soy; we were Their fi rst product, launched in early 1961, was brand- compartmentalized.” Note: Talk with Tony Scaletto (Feb. named SFP (Swift’s Protein Food), a water-extracted, 26): He is certain that Swift never had a frozen dessert granular soy protein concentrate, containing 70% protein. It containing soy protein on the market. He tried using soy was not an isoelectric concentrate, and it was not texturized. protein in a soft-serve product but it was unsuccessful. It was used mostly in ground beef products, but also in some Swift got out of the soy protein business because it was breads. More was sold to other companies than used in driven by the vegetable oil business. They sold the whole oil Swift’s meat products. business (3 crushing plants) to A.E. Staley in about 1979. The next product was Texgran, a textured soy fl our The one making soy products was in Champaign, Illinois. (somewhat like today’s TVP), invented by Dean Wilding He is not sure exactly why, but probably because sales and in about 1963-64. He invented a texturization process earnings fl uctuated too much and could not be controlled. while trying to fi nd a way to extrusion cook soy fl our. He Also, most of the old-timers who really knew the business visited Wenger and saw a variety of products they made. had retired. He recognized their value and bought a machine. Don Staley kept Provide and had it custom made outside. worked for about 18 months developing the process, doing Since Staley had its own textured soy protein product, it shut research, and generating information to be used in the patent. down the Swift protein plant; SFP lingered on, then died. Swift started selling the product before they applied for the Concerning Swift’s early history: They started as a meat patent. “As soon as our competitors saw this product, they packer. Then in the 1930s or 1940s they started making oil recognized its value because they had been extruding dog products from lard. In about 1938, to extend their business, food. Ralston Purina slammed things together and got a they got into the oil extraction business and soybeans. Today patent application in fi rst. Two weeks later ADM had one in. their big products are processed meats and poultry. Swift Then 3-4 weeks later Swift applied.” Swift started selling bought Hunt-Wesson in late 1983 or 1984. Swift & Co. is Texgran in 1964-65. The patent was fi nally issued in about now a division of Beatrice Meats, Inc. in Oak Brook, Illinois. 1971-72. Litigation went on for years and years between the All the old company records on soy have been discarded. three companies. Finally Ralston got the basic patent since Dean Wilding is now in the Philippines building houses. they had applied fi rst. ADM and Swift got a royalty-free He left Kraft several years ago. His son is a contractor. license. They did that just to settle the litigation. Note: The Address: Alberto Culver, 2525 Armitage, Melrose Park, fi nal key U.S. patent (No. 3,940,495) was issued to Ronald Illinois. Phone: 312-450-3000. Flier of Ralston Purina in Feb. 1976, based on an application fi eld on 17 Jan. 1973, but based on an earlier application 625. Johnson, Dale W. 1985. Work with The Glidden fi led on 10 July 1964. Company and Central Soya (Interview). Conducted Texgran was used by Swift as a meat extender and sold by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Feb. 27. 5 p. to other companies as well. The fi rst retail product in which transcript. Texgran was used was artifi cial bacon bits, the fi rst such • Summary: Dale went to work for Glidden in 1948. The product on the market. Don developed this product, which following people worked at Glidden: Walter Bain, Sidney was launched in about 1977-78. It was based on Texgran, Circle (who now has Parkinson’s disease), Andy Engstrom,

Art Levinson (who was with Spencer Kellogg & Sons in at the chemical plant (quarter-size model of Iron Mountain the 1920s and 1930s before coming to Glidden), Willard C. plant) in Greenfi eld Village (p. 12-13). Ford’s trip to Lighter, Ed Meyer, Joseph Rakosky. People who worked Germany [Peace Ship to Europe, in 1915 during World War at Central Soya before Central shut down their food labs in I?] crystallized a lot of his thinking. The Great Depression early 1949: Louis Sair who went to Griffi th Laboratories, and the origins of his chemurgic thinking. In 1934 the fi rst Ken Gunther who founded Gunther Products, and E.B. National Chemurgic Conference was held at Dearborn Inn; Oberg who went to Glidden and then Carnation. Boyer was in charge of the program. Mr. Irenee DuPont Industrial soy protein isolates really started attended and Mr. Ford spent a lot of time with him. Before commercially in about 1934. They were originally used that, the DuPonts and the big banks did not trust Ford. (p. mainly as coatings for paper, but some were used in paints, 14). Opening of Greenfi eld Village in late 1929 on the 50th shoe polish, and other miscellaneous uses. Procter & Gamble anniversary of Edison’s fi rst successful light bulb (p. 15). started making industrial soy protein isolates in the late Chemical experiments on truckloads of farm crops using a 1930s or early 1940s; they made an isolate that went into retort; Frank Calvert (p. 16-19). Spic and Span, a wall cleanser. The isolate served both as Experiments starting in about 1933 using hexane as a a good detergent and to give a coating to a painted wall to solvent to extract the oil from soybeans; the Ford Extractor make it easier to clean the second time. (p. 20-23). Boyer’s group wanted to get pure protein from Also discusses Promine D, Amisoy, Ralston Purina, soybeans. So “in the lab we developed our own process Pillsbury’s work with soy isolates, Picot Laboratory in for extracting the oil... We used hexane solvent, like dry Mexico, General Foods, Pillsbury, Morel, Sidney Circle’s cleaning. We’d fl ake the beans and run them through a pipe move to Anderson Clayton in 1967, why Central Soya that was full of hexane on an angle with a screw in it.” sold its isolate business to ADM, the story of how Glidden Hexane solvent is “distilled out of petroleum. It has a very developed soy protein concentrate (fi rst commercialized as narrow boiling point–66º centigrade. The Ford extractor... Promosoy by Central Soya in the early 1960s), fi rst big sale got quite a lot of attention. We built it across the street from of Promosoy in the early 1960s to Mead Johnson for use in the chemical plant. It was about 150 feet away. Mounted it their Metrecal Wafer (it was not used in liquid Metrecal), all by itself because everybody was afraid of fi re.” A roof Central Soya’s concentrate plant at Gibson City, Illinois, was built over it but no walls. It was probably built in about Henry Ford’s researchers who did the pioneering work in 1933. whipped toppings, especially Rex Diamond who eventually In 1933 at the World’s Fair [sic, the Ford Exposition went to Rich Products and ended up committing suicide, of Progress] in New York City, Boyer’s group had a glass and Bob Smith who went to Delsoy, Bob Boyer and Francis model (on a table) of this extractor that used hexane solvent. Calvert went to Ralston Purina, Bill Atkinson went to ADM, Note: Ford boycotted Chicago’s A Century of Progress Jim Liggett at Central Soya developed Rich Freeze (a soy ice Exposition which opened in 1933, in part to call attention to cream). Address: Food Ingredients (Minnesota), Inc., 2121 the company’s 30th anniversary; he held his own “industrial Toledo Ave. No., Golden Valley, Minnesota 55422. Phone: fair,” fi rst in Detroit and then in New York, in late 1933. 612-588-9456. Business Week described it as “the greatest industrial show ever held.” Some 2.3 million people attended the two-week 626. Boyer, Robert A. 1985. Reminiscences: Automotive show in New York. design–Oral history project. Dearborn, Michigan: Henry A working model of the Ford extractor, using hexane Ford Museum and Greenfi eld Village. 130 p. Accession solvent, was at the Chicago World’s Fair, starting in mid- #1673. 1934, in the Ford Industrial Barn. “They would never let you • Summary: This is the transcript of an interview conducted do that today. Too dangerous.” by Dave Crippen of the Henry Ford Museum on 7 Feb. Research on purifi ed soy protein and soy plastics with 1985 at Mr. Boyer’s home in Dunedin, Florida. It covers all formaldehyde; Bakelite (p. 24-25). Use of soy oil for foundry aspects of Boyer’s work with soybeans at the Ford Motor core binders for casting the Ford V-8 engine block; thus, Co., including: Growing up in Royal Oak, Michigan; his the soy experiments are now commercialized. Building a father worked in the accounting department of the Ford 50 ton/day extractor (p. 26-27). Spinning soy protein fi ber Motor Co. at Highland Park, Michigan (p. 1). Boyer’s like rayon, based on spinning milk protein in Italy. Using fi rst meeting with Frank Campsall (p. 2). Growing up at the fi bers to make wrinkle resistant synthetic wool, a suit the Wayside Inn (the oldest hotel in America, in South of clothes for Henry Ford and others, overcoats, neckties, Sudbury, Massachusetts, p. 1-6). Attending high school in felt hats. “We also found that these fi bers blended in very Framingham, Massachusetts (p. 6). First meeting with Henry well with rabbit fur for making men’s felt hats. So the Hat Ford when the two ice skated together on the mill pond Corporation of America took all the fi ber we could make. behind the Wayside Inn (p. 7). Moving to Dearborn in Sept. It wasn’t very much and they would blend it in with rabbit 1927 to attend Ford’s Trade School (p. 7-11). Early work fur. And they actually had them [the men’s felt hats] on the

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 266 market.” Rabbit fur is very expensive (p. 29-36). Ford’s suit Shortly after Mr. Drackett died, Boyer left Drackett to of clothes contained 65% wool and 35% soy fi ber. Boyer work on his edible soy fi ber, where he owned patents. “If we leaves Ford Motor Co. in 1943. Problem with fi ber was can make a fi ber from soy protein that resembles the outside tensile strength, especially wet strength. Ford’s interest in of a sheep, why not make a fi ber that will resemble the inside this fi ber work, and his fi tness at age 75 (p. 37-38). Ford (p. 84-86). Idea of building an edible soy protein plant is in “was not a true vegetarian but he was pretty close” (p. Cincinnati, with Mr. Drackett’s approval (p. 87). Boyer tries 38). Edsel Ruddiman’s work with foods (p. 39-47). Boyer to fi nd companies to license rights to his landmark patent: and Ruddiman attend American Soybean Assoc. soybean Virginia Carolina Chemical (Taftville, Connecticut, p. 88); conference in Washington, DC [in Sept. 1932] where Swift & Co. (p. 89-92); Unilever, which was interested in they saw “leather-like products that the Chinese make” peanut protein in Africa and at Port Sunlight near Liverpool [yuba]. Boyer tried unsuccessfully to use the idea to make (p. 92-94, 112-13); General Foods and Nabisco (Fairmont, “synthetic leather.” USDA’s experimental farm in Holgate, New Jersey research lab) (p. 94, 99). Unilever and Swift pay Ohio, where many soybeans sent back by W.J. Morse were licensing fees of $20,000 a year plus consulting fees. General tested (p. 40-42). Work with soybean milk (p. 43-46). The Mills and Ralston Purina (p. 94-95). Why Swift dropped its executive dining room in the Engineering Laboratory. interest (p. 95-96). General Mills and Bacos (p. 96). Patent Henry Ford invited Boyer to lunch there about 6 times (p. expires in 1971 after 17 years (p. 96). Worthington Foods 45). Development of soy ice cream; lipoxidase enzyme (p. 97). Ralston Purina was getting into protein. In about inactivation (p. 45-46). 1956-58 they “had bought Procter & Gamble’s protein plant Visits to Battle Creek, Michigan and Dr. John Harvey in Louisville [Kentucky], which was making industrial Kellogg (p. 47). Boyer’s work was with industrial products; protein for paper coating” (p. 98). Worthington Foods was the plastic car and structural plastics with hemp, fl ax, and too small to make their own soy protein fi bers, so Ralston phenol formaldehyde (soya protein Bakelite resin) (p. 47-64, Purina made it for them (p. 78-80). Ralston Purina’s great 70). Making trunk lids using a hydraulic press (p. 50). Ford’s success with edible soy protein and their small confl ict: pet famous axe demonstration on a trunk lid (p. 50-52). Lowell food vs. human food (p. 100-01). From 1961 to 1971 Boyer Overly and Joe Stewart (p. 53-56, 61, 78-79). Boyer drives was receiving licensing fees / patent royalties from Ralston the plastic car home (p. 63). Ford’s aim with the plastic car: Purina, Worthington, and General Mills (p. 102). General to provide industrial markets for farmers (p. 65). World War Mills and Bacos (p. 103-04). Ralston Purina’s patent lawsuit II stops plastic car development (p. 65-66). Contract to build against Far-Mar-Co. Ralston won $8 million. Boyer testifi ed an airplane wing of plastic (p. 66-70). The plastic lid and car as an expert witness (p. 104-05). contain little or no soy (p. 70). Fiberglass and the Chevrolet Boyer remarries and retires in 1971 (p. 102, 105, Corvette (p. 71). Plexiglas and the B-24 bomber made at 107). Subsequent work with Miles and Worthington; the Willow Run (p. 72). Edsel Ford’s death of stomach cancer in Morningstar Farms line (p. 105-08). Companies now the spring of 1943 and its effect on his father, Henry (p. 73- spinning soy protein fi ber (two in the Netherlands, one in 74). Ending work with soy fi ber (p. 74). Japan, one in Australia). Ford Foundation was not interested Boyer leaves Ford in 1943 and goes to work for Drackett in his work with soy protein for Third World nations (p. Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wife needs to leave Detroit. After 110). Central Soya bought the ADM plant that was located in 1943 Boyer’s career really takes off. Dr. Gangloff (p. 75-77). Chicago (p. 113-14). Kellogg’s Corn Soya breakfast cereal Use of soy fi ber by Drackett in felt hats. “We sold them a lot (p. 114-15). Worthington’s Soyloin Steaks; all early Kellogg of fi ber and we decided to build a bigger plant.” Building and Worthington vegetarian products based on wheat gluten a protein plant and a fi ber plant in Cincinnati big enough (p. 119). When Worthington bought Battle Creek they got to supply the hat company’s demands and larger “than we their lady research director; she worked at Worthington until needed just to supply our fi ber operation.” They also had a she was quite elderly. Boyer visited her in her lab at Battle big operation in Cincinnati for high-impact (not structural) Creek several times (p. 119-20. Note: Josephine F. Williams plastic (p. 78-80). Drackett’s marketing people knew how was in charge of the lab and product development at Battle to market Windex and Drano “but they had no feeling for Creek, where she worked closely with Dr. John H. Kellogg. the soybean operation. So when Mr. Drackett died, they She kept similar positions at Worthington Foods, according sold the whole soybean plant to Archer-Daniels-Midland to Ron McDermott). Henry Ford as a soybean pioneer and (ADM, p. 81-83). Before Mr. Drackett died, Boyer’s division visionary. The soybean is now America’s No. 2 cash crop had developed commercial soy products, and Drackett was and also our second largest earner of foreign exchange. “That making money on the plastic (phenol formaldehyde plus really started from Ford. When we fi rst started in 1931, hemp) and the fi ber (p. 81). Use of soy protein as a paper hardly anybody ever heard of the soybean, and Henry Ford’s coating (p. 83). ADM fi nally closes the old Drackett protein penchant for publicity publicized the soybean... He certainly plant and sells it to Central Soya, which used the million made it popular and made people become aware of it. Today bushel elevator capacity for storage (p. 83-84). it’s darned important.” He should be remembered as the

“Father of the Soybean.” “I always thought it would be nice not denatured by heat. This product, also called Soy Whip, if they would rebuild the [Soybean] laboratory [in Greenfi eld was of excellent quality and in 1945 it was commercialized. Village] or restore it like it was when we were doing the During the 2 years that Sair was at Central Soya, no one soybean work and give it the real credit that it deserves...” thought that soy isolates might have a place in human (p. 120). After Henry Ford died in 1947 his family wanted foods or in the food supply, other than in frills such as whip no part of any of his pet projects. They completely toppings. No thought was given to using soy protein isolates eradicated the old Ford company (p. 121). Henry Ford was in sausages, breakfast cereals, etc. deeply interested in the welfare of American farmers. His In 1946 Sair left Central Soya and Ken Gunther took tractors and Model T were of great use to them (p. 121). over research on whipping compounds. Soy Whip continued Origins of Ford’s interest in chemurgy; William Hale and to be a commercial product, sold to good candy accounts. Dow Chemical Co. in Midland, Michigan; the fi rst three Then in 1949 Dale McMillan, founder of Central Soya, chemurgic conferences in Dearborn, Michigan, in May 1935, decided that there was no future for vegetable proteins at 1936, and 1937 (p. 122-27). Ford and Ruddiman establish Central Soya so he shut down the whole operation and a complete canning line for good-tasting green soybeans on licensed the rights to the whipping compound to Ken the outskirts of the Ford estate. The equipment was quite Gunther, who established his own company in 1949 in expensive. When World War II threatened, Ford gave it to Galesburg, Illinois, and, with his brother. Robert, made this Michigan State University to teach canning to students. (p. product (and others like it) for many years until A.E. Staley 129-30). Boyer’s personal impressions of Henry Ford (p. bought the company. The company didn’t expand much and 128-30). Address: 632 Edgewater Dr. #731, Dunedin, Florida is still fairly small. 33528. In 1950 Sair and Rathman (both from Central Soya) were issued a patent on an improved process for making a 627. Sair, Louis. 1985. History of Griffi th Laboratories soy-based whipping agent. He thinks he got 2-3 patents at (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Central Soya on Soy Whip. Another author on one may have Center, March 16. 4 p. transcript. been Mr. Turner, a salesman. • Summary: Griffi th Laboratories was founded in 1918 by In 1946 Sair went to work for Griffi th Laboratories, a salesman of baking supplies named Enoch L. Griffi th. where he worked in many areas. He got over 50 patents at The main fi rst product was Aquatex, a gelatinized starch Griffi th. He thinks he has more patents as a food chemist sold to the bakery trade. The company specialized in bakery than anyone in USA. Griffi th is involved in almost supplies. The son of the founder, C.L. Griffi th, is now age everything. But his mind kept going back to the work he did 92, and still active in the business. at Central. Griffi th had a big business in binders for sausage Lou Sair was born in Canada in 1910. He graduated products, so he began to wonder if they couldn’t use a soy from the University of Manitoba [Canada] with BS and MS protein in sausages. Since Griffi th was not a soybean crusher, degrees in cereal chemistry, then earned a PhD degree from nor a manufacturer of isolates (which have a very low yield McGill University (McDonald College). After working at the and cause major waste disposal problems), he hit on a very National Research Council on a meat problem, then Ogilvie simple idea called the ‘isoelectric (water) wash process’ Flour Mills and the Corn Industries Research Foundation in (different from the alcohol extraction process) to make a Missouri (on starch and cereals), he went to work for Central soluble soy protein concentrate (as they named it). The Soya Co. in about 1944 and began his fi rst research on soy. yield was 70%. Sair got the fi rst patent. He began working After World War II started, egg albumin (egg white) on development of such a product in about 1950. This was was selling for $5 a pound. In 1939 the Glidden Co.’s long before Sidney Circle began working on this at Glidden Soya Products Division had started making a whipping (note at Glidden; Circle’s was insoluble with an alcohol compound named Albusoy, then in 1944 Soybean Products wash). It has a sandy texture, a completely different product. Co. in Chicago had started selling a similar product named Extracting the sugars from soy with alcohol denatures the Soyco that was made elsewhere for them. The Regional protein, so it has no emulsifying properties. It is a fi ller with Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory in Urbana, Illinois good nutritional properties. But it has little functional value. (after 1942 called the USDA Northern Regional Research The Griffi th process started with defatted soy fl our, Laboratory) in Peoria, Illinois, played a leading role in the purchased from the A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., which sold them research on whipping compounds. Sair recalls that Albusoy several hundred million pounds over the years. The protein yielded a fairly coarse foam, so while at Central Soya he was extracted from the fl our, the pH lowered to 4, the sugars was assigned the job of coming up with a good whipping washed out with water, the protein neutralized, and then the compound. He made isolated soy protein, then used a pepsin protein was spray dried. The Nitrogen Solubility Index of the digestion to convert the isolate to a fat free compound that protein was 70%. A pound of the concentrate would do about whipped nougats and candy very well. Used in cakes, it the same job in terms of binding power as an isolate but it rose beautifully during baking, then collapsed, since it was was much less expensive.

They went to the USDA and, after a long process, got February. the fi rst approval to use soy protein concentrate in sausage–at With this acquisition, Cargill now has 20 soybean a fairly low level. crushing plants in the Midwest and Southeast. The location In 1956 Griffi th Laboratories introduced America’s fi rst of each of Cargill’s 14 other soybean crushing plants, with commercial food-grade soy protein concentrate. The demand daily processing capacities ranging from 20,000 bushels to was great for their small production. At that time Griffi th was 120,000 bushels, are given. also manufacturing a lot of sodium caseinate. They couldn’t Ten days later the A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. supply the market for caseinate for some applications. So announced it had sold its soybean crushing business to Sair went to Glidden and bought some isolate. Sair thinks Illinois-based independent Soy Processors Co., owned by they were the fi rst company that bought any soy isolate with a general partnership of individuals associated with Archer the intention of putting it into a food. But the taste was so Daniels Midland (ADM) and including ADM as a minority terrible (it was high in sulfur from Glidden’s paper coatings), partner. With this, ADM probably recaptured its lead, but that it almost ruined a few Griffi th accounts. Griffi th bought only by a slight edge. large quantities then gave it up because it was absolutely In October Staley agreed to buy CFC Continental Inc., useless as food. Griffi th was using the isolate before it was the nation’s second largest supplier to the food service modifi ed (ask Ed Meyer). business. Ralston Purina, meanwhile, in October acquired Years later Ralston Purina went to Griffi th and asked to ITT’s Continental Baking Co. purchase a license on their concentrate. Griffi th refused. Central Soya Co. has 9 soybean crushing plants, 7 In the 1920s Griffi th Labs got involved with of them in the USA at: Gibson City. Illinois; Decatur and manufacture of hydrolysates at their East Coast plant in Indianapolis, Indiana; Bellevue, Delphos, and Marion, Newark, New Jersey. Initially everything was made from Ohio; and Chattanooga, Tennessee. These 7 U.S. plants are wheat gluten. In about 1965 they began to hydrolyze soy. said to have a total capacity of about 10,000 tons/day of George Inglett was in charge, under Sair for 2-3 years doing soybeans. The 2 plants outside the U.S. are in Utrecht, The research on hydrolysates; George is now at NRRC in Peoria, Netherlands, and Victory Soya Mills in Toronto, Ontario, Illinois. Canada. One of Griffi th’s most interesting stories is in textured Ag Processing, a cooperative based in Omaha, soy proteins. One of Sair’s patents may even be before Nebraska, operates 6 soybean crushing plants in the USA ADM’s TVP. He made what was called a “structured at: Van Buren, Arkansas; Eagle Grove, Sergeant Bluff, protein.” In 1976 it was name GSVP (Griffi th Structured and Sheldon, Iowa; Dawson, Minnesota; and St. Joseph, Vegetable Protein). It is made by using soy fl our by a Missouri. Total crushing capacity is estimated at 11,000 tons/ controlled extrusion process; they controlled the pressure day of soybeans. Ag processing is now entering the edible oil along the length of the extruder and at the exit from the die refi ning business, constructing its fi rst refi nery adjacent to its to give a good structure. He thinks it is greatly superior to soybean crushing plant at St. Joseph, Missouri. Expected to TVP. be completed in 1985, it is rated to have a refi ning capacity Note: Talk with Ralph Sair at Griffi th Labs. 1991. Oct. of 12 tank cars (720,000 pounds) of soybean oil per day. 15. Louis Sair passed away about 3 years ago. The next best Two poultry-related fi rms that are building oil refi neries man to talk with about the early history of Griffi th Labs next to their soybean crushing plants are Perdue Inc. of would be Irving Melcer. Address: 9100 S. Sacramento, Salisbury, Maryland, and Townsends of Millsboro, Delaware. Evergreen Park, Illinois 60642. Phone: 312-422-2033. Each refi nery will have a capacity of 12 tank cars (720,000 pounds) of soybean oil per day. 628. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 1985. Soy According to the Soya Bluebook, the capacities of pioneer bows out, others grow bigger. 62(3):474, 476. Perdue’s two crushing plants are 700 tons/day at Salisbury, March. Maryland, and 600 tons/day at Cofi eld, North Carolina. • Summary: The soybean crushing industry is undergoing Townsend’s single crushing plant has a 1,200 tons/day major restructuring as A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co., a capacity. pioneer in soybean processing, leaves the business. On 2 Jan. 1985 Cargill fi nalized its purchase of six soybean processing 629. Meyer, Edwin W. 1985. Details on work with The facilities from Ralston Purina. At that time it probably Glidden Company (Interview). Conducted by William passed ADM to become America’s largest soybean crusher. Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, April 8. 4 p. transcript. The plants acquired by Cargill are in Bloomington, Illinois; • Summary: Discusses: ADM’s solvent extraction plant Lafayette, Indiana; Iowa Falls, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri; in Chicago, Norm Witte, Central Soya’s Miracle Meal Louisville, Kentucky; and Raleigh, North Carolina. A 7th (the world’s fi rst dehulled soybean meal made with a plant owned by Ralston Purina at Memphis, Tennessee, desolventizer-toaster; launched in 1952, it revolutionized the was not offered for sale, but was scheduled to be closed in poultry industry), Central Soya’s fi rst desolventizer-toaster

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 269 started operation in Decatur in May 1950, Central Soya’s soy Henkel A.G., a German company. protein concentrate plants, Robert Boyer and Frank Calvert, The forerunner of Promosoy (Central Soya’s soy protein Norman F. Kruse [pronounced Cruze], Endre F. Sipos. Elmer concentrate) was Protein 70 (also called Pro-70), developed B. Oberg. by E.B. Oberg. The pilot plant was built in 1959 and the full Say Calumet Harbor, not Calumet River; Ed thinks they commercial plant later at the Gibson City plant. Pro-70 was acquired the 2 country elevators on the rivers but may have developed at Glidden by Sidney Circle. He started working added on something. Ed Wilhelm might know. on the concentrate after the soy protein isolate, in about Promine was used mostly by a large sausage 1953-54. Pro-70 was not commercialized until after Central manufacturer in Detroit, Michigan, for its functional Soya bought Glidden’s Chemurgy Div. in 1958. It was properties. It was looked at but never used by John Morrell commercialized under the name Pro-70. The term Promosoy & Co., Armour, Swift, or Kraft–which had an all-meat image was introduced in about 1960 [sic, 1962] with the Gibson and mentality; “they never touched it. City plant. Both were exactly the same product–a soy protein Glidden sold Morrell a lot of soybean grits for dog food, concentrate. Response, their textured soy protein concentrate, for years during the 1930s; Morrell had a dog food company was developed later under Ed Meyer’s supervision. in Iowa, which made a popular canned product. The fi rst formula for Rich Freeze was developed by Jim Ed had to make a rapid exodus from the Glidden Co. on Liggett in about 1963-64; Ed was director of research at the Laramie after ADM bought it. They wanted to get in quickly; time. It was developed partly for the Japanese market. “We he left some important documents behind. [Central Soya] had an affi liate, Dai Nippon pharmaceutical, ADM did sell their lecithin through the American which was selling our granular phosphatides in Japan. Dai Lecithin Co. in the early days, just like Glidden. Ask Joseph Nippon also had a few food ingredients, principally plant Eichberg about the exact nature of the agreement. gums. They thought they might sell Rich Freeze, but they Ed wouldn’t say that Glidden soy operations Chicago bombed out” [failed]. was struggling, but their profi ts were not up to Glidden’s The Cone and Brown patent which was the basis for expectations so they were considered a weak division. World Alpha Protein. Address: 1701 N. Sayre Ave., Chicago, War II helped a lot fi nancially, especially since the industrial Illinois 60635. Phone: 312-637-0936. protein was requisitioned by the U.S. Navy through NFS. Toward the end of the war Glidden was supplying soy fl our 630. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. History of for the relief programs to the liberated areas, especially Italy. Central Soya Company–started 1934 (Continued–Document Oberg is too gracious to say that Central Soya bought part V). Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA Glidden largely for its research team. The main reason 94549. 12 p. April 30. Unpublished typescript. Available was the price was cheap; the whole works for $14 million, online at www.soyinfocenter.com. including all the elevators. Central got a great deal. Some • Summary: (Continued): Growth also continued in Central years later they sold the Calumet Harbor elevators to Cargill Soya’s original feed business. The company acquired Pay for $8 million. At that time Central Soya had only a small Way Feed Mill, Inc. in Kansas City and bought additional development group under Sipos, who is still with them. feed manufacturing plants to increase market penetration in He reported to Norm Kruse, starting in 1953. True, they Iowa, Nebraska, Michigan, Missouri, Kansas, and Kentucky. basically had no research team. It was of equal importance to Also during the 1970s Central Soya became heavily many others. involved in poultry and egg production and processing. Steroids: After 1953 they had a major contract with The company was one of the leaders in shaping the modern Charles Pfi zer Co. to process steroids and to sell them an poultry industry, which moved in the 1960s from America’s intermediate for making corticoid steroids / hormones. That backyards to large, vertically integrated animal factories. was the main business. They also had a little business with These led to a dramatic drop in the price of poultry and Charles Strauss in Montreal, Canada. “After 1953 we toll eggs. Soybean meal was used extensively in these poultry processed for Pfi zer alone (that means for a given sum you operations. process material for a certain party) so we remained in the Key advances were made by feed researchers. In 1973 steroids business.” layer feeds based on amino acid levels rather than protein Ed was an Abbott–Glidden–Upjohn fellow at content were introduced. In 1977 the company developed the Northwestern University. Abbott Labs and Upjohn were fi rst-ever swine feed concentrates based on available amino very interested in Glidden’s work; they were involved in acid content, a concept that soon became standard in the an informal joint research operation. General Mills got into industry. During the 1970s Central Soya shifted its former making soy sterols at their Kankakee plant. Glidden put them emphasis on expanding crushing capacity to increasing into the business in a way. Upjohn was buying sterols from crushing effi ciency and product quality at existing soybean General Mills for many years. Upjohn is still using soybeans plants. In 1973 the company acquired its fi rst soybean for their corticoid hormones. General Mills sold that plant to crushing facility outside the US, a plant located at Utrecht,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 270 the Netherlands. The 1980s. During the early 1980s, under Chairman, In 1977 Central Soya entered the seed business by President, and CEO Douglas G. Fleming, Central Soya acquiring O’s Gold Seed Company, a hybrid seed corn took major steps toward long-range corporate redirection, company in Parkersburg, Iowa. Soy proteins made several attempting to restructure the company and reposition its important advances. By 1968 Central Soya was making of assets for stronger growth and improved profi tability. Textrol, a textured soy fl our; it lasted for only about 2 years. There was movement away from Central Soya’s “traditional In 1974 they introduced PlusMeat, a meat extender based concentration on basic commodities to more emphasis on textured soy fl our, and in the mid-1970s stopped making on value-added businesses.” Aggressive expansion was full-fat soy fl our. Then in 1975 Central Soya introduced planned into food processing. A new emphasis was placed the industry’s fi rst textured soy protein concentrate, brand- on increasing the return on stockholder’s investment. The named Response. It represented a signifi cant technological company had a fi rm corporate policy of using future markets improvement over conventional textured soy fl ours, which to hedge all soybean and grain transactions, thus minimizing it began to replace. In 1976 Central Soya acquired rights the effects of commodity price fl uctuations on profi t margins to produce and market steam texturized vegetable proteins and reducing the risk of ownership. But hedging did not under General Mills’ patents. The purchase included steam guarantee satisfactory profi t margins or return on invested texturizing technology and equipment, plus exclusive US capital. The weak US farm economy and strong US dollar rights to the Bontrae line of textured soy fl our products. In (which seriously hurt exports) both hurt Central Soya’s 1979 the US Department of Defense approved the use of profi ts. soy concentrates in the ground meat products used by the The 1980 annual report showed net sales of $1,744 Armed Forces. Earlier that year, the corporation made the million for the year (up from $1,194 in 1976) and net diffi cult decision to drop its soy isolate business. From 1958 earnings of $34.8 million. It described the company as until 1979 when he retired Dr. Edwin W. Meyer, had been employing 10,500 people, operating 80 facilities in the US Director of Research for Central Soya’s Chemurgy division. plus 20 plants outside the country, and having four business During this period he authored 31 articles and 38 patents segments, each of which relied heavily on soybeans: related to soy products, mostly soy proteins (Inform. 2008. 1. Commodity Operations (including soybean processing Dec, p. 12). and grain merchandising): 34% of total sales Throughout the 1970s, Central Soya’s Promine was the 2. Feed and Farm Supplies (including Domestic Feed, world’s best-selling and most esteemed isolated soy protein. Farm Supply, O’s Gold Seed Company, and International But, for various reasons, the product was only marginally Feed): 33% of sales profi table. The plant in Chicago was obsolete and in a bad 3. Food Products (including Butcher Boy Food location, with major expensive waste disposal problems. Products, Fred’s Frozen Foods, J.H. Filbert, Refi ned Oil, and There was no room to expand the old plant, and to move Chemurgy): 19% of sales it would have been too expensive. So in about 1978-79 4. Poultry Products: 14% of sales Central Soya simply announced that it was discontinuing In September 1983 Central Soya sold its seed business production of Promine soy protein isolates. When they and in February 1984 sold the last of its poultry operations, went out, they literally handed the market over to Ralston which were generating a relatively low return on investment. Purina by suggesting to their customers that they buy from At the time of sale, the company was one of America’s Purina. Prior to this time, isolates had been a minor, slightly largest processors of broiler chickens (400 million lb a year), unprofi table business for Purina. Now they became big turkeys (50 million lb), and eggs (1,000 million). The 1984 business. In about 1980-81 Archer Daniels Midland, after annual report showed the company has having two basic making a deal with the city of Chicago over waste disposal, groups, with seven divisions. These were supported by major fi nally bought Central Soya’s once-famous isolate plant in research facilities in Decatur, Indiana (animal feeding and Chicago. Central Soya took a pretax loss of $5.2 million on management), The Netherlands (animal feeding), and Fort the deal (W. Williams 1981). Wayne (food related). In 1978 Central Soya consolidated most of its food 1. Agribusiness Group research operations in a new 24-acre, $9 million Research Domestic Feed Division and Engineering facility north of Fort Wayne. There 60 International Feed Division scientists and technicians support the fi rm’s Chemurgy Soybean Processing Division Division, Refi ned Oil Division, and three food company Grain Merchandising Division subsidiaries. The facility housed state-of-the-art food, 2. Food Group product development, microbiological, analytical, chemical, Refi ned Oil Division and sensory evaluation laboratories, as well as a complete Food Subsidiaries (Fred’s Frozen Foods, J.H. process engineering plant. It marked a milestone in the Filbert, Butcher Boy Food Products, Zatarain’s, Inc.) company’s diversifi cation into the food industry. Chemurgy Division

During the 1980s Central began to refl ect on its rich at 24% and meat at 21%. 55% believe that “soy products heritage. In mid-1981 the company published 17 “Fact have a nutritional value equal or superior to that of meat.” Sheets” giving the most complete and detailed information 54% reported that they “had eaten foods containing soy (including history) about the company and each of its protein as a prime ingredient within the past 12 months.” divisions, subsidiaries, and products. Then in 1984, in Younger age groups living in large cities and those with celebration of its fi ftieth anniversary, it published a special college or university educations had the most favorable lengthy history of the company under the theme “Fifty attitudes toward soy protein, indicating that support for Years of Growth and a Future to Share.” This was sent to soyfoods is likely to grow in the future. Address: Soyfoods stockholders with the annual report Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549. In its 1984 annual report Central Soya described itself as: “... an international agribusiness and food processing 632. Kingsbaker, C. Louis. 1985. The Louisville sewer company. Central Soya’s people, products and processes explosions. Paper presented at the 91st Annual Convention help farmers raise livestock more effi ciently, develop new of the International Oil Mill Superintendents Association. 12 uses of soybeans and soybean products, and provide high p. Held 17 June 1985 at Denver, Colorado. quality and convenient food for consumption both at home • Summary: Gives a detailed description of the fi re and and away. From farm to table, the Company is involved explosion at the Ralston Purina solvent extraction plant in virtually every part of the food production system.” in Louisville, Kentucky, and the day by day, hour by hour (Continued). Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 415-283- sequence of events leading up to them. The explosions took 2991. place at 5:13 a.m. on Friday, Feb. 13, 1981. This was the worst sewer explosion in the history of the United States. 631. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1985. Soyfoods The fl ash in the pre-dawn sky was so bright that a pilot industry and market: Directory and databook 1985. 5th 120 miles away, at 5,500 feet reported seeing it to the local ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 220 p. Index. control towel. April. 28 cm. Updated every 1-3 years with a bibliographic “Fortunately, it occurred at 5:13 a.m., before rush hour supplement. [360 ref] traffi c started and offi ces became fi lled. • Summary: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Directory of “There were two miracles that happened here at this soyfoods manufacturers. 3. Directory of soyfoods support time. The fi rst was that no one was killed, and only four industry: Goods & services. 4. The many types of soyfoods. hospitalized, none seriously... The second miracle was the 5. Historical: Historically most important books and serials, weather.” Long stretches of the main sewer trunk were earliest references to individual soyfoods. 6. Year in review. totally blocked. It took 2 months before normal fl ows were 7. Soyfoods industry and market in the U.S. 8. Tofu industry returned to the sewer system, and 9 months to completely and market in the U.S. and Canada. 9. Soymilk industry and repair it. During these 2 months there were no heavy rains in market: Worldwide and in the U.S. 10. Tempeh industry and the area. Heavy rains would probably have caused “fl ooding market in the U.S. 11. Soy sauce industry and market in the upstream of raw sewage with great health hazard to the U.S. and Japan. 12. Miso industry and market in the U.S. and residents of Louisville.” Japan. 13. Soynut industry and market in the U.S. 14. Natto Photographs show the magnitude and power of these industry and market in Japan. 15. Statistics on fermented explosions. The sewers, located 30 feet below ground, “are soyfoods in East Asia. 16. Soyfoods in restaurants, delis & about 12 feet wide, 12 feet high, and have concrete walls 10 cafeterias. 17. Soybean crushing industry in the U.S. 18. Soy to 12 inches thick, with rebar installed in the concrete. Yet oil industry and market in the U.S. 19. Soy fl our and cereal- the force of the explosions was enough to blow up streets soy blends industry and market worldwide. 20. Modern above the sewer along a two mile stretch in Louisville and soy protein products industry and market in the U.S. 21. leave 23 craters in the area, some as large as 30 feet long, 30 Soyfoods terminology and standards. 22. Names of soyfoods feet wide and about 25 feet deep. I have personally walked in major foreign languages (incl. Chinese / pinyin; Hoisin these sewers for 6 hours and this was done about 4 weeks sauce = haixian jiang). 23. Soybean production worldwide after the explosion. The damage was incredible.” and country-by-country. 24. Key institutions working with “What was the cause of this disaster? I am going to soyfoods worldwide. 25. Measures, weights, and equivalents. continue telling of the events for the 12 hour period after 26. About the Soyfoods Center & soyfoods consulting the 5:13 AM explosion and then provide a fl ash back services. 27. Bibliography. (pun intended) to the events leading up to the explosion. In February 1977 a Gallup poll in America showed a I fi rst heard of the explosion the following day watching remarkable shift in the public’s awareness of and attitudes television in Atlanta. I then received a call from the law toward soyfoods. The sampling of 1,543 adults across the fi rm representing the Metropolitan Sewer district (MSD) nation found that: 33% believe that soybeans will be the on Wednesday February 18, and went to Louisville the next most important source of protein in the future–ahead of fi sh day. Over the next three years, I have had a professional

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 272 involvement with this incident and I probably have as “Page 11: “The plant was fi lthy and in deplorable much information as to what happened as anyone, except condition. The previous plant superintendent wrote in his possibly, employees and ex-employees of Ralston Purina. resignation letter a few years before the explosion that the I want the record to show that I did not volunteer to give ‘plant was a pig pen’. this presentation but was invited on February 22, 1985 by “There were over 30 violations of NFPA 36 Standard, Mr. Scott A. Edwards, Chairman of this IOMSA Technical ‘Solvent Extraction Plants’, as of February 13, 1981. Program. I had made a personal decision not to volunteer “Finally, Ralston Purina had two incidents in their other to give a talk about Louisville as I am doing now unless plants that were similar to what happened in Louisville. invited to do so. This has been a very hot subject and I had In December 1976, about 1,300 gallons of hexane were thought by now it had cooled, but apparently has not. Soon discharged into the Wabash River in Lafayette, Indiana. A after the Oil Mill Gazetteer published that I was to talk, I shut off valve was installed at the outlet of the Separation began receiving telephone calls, and requests that maybe I Basin to the sewer after this incident, but only at Lafayette should not do this. There has been suffi cient time since the and not at the other 6 Purina extraction plants. explosion to make this presentation, the Federal Trial in “At the Bloomington, Illinois extraction plant in Louisville ended over a year ago. What I am saying here is November 1977, hexane was discharged from the Separation in the public record. I will only mention one Ralston Purina Basin to Sugar Creek. A low temperature alarm was installed employee’s name, since he is no longer with Purina, nor at the outlet of the Waste Water Evaporator to prevent this is he involved in this industry. I will be happy to answer from happening again, and a ‘dead man’ switch was installed any questions you might have after my presentation. It is on the Hexane Transfer Pump from storage. But this was impossible to tell this story in 30 minutes. If you so desire done only at the Bloomington Plant. If these three devices and would consider inviting me next year, I will continue to had been installed in Louisville, the sewer explosions could tell you more of what happened. have been prevented. The total cost for these three items was “Now let’s get back to the morning of Friday the 13th only about $1,500.” [of February], 1981:” Page 12: Ralston Purina Co. ended up paying about There follows a detailed chronology of events, with $38.6 million for “their negligence and gross negligence,” exact times given if possible. The chronology starts at 6:05 including about $18.1 million to the Metropolitan AM on Friday Feb. 13 and continues until Feb. 14, but goes Sewer District and about $12 million to private entity back a few days to Wed. Feb. 11 and Thursday, Feb. 12 “to plaintiffs–20,000 people and 2,000 businesses who were fi nd out what precipitated this bizarre situation.” without sewage service to their homes and businesses. Page 4: “8. It should be pointed out that Steve “This amount does not include Ralston Purina’s huge out Colthurst was one of 39 Ralston Purina employees and of pocket costs.” This event was a major reason that Ralston ex-employees who took their 5th Amendment Privilege of Purina got out of the soybean crushing business; they sold the U.S. Constitution and refused to answer or provide any their seven solvent extraction plants to Cargill in 1985. information as to the entire incident. Information given to A graph accompanying this paper, and prepared by the Ralston Purina executives was done by legal counsel and author in 1981, shows 3 temperatures versus hourly time for therefore, did not have to be revealed. So it was very diffi cult Feb. 12 and 13, 1981. They are: (1) Discharge temperature to get information to determine what actually happened. This from the rising fi lm Evaporator (RFE). (2) Discharge was an important function that I had in my work for MSD. temperature form the oil stripper. (3) Outlet temperature We were given plant records and some drawings but no plant from the waste water evaporator (WWE). Taken together, process fl ow diagrams, since none existed at the time of the the three graphs show that there were attempts Ralston explosion. We had access to the plant and I prepared fl ow Purina personnel to restart the extraction plant at 6:30 a.m., diagrams by making sketches of all equipment, and tracing 7:30 a.m., and 7:30 to 12 noon on Feb. 13. Address: C.L. the pipe lines in the plant. But slowly, we were able to put Kingsbaker, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. the puzzle together, piece by piece, line, by line, and it all fell into place. But it was not easy.” 633. Chen, Steve. 1985. Re: Soy ice cream made of isolated Elsie Fischer was driving to work that morning when soy protein in 1967 at Ralston Purina Co. Letter to William the street blew apart under her car. The roof of her Chevrolet Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, June 19. 1 p. Typed, with Monte Carlo hit the bottom of the concrete viaduct, 13 feet signature on letterhead. above the street. She reported hearing a big boom sound • Summary: “I used isolated soy protein back in 1967 to under her car. She then passed out. “When she came to, he make soymilk, soy ice cream and high protein snacks while car was resting on its side against the concrete wall of the I was with the Central Research at Ralston Purina Co. in viaduct. Her friend, Shirley Rodes, looked out and said, ‘my St. Louis, Missouri. I named my soy ice cream as ‘Icetein’ God, the whole street is gone.’” Elsie suffered only broken (means Ice Protein), but Ralston never commercialized the ribs and Shirley a broken hip. product. I guess “Icetein” can be considered as a very early

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 273 version of Tofutti.” Address: PhD, Country Director/Taiwan, cholesterol 3%. 7. Why is that you would be less likely American Soybean Assoc., P.O. Box 3512 Taipei, Taiwan, to buy meat products containing soy protein? Taste 37%, R.O.C. Filler 20%, Additive 14%, Processed 3%, Higher cost 3%, Appearance 3%. Do you agree or disagree with the following 634. Olsman, Willem J.; Dobbelaere, S.; Hitchcock, C.H.S. statement about soy protein? Meat with soy protein has less 1985. The performance of an SDS-PAGE and an ELISA cholesterol, Agree 72%. Meat with soy protein has less fat, method for the quantitative analysis of soya protein in meat Agree 69%. Meat with soy protein has fewer calories, Agree products: An international collaborative study. J. of the 68%. Soy protein is better for you, Agree 63%. Meats with Science of Food and Agriculture (London) 36(6):499-507. soy protein are more nutritionally balanced, 60%. June. [8 ref] Does the fact that a food manufacturer uses soy protein • Summary: “All correspondence should be addressed to in its products change your feelings about that company? EUVEPRO, 19 Rue de L’Orme, 1040 Brussels, Belgium.” No difference, 80%, Feel worse 12%, Feel better 8%. Would This is the result of a collaborative study in which 5 meat you say that you read and pay close attention to labels on products containing different known levels of one of fi ve products such as luncheon meats, hot dogs and sausages? All different commercial soya ingredients, together with a the time 32%, Sometimes 48%, Not at all 20%. Have you blind duplicate and a blank, were analyzed for soya protein changed your/your family’s eating habits and meal menus by 26 laboratories (whose addresses are given with the recently? Those age 18-29 said Yes 23%, No 77%. Those age name of the primary researcher) in 10 European countries. 30-44 said Yes 28%, No 72%. Those age 45+ said Yes 37%, Two techniques were tested: the sodium dodecylsulphate- No 63%. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method 63134. of Armstrong et al. (J. of Food Technology 1982, 17:327- 33) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 636. Ralston Purina Company. 1985. Report to shareholders method of Hitchcock et al. (J. of the Science of Food and for the third quarter and nine months ended June 30, 1985. Agriculture 1981, 32:157-65). Both methods give good Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 8 p. 22 cm. results, “but require further refi nements to make them • Summary: The company declared a dividend of 25 cents generally acceptable for control purposes.” Address: 1. per share to shareholders of record on 1 Aug. 1985. It will be Service Lab. and Consultancy Bureau, P.O. Box 649, 3700 paid on 6 Sept. 1985. Last year the company closed its tuna AP Zeist, The Netherlands; 2. Purina Protein Europe, cannery. Zwaanhofeg 1, 8900 Ieper, Belgium; 3. Unilever Research Page 5: “Cash provided from operations is the Lab., Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, Company’s primary source of liquidity. Disposals of UK. property, principally the restructuring of capital investment in Keystone resort and the sale of the Company’s soybean 635. Ralston Purina Co. Protein Div. 1985. 1985 consumer processing operations, were other important sources of attitudes monitor: Soy protein in foods. Checkerboard funds during the nine months ended June 30, 1985. The Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 4 p. June. acquisition of Continental and treasury stock purchases • Summary: This nationwide survey of 628 men and women, represented substantial outlays of funds in the period. Capital 18 years and older who are primary grocery shoppers, was expenditures for new and improved facilities for the nine conducted during early 1985 by an independent research months were $161.7 million compared to $96.1 million last fi rm at the request of Ralston Purina Co. 1. Have you heard year.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. of soy protein being included in certain food products? Yes 65%, No 35%. 2. What types of food products are currently 637. Johnson, Dale. 1985. Statistics on production and prices available which contain soy protein in them? Don’t know of soy protein products in the USA (Interview). SoyaScan 42%, Meat 40%, All other foods 18%. 3. Have you ever tried Notes. Aug. 27. Conducted by Walter J. Wolf of NRRC, food products with soy protein included in them? Currently Peoria, Illinois. using 60%, Not using 29%, Don’t know 11%. 4. Have you • Summary: Dale has just contacted industry experts and ever not purchased a product because it contained soy or soy compiled the following fi gures. Estimates of soy protein protein? No 89%, Yes 8%, Don’t know 3%. 5. If you knew production and wholesale prices: that meat products, such as sausage and lunch meat, available Defatted soy fl our and grits: 150,000 tonnes (metric to you at the supermarket contained soy protein, would you tons) = 330 million lb at 18-20 cents/kg = 8.2-9.1 cents/lb. be more or less likely to buy them? No difference 44%, Less Soy protein concentrates: 50,000 tonnes (metric tons) = likely 28%, More likely 13%, Don’t know 15%. 110 million lb at 77-132 cents/kg = 35-60 cents/lb. 6. Why is it that you would be more likely to buy meat Soy protein isolates: 70,000 tonnes (metric tons) = 154 products containing soy protein? Healthier 57%, Less fat million lb at 220-243 cents/kg = 100-110 cents/lb. 7%, More natural 6%, Good taste 6%, Lower cost 6%, Less Textured soy fl ours + concentrates: 75,000 tonnes

(metric tons) = 165 million lb. Textured soy fl ours sell for at 55-66 cents/kg = 25-30 cents/lb. Textured soy protein concentrates sell for at 154-176 cents/ kg = 70-80 cents/lb. Spun soy protein fi bers (Ralston Purina isolate product) sell for at 330 cents/kg = 150 cents/lb. Soy protein hydrolysates (Gunther product) sell for at 550-600 cents/kg = 250-273 cents/lb. Exports (U.S. Dept. of Commerce data, 1984): Vegetable fl ours and grits, defatted: 7,170 tonnes. Vegetable fl ours and grits, not defatted: 197 tonnes. Concentrates, hydrolysates, textured and spun fi bers: 9,545 tonnes. Isolates: 2,300 tonnes. Johnson will be in Japan to address the Japanese Vegetable Protein Food Association at the end of September. His trip is sponsored by Miss Kojima and American Soybean Association. Address: Food Ingredients (Minnesota), Inc., 2121 Toledo Ave. North, Golden Valley, Minnesota Purina. 3,000. Public. 9. Harvest States Cooperatives 55422. (Mankato). 2,500. Co-op. In August 1983 Land O’Lakes, Farmland Industries, 638. Curley, John. 1985. Ralston Purina’s taste for its shares and Boone Valley Processing Assoc. put all their plants into is sated, but investors may fi nd debt hard to swallow: heard an interregional cooperative named Ag Processing Inc., on the street. Wall Street Journal. Sept. 6. headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska. It began operation in • Summary: “Ralston’s stock-buyback binge, which has been August 1983. Boone Valley no longer exists; its feed mill good news for shareholders in recent years, ended earlier this was taken over by Farmland. Land O’Lakes and Farmland year.” The stock (NYSE symbol RAL) has rise from about still exist–they just spun their soybean processing assets into 31 in Sept. 1984 to a high of about 46 in May 1985. Ag Processing, of which they are owners. In Sept. 1983 [or For the year ended S4ept. 30, 1984, Ralston had sales of June 1982] Ag Processing Inc. closed its plant in Fort Dodge, $4.98 million and earnings of$242.7 million, or $2.61 a share Iowa. (fully diluted). “Sept. 1983. Ag. Processing Inc. closed its Fort Dodge, Iowa plant. 639. Stone, Dave. 1985. Japanese approval to affi x JAS seal Oct. 1984. Ralston Purina sold 6 of its 7 plants to (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Cargill. It kept its large plant in Memphis, Tennessee. That Center, Oct. 3. was part of a change in Ralston’s strategy to exit some of the • Summary: He reads: “St. Louis, Missouri. 21 Sept. 1984. commodities/ingredients and concentrate more on consumer Japanese offi cials announced today approval for Ralston products. Purina Co. to affi x the JAS seal of approval to the company’s “Dec. 1984. A.E. Staley sold all its 6 plants to a wholly- isolated soy protein at its manufacturing plants in the USA. owned subsidiary of ADM. This approval will be the fi rst given to a food manufacturing “1984. Riceland Foods sold its Helena Ark plant on the facility in the USA.” Address: Manager, Marketing Mississippi to Quincy Soybean, based in Quincy, Illinois. Communications, Ralston Purina Co., Protein Div., St. Louis, “1984. Coops. Goldkist had 3 plants. It sold 2 to Bunge. Missouri. Marks (Mississippi, but not on the Miss. River) and Decatur (Alabama). Kept the one in Valdosta, Georgia. 640. Dunn, John R. 1985. Update on U.S. cooperatives and “March 1984. Cargill closed its small (about 300 tons/ soybeans (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of day capacity) plant in Washington, Iowa Soyfoods Center, Oct. 21. 2 p. typescript. [1 ref] “The big picture. Last 4 years. Two main things are: • Summary: Estimated capacities (in tons/day) of the major 1. Consolidation of crushing activities in the Western Corn U.S. soybean crushers (Sept. 1985). Mr. Dunn has compiled Belt to rationalize their capacity, including some vertical the following statistics from the trade literature: 1. ADM integration. Ag Processing Inc. has just began processing a 33,000. Ownership: Public. 2. Cargill, Inc. 26,000. Private. salad oil called Ag Soy (spell?) in their St. Joseph, Missouri 3. Bunge 12,700. Private. Ag Processing Inc. 10,500. Co-op. plant. Consumer or industrial product? 2. Contraction out of 5. Central Soya 9,800. Private. 6. Quincy Soybean 4,600. export based soybean crushing activities. Never had plants Public? 7. Continental Grain. 4,100. Private? 8. Ralston overseas. Goldkist’s two plants and Riceland’s one river

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 275 plant were all oriented toward export. But Ag Processing Inc. in cholesterol. Address: Graduate Nutrition Div., Univ. of is still doing a lot of exporting. Others now better placed to Texas at Austin; Ralsotn Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. serve the domestic market. Plants that were sold were the ones that depended on an active export market. 643. SoyaScan Notes. 1985. Chronology of soybeans, “Ag Processing Inc. is now the biggest cooperative SB soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1985 crusher.” (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of A ranking of the cooperative soybean processors is as Soyfoods Center. follows: 1. Ag Processing Inc. 2. Harvest States (including • Summary: Jan. 2. The soybean crushing industry begins Honeymead). 3. Gold Kist. 4. Riceland. 5. Agri-Industries. a year of major restructuring as the big get bigger and two Address: USDA Agricultural Cooperative Service (ACS), pioneers drop out. Ralston Purina announces that it has sold Washington, DC 20250. Phone: 202-475-4929. six of its soybean crushing plants to Cargill, Inc. A seventh at Memphis, Tennessee, was closed. This removed the company 641. Ralston Purina Company. 1985. Annual report to from the soybean commodity business. With this transaction shareholders 1985. St. Louis, Missouri. 38 p. 28 cm. Cargill passes ADM to become America’s largest soybean • Summary: Inside front cover: “Ralston Purina Company, crusher. founded in 1894, is the world’s largest producer of dry dog Jan. 3. “Myth or Miracle: Debunking the Tofutti Fad,” and dry and soft-moist cat foods. The Company is the largest by Mark Medoff published in Whole Life Times. The fi rst wholesale baker of fresh bakery products in the United exposé of Tofutti, which contains very little tofu. Jan. 13 States. Other consumer products include cereal and canned Medoff appears on the Gary Null Show, Natural Living, to tuna. The Company is also the world’s largest producer of discuss his fi ndings for 1 hour on prime time radio. commercial feed for livestock and poultry and is a major 1985 Jan. 12. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co. announces producer of isolated soy protein.” that it is basically getting out of the soybean crushing Page 1: Operating results. Net sales for 1985 were business. It has sold fi ve of its six soybean plants (having $5,863.9 million, up from $4,9801.1 million in 1984. a combined crushing capacity of some 275,000 bushels Earnings for the year 1985 was $256.4 million, up from daily) to Independent Soy Processors Co., which is closely $242.7 million in 1984. affi liated with Archer Daniels Midland. Staley was unable to Page 5: Color photos show (1) PurinaProtein 710 sell its Decatur facility, which ceased operations indefi nitely isolated soy protein. (2) FujiPro 575. in Jan. 1984. With this transaction ADM has probably Page 2: Chairman’s letter to shareholders (from William regained a slight lead as America’s largest soybean crusher. P. Stiritz): The “sale of our soybean processing [crushing] Jan. 14-26. Soybean Utilization Workshop held at operations in January removed the Company from a Soyafoods Research Center in Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri commodities business and freed cash for other investment... Lanka, sponsored by the Sri Lanka Soybean Project and The result of these actions is that approximately 80 percent INTSOY. 24 representatives from 12 developing countries of the Company’s earnings, with the addition of Continental participate. The world’s fi rst event of its kind (Soyanews, Baking, is now related to Consumer Products.” Dec. 1985). Page 12: “Protein Technologies completed construction Jan. 25-27. Natural Foods Expo at Anaheim. Soy ice and start-up of a self-contained market development unit in creams steal the show. Tofu standards are debated heatedly at Memphis, Tennessee, to permit rapid scale-up and marketing Soyfoods Association board of directors meeting on Jan. 28, of new and improved isolated soy protein products.” especially by Ralston Purina attorney. Board decides funds Page 20: Sales of soy protein products were: $144.3 are too limited to try to hire an executive director for SAA. million in 1983, $154.3 million in 1984, and $126.4 million Jan. 31. Paul Obis, founder and editor of Vegetarian Times, is in 1985. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. seriously considering buying Soyfoods magazine from Doug Fiske. He makes a fi rm offer in late March. 642. Shorey, RoseAnn L.; Day, P.J.; Willis, R.A.; Lo, G.S.; Feb. “Designer Beans,” an excellent overview of the Steinke, F.H. 1985. Effects of soybean polysaccharide U.S. soyfoods movement and its gourmet connections by on plasma lipids. J. of the American Dietetic Association Sandy MacDonald, published in New Age magazine. 85(11):1461-65. Nov. [23 ref] Jan. American Soybean Association introduces SIS • Summary: This is the earliest known trial of an isolated (Soybean Information Service), a computerized database soybean polysaccharide preparation in individuals with focusing on soybean production and marketing, and oil and moderately elevated cholesterol levels. 25 gm of soybean meal. The earliest record is 1958. polysaccharide fi ber was added to the diet of people with Feb. 21. Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams: Non-Dairy mild to moderately high plasma cholesterol in the form of a Frozen Dessert Industry and Market, by Shurtleff and cookie or crouton. The 8 week experiment on 31 people used Aoyagi published by The Soyfoods Center. Two volumes, a crossover design. The fi ber promoted a signifi cant decrease 352 pages. This is the fi rst study of the rapidly emerging soy

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 276 ice cream market, and of Tofutti. then becomes a trade name for Barricini’s natural / health Feb. 27. “Tofu Products May Be In, but Its Fans Wonder foods line of non-dairy frozen desserts, including the if There’s Tofu in the Products” by Trish Hall published in pioneering product, Ice Bean, and Barricini Tofulite. The Wall Street Journal. Second major exposé on so-called May. Morinaga, one of Japan’s largest dairy companies, “tofu ice creams” (such as Tofutti and Gloria Vanderbilt establishes Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc., a subsidiary Glace), which contain only a token amount of tofu, as a with offi ces in Los Angeles, to focus on promoting their marketing gimmick. long-life silken tofu in America. March 13-14. The theme of the Feb. 27 Wall Street May. At the 6th Annual Natural Foods Merchandiser Journal article picked up by the NBC evening news and the Merchandising Awards, soyfoods do well. Miso Mustard by Today Show. Very positive coverage for tofu. Gary Barat of American Natural Foods and Malteds by Westbrae win gold Legume, David Mintz of Tofu Time, and Gloria Vanderbilt medals. Ah Soy by Great Eastern Sun wins a silver. each speak about tofu. May. Soft Tofu Cheese, a non-dairy cream cheese March 22. The Book of Tempeh, extensively revised cultured in miso, launched by Simply Natural, Inc. second edition by Shurtleff and Aoyagi, published by Harper June. Tofu Topper launched by Worthington Foods. & Row. New bibliography (374 entries), history chapter, and June. Ralston Purina publishes its 1985 Consumer list of tempeh producers. Attitudes Monitor. Soy Protein in Foods, based on a March 26. Soyfoods Association’s Tofu Standards (7th nationwide survey of 628 adults. Indicates positive attitudes draft) presented to eight senior offi cials at the U.S. Food and toward soy protein and soyfoods. Drug Administration’s Center for Food Safety and Applied July 19. Shamrock Capital, a private company headed Nutrition, in Washington, DC, by Tom Timmins (Head of by Roy Disney, buys Central Soya, a publicly owned SAA Standards Committee), Gary Barat (President of SAA), corporation. Agreement to buy was announced April 2. Steve McNamara and Tom Donegan (SAA Food & Drug July. Soy Supreme, spray-dried tofu powder, launched attorneys). The FDA group hears an hour long presentation by Oberg Foods Div. of St. Peter Creamery. on tofu, the standards, and the Soyfoods Association of July. Asian Symposium on Non-Salted Soybean America. Fermentation held at Tsukuba, Japan. March. Soyarella (later renamed Soy Mozzarella), July 31. Tofu Time’s sales of Tofutti increased more a tofu-based cheese, is introduced. It becomes an instant than sevenfold last year to $17,114,886 as compared with hit. Distributed by Neshaminy Valley Natural Foods of $2,361,391 for the previous year. Net income increased Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, it is labeled as “non- nearly 100-fold to $2,006,451. dairy,” yet it melts, and it tastes like cheese. Shrouded in July. New Gallup survey on vegetarianism of 1,033 secrecy, its manufacturer is unknown and the ingredients Americans shows that millions are eating less meat and are questionable. It is sold in large blocks and labeled at tens of millions agree with the move away from meat. 72% individual stores. disagree with what used to be the standard notion: “The March. American Soybean Assoc. launches a campaign vegetarian diet is just a fad that will pass.” A majority (52%) among its members to write USAID and encourage them to believe that “no one really needs to eat meat more than once cancel support for U.S. programs (such as INTSOY) aiding or twice a week.” soybean production in Third World nations. The campaign is Aug. The DE-VAU-GE soymilk plant in West Germany successful. starts production. Built by STS, with 4,000 liters/hour of April 1. INTSOY signs a new cooperative agreement soymilk capacity, they make Granose and GranoVita brands with USAID. Their work will henceforth focus on soybean of soymilk. utilization. The shift toward utilization began in 1983 and Aug. Lightlife Meatless Tofu Pups (hot dogs) all work on soybean production and varietal development introduced by Tempehworks / Lightlife Foods of Greenfi eld, stopped in Aug. 1986. Massachusetts. The product sold nearly $250,000 in the next April. Tempe: An Annotated Bibliography, compiled by 10 months. Siagian and Sofi a in Indonesia. Containing 273 references, Sept. Soyfoods Center introduces SOYA, a it is the fi rst bibliography to introduce the extensive computerized bibliographic database on soybean utilization, Indonesian-language research on tempeh, the majority of history, nutrition, processing, marketing, and production. which has been published since 1980. Contains 18,500 references from 1100 B.C. to the present. April 15-16. International Symposium on Tempeh held Sept. 30. Fearn Natural Foods in Illinois is sold by Louis in Jakarta, sponsored by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Richard to Modern Products, Inc. in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 113 people attend. Sept. 30 to Oct. 4. Tropical Soybean Workshop held at April. Central Soya buys Griffi th Laboratories’ line of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), protein products. Ibadan, Nigeria. Proceedings are published in 1987 as May 31. Barricini Foods acquires Farm Foods, which Soybeans for the Tropics. Also this year IITA established a

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 277 soybean utilization unit. Rise of Soyfoods in Europe. Thanks to the Belgian Sept. Tofulicious, a tofu-based non-dairy ice cream Offi ce of the American Soybean Association (ASA), and launched by Eastern Food products of Minneapolis. It was specifi cally to the efforts of Michael Martin, Europe’s developed in conjunction with the University of Minnesota growing soyfoods movement is starting to become organized and funded by the Minnesota Soybean Research and and active. In March 1984 Martin launched Europe’s earliest Promotion Council. By 1986 it has become the fi rst soyfood known soyfoods newsletter, Soya Foods, and in September product in recent times to be actively promoted by state organized the First European Soyfoods Workshop, for which soybean associations, who sell it at many state and county bound proceedings were published. This is the fi rst time fairs... where it is a big hit. Through Tofulicious many in recent decades that ASA has promoted soyfoods (other soybean growers begin to warm up to soyfoods. than soy oil) in the Western World. The strong U.S. dollar Oct. 8th Draft of the Tofu Standards fi nished, has led to a recent dramatic decline in imports of soybeans incorporating extensive suggestions from FDA. Compiled by and soybean meal to Europe for feed and oil use (European William Shurtleff. rapeseed and sunfl owerseed are being substituted), so the Oct. Mori-Nu brand aseptically packaged tofu ASA is exploring new outlets where soy is unique. introduced by Morinaga Nutritional Foods. The launching of tofu production and marketing by Oct. Cream of the Bean Soygurt, a cultured soymilk Switzerland’s biggest supermarket chain, Migros, and yogurt, launched by Cream of the Bean, Inc. by Galactina, a large and respected maker of dietetic and Nov. Kikkoman introduces a long-life tofu in a foil retort pharmaceutical products (including soymilk) is a landmark pouch, imported from Japan. Poor quality causes the product for tofu in Europe. In early January, Tages Anzeiger, one of to be withdrawn. It was re-introduced later. Switzerland’s biggest newspapers, had a special report on Dec. Tofu Time starts exporting Tofutti to Japan. The tofu, followed on Jan. 9 by a 30-minute TV feature on tofu. fi rst order by Daiei (a large retailer) of tubs for their parlors, The total number of soyfoods companies in Europe is $350,000. This may be the fi rst major export of a soyfood continues to show a steady increase. Many of these are product (not including ingredients such as soy protein being founded by people interested in macrobiotics. By Jan. isolates) to Japan. 1985 there were 1,113 names in The Soyfoods Center’s * The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture computerized mailing list of people actively involved with (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria, starts a program to promote soyfoods in Europe. processing and utilization of soybeans in Nigeria and At the 1984 ASA soyfoods workshop, Martin reported throughout Africa. Continued. the following estimates of annual European soyfoods consumption: A table with three columns shows: Soyfood 644. SoyaScan Notes. 1985. Chronology of soybeans, name, consumption, percentage of U.S. consumption. soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1985 Soy oil–1.7 million metric tons–38% (Continued) (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Modern soy protein products–40 million kg–28% Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Soymilk–9 to 10 million liters–7%* • Summary: Continued. 1985 New Trends: Tofu–5 to 6 million kg–22% Dramatic Rise of Tofutti and Other Soy Ice Creams. Tempeh–400,000 to 500,000 kg–50% 1985 will go down in the soyfoods history books as the Miso–250,000 to 300,000 kg–11% “Year of Tofutti.” Never before in history of the United * U.S. fi gure includes soy based infant formulas. States has any soyfood product achieved such widespread European fi gure is not clear on this point. and sudden popularity or notoriety. Note that the population of the USA is about 234 million During 1985 at least 50 brands of soy ice cream (many compared with 489 million for all of Europe (not including with “Tofu” on the label) were on the market worldwide, the USSR), but 237 million for Northern and Western most in the USA. And many were made by America’s Europe, where most of these products are consumed. biggest dairy companies. An estimated 2.5% of all frozen Rapid Growth of Second Generation Soyfoods. In the desserts except novelties (popsicles, bars, etc.) sold in 1984 edition of this book, we stated that the three fastest supermarkets were soy-based nondairy. The result of all this growing soyfoods in the USA (in terms of production was to introduce tofu and isolated soy proteins to millions of increases) were tempeh (33% a year compound annual people in a very positive context. growth rate), tofu (15%), and soy sauce (14%). But now the But many of the companies that sold so-called “tofu ice picture has changed. In 1984 the fastest growing category creams,” while emphasizing tofu in their product names and was second generation products, ready-to-eat, all-American marketing programs, actually had surprisingly little (if any) preparations, especially those based on tofu. The leader in tofu in their products. In fact they contain so little that this this group is clearly soy ice creams (led by Tofutti), with a marketing gimmick might be misbranding and a deliberate production growth rate of roughly 600% a year for the past deception of the consuming public. 1-2 years. Then comes convenience tofu-based entrees such

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 278 as Legume’s products, tofu burgers and tofu burger mixes, (of Japan), which made 15,150 lb. a week. New marketing and the like. This is the number one way that soyfoods are and production techniques were pioneered. The full story now entering the mainstream American diet. And the biggest was described by Shurtleff and Aoyagi in Tempeh Production gains are being made by marketing companies, rather than (1984). manufacturers. The second fastest growing category may Three Major International Symposia Featuring Tempeh now be imported soymilks, growing at about 40-60% a year. were held: 15-16 April 1984 in Jakarta, Indonesia; 15-17 Major New Capital Infl ux. The following is a brief summary July 1984 in Tsukuba, Japan; and May 1986 in Honolulu, of new capital infl ux to the soyfoods industry: A table with Hawaii. A special 13-day group study tour on Japanese Food four columns shows: Company name, date of offering, $ Fermentations, led by Dr. Keith H. Steinkraus, has been amount, equity or debt; use. organized by the Japanese-run, New York-based Technology Legume–Oct. 1982–$100,000 net–Equity. For tofu Transfer Institute. Tempeh continues to be one of the fastest- frozen entrees growing soyfoods in the USA. Legume–Oct. 1982–$100,000–Debt. For tofu frozen Growing Interest in Spray-Dried Tofu. Eleven articles entrees were published this year on a product that promises Legume–Nov. 1983–$400,000 net–*Equity. For tofu to revolutionize the tofu industry. The fi rst and largest frozen entrees manufacturers (St. Peters Creamery and Clofi ne) are both Legume–Nov. 1983–$200,000–Debt. For tofu Frozen dairy companies. Spray dried tofu should appeal to the food entrees industry, since it is easy to ship, store, and process. Hinode Tofu–Nov. 1983–$2,500,000–Equity For general Dairy Magazines Publishing Many Positive Articles expansion About Soy-Based Dairylike Products. Traditionally the Tofu Time–Dec. 1983 $2,760,000 net–Equity. For soy dairy industry has seen dairy analogs as a threat and ice cream fought to oppose them. The decades-long struggle against Tempehworks–July 1984–$265,000–Debt. For tempeh margarine is a good example of this. But now, many small expansion dairies, struggling to survive, are looking for new products. Legume–Feb. 1984–$200,000–Debt. For tofu frozen A number (such as St. Peter Creamery and Clofi ne) have entrees gained a new lease on life by starting production of soyfoods. Legume–Aug. 1984–$1,248,000 net–Equity. For tofu Major Changes in the U.S. Soybean Crushing Industry. frozen entrees Narrow crushing margins, a depressed export market for Brightsong–Dec. 1984–$500,000–Equity. For tofu U.S. soybean meal, and poor profi tability have led two products of America’s biggest soybean crushers, the A.E. Staley Legume–April 1985–Expecting lots more. For tofu Manufacturing Company and Ralston Purina, to decide frozen entrees to get out of the soybean crushing business in Jan. 1985. White Wave–Expecting. Clearly they view poor profi tability as a long term problem, Note: Equity = Sale of equity ownership in the company and plan to diversify away from unpredictable agricultural via stock in a public offering or in a private placement. Debt commodities toward the “value added,” retail end of the = Debt fi nancing by taking out a private loan. nation’s food supply. Staley, in effect, sold its plants to How have these companies fared? Tofu Time has ADM and Ralston Purina sold its plants to Cargill. In Nov. done spectacularly well. The value of the company 1984 Staley acquired CFS Continental, Inc., the nation’s has increased more than fi ve-fold since Dec. 1983, and second largest supplier to the foodservice industry. Staley, profi ts are excellent. Legume, a marketer of low-calorie, previously the oldest existing soybean crusher in America cholesterol-free frozen entrees featuring tofu, has had the (since 1922), now relinquishes that honor to ADM. ADM hardest sledding. A preliminary prospectus by Huberman is now the largest soybean crusher in America, but Cargill Margaretten & Straus dated 5 June 1984 stated that from (which has many overseas plants) is the biggest in the world. its inception through 31 March 1984, the company incurred These changes have led to a concentration of control in the aggregate losses of $709,773, including a loss of $18,465 U.S. soybean crushing industry. Both Staley and Ralston in 1982, then $225,302 in 1983, increasing again to roughly Purina plan to keep their edible soy protein (isolates, $486,500 in 1984. Legume’s common stock had a negative concentrates, etc.) operations. book value; 1984 sales were “a little less than $1 million.” Biotechnology is Emerging as a Major, Promising Yet the company has excellent products and in early 1985 Factor in future soybean breeding development. Some landed some big food chains, which could help its bottom agricultural experts are predicting that it could usher in the line considerably. latest agricultural revolution, following the agrichemical Growing International Interest in Tempeh. During 1983- revolution of the 1940s and the Green Revolution of the 84 Japan became a major tempeh producer. By May 1984 the 1960s and 1970s. world’s largest tempeh producing company was Marusan-Ai The “Calcium Craze” Starts in America, aiding sales of

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 279 tofu (curded with calcium sulfate), which is one of the best July 22. Separate Soy Oil and Soybean Meal from non-dairy sources of calcium. Hydrogenated Soy Oil Products. Aug. 21. Put all country histories together. 645. Andres, Cal. 1985. Potential nutritional benefi ts of Oct. 25. Start using % instead of percent in Margarine beverage with isolated soy protein. Isolated soy protein- chapter. based beverage may reduce cholesterol levels. Food Nov. 13. D.W. Harrison. Processing (Chicago) 46(13):40-41. Dec. Nov. 19. Decide to do separate chapter on Lecithin. • Summary: “Isolated soy protein products have been Retitle each country from “History of Soyfoods in X” to developed with specifi c functional characteristics. For “History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in X.” example, one company has more than 14 different isolated 1983 Jan. 1. Switch from 3-letter codes to 4-letter. soy proteins in its product line.” Address: Editorial Director. Hymo-73. April 17. Changed “at” to KW = (keyword) on cards. 646. SoyaScan Notes. 1985. Development of the book May 5. Dr. Fearn. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods (Overview). Compiled by Nov. Added Cereal-Soy Blends at Flour chapter, Iowa William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. State University, History of Soyfoods and Health Foods in • Summary: 1980 Oct. 22. First Table of Contents for Los Angeles. Soyfoods History. I started this book because Nahum Stiskin 1984 March. Meals for Millions, SFM-Rodale. of Autumn Press refused to let us use material from our tofu Sept. 22. Added 12 chapters on individual countries. and miso books in our next book, titled Soyfoods, and it’s Divided hydrogenation into 3 chapters: Oil, margarine and hard to write the history portions of soyfoods. Inspired by Dr. shortening. Change book’s subtitle to “Past, Present, and Harry W. Miller and Henry Ford. Future.” Structure it into four volumes. Dec. 9. Start to put bibliographic records on 3 x 5 inch Oct. 31. Completely restructure Soybean Production fi le cards. chapter into 16 parts. Discuss each by decade. 1981 March 13. Add chapters on Nutrition, National Dec. 26. Add Ice Cream. Soybean Processors Assoc., T.A. Van Gundy. 1985 Jan. 19. Change ModProt to ProtMod, ProtIsol, April 26. Add Society for Acclimatization, Li Yu-ying, etc. Horvath, Lager. March 8. Add PPC = Pioneering Protein Companies: May 15. Make Overview into four chapters. Add Glidden, Rich Products, Gunther, Griffi th Labs, I.F. Soybean Chronology, Sri Lanka, History of Soybean Laucks. March 9. Add the Chemurgic Movement and US Production, Asian History, Berczeller, USDA. Regional Soybean Industrial Products Lab: Industrial Uses May 30. Change book title to History of Soyfoods and of Soybeans. United Nations, History of World Food and Soybeans from Soyfoods History. Protein, Hunger and Malnutrition. June 6. Make Chronology Chapter 1. Make History April 17th. Redo outline, giving each company its of Soybean Production a separate chapter. Add McCay, own line and bibliography, like Adventists. Print outline Soyfoods Producers in the West (Listing of companies), vertically. Address: Director, Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, changed title from Soyfoods History to History of Soyfoods. California 94549. Phone: 510-283-2991. August 21. Four Soybean Processors (Staley, ADM, Ralston Purina, Central Soya), Hymowitz, Bureau of Plant 647. Product Name: Purina Protein 350, 610, 620, 630, Introduction. 640T Fortiblend, 500E, 500 ST, 590, 510, 200, 220, HD90, Oct. 8. Cargill, Co-op Processors, drop Hymowitz, 1500, 1710, 1711. 760. Renamed PP610, PP620, and PP760 Soybean Production Pioneers, put Soy oil ahead of soy fl our, by Nov. 1987. change the order of many chapters. Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Protein Div. Nov. 3. Change title to History of Soybeans and Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Soyfoods. Put soy nuggets [fermented black soybeans] before MO 63188. miso. Date of Introduction: 1985. Nov. 7. Set up fi rst 3+2 character cataloging codes for New Product–Documentation: Soya Bluebook. 1985. p. Soyfoods Center library and documents, e.g. Hym-81. 86. And talk with Lisa Koppen. 1989, Jan. 1982 Jan. 2. Brief History of Fermentation East and West. 648. Altschul, Aaron M.; Wilcke, Harold L. eds. 1985. New Feb. 2. Macrobiotics and Soyfoods, Kikkoman. protein foods. Vol. 5. Seed storage proteins. New York, NY: March 21. K.S. Lo and Vitasoy. Relocate East Asian Academic Press. xxi + 474 p. Index. 24 cm. [200+ ref] pioneers at end of Pioneers section. • Summary: Contains 13 chapters by various authors. June 18. Separate Fermented Tofu and Fermented Those related to soy are cited separately. Chapters not cited Soymilk. separately are: 3. Relationships of genetic engineering to

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 280 conventional genetic technology and plant breeding. 6. see for details). Chemical and enzymatic modifi cation of plant proteins. 10. In the Foreword, Denis P. Burkitt (now at The Old Rapeseed. 11. Peanuts (groundnuts). 12. Sunfl ower seed House, Bussage, Near Stroud, Gloucestershire, England) protein. 13. The physical characteristics and functional begins by noting: “Nothing more dramatically illustrates the properties of sesame proteins. Address: 1. Georgetown Univ. phenomenal growth of interest in dietary fi bre which has School of Medicine, Washington, DC; 2. Ralston Purina Co., been witnessed during the last 15 years than the explosive St. Louis, Missouri. increase in scientifi c publications on the subject. Within a decade the annual rate of publications on the subject rose a 649. Kolar, C.W.; Richert, S.H.; Decker, C.D.; Steinke, F.H.; remarkable 40-fold.” Vander Zanden, R.J. 1985. Isolated soy protein. In: A.M. Fibrim soy fi ber is mentioned in chapters on “Fibre and Altschul and H.L. Wilcke, eds. 1985. New Protein Foods. the Large Gut,” “Dietary Fibre and Blood Lipids in Man,” Vol. 5. Seed Storage Proteins. New York: Academic Press. “Fibre and Diabetes,” and “Fibre and Mineral Absorption.” xxi + 474 p. See p. 260-99. Chap. 8. [88 ref] Address: Dep. of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Queen • Summary: Contents: Introduction. History. Manufacture Elizabeth College (Univ. of London), Campden Hill Road, of isolated soy proteins. Manufacture of structured isolated London W8 7AH, England. soy proteins. Research in soy protein isolation. Composition of isolated soy proteins. Physical and functional properties. 651. Smouse, Thomas H. 1985. Flavor reversion of soybean Nutrition factors. Meat, poultry, and seafood applications. oil. In: D.B. Min and T.H. Smouse, eds. 1985. Flavor Infant formulas. Dairy-type applications. Bakery Chemistry of Fats and Oils. Champaign, IL: American Oil applications. The future of isolated soy protein. Address: Chemists’ Society. viii + 309 p. See p. 85-116. [121 ref] Ralston Purina Co. St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Reversion. Literature reviews: The fi rst meeting to discuss the fl avor stability 650. Leeds, Anthony R. ed. 1985. Dietary fi bre perspectives: of soybean oil was in 1946. The fi rst review by Markley reviews and bibliography 1. London: John Libbey. viii + (1951, Vol. II, p. 812-31) contained 39 references. Theories 358 p. Bibliographical editor Alinson Avenell. Foreword by of reversion: linolenic acid theory, isolinoleic acid theory Denis P. Burkitt. 25 cm. [997 ref] (“Isomers of linoleic acid are called isolinoleic acid”), • Summary: This is one of the most interesting and phospholipid theory (discovered by Warren Goss in comprehensive books published to date on the subject Germany), nonsaponifi able theory, multivalent metals, of fi ber in human diets. Contents: Foreword, by Denis P. singlet oxygen, controlling reversion (“No known method Burkitt. The authors and editors. Introduction by A.R. Leeds. is available to prevent the reversion fl avor of soybean oil”). Part I: Reviews. 1. Fiber and the large gut, by G. Roth and Conclusion. Acknowledgement. Address: Manager of Lipid C. Leitzman. 2. Dietary fi bre and blood lipids in man, by Science, Protein Technology Div., Ralston Purina Co., St. Patricia A. Judd and A. Stuart Truswell. 3. Dietary fi bre and Louis, Missouri 63164. gallstones, by Patricia A. Judd. 4. Fibre and diabetes–new perspectives, by David B. Peterson. 5. Dietary fi bre in 652. Lo, G.S.; Evans, R.H.; Phillips, K.S.; Dahlgren, R.R.; obesity, by Marcin Krotiewski and Ulf Smith. 6. Dietary Steinke, F.H. 1986. Effect of soy fi ber and soy protein fi bre supplements and weight reduction, by Kjeld R. Ryttig. on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis in rabbits. 7. Fibre and mineral absorption [phytic acid], by Barbara F. Federation Proceedings (FASEB) 45(3):348 (Abst. #1129). Harland and Eugene R. Morris. 8. Fibre and food products, March. by Peter R. Ellis. Index. • Summary: Rabbits were fed dietary fi ber from dehulled, Part II: Bibliography. 9. Dietary fi bre in human nutrition: defatted soybeans alone and in combination with isolated a bibliography to 1977, compiled by Hugh C. Trowell, soy protein (ISP) or casein to study the effect on cholesterol with Foreword by K.W. Heaton. Subject index. Author metabolism and atherosclerosis. The fi ber, called “soy index. Addendum. 10. Dietary fi bre in human nutrition: a ploysaccharide” (SPS) contains both cellulosic and non- bibliography for 1978-1982, compiled by Alison Avenell, cellulosic dietary fi ber, and contains about 75% total dietary Anthony R. Leeds, and Hugh C. Trowell–1978 = 481 fi ber. references, 1979 = 528 references, 1980 = 480 references, Rabbits fed a diet with ISP + SPS had the highest 1981 = 657 references, 1982 = 610 references. excretion of fecal fat, cholesterol, and bile acids. When fed Part III: Indexes to Part II. Structure of subject indexes with SPS, ISP gave lower plasma cholesterol levels and 1978-1982. Then there is a subject index and an author index incidence of atherosclerotic lesions than casein. Address: to the bibliographies for each year from 1978 to 1982. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. The worldwide bibliography to 1977, compiled by Trowell, was fi rst published in 1979 by John Libbey 653. Wilkinson, Ralph. 1986. Soy fi ber: types and sources (London) for Kellogg Company of Great Britain Ltd. (which (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 2. Conducted by William

Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. keys to Ralston Purina’s research program. The Protein • Summary: Soy fi ber is classifi ed into three basic types: (1) Technologies Group has a staff of 92+ ingredient researchers. Soy bran or soy bran fi ber: It is cleaned, fi nely pulverized Total company R&D expenditures of $48.5 million, out of soybean hulls. total 1985 sales of approximately $5,900 million. Discusses: (2) Okara or soy pulp: The residue left after making tofu Protein Technologies Group (president Paul Hatfi eld), or soymilk. It contains some natural oils and protein, and has isolated soy protein, nutrition, soy fi ber (from the cell wall a very high protein quality (as measured by PER). and not from the hull/bran of the bean). (3) Soy cotyledon fi ber (SCF) or defatted soy cotyledon Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) fi ber: The residue left after making isolated soy proteins. It that mentions the “Protein Technologies Group,” which was contains almost no fat (since isolates are made from defatted renamed Protein Technologies International by May 1987. soybean fl akes), but it still contains quite a lot of high-quality fi ber. It binds a great deal of water. 657. Product Name: Meats Extended with Soy Protein Who sells what? [Chicken Patties, Chicken Nuggets, Pork Sausage, or Ground (1) ADM introduced soy bran in about 1977. Their Beef Patties]. 1983 catalog (from the IFT show) lists “Nutrisoy Fiber (Soy Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. Bran).” Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. (2) Ralston Purina now makes SCF which they call “soy Date of Introduction: 1986 June. polysaccharides.” Ross Laboratories and Mead Johnson use New Product–Documentation: Spot in New Product News. this in small amounts for geriatric foods, sort of like an infant 1986. June. These are fully cooked, microwave ready. Test formula for the aged. marketing in Rochester, New York. (3) Grain Processing Corp. plans to introduce a SCF in mid-1986, i.e. later this year. 658. McCarthy, Michael J.; Hemp, Paul. 1986. Ralston to (4) Dawson Mills made SCF 5-6 years ago as a by- sell U.S. feed line to unit of BP [British Petroleum Co.]: sale product of their soy protein isolate operations. It was on the refl ects recent effort to focus St. Louis fi rm on consumer market for only 1-2 months before they got out of the isolate products. Wall Street Journal. July 11. business. Note: The product was named Fi-Trate / Fitrate Soy • Summary: Ralston Purina has “agreed to sell its animal Fiber Concentrate. On 1 March 1980 the merger of Dawson feed business to BP Nutrition Ltd., a unit of British Mills and Land O’Lakes was offi cially announced. Address: Petroleum Co.” Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa. “Purina Mills, the largest U.S. maker and marketer of commercial feed for livestock and poultry, operates 70 mills 654. Food Technology. 1986. Ralston [Purina] dedicates soy and has about 10% of the U.S. animal feed market, said protein market unit [producing a new generation of isolated Ralston.” Analysts estimate that, in fi scal 1985, Purina Mills soy proteins in Memphis, Tennessee]. 40(5):238. May. had sales of about $1 billion and operating profi t of about • Summary: A small aerial photo shows the new facility. $60 million. The sale is expected to be fi nalized by Oct. 1. Address: 655. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Staff Reporters for the WSJ. Journal. 1986. Ralston Purina soy facility [at Memphis, Tennessee]. 19(3):xi-xii, xiv. June. [Eng] 659. Nutrition Overview. 1986--. Serial/periodical. St. Louis, • Summary: Ralston Purina is the world’s leading Missouri: Protein Technologies International. Vol. 1, No. 1. manufacturer and wholesaler of isolated soy proteins (ISP). July, 1986. Quarterly. James G. Elliott, editor. The company introduced its fi rst commercial ISP almost • Summary: See next page. This 4-page newsletter provides 25 years ago. One of the fi rst and most important uses of “current information on topics of interest in the fi eld of ISP products was in hypoallergenic infant foods; soy is less nutrition, including an overview of a prominent nutrition allergenic than cow’s milk. topic each issue.” Of major interest are isolated soy proteins In the early 1970s Ralston Purina elevated its protein and dietary fi ber, both made by Ralston Purina’s Protein operations to the new Protein Division. Today Ralston Purina Division. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. offers some 90 varieties of ISP. It new facility in Memphis will be for manufacturing the 660. Food Engineering. 1986. New facility offers fast next generation of food-grade ISPs. supplies of customized ISP. 58(8):51. Aug. • Summary: Customized isolated soy proteins, from 656. Food Processing (Chicago). 1986. R&D profi le: Ralston Purina’s new market development unit in Memphis, Ralston Purina Company. 47(6):21, 23, 25-26, 29, 31, 33. Tennessee, can now be supplied quickly for test marketing June. Foods of Tomorrow section. and regional launches of new products. Examples of the new • Summary: Quality, nutrition, and economics are the custom ISPs are Purina Proteins 780, 690, and 660.

now essentially complete.” The restructuring of the past few 661. Food Engineering. 1986. Sea and soy proteins spark years has strengthened the company. The company is now analogs, blends. 58(8):91. Aug. comprised of three business segments: Human and Pet Foods • Summary: “By acquiring the Griffi th soy protein (incl. isolated soy proteins), Other Consumer Products, and concentrate line (April 1985) and the Staley concentrate line Agricultural Products. Return on average equity grew from (Feb. 1986), Central Soya is now the nation’s only supplier 23.1% in 1984 to 40.4% in 1986. Sales grew to $5,500 of soy protein concentrates.” Also discusses Ralston Purina million in 1986 from 3,200 million in 1977. Net earnings custom isolated soy proteins, Grain Processing Corp.’s grew to $388 million from $142 million. Total assets to Frostline tofu mix, Dreamy Tofu from Giant Foods, Tofu For 4,200 million from 1,770 million in 1977. Address: St. Louis, You (a non-dairy frozen dessert based on powdered tofu) Missouri. Phone: 314-982-1000. from the Ingredient Systems Div. of ITC, spray dried tofu from St. Peter Creamery and Clofi ne Dairy Products, creamy 665. SoyaScan Notes. 1986. Chronology of soybeans, tofu dressings and Nasoyanaise from Nasoya Foods. soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1986 (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of 662. Ralston Purina Co. 1986. Sale of Purina Mills to BP Soyfoods Center. Nutrition fi nalized (News release). Checkerboard Square, St. • Summary: Jan.–The fi rst major soy cheese to hit the Louis, MO 63164. 2 p. Oct. market is Soya Kaas–a landmark product. It was developed • Summary: BP Nutrition is the food and agriculture and introduced by Richard McIntyre of Soya Kaas Inc., subsidiary of The British Petroleum Co. The sale price was a subsidiary of Swan Gardens Inc. Marketed exclusively $545 million. On July 10 Ralston Purina had announced by American Natural Snacks of Florida, it long remain an agreement in principle to sell Purina Mills, Inc., its U.S. America’s most popular cheese alternative. animal feed business. “This was a very diffi cult decision for Jan. Ron Ishida, an attorney with no previous us because the animal feed business represents the origins of knowledge of tofu, working for Azumaya Inc. (South San our company. In addition, Purina Mills is the market leader Francisco, California), rewrites the Tofu Standards without in its industry and has consistently performed extremely authorization. They have already gone through 8 drafts. This well.” The sale will enable Ralston to focus its efforts on creates a crisis. becoming a consumer packaged goods business. With this Jan. Soyfoods: The Journal of the European Soyfoods sale, more than 90% of Ralston Purina’s earnings will come Association (ESFA) begins publication from Paris. Philippe from consumer packaged goods products. Brands include Vandemoortele of Alpro is president of the association and Purina Dog Chow and Cat Chow, Hostess, Wonder, Chex Guy Coudert is editor of the periodical. The association plans cereals, Chicken of the Sea tuna, Eveready, and Energizer. to organize a soyfoods conference every 2 years. But the Address: St. Louis, Missouri. journal is discontinued after 3 issues. Jan. Tomsun Foods is reorganized, changing its name 663. Food Engineering. 1986. Higher suggested dietary (for the fourth time) to Tomsun Foods International. The intakes of protein: A recent FAO/WHO/UNU report fi rm’s new chairman is Juan Metzger, founder of Dannon recommends a new approach for estimating human protein Yogurt. The company produces nearly 3 million lb. of tofu a requirements. 58(11):49, 52-53, 56, 58. Nov. year. • Summary: The fi rst FAO/WHO report, issued in 1973 Jan. First Tofutti Shop opened in Japan by Daiei Co. defi ned the protein problem away. The new report, issued Inc., Japan’s largest retailer. Shop sells non-dairy soy-based in late 1985, increased recommended daily protein intake ice cream and related snacks. by 25%, from 0.60 to 0.75 gm per kilogram of body weight Feb. 7. Fire destroys Island Spring tofu plant in Vashon, per day. A single amino acid pattern was used in 1973, but Washington, with an estimated $1 million loss. now four are used. The recent tests are all based on humans, Feb. Soya Kaas, an imitation cheese containing soymilk rather than rats. And Protein Effi ciency Ratio (PER) is no and casein, launched by American Natural Snacks, a longer recommended as the measure of protein quality for marketer. The manufacturer is Swan Gardens of Georgia. humans. Feb. Jofu, a tofu-based, non-dairy, nonfermented, yogurt-like product, sweetened with fruits, launched by 664. Ralston Purina Company. 1986. Annual report. Tomsun Foods International of Greenfi eld, Massachusetts. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 32 p. The product is a hit, grossing nearly $400,000 in its fi rst 32 • Summary: The company, incorporated on 8 Jan. 1894 in weeks on the market. Missouri, is the world’s largest producer of dry dog and dry Feb. Barricini Foods has its fi rst public stock offering. and soft-moist cat foods, and is the largest wholesale baker Raises $1.5 million, gross to use in marketing Tofulite and of bakery products in the U.S. “Ralston’s metamorphosis Ice Bean soy ice creams. into a very attractive consumer packaged goods company is Feb. Central Soya purchases Staley’s protein line,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 284 including Mira-Tex, Procon [soy protein concentrate], and list of foods said to be disliked, ahead of liver (34%), yogurt Textured Procon brands. (29%), Brussels sprouts (28%), and prunes (24%). Results Feb. ASA hires Jim Guinn as technical director of do not vary signifi cantly by age, but tofu dislike is somewhat soybean quality programs. Soybean quality is an area of less among those with higher incomes. The poll results growing interest, with two parts: 1. The traditional area of are very widely publicized, and are even the subject of a soybean condition, concerning grades, damage, foreign question on the TV program Jeopardy (in early 1988)–and its material, etc. 2. The newly emerging area of soybean rerun! These fi ndings suggest both a widespread awareness composition and its relation to grades. New measurement of tofu and a split image: Some like it and others don’t. technologies make it likely that soybeans may soon be sold Aug. Kikkoman’s new shoyu plant starts operation in based on their composition of oil and protein. Both effect Chitose, Hokkaido, in northern Japan. The fi rst product was exports and price. shipped on 30 Jan. 1987. March 5. Pesticide control now tops the Environmental Sept. 9. American Soy Products Inc. plant dedicated in Protection Agency’s list of most pressing problems, Clinton, Michigan. A $10 million joint venture between Eden announces The New York Times (and Soybean Digest, June/ Foods and four Japanese companies (Kawasho, Marusan, July). Stricter pesticide laws are enacted. Muso, Seikensha), construction on the plant began in Oct. March 7. Richard E. Lyng of California becomes U.S. 1985. It will make Edensoy soymilk in Tetra Brik cartons. Secretary of Agriculture, replacing John R. Block. Policies The fi rst products are shipped in November. remain unchanged. Sept. 19. Tofu standards passed by Tofu Standards April 18. Wm. Shurtleff, in charge of compiling the Committee in San Francisco, after all committee members original tofu standards, submits a strong criticism of the except Shurtleff agree to start with a blank slate in drafting illegitimate Ishida draft in the form of a detailed chronology new standards–thus erasing years of work by hundreds of the development of the tofu standards. of people. Shurtleff resigns in protest, arguing that this is April. Tofu cheesecake revolution in New York City a violation due process. Shortly thereafter Barricini and profi led by Whole Life. Thirteen restaurants now offer them. Ralston Purina also refuse to give fi nal approval. Tofu May. Tofutti Love Drops (chocolate covered graham standards are stalled indefi nitely after many years of hard cookie drops) launched by Tofutti Brands with much fanfare. work. May. Nasoya’s new million-dollar automatic tofu- Sept. 24. First International Tofu Products Expo, making system, imported from Sato Shoji in Japan, begins Seminar, and Soyfoods Buffet, held in Munich, West operation. Germany. Sponsored by Bernd Lehmann International June. Increasing consumer deception by “soy cheese” Consultants. 100 people attend. manufacturers. Whole Life publishes “Whole Frauds in the Oct. Supersoy brand soymilk introduced to America News: Will the Real Soy Mozzarella Please Stand Up (That by Mitoku USA. It is made by Kibun Health Foods Co. in is, If There is One),” an exposé of mislabeling involving Japan. Soyarella, Tofu Mozzarella, and Soya Kaas (though the Oct. Ralston Purina sells its domestic agricultural latter brand is not at fault). Argues that it is deceptive for products business, Purina Mills. Total sales for 1986 were health food stores to call a product “non-dairy” if it contains $5.5 billion. casein (milk protein), even though FDA rules allows such Nov. Island Spring announces $6.5 million investment a designation. In Oct. Whole Life reports that “Independent from Edward Lynch Co. to fi nance an expansion plan. lab tests prove Soyarella hoax; Large quantities of casein Construction of a new 30,000 square foot factory is now [19.6%] found in so-called soy cheese.” Soyarella had underway on Vashon Island. previously been marketed as casein free. Dec. 1. White Wave of Boulder, Colorado, acquires July. Ralston Purina Co. starts publication of Nutrition Soyfoods Unlimited, a tempeh manufacturer of San Leandro, Overview, a newsletter focusing on soy protein and fi ber. California. This makes White Wave America’s largest July. Soyfoods win big in 7th Annual Natural Foods tempeh manufacturer. Merchandiser merchandising awards: Gold: San-J tamari Dec. 8. Central Soya purchases 7 of 9 Bunge’s soybean and shoyu. Silver: Fantastic Foods’ Tofu Scrambler and Tofu crushing plants. ADM is now estimated to control 30% of Burger, Westbrae Natural miso soups. Honorable mention: U.S. crushing capacity followed by Cargill (25%), Central Walker & Wilks frozen entrees, White Wave boxed tofu. Soya (20%), and other (25%). July. Vitasoy reintroduces its line of reformulated and Dec. Tomsun Foods International nets about $3.45 repackaged soymilk products, originally launched in 1984. million in its fi rst public stock offering (IPO). Most of the They contain more solids and nutrients, and are sweetened funds will be used for sales and marketing of Jofu, and to with barley malt instead of maple syrup. repay $800,000 in debts. Total Tomsun sales in 1986 were July. A Roper poll in the U.S. fi nds that tofu is the “most about $3.1 million. hated” food. 35% of a sample of 2,000 adults checked it on a Dec. Haagen-Dazs will drop Tofutti and start

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 285 distributing Barricini Tofulite, a non-dairy frozen dessert. soymilk users by offering a more economical price per unit Dec. Brightsong Foods is named as one of the top ten volume plus greater convenience. Soymilk may be the fi rst food innovators for 1986 by Food & Beverage Marketing liter-size Tetra Brik product to succeed in America. magazine. In fact, Brightsong is listed fi rst! INTSOY is doing outstanding, pioneering work with Dec. Tofruzen Inc., a soy ice cream marketer from soyfoods and soybean utilization in the Third World and Englewood, Colorado, raises $1.6 million in a public stock America. Research is focusing on extrusion cooking, offering. Sales of Tofruzen in fi scal 1986 were $91,000, extruder-expeller processing for small-scale oil expression, rising to $158,000 in 1987, and $213,000 in the fi rst quarter and fresh green soybeans. Since April 1987 the INTSOY of 1988. Newsletter has become one of the best soy-related Dec. Edible Soy Products in Hudson Iowa is sold to publications available. Solnuts of Tilburg, The Netherlands, and renamed Solnuts, Morinaga Long-life Silken Tofu becomes a major force Inc. The Hudson and Tilburg plants are the only ones in the in the U.S. tofu market. Traditional manufacturers consider world that dry roast soybeans to make soynuts. the product a major threat to their markets. Azumaya has Dec. More than 60,000 Italian farmers harvested hired an attorney who spends considerable time causing nearly 25,000 hectares (61,700 acres) of soybeans this year. troubles for Morinaga. Italy is now Europe’s largest soybean producing country, followed by France. Five years ago, Italy produced virtually 666. Duxbury, Dean D. 1986. Consumer attitude survey no soybeans. The Ferruzzi Group is the leading promoter, indicates acceptance of soy protein foods. Food Processing helped by hefty subsidies from the EEC. (Chicago) 47(13):112-13. Dec. 1986 New Trends: • Summary: A quantitative survey of primary grocery So Called Tofu Cheeses. Eight new soy cheeses were shoppers (625 U.S. men and women, age 18 and older) launched during 1986, many with the term “Tofu” in the was conducted in 1985 by an independent research fi rm product name. Many have been shrouded in mystery, to measure U.S. consumer attitudes toward the use of soy with the names of the manufacturer and ingredients often protein in foods. 60-70% of consumers have strong healthy not disclosed. There has been much consumer deception, associations of meat and soy protein in attitude questioning. mislabeling, and several attempts to conceal the fact that they Address: Associate editor. usually contain casein, the protein in cow’s milk. Soy Yogurts and Yogurt-Style Products. The leader in 667. Lo, Grace S.; Goldberg, A.P.; Lim, A.; Grundhauser, this exciting new category is Jofu from Tomsun Foods. The J.J.; Anderson, C.; Schonfi eld, C. 1986. Soy fi ber two basic types are fermented soymilk products (e.g. Cream improves lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in primary of the Bean, Soy-O), and non-fermented tofu-fruit blends hyperlipidemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 62(3):239-48. Dec. (e.g. Jofu). [26 ref] Move to Manufacturing Soymilk in America. The • Summary: The authors studied the effect of soy rising cost of soymilk imports is making them unprofi table. polysaccharide on glucose tolerance in patients with Domestic production, which obviates shipping U.S. soybeans hyperlipidemia. Adding 25 gm of soy polysaccharide to Japan, then shipping the beans and water back, will have signifi cantly reduced fasting glucose levels by 8.5%. major, benefi cial long-term effects on Edensoy, Ah Soy, and Soy fi ber signifi cantly reduced insulin responses to oral Westbrae Malteds. Still imported are Vitasoy (from Hong glucose challenge by 20% in patients with Type II-A Kong, whose exchange rate is tied to the dollar) and Sunsoy hypercholesterolemia. Address: 1. Protein Technologies, (from Belgium). Ralston Purina Co., Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, The declining value of the dollar against the yen starting Missouri 63164; 2-3. Lipid Research Center, Dep. of in late 1985 led to a steady rise in soymilk prices. But the Preventive Medicine, Washington Univ., St. Louis 63110. combination of domestic production and larger size packages (see below) has led to a drop in soymilk prices during 1986. 668. Product Name: Fibrim (Soy Fiber from Processing For example, Edensoy, selling for 6 times the price of dairy Isolated Soy Proteins) [1000, 1450, or 2000]. milk per unit volume in early 1984, was selling for only 3.5 Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. to 4.1 times as much in late 1986, a drop of about 37%. Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Soymilk Switches to Tetra Brik Cartons and Liters or MO 63164. Quarts. Edensoy, Westsoy, and Ah Soy have all switched Date of Introduction: 1986. to Tetra Brik cartons this year. Lower total manufacturing New Product–Documentation: Hurd. 1987. Baking and shipping cost is the main reason. The liter/quart size Industry. Jan. p. 52. This odorless bland product contains was pioneered in the U.S. by Alpro/Vamo Foods/Sunsoy, 75% dietary fi ber. It is composed primarily of cell wall and followed by Edensoy, Ah Soy, and Vitasoy. These material (both cellulosic and non-cellulosic) of soybean counterparts of dairy milk in quarts suit the needs of regular cotyledons derived from processing dehulled, defatted

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 286 soybean fl akes. It contains neither soybean hull nor soy bran. Oil Mill Gazetteer. 1987. Oct. Fibrim brand soy fi ber 671. Mercer, Nina J.H.; Carroll, K.K.; Giovannetti, P.M.; was introduced in 1986, part of an accelerated new products Steinke, F.H.; Wolfe, B.M. 1987. Effects on human plasma program. lipids of substituting soybean protein isolate for milk protein in the diet. Nutrition Reports International 35(2):279-87. 669. Wilcke, Harold H.; Bodwell, C.E.; Hopkins, D.T.; Feb. [23 ref] Altschul, A.M. 1986. New Protein Foods: A study of a • Summary: 33 healthy adult volunteers were studied over treatise. Advances in Food Research 30:331-85. [108 ref] a 12 week period during which they continued their usual • Summary: This is an analysis of the multivolume diet. Each volunteer consumed 500 ml of 2% cow’s milk monograph titled New Protein Foods. That treatise also for 6 weeks and 500 ml of an isolated soy protein beverage reviewed new ways of producing and marketing classical in a crossover design. Both beverages contained the same protein foods. Contents: Introduction. The energy-protein level of protein and 2% butterfat This simple dietary change interaction. Food supply. Conventional sources of protein produced a signifi cant shift in the animal:plant protein foods: Plant, land animals, marine animals. Refl ections on ratio for 2.44 to 1.08. Although it had no signifi cant effect foods from animal sources. New protein foods based on on total plasma cholesterol (reduced by 5.7%), VLDL plant sources: Introduction, cereal-legume model, nutritious cholesterol decreased signifi cantly. The authors concluded beverage model, animal fl esh model. Properties of plant that “consumption of beverages based on soy protein isolate protein products: Nutritional equivalence, chemistry and could assist in the dietary management of individuals with technology, genetics, government regulations, comment. elevated fasting serum cholesterol levels.” Address: Depts. Intervention to improve energy and protein nutrition: Short of Biochemistry, Medicine, and Home Economics (Bresica term, long term. College), Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, “There was a time when any emphasis on protein Canada. foods was taken to mean that the world food problem was considered to be primarily a protein problem. In opposition, 672. Lo, G.S.; Evans, R.H.; Phillips, K.S.; Dahlgren, R.R.; many others insisted that there was no evidence of a protein Steinke, F.H. 1987. Effect of soy fi ber and soy protein problem: It was total food supply, total energy supply, that on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis in rabbits. was the problem. And there were two camps: those who Atherosclerosis 64(1):47-54. March. [31 ref] insisted that the major effort to increase food supply should • Summary: Rabbits fed the combination of ISP and soy be on total food supply, and the other that the effort must be fi ber had the lowest plasma cholesterol concentration concentrated on protein supply. Neither is correct. Protein and the lowest incidence of aortic lesions, suggesting a and energy are interrelated and inseparable in individual complementary role for these two products in preventing human and animal nutrition; they are equally inseparable atherosclerosis in rabbits. Address: Ralston Purina Co., in considering agricultural resources. The food problem, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. wherever it exists, is a joint protein-energy problem, just as severe malnutrition in children is a protein-calorie problem. 673. Nutrition Overview. 1987. Dietary fi ber. Fibrim soy Surely other essential nutrients are required, but in relatively fi ber. 2(1):1-3. March. [21 ref] small quantities for which there are alternate sources. It is • Summary: A good review of the key literature on dietary the protein-energy axis that is limiting.” Address: 1. Ralston fi ber, and a defi nition of dietary fi ber versus crude fi ber. Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri 63164; 2. Energy and Protein Crude fi ber, used until recently in dietary tables, represents Nutrition Lab., Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, only a small portion of the dietary fi ber in a food. Americans ARS/USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705; 3. Agricultural are advised to consume 20-35 gm of fi ber daily. Discusses Nutritional Consultants, Inc., Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406; 4. effects of Fibrim soy fi ber on bowel function (decreased Depts. of Medicine, and Community and Family Medicine, mouth to cecum transit time, increased fecal bulk and Georgetown Univ. School of Medicine, Washington, DC moisture), lipid metabolism (lowered serum cholesterol), 20007. diabetic control (reduced hypoglycemic rebound in normal individuals, improved glucose tolerance in obese 670. Product Name: Soy Polymers. diabetics), and mineral bioavailability (mineral balance and Manufacturer’s Name: Ralston Purina Co. macronutrient utilization were not affected). Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. Phone: 314-982-1000 or 314-982-3117. 674. Richert, Stanley H. 1987. Forms of soy protein for use Date of Introduction: 1987 January. in meat formulations. National Provisioner. May 16. p. 40- New Product–Documentation: These industrial products 44, 76. act as functional additives for the coated paper and • Summary: Richert argues that the least expensive way paperboard markets. to formulate comminuted meat products is with isolated

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 287 soy proteins. Although they cost more than concentrates or 678. LaBell, Fran. 1987. Tofu & Tofu Products. Food textured soy fl our, a higher replacement level can be used. Processing (Chicago) 48(5):Ingredient Handbook insert. Examples of replacement levels, costs, and hedonic scores May. are given for beef patties, chicken patties, frankfurters, and • Summary: Discusses tofu standards, Brightsong Foods, tuna salad. Nasoya Foods, Clofi ne Dairy & Food Products, Soyco Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) Foods (Div. of Galaxy Cheese, P.O. Box 5181, New Castle, that mentions the “Protein Technologies International”–a Pennsylvania 16105), St. Peter Creamery Inc. (Div. of Oberg division of Ralston Purina Co. Address: Protein Technologies Foods, 119 W. Broadway, St. Peter, Minnesota. Makes International, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. spray dried tofu powder from soymilk coagulated by adding calcium sulfate. Its protein level is 38% and moisture is 5% 675. Cho, I.C. 1987. Isolated soy proteins as emulsifi ers: maximum. pH is 6.7–7.0% in a 10% solution. Fat is about Coffee creamer application. Protein Technology Review (PTI 18%). ADM, Ralston Purina, Rose International, Soyatech. / Ralston Purina, St. Louis, Missouri) No. 1. p. 6-7. Spring. Soyco Foods makes Soymage, “a new cheese [4 ref] alternative,” which is casein free and non-dairy. It is sold • Summary: Americans consume over 33 million gallons in four fl avors: Cheddar, Mozzarella, Monterey Jack, of coffee a day. To improve its acidic or bitter fl avor and and Jalapeno. “It has a light texture and shreds and slices to give it a light, creamy appearance, they add cream, readily.” The ingredients and packaging information are milk, or a formulated non-dairy creamer. A table gives the given. The company has been making a cheese substitute typical formulation for liquid coffee creamer. The fi rst six named Fromage™, based on casein and soy oil, which comes ingredients (by weight) are: Water 73.0%. Corn syrup solids in about 20 fl avors. Soymage was developed for people who 15.0%. Vegetable fat 10.1%. Isolated soy protein 0.8%. want a completely non-dairy cheese substitute. Mono- and di-glycerides 0.5%. Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Photos show: Tomsun Jofu (in the carton and in a dish 0.2%. Address: PhD, Manager, Dietary Healthy Industry ready to eat). Nasoya creamy tofu dressing (3 fl avors in R&D, Protein Technologies International, Div. of Ralston bottles). Address: Chicago, Illinois. Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. 679. Waggle, Doyle. 1987. All-vegetable, isolated soy 676. Coco, Ed. 1987. Soy polymer insolubilization. Pulp & protein puts functional and nutritional performance in today’s Paper 61(5):51-52. May. food products. Protein Technology Review (PTI / Ralston • Summary: “Three types of soy polymers (and variants Purina, St. Louis, Missouri) No. 1. p. 1-5. Spring. [14 ref] thereof) are commercially available today. They are native • Summary: Editor’s introduction: “Modern isolated soy (unhydrolyzed), thermochemically modifi ed (hydrolyzed), proteins provide opportunities for food marketers and and carboxylated. The native soy protein is an associated technologists to develop and position new and reformulated amphoteric polymer of high molecular weight made up of products for their targeted customers. four ultracentrifuge sedimentation fractions. The bulk of the “Foreword: Protein ingredients with improved functional commercial product is a combination of 7S, congycinin and and organoleptic properties are required to fi ll consumer 11S, gycinin. demands for healthful, tasty foods. As an all-vegetable, “The subunits are tightly coiled polymers that are made no-cholesterol, high quality protein source with virtually up of 20 different amino acids that are characterized by no fat, isolated soy proteins from Protein Technologies different functionalities.” International, a division of Ralston Purina Company, provide “Various commercial insolubilizers can be used to get production-tested functional and clinically-tested nutritional necessary water resistance, wet pick, and gluability on coated benefi ts for food manufacturers, over a wide latitude of paper and board.” Address: Ralston Purina Co. product categories.” Address: PhD, Vice President and Director of R&D, Protein Technologies International, Div. of 677. J. of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. 1987. Ralston Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. Purina seeks protein ruling. 64(5):702. May. [1 ref] • Summary: Ralston Purina Company has asked the U.S. 680. Elliott, James G. 1987. Lactose intolerance. Nutrition Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to establish that Overview 2(2):1-3. June. [23 ref] Purina Protein 500 and Purina Protein 710, when used as • Summary: A good overview of the subject. “Lactose the sole protein source in a food product, provide protein intolerance is a partial to complete inability of the body’s quality equal to casein. The company provided data on the enzymes to digest milk sugar often resulting in diarrhea and casein protein equivalency of these two isolated soy protein possibly accompanied by abdominal bloating, vomiting and products. Details: Food Chemical News, March 9, 1987, p. cramps. Human milk contains 7.5 gm of lactose per 100 33. ml whereas cow’s milk contains only 4.5 gm. The activity of lactase in the intestine reaches a maximum immediately

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 288 after birth and begins to decline thereafter until adulthood. industry have told Soyfoods Center that this move was There are three types of lactose intolerance: Congenital, probably made by Ralston Purina in order to facilitate sale of primary acquired, and secondary.” Address: Manager, their isolated soy protein operations, which have not grown Nutritional Science Dep., R&D Group, Protein Technologies as rapidly as hoped or expected, probably 5-10% a year. International (Ralston Purina). 685. Elliott, James G. 1987. Benefi cial effects of soy protein 681. Protein Technologies International. 1987. Introducing on blood cholesterol. Nutrition Overview 2(3):1-3. Sept. [34 Protein Technologies International: The ingredients for ref] success (Brochure). St. Louis, Missouri. 12 p. 28 cm. • Summary: An excellent review of the literature, discussing • Summary: See next page. Contents: All the ingredients animal studies, human studies, and the possible mechanism for success. The main ingredient (protein, Fibrim soy fi ber, for hypocholesterolemic effect, which is still uncertain. polymers, etc.). The human ingredient. The right ingredient. Studies with rats and rabbits demonstrated an increased The key ingredient (we are problem solvers). The next excretion of neutral and acidic steroids when the low- ingredient. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, fat, cholesterol-free diet contained isolated soy protein in Missouri 63164. Phone: (314) 982-2108. place of casein. However studies with humans have failed to confi rm an increased fecal excretion of steroids due to 682. Golbitz, Peter. 1987. Isolated soy proteins play feeding soy proteins. increasing role in new foods development. Demand for “A considerable body of evidence from animal studies healthful foods and highly functional ingredients spurs demonstrates that replacement of animal protein in the market forward. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine). July/ diet with soy proteins will protect animal models from Aug. p. 1, 10-11. hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. In humans, • Summary: The four major isolate producers today are replacement (partial or complete) of animal protein in Ralston Purina’s new subsidiary Protein Technologies the diet with soy proteins was shown to signifi cantly International (St. Louis, Missouri), ADM (Decatur, Illinois), reduce total cholesterol in hypercholesterolemics but not Grain Processing Corp. (Muscatine, Iowa), and Gunther normal individuals. Some studies showed that addition Products (Galesburg, Illinois; Div. of A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.). of soy proteins without replacement was also effective. ADM entered the isolate market when it purchased Central The mechanism for the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy Soya’s plant in 1980. GPC has been making isolates since protein is not fully known, but recent evidence suggests the early 1970s. Golbitz describes in detail the process for that a difference in response of gut hormones, insulin, and manufacturing soy protein isolates but completely/carefully glucagon, to animal and soy proteins may be a key factor.” omits reference to the hexane solvent extraction step. Address: Ralston Purina. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) that mentions “Protein Technologies International.” Address: 686. Meat Processing. 1987. Soy protein makers seek hot Bar Harbor, Maine. dog labeling changes. Sept. • Summary: The Soy Protein Council asked FSIS to regulate 683. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1987. American and allow all non-meat protein ingredients, such as soy, milk, Dietetic Association to explore benefi ts of soy products. July/ and proteinaceous fl avoring agents on an equal basis. They Aug. p. 5. asked that the present qualifying phrase for soy proteins • Summary: A program at the annual ADA meeting in (“Soy Added”) in the title be eliminated in hot dogs and October in Atlanta will be titled “Soybean Products for cooked sausages. Address: Duluth, Minnesota. Nutrition and Health.” Fred Steinke of Protein Technologies International (Ralston Purina) will introduce and moderate 687. Protein Technologies International (a subsidiary of the session. the Ralston Purina Company). 1987. There are only two constants: Change and increasing competition. Now, one 684. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1987. Ralston source can help you take advantage of both (Ad). Food Purina establishes Protein Technologies International as Processing (Chicago). Sept. wholly-owned subsidiary. July/Aug. p. 9. • Summary: A 3-page ad on unnumbered pages. The title on • Summary: On 1 July 1987 Ralston Purina Co. of St. Louis, page 2 is: “Introducing Protein Technologies International. Missouri, established their Protein Technologies group as a All the ingredients for success.” wholly-owned subsidiary. Sales of soy protein products are: “Our ingredients. For over 25 years, you’ve known us as 1982, $132.4 million; 1983, $144.3 million; 1984, $154.3 the Protein Division of Ralston Purina Company. million; 1985, $126.4 million, and 1986 $139.8 million. “Now, we’re Protein Technologies International, a Ralston Purina’s total 1986 sales were $5,500 million. name that better refl ects our worldwide leadership in dietary Note: Several long-time observers of the soy protein protein and fi ber technology.

“No one knows how to get more from the protein worldwide. A key to the company’s future growth will be the molecule than we do. Our people are on the leading edge of accelerated new products program. The 1986 introduction of protein and fi ber technology, constantly fi nding new ways to Fibrim brand soy fi ber is one example of this effort. put it to work for you. In a 1986 Food Marketing Institute survey, 93% of “Consequently, we offer you a wide range of products consumers said they are concerned about what they eat. Fat that grows wider almost every day. From our PP-series and cholesterol are two concerns that have increased since isolated soy proteins for profi t improvement, product 1984. A 1986 FDA survey found that about 80% of U.S. enhancement or new product development to our new adults pay attention to ingredients lists on labels. Two thirds Fibrim® soy fi ber product, which offers you new potential to use the information to avoid or limit certain items. The FDA tap the growing health and wellness-conscious market. is considering introducing cholesterol labeling in 1988. “But we also offer you the resources of the largest Reduced cholesterol, low cholesterol, or cholesterol free research and development program of its kind in the world. categories are proposed. Address: Houston, Texas. An international organization that stands ready to apply its full capabilities to work capturing your unique opportunities. 689. Ralston Purina Co. Protein Div. 1987. A review of “We will work with you to provide the ingredients and animal and clinical studies on the effect of isolated soy technology you need to stay ahead of the market. proteins on blood lipids. St. Louis, Missouri. 12 p. [21 ref] “The ingredients you need to succeed. • Summary: Clinical studies with isolated soy proteins fed to “Your success. As broad as the product line we offer, humans suggest a signifi cant reduction in plasma cholesterol we’re really involved in just one endeavor. and triglycerides in hyperlipidemic individuals. Address: St. “Delivering value. Louis, Missouri. “Everything we do is designed to provide you with an economic advantage while maintaining quality. Or even 690. Weingartner, Karl E. 1987. Processing, nutrition improving it. and utilization of soybeans. In: S.R. Singh, K.O. Rachie, “The result could be a more effi cient product, or one that and K.E. Dashiell. eds. 1987. Soybeans for the Tropics: satisfi es a growing consumer demand. It could be as simple Research, Production and Utilization. New York, etc: John as a reliable source of ingredients at a stable cost that lets Wiley & Sons Ltd. xx + 230 p. See p. 149-78. Chapt. 15. you price with confi dence. • Summary: An excellent, easy-to-understand condensation “But whether the target is increased manufacturing of the basics. Contents: Introduction. Oil extraction, effi ciency, reduced cost, response to a market need or Processing (and refi ning) the oil. Soy fl ours and grits. Soy improved functionality, our aim is always the same. protein concentrate and isolate. Nutritional components. “An improved bottom line that helps you compete, and Antinutritional components. Soybean use in Africa: win. Zimbabwe, Zambia, Nigeria, IITA’s strategy. “To fi nd out what we can do for you, call us today. And Currently more than 10 countries are involved in let us show you how to take advantage of our ingredients to manufacturing or processing soybean foods in Africa. In build your success.” 1985-86 the major producers of soybeans in subsaharan A photo shows the cover of a red brochure. Africa were Zimbabwe (80,000 tonnes), Nigeria (65,000 “To get the full story, call or write for our brochure tonnes), and Zambia (36,000 tonnes), and these three today: Protein Technologies International, Checkerboard countries are at the forefront in processing and utilization. Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. (800) 325-7108 or in Missouri In Zimbabwe, a company named Nutresco makes Mahewu, (314) 982-2108 Telex: 447240 RAL STL.” Address: Kansas a bestselling beverage made from soybeans and maize, and City, Missouri. a breakfast cereal named Nutri-Plus containing soybeans. In Nigeria, Nestlé makes Nutrend, an infant cereal, and another 688. Oil Mill Gazetteer. 1987. Purina Protein Division takes company makes Nutrimax-10, an instant cereal for the whole on new identity as international supplier. Oct. family. In Zaire, Cerevap, an instant cereal is sold. • Summary: The former protein division of the Ralston In 1985 IITA in Nigeria began a program to promote Purina Co. has become a wholly owned subsidiary of processing and utilization of soybeans, in collaboration with Ralston Purina named Protein Technologies International. INTSOY. One focus has been the use of expellers for small- The company remains the world leader in advanced isolated scale expression of soy oil. Research is also being done on soy protein and soy fi ber technology. This change marks soymilk and extrusion cooking. substantial growth on the part of the protein division Tables: (1) Composition (% dry weight) of soybeans and according to Paul Hatfi eld, president of PTI. Since its start in the seed parts (from Kawamura and Tada, 1967). Includes 1961, the business has evolved from a small, food-grade soy whole soybeans, cotyledon, hull, and hypocotyl. isolate facility in Louisville, Kentucky, to an international (2) Soybean grades, according to U.S. standards supplier of protein, polymer, and fi ber products with offi ces (from USDA, 1970). Grades are 1 to 4. (3) Composition

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 291 of crude and refi ned soybean oil (from Pryde, 1980). (4) proteins and beverages: Products designed to meet the needs Specifi cations for crude, degummed and once-refi ned of a changing market. St. Louis, Missouri. 8 p. + 5 inserts. soybean oil to be traded. (from Brekke, 1980). (5) Conditions Manufacturer’s catalog. for degumming (from Wiedermann, 1981). (6) Comparison • Summary: PP-series isolated soy proteins (PP660, of some activated bleaching clays (from Wiedermann, 1981). PP670, and PP710) contain over 90% protein. They offer (7) Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil (from Hastert, a high quality source of protein for beverage formulations. 1981). (8) Composition (% dry weight) of soybean fl our, soy Major markets include: 1. Sports nutrition market. 2. protein concentrate and isolate (from Bressani, 1981). Calorie-conscious market. Today an estimated 44.4 (9) Comparison (% dry weight) of three fl ours made million Americans are on a diet; 62% are women. 3. from soybeans (from Smith and Circle, 1972). Health-conscious market, concerned with saturated fat (10) Composition (% dry weight) of soybean and cholesterol. 4. The mature market. Today 27 million concentrates (Meyer, 1967). Made by alcohol leach, acid Americans (16% of the population) are age 65 or older. That leach, or moist heat (water). fi gure was 12.3 million in 1950 and is projected to be 35 (11) Estimate (mg/kg body weight) of humans’ daily million by the year 2000. Individuals in this market segment requirements of amino acids (FAO / WHO, 1983). are more likely than the population as a whole to be adhering (12) Essential amino acids contained in whole soybeans to a low fat, low cholesterol diet. They are also more likely (FAO, 1971), soybean fl our, soy protein concentrate (Central to be among the 13 million Americans who are lactose Soya, 1979) and soy protein isolate (Ralston Purina, 1978). intolerant. “Worldwide, lysine is the amino acid that is limiting in Inserts give a formulation and nutritional analysis for most low-cost diets.” Tryptophan is limiting in some diets, Nutritional Weight Loss Beverage, Protein Supplement while threonine is often present in less than recommended Beverage, Low Calorie Nutritional Shake, Weight Gain, and amounts. The sulphur amino acids are slightly low in Adult Nutritional Beverage. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. relatively few diets. “Since soy protein is a good source of lysine, tryptophan and threonine, its addition to a mixed diet 692. Ralston Purina Company. 1987. Marketing manager greatly improves quality of the diet’s protein.” (Ad). Wall Street Journal. Dec. 15. p. 40. (13) WHO suggested requirements (gm of amino acid • Summary: “Here is an opportunity to contribute to the per 100 gm of protein) of four critical amino acids (lysine, continuing growth and success of the world leader in protein tryptophan, threonine, sulphur amino acids {methionine and and food technology. Protein Technologies International, a cystine}) for preschool- and school-aged children, and adults subsidiary of the Ralston Purina Company, is able to offer (Anonymous 1986). a career opportunity to a marketing professional capable of (14) Effect of soybean fl our as a protein supplement to identifying, developing, and managing an exciting array of cereal grains (Bressani, 1981). new market opportunities...” (15) Fatty acids (%) in soybean oil–divided into Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. saturated and unsaturated (Nwar, 1985). 2020) announcing the existence of Protein Technologies (16) Mineral content of whole soybeans (FAO, 1971), International in the Wall Street Journal, or any other major defatted fl our, concentrate (Central Soya, 1979) and isolate U.S. newspaper. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, (Ralston Purina, 1978). Missouri 63164. (17) Sugar analysis (%) of hydrolyzed carbohydrates from soybean products (Eldridge et al., 1979). 693. SoyaScan Notes. 1987. Chronology of soybeans, (18) Effect of raffi nose plus stachyose in the diet of soyfoods and natural foods in the United States 1987 humans; production of fl atus (van Stratum and Rudrum, (Overview). Dec. 31. Compiled by William Shurtleff of 1979). Soyfoods Center. (19) Evaluation of soybean line PI157440, which lacks • Summary: Jan. Westbrae moves the production of Malteds the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, compared with regular soybeans, to California from Japan. raw or heated, in terms of trypsin inhibitor activity, rat PER, Jan. The Soy Plant, a tofu cooperative in Ann Arbor, and chick gain per unit of feed. It was found to be better Michigan, fi les for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. It is soon than regular raw soybeans but poorer than heated regular purchased by Bruce Rose of Rosewood Products, Inc. soybeans. Jan. Soymage, the fi rst casein-free soy cheese, is (20) Nutrient content of 1 cup (237 ml) soy milk, cow’s introduced by Soyco Foods, a Division of Galaxy Cheese milk and human milk (Pennington and Church, 1985). Co. Address: IITA (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture), Feb. Soya Newsletter, a 12-page, bimonthly publication Ibadan, Nigeria. costing $96/year, is launched by Soyatech of Bar Harbor, Maine. Publishers are Peter Golbitz and Sharyn Kingma, 691. Protein Technologies International. 1987. PP-series former owners of Island Tofu Works. The publication

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 292 quickly proves itself to be the world’s best English-language April. Healthy Times, a bimonthly newsletter, starts publication on soyfoods. By October, paid circulation tops being published by Morinaga Nutritional Foods of Los 900 in 20 countries. Angeles, makers of Mori-Nu long-life silken tofu, for Feb. American Soybean Association petitions the U.S. members of the Mori-Nu Health for Life Club. By Aug. 1988 Food and Drug Administration to require food manufacturers circulation is up to 10,000; A subscription costs $3 a year. to be more specifi c in labeling food products that contain May 26. Tofutti Brands Inc. and Coca-Cola launch highly saturated imported tropical fats (palm, palm kernel, Cheater’s Delite, a major joint promotion featuring a and coconut oils). The petition includes results of a 90-calorie scoop of Lite Lite Tofutti and a 1-calorie glass supermarket survey of 1,555 foods containing vegetable oils. of Diet Coke, special labeling and couponing on 3 million 43% of the labels list multiple choice or generic vegetable bottles of Diet Coke, 5 weeks of heavy advertising in New oil ingredients which hides from the consumer the fact that York, New Jersey and Connecticut, and a Caribbean cruise the products contain highly saturated tropical fats. Imported sweepstakes. tropical fats displace the equivalent of oil derived from 171 June. Dr. Jane Gleason of the University of Illinois million bushels of soybeans. Herewith begin the great “Fat goes to Sri Lanka to spend a year studying its soybean and Wars” of 1987-88. soyfoods industries. Feb. Lite Lite Tofutti introduced by Tofutti Brands, Inc. July 1. Ralston Purina Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, This non-dairy frozen dessert contains only 90 calories per establishes Protein Technologies International as a wholly- 4-ounce serving. It soon becomes a big hit. owned subsidiary to focus on sales of soy protein for food Feb. Ah Soy in Tetra Brik cartons launched by Great uses. The company’s sales of soy protein products were Eastern Sun. $139.8 million in 1986. Feb. Options trading on futures for soybean oil and meal July. Victor Food Products in Toronto, Canada’s largest opened on Chicago Board of Trade. tofu manufacturer, declares bankruptcy. The main cause: March 4. The USDA’s Federal Grain Inspection Service Overexpansion, trying to grow too fast. rules that soybean oil may be used to control grain dust in Aug. The Barat Bar, an upscale chocolate bar containing elevators. This voids the Barnham patent and opens up a spray-dried tofu instead of dairy products, is launched by large potential new market for soy oil, which is in surplus. Legume Inc. and extensively promoted. It soon becomes a March. Great Shake soymilk launched by Noble Soya in big hit. India. Sold in Tetra Brik cartons in mango, strawberry, and Aug. Brightsong Foods of Petaluma, California, ceases chocolate favors, it is the country’s most heavily promoted operations. Richard and Sharon Rose resign to found a soymilk to date, but gets off to a slow start. new company, Rose International, which will be a tofu March 16-18. First International Congress on development, marketing, and consulting company, rather Vegetarian Nutrition held in Washington, D.C., sponsored than a manufacturer. by eight Seventh-day Adventist universities and health care Sept. 24. San-J International of Richmond, Virginia, organizations, and three SDA food companies, plus S.E. dedicates the fi rst tamari brewery ever built outside of Japan. Rykoff/Sexton. The 40,000 square foot facility with a capacity of 1 million March. Vitasoy Vitabrations, a newsletter, starts being gallons a year is located in Varina, Virginia. San-J tamari was published by Vitasoy USA. fi rst imported to America in 1979. March 31. Hong Kong Soya Bean Products Co. Ltd., Sept. 28. Plenty Soya Centre, run by Plenty Canada, makers of Vitasoy, move into a large new plant (370,000 opens in Kandy, Sri Lanka. They will sell as many soyfood square feet costing $20 million) in the New Territories. Sales products as possible at a reasonable cost. of Vitasoy in 1987 is projected to be 126 million packs. Oct. 6. Anti-cholesterol campaign starts. The U.S. April 1. Tempehworks, Inc., America’s fi rst major Federal Government and more than 20 health organizations tempeh producer from Greenfi eld, Massachusetts, changes its issue the nation’s fi rst detailed guidelines for identifying and name to Lightlife Foods, Inc. In recent years, Tofu Pups have treating people whose blood cholesterol levels are more than become the company’s bestselling product. 200 mg per deciliter. The guidelines signal the beginning April. Stir Fruity, a non-dairy, nonfermented, soy-based of a nationwide health promotion campaign designed to yogurt, is introduced by Azumaya Inc. of San Francisco. reduce blood cholesterol to safer levels. This signals exciting Shelf life problems cause the product to be withdrawn, new opportunities to market cholesterol-free soy-based causing Azumaya to set aside plans for an $800,000 radio alternatives to meat. ad campaign in northern California. The product is soon Nov. Kikkoman Taste, a stylish full-color “quarterly back on the market, but in limited distribution and with little intercultural forum for the exchange of ideas on food,” promotion. Yet during this year, Azumaya probably passed published by Kikkoman Corp. in Tokyo. Its focus is on House Foods & Yamauchi to become America’s largest tofu shoyu in international cuisine. producer. * During this year of the great vegetable oil wars, the

ASA launched an all-out no-holds-barred campaign to Ralston’s Continental Baking Company in its new Wonder educate Americans of the health dangers of tropical fats Light reduced-calorie bread. (palm and coconut oil; which succeeded) and to require such Divisions of the company include: Grocery Products, products to be clearly labeled (which failed). Branded Foods, Continental Baking Company, Eveready * This year the world’s population passed 5 billion. It is Battery Company, and Protein Technologies International. increasing by a record 80 million people a year, so that every PTI is further divided into Dietary Protein Food Ingredients 3 years the equivalent of one United States’ full of people is (PP-Series Isolated Soy Proteins, Dari-Pro Milk Replacers), added to the population of planet Earth. Continued. Dietary Fiber Food Ingredients (Fibrim Soy Fiber), Dairy Food Systems Products (Specialty Animal Ingredients), 694. Product Name: PP-Series Isolated Soy Proteins Paper and Paperboard Coating Ingredients (Pro-Cote and Sp- (PP670). Series Soy Polymers). Manufacturer’s Name: Protein Technologies International. In October 1986, the company sold its domestic Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, agricultural products business (Purina Mills). In Jan. 1985, Missouri. the company sold its low-margin soybean processing Date of Introduction: 1987 December. operations. In October 1984, the company acquired How Stored: Shelf stable. Continental Baking Company for $475.0 million in cash. Nutrition: 90% protein. Page 15: Sales of soy protein products 1985 were $126.4 New Product–Documentation: PTI. 1987, Nov. PP- million, in 1986 were $139.8 million, and in 1987 were Series Proteins & Beverages. Talk with Lisa Koppen who $157.1 million. Sales of soybean meal and oil in in 1985 talked with Jean Kuster, brand manager, at PTI. PP670 was were $101.1 million, and in 1986 were only $2.4 million. launched in Dec. 1987. The others products in the PP series Incorporation occurred on January 8, 1894 in Missouri. (PP610, PP620, PP660, PP710, and PP760) have all been The current number of shareholders is 33,458, the number of around for 6-15 years, but were formerly named Supro, then employees in the U.S. is 37,366, and the number outside the Purina Protein. Now they are planning to change back to U.S. is 20,932. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Supro in about 3 months to unlink the name Purina or PP with PTI. 696. Harland, Barbara F.; Oberleas, Donald. 1987. Phytate in foods. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 52:235-59. 695. Ralston Purina Company. 1987. Annual report to [62* ref] shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 32 p. 28 cm. • Summary: Mature soybean seeds contain up to 2.58% wt/ • Summary: Ralston Purina Company, founded in 1894, is wt of phytic acid, whereas various soy-based compounds the world’s largest producer of dry dog and soft-moist cat contain much smaller amounts. For example various meat foods. The company is the largest wholesale baker of fresh analogs contain from 0.12% to 1.63% wt/wt, soy-based bakery products in the U.S. Sales for the year ended Sept. infant formula contains 0.062%, soy fl our (Ralston Purina) 30, 1987, totaled $5,868,000,000 compared to 1986 sales of contains 1.52%, soy protein isolate (Ralston Purina) $5,514,600,000. Net earnings for the year were $523,100,000 contains 1.34%, and textured soy protein concentrate (Patti compared to 1986 earnings of $388,700,000. The sale of Pro, made by General Mills) contains 1.50% wt/wt of Purina Mills, Inc. in October 1986 resulting in an after-tax phytic acid. Address: 1. Div. of Nutrition, Food, and Drug gain of $209.3 million. At Continental Baking Company, Administration, Washington, DC; 2. Dep. of Nutrition and both bread and snack cake volume improved in fi scal 1987. Food Science, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Protein Technologies International achieved record volume sales in the U.S. and in most of its foreign markets. 697. Protein Technologies International. 1987? Fibrim Page 8: Paul H. Hatfi eld, Corporate Vice President soy fi ber: A physiological and functional report on a new [Ralston Purina] and President, Protein Technologies and unique dietary fi ber from a natural source. St. Louis, International (PTI), reports that PTI achieved record sales Missouri: PTI. 27 p. Undated. * and earnings in fi scal 1987 on solid volume gains in both Address: St. Louis, Missouri. U.S. and most foreign markets. Protein Technologies continued its emphasis on the testing and development of 698. Elliott, James G. 1988. Consumer attitudes regarding new isolated soy protein product applications during the year, soy products. In: L. McCann, ed. 1988. Soybean Utilization focusing primarily on new products for key food industry Alternatives. St. Paul, MN: Univ. of Minnesota Center for segments. The new Market Development Unit located in Alternative Crops and Products. vi + 429 p. See p. 381-91. Memphis was fully utilized during the year. Capitalizing [3 ref] on the increased interest in reduced-calorie and high fi ber • Summary: Discusses: Consumer awareness of soy foods. products, Fibrim’s use in bakery goods and packaged foods Consumers’ awareness of manufacturers’ use of soy protein. is expanding. One successful example of Fibrim’s use is by Consumer willingness to purchase meat products containing

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 294 soy protein. People were asked, when you think of foods • Summary: Discusses: Defi nitions and methods of which are made from soybeans, what products come to preparation. Nutritional and health aspects of soy proteins: mind? Unaided awareness of soyfoods among consumers Nutritional value of soy protein ingredients, amino acid was low, only 4 in 10 were able to name a specifi c soyfood profi le, digestibility, amino acid requirements, nutritional on a top-of-the-mind basis. However, aided awareness was value of soy proteins in food systems, meat, poultry, and signifi cantly higher. Soy sauce and soybean oil had the fi sh, dairy products, cereal grains, health and soy protein highest levels of aided awareness among consumers at 94% products. Functionality: General properties, functionality and 77% respectively. Tofu, soymilk, margarine, and soy of soy protein ingredients, soy fl ours/grits (untextured), soy nuts registered moderate levels of aided awareness at 45%, protein concentrates (untextured), soy protein isolates, soy 38%, 38%, and 31% respectively. Tofutti came in next at albumens, textured/structured soy protein products, fl avor 21% and miso came in last at 10%. and texture. Uses in food systems: Meat food products, When asked if they had “ever tried” these products, of emulsifi ed meats, coarsely-chopped meats, canned meats, the eight soyfoods mentioned, soy sauce demonstrated the whole muscle meats, poultry products, seafood products, highest trial level at 75%. All other products “ever tried” analogs, pet foods, dairy-type products, bakery products– were 20% or less. Respondents who had not tried a particular cereals–pastas, bread and rolls, specialty breads, cakes and food product made from soybeans were asked if they would cake mixes, doughnuts, breakfast cereals, pasta products, be willing to do so. Expressed willingness to try was in the misc. baking applications, misc. foods. Consumption trends. 60% to 70% range. It was the highest for soybean oil, soy Future considerations. Summary. nuts, margarine, tofu and Tofutti. Soy protein concentrates are preferred in milk 65% of those surveyed responded positively when replacers for baby animals such as calves, lambs, and asked, “have you heard of soy protein being included pigs because of their low soluble carbohydrate content in certain food products?” 35% were unaware. Among (i.e. less gastrointestinal disturbance problems) and lower consumers who were aware that manufacturers use soy immunogenicity. The industry producing edible soy protein protein, 60% said that they were defi nitely using foods products for human consumption has grown enormously that contain soy protein, or believed that they were; 29% since the late 1950’s. Yearly world production is estimated said they were not using them; and 11% didn’t know. to be approximately 1,500,000 tonnes (metric tons or When asked, “Does the fact that a food manufacturer uses 3,300 million lb; Note: Text fi gure of 1,500 tonnes is an soy protein in its products change your feeling about the error) of soy fl our, 90,000 tonnes (200 million lb) of soy company?,” 80% stated no difference; 8% stated that they protein concentrate, and 70,000 tonnes (170 million lb) of felt better; and 12% said that they felt worse. Address: soy protein isolate, which amounts to about 3,700 million Manager of scientifi c communications, Protein Technologies pounds/year of edible protein for human consumption. International, St. Louis, Missouri. Since soy fl our is used in many developing countries where statistical records are incomplete, the fi gure for this 699. Product Name: PP670 Isolated Soy Protein (for ingredient could be higher than given here. The demand for Beverage Powders). soy protein concentrates appears to be growing at the fastest Manufacturer’s Name: Protein Technologies International. rate. Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Note: Dr. Dale Johnson, in a personal communication to MO 63164. Phone: 800-325-7108. Dr. Walter Wolf at the USDA Northern Regional Research Date of Introduction: 1988 February. Center in Peoria, Illinois, estimated the 1985 production of Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Bulk. isolated soy proteins in the USA to be 70,000 tonnes. Sipos How Stored: Shelf stable. here gives that same fi gure as the world total. Yet isolate Nutrition: 90% + soy protein. production has increased worldwide since 1985 and it is New Product–Documentation: Soya Newsletter. 1988. produced outside the USA in Japan, in Belgium (by Ralston Jan/Feb. p. 8. Designed for beverage powders and other Purina), and in China. Address: Sipos & Associates, Inc. Fort products that require superior fl avor/odor and mouthfeel Wayne, Indiana. characteristics, PP670 comes in powdered form and has excellent suspension and dispersibility properties. It can be 701. Nordquist, Ted. 1988. New developments with tofu and used for partial or complete replacement of caseinate in new soymilk in Sweden (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 26. or existing product formulations. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: Ted is working with three of Sweden’s largest 700. Sipos, Endre F. 1988. Edible uses of soybean protein. food companies: (1) Semper AB, the country’s largest milk In: L. McCann, ed. 1988. Soybean Utilization Alternatives. company, used to be an independent milk research company. St. Paul, MN: Univ. of Minnesota Center for Alternative Semper now makes an infant formula, and two fl avors of Crops and Products. vi + 429 p. See p. 57-93. [107 ref] soy drink for adults, both from soy protein isolates. The

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 295 later is poor tasting. Semper is now wholly owned by Arla, distributes to supers himself. The three distributors that serve the Swedish milk company. (2) Karlshamn Oliefabrik, the country’s 65 health food stores do not have refrigeration. Sweden’s largest oils and fats company, that is also the There are no tofu companies yet in Norway, Denmark, or largest manufacturer of ice cream and margarine. They Finland. Of all of Aros sales, 55% is regular tofu, followed used to be a soybean crusher, but now they import their oil. by marinated tofu (Tofu Marinerad) 15%, then three other Karlshamn has the Swedish franchise for Ralston Purina. products. Nutana makes a canned tofu (made entirely from They have a newsletter The Soybean Magazine that they isolates) in cubes in a sauce. Lima Foods sells a bottled tofu. use to market Ralston’s products. They import isolates, There are 8 million people in Sweden. which Semper buys for use in their infant formula (Soja Tomsun is trying to register the trademark Jofu (their Semp) and adult soymilks. (3) Trensums Musteri, a juice nonfermented soy yogurt) in Sweden. This may upstage company owned by Mark Jungstrum, who owns the only 3 Ted’s attempt to trademark Sofu for soymilk and wipe out his Combibloc machines in Sweden. He packages Knorr soups trademark on the term “Tofu.” in them. The resources are unlimited. The present focus is Semper is interested in having the new soy base be on developing a natural soy base free of beany fl avor and low in oligosaccharides so that their infant formula does evaluation the economics of the product. From this base they not cause fl atulence. The following oligosaccharide levels will make a line of products, including dairylike products have been found in European soymilks: Alfa-Laval’s plant and non-beany tofu. Ted has a contract with Trensums to in Colmar, France, that uses ultrafi ltration 0.02 gm/liter; receive a 2% commission on all soy products made in the Alpro in Belgium 0.28 gm/liter; Alfa-Laval’s pilot plant in new plant, since he basically developed the plant, which Sweden 0.43 gm/liter; the STS plant built for DE-VAU-GE is inside the Trensums Musteri juice factory located in the in Germany 0.58 gm/liter. By using ultrafi ltration to make south of Sweden, near Karlshamn. He also has a contract tofu you can both remove the oligosaccharides and reduce with Semper. Semper supplies Karlshamn with all their milk the water content. Address: President, Aros Sojaprodukter, products. Roughly 12 million crowns ($2-3 million) has Bergsvagen 1, S-190 63 Orsundsbro, Sweden. Phone: 0171- already been invested in soy equipment and R&D at this 604 56. plant in Tingsryd, which produces about 4,000 liters/hour of soymilk. 702. Duxbury, Dean D. 1988. Isolated soy proteins add “lite” This project began in 1983, when Luke Lukoskie came image to meat products: replaces up to 25% of ground meat. to Ted with a proposal to cooperate with Alfa-Laval, since Food Processing (Chicago) 49(4):64, 66. April. Ted was the only tofu maker in Sweden, where Alfa-Laval • Summary: A 1987 survey shows that Americans are is located (in Lund). Luke had a contract with Alfa-Laval to concerned about fat, cholesterol, and calories. One develop tofu and other soy products. He wanted a continuous company–Protein Technologies International–offers 20 tofu making process. Alfa-Laval had a plant installed in his different isolated soy proteins. Address: Associate editor. former factory, which burned down. At one point Lukoskie was considering a lawsuit against Alfa-Laval. In 1984 Alfa- 703. Phillippy, B.Q.; Johnston, M.R.; Tsao, S.-H.; Fox, Laval began moving the soy development operations from M.R.S. 1988. Inositol phosphates in processed foods. J. of Lund to Singapore. At the time they had sold one plant to Food Science 53(2):496-99. March/April. [35 ref] China, with plans to sell 2 more if the fi rst proved successful. • Summary: Myo-inositol bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis- and Ted met with the people from Talmo Gordon, who hexakisphosphates (IP2-6) were quantifi ed in 9 thermally were planning to build a soymilk plant in Ludvika, funded processed or fermented food products (including bran, with government money, but dropped the idea after Semper canned [mung] bean sprouts, canned kidney beans, fried soy and Ted showed them that their concept was not feasible. burger, infant formula concentrate and powder, soy isolate, The owner of the plant in Tingsryd is an expert at product tofu and white bread). Total inositol phosphate content development, including foods such as mushroom soups in (millimoles/kg dry weight) ranged from 1.35 in white German Combibloc that cannot be done in Tetra Pak. So Ted bread to 23.26 in tofu and 26.05 in soy isolate. In all foods left his cooperation with Alfa-Laval and started developing analyzed, inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid) accounted with him in Tingsryd. They signed a contract. Ted goes there for greater than 40% of the total inositol phosphates on a for 3 days a week. The sales of Aros grew 70% last year, in molar basis. part because of new labels. All products are doing well. He Note: Supro 610K soy isolate was obtained from Ralston makes an average of 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of tofu per week. Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). Address: 1-2. Div. of Food By vacuum packing his tofu then pasteurizing it at 95ºC for Chemistry and Technology; 3-4. Div. of Nutrition. All: Food 45 minutes, then quick cooling it in water at 4-6ºC, he gets and Drug Administration (FDA), Washington, DC 20204. a shelf life of 85 days at 4ºC under ideal conditions vs. 30 Phillippy’s present address: Southern Regional Research days shelf life if it is not vacuum packed. None of Sweden’s Center, USDA, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124. three big supermarket distributors carry his tofu, so he

704. Elliott, J.G.; Wagner, T.J.; Geurin, H.B. 1988. being included in certain food products?”: Yes 61%. No Performance of calf milk replacers based on milk protein, 39%. Of those which answered yes, “2. What types of food isolated soy protein/milk proteins or soy protein concentrate/ products are currently available which contain soy protein?” milk proteins. J. of Dairy Science 71(Supplement 1):125 Meat 42%, all other foods 23%, don’t know 35%. Of those (Abst. #P20). June. American Dairy Science Association who answered yes to #1, “Have you ever tried food products 83rd Annual Meeting. with soy protein included in them?” Yes 40%. No 50%. • Summary: “The fi ndings to be presented verify that Don’t know 10%. “4. If you knew products available at isolated soy protein is able to economically replace 50% of the supermarket contained soy protein, would you be more the milk proteins in calf milk replacers without sacrifi ce of or less likely to buy them?” More likely to purchase 20%. performance.” Address: Protein Technologies International, No difference 37%. Less likely to purchase 32%. Don’t Dairy Food Systems Div., St. Louis, Missouri 63164. know 11%. Of the 20% who answered “more likely” to #4: “5. Why is it you would be more likely to buy products 705. Kingma, Sharyn. 1988. New study released on containing soy protein?” Healthier 34%. Nutritious 18%. consumer attitudes about soy proteins. Soya Newsletter (Bar Lower cost 8%. Good taste 6%. Less cholesterol 6%. Less Harbor, Maine). May/June. p. 3, 14-15. fat 4%. Less calories 3%. Of the 32% who answered “less • Summary: Protein Technologies International, a subsidiary likely” to #4: “6. Why is it you would be less likely to buy of Ralston Purina, St. Louis, Missouri, has recently released products containing soy protein?” Don’t know 20%. Taste the results of a new study which evaluates current consumer 20% (they perceived that soy protein negatively affected the attitudes related to soy protein, nutrition, dietary habits, and taste). Additive/chemical 12%. Process 9%. Filler 7%. Cost knowledge of dietary fi ber. The 1988 Consumer Attitudes 2%. Monitor was undertaken to determine if there had been any #7 showed that only 6% had refused to purchase a signifi cant changes in consumer attitudes since their fi rst product because it contained soy protein. “8. Does the fact study was done in 1985. that a food manufacturer uses soy protein in its products One of the major differences between the earlier study change your feeling about the company?” No difference (see Ralston Purina 1985 and Elliott 1988) and the current 47%. Feel better 26%. Feel worse 17%. Don’t know one is that the 1985 study contained specifi c questions 10%. “9. How would you rate your knowledge about related to soyfoods. But the 1988 survey also probed some ‘Dietary Fiber?’” Very knowledgeable 9%. Knowledgeable interesting areas. For details, see the study itself. 24%. Neutral (some knowledge) 19%. Only slightly Copies of the 1988 Consumer Attitudes Monitor knowledgeable 29%. Not at all knowledgeable 19%. “10. are available through Jean Kuster, Protein Technologies What do you think are the benefi ts of food high in fi ber?” International, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri, Aids digestion 33%. Reduces some forms of cancer 26%. 63164 or call 800-325-7108. Promotes regularity 23%. Reduces cholesterol 9%. Aids glucose tolerance 2%. “11. Have you changed your (your 706. Nutrition Overview. 1988. Consumer research study family’s) eating habits and meal menus within the last 12 offers insight into fi tness market. 3(2):5-6. June. months?” Changed 58%. Not changed 42%. Of the 58% who • Summary: Protein Technologies International have changed: “12. What were the major reasons for those commissioned a study of exercise and dietary habits, changes?” Concerned about calories/weight 17%. Concerned interests, and practices of physically active consumers. about cholesterol 12%. Physician recommendations/orders Results of the survey indicated that physically active 11%. Concern about fat content 9%. Economic 3%. Note that consumers believe a high correlation exists between diet and all but 3% reported the major reasons for this were health- exercise performance. When asked why they participated related. Again, of the 58% who have changed: “13. How in a regular exercise program, both the moderately active have you changed?” Eat more fruit/vegetables 28%. Reduced and very active segment responded that improved health amount of red meat eaten 26%. Reduced cholesterol 23%. was their primary motivation to exercise. Weight control, Reduced salt/sodium consumption 15%. Added fi ber to enjoyment, improved appearance, muscle building, and stress diet 13%. Reduced dairy products 11%. Address: St. Louis, management (in that order) were other popular responses. Missouri.

707. Protein Technologies International. 1988. 1988 708. Wagner, T.J.; Elliott, J.G.; Geurin, H.B. 1988. Effect Consumer Attitudes Monitor: Nutrition, soy protein and soy of isolated soy protein and whey on partial or complete ﬁ ber. St. Louis, Missouri. 10 p. 28 cm. replacement of dried skim milk in a milk replacer for veal • Summary: This study, an update of a study conducted calves. J. of Dairy Science 71(Supplement 1):126 (Abst. in 1985, is based on a telephone poll of 1,005 Americans #P21). June. American Dairy Science Association 83rd nationwide, 18 years or older, half men and half women. Annual Meeting. The results are as follows: “1. Have you heard of soy protein • Summary: 55 male Holstein calves were used and

“slaughtered as veals at 15 weeks of age.” protein food ingredients in Sweden: Prospective impacts “These fi ndings demonstrate that ISP (isolated soy on trade, food policy, and agricultural resource use, by protein) can be used with whey to replace skim milk and Matthew G. Smith. 4. Grain and meat in China: Trends in offer an economic alternative while maintaining nutritional Consumption, Production, and imports with special reference performance for 3-15 weeks.” Address: Protein Technologies to isolated soy protein meat ingredients, by Terry Sicular International, Dairy Food Systems Div., St. Louis, Missouri with Vanessa Weiss. 5. The potential role of isolated soy 63164. protein food ingredients in Mexico, by G. Edward Schuh, Matthew G. Smith, and Maria Ignez Schuh. 709. Steffens, Ken. 1988. Farmland, Far-Mar-Co., and PMS Part 3: Microeconomic considerations. Part 4. Technical Foods, Inc. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 22. Conducted and consumer considerations. by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Discusses the many benefi ts of using isolated soy • Summary: Far-Mar-Co merged with Farmland in the late proteins as an ingredient in processed meat products. 1970s. Farmland then started losing money in a big way, Economic benefi ts include substantial cost savings. so they wanted to divest some of their assets and get out Nutritional benefi ts include reduction of cholesterol, of the business of making TVP. So three of the personnel saturated fats, and total fat content, plus increase in protein bought Far-Mar-Co in 1983 in a leveraged buyout. The new content. Address: Senior vice president, Agribusiness Corp. company was called PMS Foods Inc., standing for Parke, of America, Washington, DC. Major and Shoup. They are still in Hutchinson, Kansas, making TVP. Farmland is a mere shadow of its former self, a 711. Aarons, Theodore. 1988. Unilab Research, Protein manufacturer in Kansas City. Research Associates, Dr. Abraham Schapiro, lecithinated PMS paid ADM a licensing fee to make TVP. It goes for instant soy proteins, and Boericke & Runyon Co. another 3 years. Four companies made TVP: ADM, PMS, (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 23. Conducted by Cargill, and Central Soya (in that order of size). The latter William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. [2 ref] three all license the process from ADM. Ken, who worked • Summary: Ted founded Protein Research Associates in for Ralston, says that Ralston is also named on the original Berkeley in 1969. In 1981 the company became Protein patent and they get lots of licensing money. They litigated Research Associates. Working with various chemists and against all the producers of TVP. There were three different biochemists, he extracted high-grade, inexpensive protein rights: process, chemical, and one other. ADM, Ralston, and from agricultural by-products and wastes. In 1970 Dr. Staley were co-holders of the patent–not just ADM. Ralston Abraham “Schap” Schapiro, a chemist, developed the is no longer in the business. fi rst soluble soy protein, via a process of lecithination, in Update. 1998. April. PMS Foods, Inc. is listed in the conjunction with his work at Boericke & Runyon Co., Inc. 1998 Soya Bluebook Plus on p. 192. Location: 2701 E. 11th, in El Cerrito. The concept of lecithinating a powder to make P.O. Box 1099, Hutchinson, Kansas 67504-1099. Phone: it soluble was fi rst applied to soy proteins. Schapiro was 316-663-5711. Fax: 316-663-7195. e-mail: sales@pmsfoods. granted various patents on the process, starting in 1969. com. Internet: www.pmsfoods.com. Contact: Derek Park, These were assigned to Mr. Aarons. Unfortunately, in the President. Plant manager: Floyd Shoup. Facility: Extrusion, mid-1970s Ralston Purina, followed by Staley, Central Soya, served by rail & truck. Edible products: Meat analogs, and other large protein companies modifi ed the engineering textured soy fl our. Address: PMS Foods, Inc., 2701 East 11th and bypassed the patents. No legal action was taken. The St., Hutchinson, Kansas 67501. Phone: 316-663-5711 (Oct. lecithinated proteins contained less than 1% lecithin (0.3 1995). to 0.8%). Prior to this discovery, many protein powders had been mixed with large amounts of sugar to make them 710. Schwarz, F.H. ed. 1988. Soy protein and national soluble. The key to the patent was that the lecithin and food policy. Boulder (Colorado) and London: Westview protein were mixed in incremental steps. First an aqueous Press. Published in cooperation with Protein Technologies solution of liquid lecithin was mixed into soy protein International, a subsidiary of the Ralston Purina Company. powder, then in 2 steps more protein was stirred into that x + 349 p. No index. 24 cm. Published in cooperation mixture. with Protein Technologies International, a subsidiary of The fi rst commercial application of the process was with the Ralston Purina Company. Foreword by P.H. Hatfi eld, Shaklee’s Instant Protein Powder. The process was licensed President of PTI. [212 ref] to Mr. Worthington, head of Boericke & Runyon Co., a • Summary: Contents: Foreword, by P.H. Hatfi eld. Part 1: custom formulator in El Cerrito that prepared the product for Introduction. 1. Policy implications, by D. Gale Johnson. 2. Shaklee. It was sold in 1-lb cans in vanilla, chocolate, and Meat supply and demand in developing countries: Past trends strawberry fl avors. Total pounds of Instant Protein shipped and projections to 2000, by J.S. Sarma. by B&R were as followed: 1970 (from March) was 654,615 Part 2: Case studies. 3. The introduction of isolated soy lb; 1971 was 1,321,774 lb; 1972 was 1,391,904 lb, and 1973

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 298 through March was 346,356 lb (1,385,424 lb annualized). operating profi t margin for each, in descending order of Another popular early instant protein powder was sold operating profi t margin (earnings before taxes, interest and by Naturade in Paramount, California. Most of the products depreciation as a percentage of sales), as follows: Kellogg in the amino acid fi eld have gone through their labs. ($3,793, 21.2%), Ralston Purina ($5,868, 16.3%), Heinz Ted now does product development with protein ($5,244, 15.7%), Hershey Foods ($2,434, 15.0%), RJR powders, hydrolyzed proteins, amino acids, and amino acid Nabisco (food operations only; $9.420, 13.7%), Campbell supplementation to get optimal PER. He is very interested in Soup ($4,869, 12.7%), Quaker Oats ($5,330, 12.0%), alfalfa protein; a 70% protein powder costs $0.20/lb with a General Mills ($5,179, 12.0%), Borden ($6,514, 11.7%), PER of 2.6 if tailored by adding methionine and tryptophane. Pillsbury ($6,191, 11.1%), Kraft ($9,876, 9.5%), General Address: Protein Research Associates, 901 Grayson St., Foods (Philip Morris; $9,946, 8.1%), Sara Lee ($10,424, Berkeley, California 94710. Phone: 415-845-7614. 7.7%). In 1984 Kraft acquired Celestial Seasonings, the herbal- 712. SoyaScan Notes. 1988. Microbiological specifi cations tea company, then aggressively extended the line to include for tofu, powdered soymilk, and soy protein isolates many new fl avors, and put the brand on mixed seasonings, (Overview). Oct. 10. Compiled by William Shurtleff of salad dressings, and even cosmetics. This proved to be a Soyfoods Center. blunder, so last year Kraft sold Celestial (barely profi table • Summary: According to the 8th draft of the tofu despite $38 million in sales) to a management group. standards (Oct. 1985): None of the following should be Address: Staff reporter. present in fresh tofu: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahemolyticus, 714. Krizmanic, Judy. 1988. Fit to be tofu: When technology Yersinia enterocolitica. At the plant on the day of production: brought changes to this traditional product, the question Coliforms < 5/gm, Standard Plate Count (SPC) < 100, pH < arose, “Is tofu still the real thing.” Vegetarian Times. Oct. p. 7.0. At the time the tofu is sold: Coliforms < 500, SPC < 1 21-23. million, pH 6.0 to 7.0 • Summary: Discusses some of the issues and controversies For St. Peter Creamery spray dried soymilk: Coliforms involved with the development of tofu standards by the < 10, E. coli negative, Salmonella negative, Standard Soyfoods Association of America. The tofu liberals wanted Plate Count 30,000 units/gram (Most Probable Number). a broad defi nition of the product, allowing it to contain For Ralston Purina isolated soy protein, ditto except that soy protein isolates, if that was clearly stated. The tofu Standard Plate Count is < 10,000 units/gram. traditionalists felt that a product containing isolates should not be allowed to be called tofu. 713. Freedman, Alix M.; Gibson, Richard. 1988. Brand news–Philip Morris’s bid for Kraft could limit product 715. Lo, Grace Shen. 1988. Physiological benefi ts of Fibrim innovation: Consumers and rivals fear dominance of shelf soy fi ber in humans. Nutrition Overview 3(3):1, 6-7. Oct. [13 space and advertising media. Don’t expect a drop in prices. ref] Wall Street Journal. Oct. 20. p. A1, A6. • Summary: Fibrim is a natural choice. It lowers cholesterol • Summary: Three years ago General Foods was acquired by in hypercholesterolemic subjects, improves glucose tolerance Philip Morris. Now the cigarette giant is bidding $11 billion and insulin response in humans, improves gastrointestinal for Kraft Inc., which owns some of America’s best known response in humans, and does not affect nutrient absorption brands in humans. Address: Director, Fiber Research, Protein A pie chart shows 1987 sales for the new company Technologies International. which has two parts and six segments: (1) Kraft Foods $9.9 billion, including: Consumer foods $4.5 billion (Kraft, 716. Nutrition Overview. 1988. Consumer interest in dietary Miracle Whip topping, Parkay margarine, Velveeta cheese, fi ber and Fibrim soy fi ber. 3(3):8-9. Oct. Breyer’s ice cream, Breakstone dairy products, Frusen • Summary: In 1985 Ralston Purina began an ongoing Gladje, Budget Gourmet frozen dinners, Tombstone pizza), consumer research program to measure opinions about Food service and ingredients $3.0 billion, International dietary fi ber. The initial study was conducted during May Foods $2.3 billion. (2) Philip Morris $27.7 billion, including: 1985 by the Nova Research Group in San Francisco, based Brewing $3.1 billion (Miller, Lite, Matilda Bay wine on interviews with 375 consumers (75% female). People coolers), General Foods $10.0 billion (Maxwell House 60 years and older rated high-fi ber foods the highest. Fiber coffee, Birds Eye frozen foods, Jell-O, Entenmann’s, Oscar rated higher than bran as an ingredient. Fibrim is not a type Meyer meats, Post cereals, Ronzoni), Cigarettes $14.6 billion of bran. (Malboro, Benson & Hedges, Virginia Slims). A follow-up study was done in late 1987 by Bothwell A table shows the most profi table consumer food Associates and Contemporary Studies, Inc. in Chicago, companies, with annual sales (in millions of dollars) and Illinois; Phoenix, Arizona; and Daytona Beach, Florida.

300 women were interviewed. Results revealed a major trend away from the main 1985 perceived benefi ts “helps 720. Golbitz, Peter. 1988. Soyfoods Association: New regularity” and “aids digestion” to a much broader awareness developments (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 2. of the benefi ts of fi ber, including “keeps body healthy, helps Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. prevent cancer, good for colon, lowers cholesterol.” More • Summary: The Natural Foods Expo in Anaheim, 14-17 than 50% of those age 60+ were very concerned about fi ber April 1989, will have a panel on marketing soyfoods aimed in their diets. at retailers; 75 minutes for 4 speakers. Concerning the tofu standards, the standards committee 717. Caton, Greg. 1988. Early work with textured soy approved them unanimously, but when the board of directors products: ADM, Ralston, Purina, and Swift & Co. voted on them, Barricini and Ralston Purina refused to (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 1. Conducted by William approve. Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. The Association is planning to petition the USDA to • Summary: ADM and Ralston Purina fi led for independent allow tofu to be used as a meat alternative in school lunches patents related to texturization of soy fl our at about the same and have it qualify for reimbursement. time. There was a suit and counter-suit, then Swift & Co. Gordon Bennett will be president of SAA until April and Staley jumped in on the counter-suit. After a lengthy and 1989. The Board has paid all past debts to Steve McNamara very expensive trial, there was an out of court settlement. and has budgeted $5,000 for a part time administrator to Then Ralston Purina was granted the process patent and work in the Soyatech offi ce. The person will do 5-10 hours/ ADM got the product patent. week of SAA work such as news releases, soliciting dues, Jim Beyers has the whole, fascinating story and a wealth etc. of related information. He testifi ed at many depositions. He SAA voted to drop the Clip Service on 31 Dec. 1988. is with Westward Industries Inc., 1819 S. Meridian Ave., Golbitz gets about 50 magazines, which he clips and there Wichita, Kansas 67213 (Phone: 316-942-8387). Another was not enough in the clip service for him to make it worth knowledgeable person is Chuck Harwood, a consultant in the $400 a year. Plus there was a big fi ling problem. Chicago area. Golbitz is very happy that he bought the Soya Bluebook. Also contact Dr. Tom Futch of Manna International in In Jan. 1989 Soyatech will hire its second employee. So with New Orleans, Louisiana, for info on TVP. He is a born again Peter and Sharyn that makes 4 workers. During the Bluebook Christian of the best type. Phone: 504-254-3333. A PhD crunch in summer they will hire an extra person. Address: in food science, he worked with Staley in extrusion of soy Bar Harbor, Maine. Phone: 207-288-4969. protein concentrates. Address: President, Lumen Food Corp., 409 Scott St., Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602-0350. Phone: 721. Food Technology. 1988. Protein Technologies 318-436-6748. expanding three plants. 42(12):68. Dec. • Summary: “The expansion program will increase 718. Product Name: Supro 670 (Isolated Soy Protein). the production capacities at each of its food ingredient Manufacturer’s Name: Protein Technologies International. manufacturing facilities located in Memphis, Tennessee; Manufacturer’s Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Pryor, Oklahoma; and Ieper [Ypres], Belgium. Capital MO 63188. investment in the program, begun in early 1988 and to be Date of Introduction: 1988 November. completed by April 1989, will exceed $10 million. New Product–Documentation: Spot in Food Processing. “Protein Technologies International is the only marketer 1988. Nov. “Isolated soy protein for beverage powder... of isolated soy protein and fi ber food ingredients with Suggested application in beverages include dry protein multiple manufacturing facilities and has the only isolated supplements, dry weight-loss mixes, meal replacements, and soy protein plant on the continent of Europe.” hot cocoa mixes.” Spot in Food Processing. 1989. Jan. A small aerial photo shows the Protein Technologies plant at Pryor, Oklahoma. 719. Protein Technologies International. 1988. It’s what inside that counts [Supro brand isolated soy protein] (Ad). 722. Ralston Purina Company. 1988. Annual report to Muscle & Fitness. Nov. p. 36. shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 32 p. • Summary: See next page. The top half of this full-page • Summary: Net sales for the year ended Sept. 30, color ad shows a man’s bulging biceps. “Supro: A superior 1988, totaled $5,875,900,000 compared to 1987 sales of protein. Supro, as part of a modifi ed diet, can aid in $5,577,900,000. Net earnings for the year were $387,800,000 lowering blood cholesterol in individuals with high plasma compared to 1987 earnings of $523,100,000. cholesterol.” Two scientifi c studies are cited. Address: “Driven in part by the accelerating growth in consumer Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: demand for healthier, higher quality food products, Protein 800-727-8776. Technologies International had a superb year in fi scal 1988.

Volume gains were achieved in every domestic and overseas Protein contact Protein Technologies International, St. Louis, food ingredient market in which PTI competes.” Missouri. Nurish brand proteins, a line of soy protein products “Circle 704.” used in high performance weaning rations for farm animals, were introduced on a worldwide basis in the third quarter 725. Ralston Purina Company. 1989. First quarter report of the fi scal year. The group’s soy polymer business, which to shareholders. Annual meeting highlights. Checkerboard includes a line of functional soy polymers for high-quality Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 12 panels. paper and paperboard coating, had a strong volume year. • Summary: For the three months ended Dec. 31, 1988. To keep pace with demand, in 1988 the Group began an There is growing consolidation in the food industry. expansion program to increase production capacity at its “Turning to Protein Technologies, Mr. Stiritz underscored three isolated soy protein manufacturing plants. This multi- the success of this business by saying it ‘had its best year phased expansion program is expected to be completed in in its history. Volume increased in practically all of the 30 April 1989. A table showing “Sales by Product Lines and countries where we compete. In particular, there was strong Segments” for Soy Protein Products indicates sales in 1988 worldwide volume growth in isolated soy protein food at $182.0 million; 1987 at $157.1 million; and 1986 at ingredients with all customer segments–meat, dietary and $139.8 million. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. nutritional–contributing to the growth.’” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. 723. Farris, Paul L.; Crowder, R.T.; Dahl, R.P.; Thompson, Sarahelen. 1988. Economics of grain and soybean processing 726. Worthington Foods, Inc. 1989. The tradition of healthy in the United States. In: Chester O. McCorkle, Jr., ed. 1988. choices. 900 Proprietors Rd., Worthington, OH 43085. 29 p. Economics of Food Processing in the United States. San 29 cm. Undated. Diego, California: Academic Press. xiii + 449 p. See p. 315, • Summary: See next page. This document was published to 341-48. Chap. 9. Illust. Index. 24 cm. [42 ref] celebrate Worthington Foods’ 50th anniversary. It contains • Summary: The contents of Chapter 9 includes: The the best history of the company seen to date. manufactured feed industry: Feed demand and ingredients, Contents: Mission statement. A tradition of excellence. industry structure, industry performance (larger feed Mainstream America eats healthier. Southern fried fl avor... manufacturing companies include Ralston-Purina and zero cholesterol: The story of Morningstar Farms Country Cargill-Nutrena), the future of feed manufacturing. Crisps from soybeans to shoppers. The “heart-wise” choice. The barley malting industry (“Malt produced from Good taste plus good nutrition (A graph shows that the barley is a major ingredient in the production of beer and number of vegetarians in the USA has increased from 1 other alcoholic beverages.” The U.S. barley malting industry million in 1978 to 6.2 million in 1986 a six-fold increase). uses about 40% of U.S. barley production. Barley is allowed The good taste of natural living (the Natural Touch line, to sprout (“malt”) slightly before it is processed). launched in 1984). Directors and offi cers. A history of The soybean processing industry: Soybean products Worthington Foods (p. 13-27). (one bushel of soybeans is converted into about 48 pounds Black-and-white photos show the following early of meal and 11 pounds of oil), industry growth and Worthington canned products: Proast, Choplets, Choplet organization, industry operating characteristics and operating Burger, Worthington Veja-Links (Vegetarian, Smoke Flavor, environment in the 1980s, future challenges. Address: Skinless), Miller’s MC Vegetarian Main Course, Worthington 1. Dep. of Agricultural Economics, Purdue Univ., West Soyamel. Lafayette, Indiana 47907; 2. Pillsbury Co., Minneapolis, “The breakthrough” Spun soy fi ber (p. 21): Perhaps the Minnesota 55402. single most innovative development in the history of the company started the day Robert Boyer paid an unannounced 724. Food Processing (Chicago). 1989. Isolated soy protein visit to Worthington Foods. He walked into Buller’s offi ce, for beverage powder. Jan. p. 34. introduced himself and opened an attache case full of • Summary: “A powdered form of isolated soy protein has samples wrapped in tinfoil. Buller almost jumped out of his recently been introduced to provide economic, performance, chair. Remembering that day, he says, ‘I imagine my eyes got and dietary benefi ts in beverage mixes. Product is a source pretty big, because he had several products there that looked of vegetable protein (90%) which is highly digestible. Usage very much like meat, and I realized they weren’t meat.’ One in beverage powders delivers functionality in suspension looked like ham, one like beef and one like lamb. When he properties, dispersibility, and mouthfeel characteristics. tore one apart, it looked like the fi bers of meat. Then he put Beverage applications suggested include dry protein it in his mouth and chewed it. Although it had the texture of supplements, dry weight-loss mixes, meal replacements, and meat, it tasted ‘horrible.’ But Buller got excited about the hot cocoa mixes. possibilities of what he was seeing and called Hagle in to For additional information on Supro 670 Isolated Soy have a look. After chewing a piece, Hagle asked Boyer, ‘Can

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 303 you make it taste like anything?’ Boyer assured them that he volume tremendously. Thus Worthington Foods became could and that it was the alcohol used to extract the protein the fi rst company to offer frozen meat analogs. And in that had given it the horrible taste. A different extraction October, 1963, a series of television, radio and newspaper method could produce a different product.” advertisements featuring the new frozen foods was “Boyer was invited to work in the Worthington introduced. All these developments caught the attention of a laboratory with Kelly Hartman, and Worthington eventually number of major food companies.” Address: 900 Proprietors licensed his patents and hired Boyer as a consultant. Out of Road, Worthington, Ohio 43085. Phone: (614) 885-9511. this relationship, a whole new line of products developed. Worthington was too small to go into the business of 727. Steinke, Frederick H. 1989. Der Naehrwert isolierter crushing soybeans and disposing of the oil, or of purchasing Sojaproteine in der menschlichen Ernaehrung [The the protein extrusion or spinning equipment. So Boyer nutritional value of isolated soy proteins in the human diet]. negotiated with Ralston-Purina to set up a pilot plant to make Ernaehrungs-Umschau 36(5):184-86. May. [Ger] the protein for Worthington. As it turned out, Ralston-Purina • Summary: More and more food products are now coming made the protein, did the spinning, and Worthington bought onto the market which contain soy protein and specially the output and put it into new products. isolated soy protein. The isolated soy proteins are used both “When the new Ralston-Purina plant was operational, as a complete protein substitute and in conjunction with it had the capacity of 10,000 pounds a day. Worthington other vegetable and animal proteins. The nutritional value was not ready for this kind of volume, but working out of these isolated soy proteins has been extensively studied these diffi culties involved Jim Hagle in further negotiations in children and adults to determine their importance as a with executives of a large corporation. Finally, Worthington source of protein and amino acids. This paper examines these agreed to take all the production, and sales took off. The studies in relation to human needs. Isolated soy proteins offer products–White Chik, Beefl ike, Prosage, Stripples, and opportunities for extensive modifi cation of foods that make Holiday Roast (with a plastic wishbone)–were all hits. them more valuable to human health. “Hartman remembers those days as his most exciting Tables show: (1) The composition of various soy and challenging with the company. It was a delicate problem ingredients (Sojabohnen-Nahrungsmittelprodukten). getting other companies, like Ralston-Purina, to do a part Isolated soy protein: 92% protein (N x 6.25), 2.5% total of the research and production cycle without stealing carbohydrates, 0.5% soy oil. Worthington’s thunder. Many corporations got involved Soya concentrate: 70% protein, 24.0% total and took a license because they wanted to be on the cutting carbohydrates, 1.0% soy oil. edge of technology. Hartman says, ‘We had vice presidents Defatted soybean meal: 54% protein, 38.0% total sticking out our ears, coming here trying either to buy us or carbohydrates, 1.0% soy oil. get in on the know-how.’ Whole soybean meal: 42% protein, 35.0% total “Almost every major university in the country carbohydrates, 20.0% soy oil. was interested in what was going on. Hartman says the (2) Amino acid content of soy protein isolate and experimental products were called a lot of good things and recommended standard requirements for amino acids (for a lot of bad things, too. The products were called ‘phony- children aged 2-5, or aged 10-12, and for adults). bologna,’ ‘fake steaks’ and ‘sham ham.’ Government (3) The growth of normal infants with soy protein foods agencies also became interested, including the Agency for of 3 gm protein per 100 kcal (male and female, growth in International Development and the United Children’s Fund.” mm/day and gm/day). “The fi rst to offer frozen meat analogs.” One of (4) Results of feeding children in preschool with soy Worthington’s new products that contained spun soy fi ber protein isolate (the 3 types are Supro 620, Supro 710, and was named Wham. The company that manufactured a Purina 220). meat product named Spam sued Worthington for infringing (5) Nitrogen balance data for mixed beef protein and on their product name. A skillful presentation by Jim isolated soy protein at 0.6/gm/kg body weight per day. Hagle before the company’s offi cers and attorneys at their Address: Dep. of Nutritional Science, Protein Technologies headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, led to the withdrawal of International, St. Louis, Missouri. the lawsuit. “Another problem with the new line of products was that they did not can well. The products deteriorated in 728. Chang, K.C.; Skauge, L.H.; Satterlee, L.D. 1989. fl avor and texture under high temperatures. Freezing was the Analysis of amino acids in soy isolates and navy beans obvious answer, but this required big changes. The company using precolumn derivization with phenylisothiocyanate and had to purchase trucks for frozen delivery. In addition, at reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J. that time many stores were not equipped for frozen foods, of Food Science 54(3):756-57. May/June. [12 ref] so Worthington supplied these stores with food freezers. It • Summary: Soy protein isolates Supro 620 and 710 (made was a costly but profi table venture because it increased sales by Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri) were used.

Amino acid profi les obtained by PITC derivatization and 1972-73 he worked for Wadco Foods, Inc. in Estherville, RP-HPLC compared fairly well with literature data for soy Iowa, as supervisor of shipping and receiving. 1973-75 he isolates. Address: 1-2. Dep. of Food and Nutrition, College was manager of Yellow Sun Natural Foods Cooperative of Home Economics, Agric. Exp. Station, North Dakota in Amherst, Massachusetts. This food co-op had 500 State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105; 3. Dep. of Food Science, member families and was a pioneer in the organic farming Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802. movement in New England. 1975-77 he was sales manager at Llama, Toucan, and Crow, a natural foods distributor 729. Golbitz, Peter. 1989. Mexican soyfoods producers form in Brattleboro, Vermont. In 1977 he was a co-founder of association. Soya Newsletter (Bar Harbor, Maine). May/ Tomsun Foods International, Inc., an early tofu manufacturer June. p. 7. in Greenfi eld, Massachusetts. In 1982 Tomsun was named • Summary: “Representatives of Industrial de Alimentos, to the INC., Magazine 500, a group of the fastest growing Nutricasa, Productos Alimentarios Delicias, Nutrimex, small companies in the country. In Dec. 1986 the company Alimentos Proteinicos S.A., Arancia Purina Proteinas, conducted an initial public stock offering to support the Archer Daniels Midland, Laboratorios Abbot, Mead Johnson launch of Jofu, a refrigerated tofu and fruit snack. and Nestlé have been meeting with Dr. Susana Dehesa Note: Timmins is no longer involved with Tomsun de Manjarrez and Adela Perez of the American Soybean Foods or Jofu. By Oct. 1991 he had developed a Association’s Technical Assistance Center to plan joint vegetarian ham (using soy protein isolates made by Protein activities targeted at expanding the market of edible soy Technologies International) and shipped 60,000 lb to Taiwan. protein products. The fi rst project is to launch a generic soy Address: Greenfi eld, Massachusetts. Phone: 413-772-0035. advertising campaign directed at 3 market segments: food industry, medical and nutrition community, and food service 732. National Oilseed Processors Association. 1989. and consumers.” Yearbook and trading rules 1989-1990. Washington, DC. [iv] “A net result of the program has been the establishment + 123 + 11 p. 23 cm. of a new mind set–the reality that with soy, you can feed the • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: same amount of people with less money.” Address: Soyatech, Effective August 1, 1989. Contents: Constitution and by- Bar Harbor, Maine. laws. Offi cers and directors. Executive offi ce. Members. Associate members. Standing committees. Trading rules on 730. Food Processing (Chicago). 1989. Soy fi ber ingredients soybean meal. Appendix to trading rules on soybean meal: contributes 75% total dietary fi ber. Food Processing awards– Offi cial methods of analysis (moisture, protein, crude fi ber, ingredients–honors. July. p. 81. oil {only method numbers listed}), sampling of soybean • Summary: “Extensive clinical research has proven that meal {at origin} (automatic mechanic sampler, pneumatic consumption of Fibrim Brand Soy Fiber in a modifi ed diet probe sampler, probe sampler), sampling of soybean meal can reduce elevated serum cholesterol and add bulk fi ber as (at barge loading transfer facilities), offi cial weighmaster well. These physiological benefi ts plus a high concentration application, semi-annual scale report, certifi cation of of dietary fi ber (75%) allows effective formulation of both installation of automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at low-calorie and high-fi ber foods. Fibrim also enhances origin), semi-annual certifi cation of automatic sampler & functionality in applications such as beverages, extruded mechanical divider (at origin), certifi cation of installation of snacks, crackers, puddings, pastas, white bread, and fl aked automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at barge loading cereals. A bland taste and light color allows addition of transfer facility), semi-annual certifi cation of automatic considerable fi ber to food products without affecting taste or sampler & mechanical divider (at barge loading transfer texture.” Fibrim is made and sold by Protein Technologies facility), offi cial referee laboratories (meal), offi cial NSPA International. soybean meal sample bag. Soybean meal export trading rules: Minimum blending procedures for export meal 731. Timmins, Thomas P. 1989. Timmins Group. 105 Beacon blended at ports, sampling of soybean meal (at vessel loading St., Greenfi eld, MA 01301. 10 p. facilities), weighing of soybean meal (at vessel loading • Summary: Timmins, founder and president of Tomsun facilities), certifi cation of installation of automatic sampler & Foods International, has started a new company, a consulting mechanical divider (at vessel loading facility), semi-annual fi rm named Timmins Group. He has 17 years management certifi cation of automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at experience in the food industry and 12 years with Tomsun. vessel loading facility), semi-annual certifi cation of scales at This packet of information consists of a cover letter, a vessel loading facilities. Trading rules on soybean oil. Sales description of fi ve areas in which the Timmins Group will contract. Defi nitions of grade and quality of export oils. offer consultation, and a resume of Timmins past experience. Soybean lecithin specifi cations. Appendix to trading rules on He graduated in 1967 from the University of Notre soybean oil: Inspection, grading soybean oil for color (NSPA Dame in Indiana with a BA degree, magna cum laude. tentative method), methods of analysis (A.O.C.S. offi cial

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 305 methods): Soybean oil, crude; soybean oil, refi ned; soybean Arkansas; Eagle Grove, Iowa; Manning, Iowa; Mason oil, refi ned and bleached; soybean oil for technical uses; soap City, Iowa; Sergeant Bluff, Iowa; Sheldon, Iowa; Dawson, stock, acidulated soap stock and tank bottoms (only method Minnesota; St. Joseph, Missouri. Omaha, Nebraska. Archer numbers listed), offi cial weighmaster application, semi- Daniels Midland Co. (23); Archer Daniels Midland Co. annual scale report, offi cial referee chemists (oil). Soybean (24); Little Rock, Arkansas; Augusta, Georgia; Valdosta, oil export trading rules. Uniform soybean oil export contract. Georgia; Decatur, Illinois; Galesburg, Illinois; Granite Foreign trade defi nitions (for information purposes only) City, Illinois; Taylorville, Illinois; Frankfort, Indiana; Des Appendix 1. Moines, Iowa; Fredonia, Kansas; Destrehan, Louisiana; The section on offi cers, executive committee, and board Mankato, Minnesota; Red Wing, Minnesota; Kansas City, of directors (p. 7-8) gives the name, company affi liation, Missouri; Mexico, Missouri; Clarksdale, Mississippi; and phone number of each person. Offi cers (executive Fremont, Nebraska; Lincoln, Nebraska; Fostoria, Ohio; committee)–Chairman: James W. Lindsay, Ag Processing Inc Kershaw, South Carolina; Memphis, Tennessee. Cargill, a cooperative [AGP], Vice Chairman: C. Lockwood Marine, Inc. (20); Osceola, Arkansas; Gainesville, Georgia; Central Soya Co., Inc. Secretary: John March, Cargill, Lafayette, Indiana; Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Inc. Treasurer: John Burritt, National Sun Industries, Inc. Iowa Falls, Iowa; Sioux City, Iowa; Washington, Iowa; Immediate past chairman: John G. Reed, Jr., Archer Daniels Bloomington, Illinois; Chicago, Illinois; Wichita, Kansas; Midland Co. Burnsville, Minnesota; Minneapolis, Minnesota; South Executive staff: President: Sheldon J. Hauck. Executive Savage, Minnesota; Wayzata, Minnesota; Kansas City, vice president: Brose A. McVey. Missouri; Fayetteville, North Carolina; Raleigh, North Board of directors (alphabetically by company; each Carolina; Sidney, Ohio; Memphis, Tennessee; Chesapeake, member company may have up to two representatives on the Virginia. Central Soya Co., Inc. (13); Gibson City, Illinois; board; only the fi rst of these may vote): James W. Lindsay Decatur, Indiana; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana; & William C. Lester, Ag Processing Inc a cooperative. John Belmond, Iowa; Bellevue, Ohio; Marion, Ohio; Delphos, G. Reed, Jr. & Michael D. Andreas, Archer Daniels Midland Ohio; Chattanooga, Tennessee. Continental Grain Co. (8); Co. John March & Thomas O. Palmby, Cargill, Inc. C. Guntersville, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; New York City, Lockwood Marine & David H. Swanson, Central Soya Co., New York. Elders Oilseeds Inc. (3); Culbertson, Montana; Inc. David B. Mulhollem & Bernard Steinweg, Continental Blaine, Washington. Honeymead Products Co. (3); Mankato, Grain Co. Ian White & Donald G. Foster, Elders Oilseeds Minnesota. National Sun Industries, Inc. (3); Minneapolis, Inc. Merritt E. Petersen & Stan Eichten, Honeymead Minnesota. Owensboro Grain Co., Inc. (4); Owensboro, Products Co. John Burritt & Jeff Berkow, National Sun Kentucky. Perdue Incorporated (4); Salisbury, Maryland; Industries, Inc. John M. Wright & Henry E. O’Bryan, Cofi eld, North Carolina. Quincy Soybean Co. (6); Helena, Owensboro Grain Co., Inc. Sewell L. Spedden & William Arkansas, Quincy, Illinois. Riceland Foods, Inc. (7); Bohan, Perdue Incorporated. Paul D. Otto & J. Richard Stuttgart, Arkansas. Southern Soya Corp. (2); Estill, South Galloway, Quincy Soybean Co. James K. Smith & Richard Carolina. Townsend’s Inc. (2); Millsboro, Delaware. E. Bell, Riceland Foods, Inc. Thomas L. Harper, Southern Associate Members: ADM Agri-Industries Ltd., Soya Corp. D. Daryl Houghton & P. Coleman Townsend, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Beatrice / Hunt-Wesson, Townsends, Inc. Fullerton, California. Best Foods, a Unit of CPC Executive offi ce, Washington, DC: President, Sheldon International Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Bestel Inc., J. Hauck. Executive vice president: Brose A. McVey. Minneapolis, Minnesota. C&T Refi nery, Inc., Richmond, Administrative asst.: Steven C. Kemp. Legislative asst.: Virginia. Con Agra Poultry Co., El Dorado, Arkansas. Elizabeth A. Loudy. General counsel: Elroy H. Wolff, Sidley Conti-Quincy Export Co., New York City, New York. Louis & Austin. Special counsel: Richard O. Cunningham, Steptoe Dreyfus, Wilton, Connecticut. Empire Kosher Poultry, Inc., & Johnson. Miffl intown, Pennsylvania. Garnac Grain Co., Overland Members (listed alphabetically by company; within Park, Kansas. Goldman Sachs–J. Aron Div., New York City, each company, fi rst the name of the offi cial Association New York. K&L Feeds, Inc., Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. representative {who is on the Board and votes}, followed Kraft Food Ingredients Corp., Glenview, Illinois; Memphis, by the other personal members listed alphabetically by Tennessee. Krohn Trading Limited Partnership, New surname. For example, Archer Daniels Midland Co., the Orleans, Louisiana. Lever Bros Company, Inc., New York company with the most personal members, has 34. After the City, New York. Overseas Commodities Corp., Minneapolis, name of each personal member is given with his address Minnesota. Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., Pittsburg, Texas. Pillsbury and phone number. In the listing below, the number of Co. (The), Overland, Kansas; Minneapolis, Minnesota. personal members is shown in parentheses after the name Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Purina Mills, Inc., of each company, followed by city and state of the various St. Louis, Missouri. Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri. locations): Ag Processing Inc a cooperative (21); Van Buren, Schouten International, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. A.E.

Staley Manufacturing, Decatur, Illinois. Alfred C. Toepfer International, Inc., New York City, New York (Knud 734. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1989. Winkelman). Tradecom, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. Van Den Bibliography of soy protein isolates, concentrates, and Bergh Foods Co., Chicago, Illinois. textured soy protein products: 2,528 references from 1883 Standing committees: For each committee, the function to 1989, partially annotated. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods of the committee, the names of all members (with the Center. 328 p. Subject/geographical index. Author/company chairman designated), with the company and company index. Printed Sept. 8. 28 cm. [2528 ref] address of each are given–Crusher committees: Canola, • Summary: Although the Chinese had produced a type of fl axseed, saffl ower seed, sunfl ower seed. International trade isolated soy protein product (tofu) since the tenth century policy. Soybean meal trading rules. Soybean oil trading rules. A.D., western research on the isolation of soy proteins began Safety, health, and loss prevention. Technical. Address: 1255 in Germany 1883, when Meissl and Boecker introduced Twenty-Third St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037. Phone: the terms soy casein and soy albumin. Similar work 202/452-8040. Telex: 248959. Fax: 202/833-3636. was published in 1898 by Osborne and Campbell at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in the USA. In 733. United States District Court–Central District of Illinois. 1903 Oscar Nagel of New York described in detail how he 1989. Ralston Purina Company, a corporation, Plaintiff, produced “soy casein” and discussed it potential applications v. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company, a corporation, as a commercial product. Since that time, the United States Defendant. Supplemental fi ndings of fact and conclusions has been the world leader in soy protein research and of law pursuant to Rule 52. Case No. 84-1378. 5 p. Decided production. Sept. 6, 1989. Unpublished manuscript. The world’s earliest known commercial food product • Summary: Ralston has sued A.E. Staley for infringement made from isolated or concentrated soy protein was Albusoy, of patent number 3,940,495, which was issued from the introduced in 1939 by the Soya Products Division of the application of Ronald Flier (the “Flier application). The Flier Glidden Co. in Chicago. This was an enzyme-modifi ed application was fi led initially in 1964; a continuation-in-part isolated soy protein product used as a whipping agent. Many application was fi led in 1966 and a continuation was fi led of the earliest soy protein products were used like Albusoy in in 1973. The patent was issued in 1976. Staley asserted the whipping applications. Soyco, launched in 1944 by Soybean defense of inequitable conduct. Products Co. in Chicago, was a hydrolyzed soy protein The ADM Dutch Patent Application No. 6506477 was a whipping agent used as an egg white substitute. Rich’s printed publication, with a publication date of 22 Nov. 1965. Whip Topping, introduced in March 1945 by Rich Products “A reasonable examiner would have considered it highly Corporation in Buffalo, New York, was used as an alternate material in determining whether to allow the 1966 Flier for whipped cream. In 1947 Archer Daniels Midland Co. application or the 1973 Flier application issue as a patent.” introduced Nutriwhip, the Borden Company debuted Soyco, The record establishes by clear and convincing evidence and Central Soya Co. launched Soy Albumen, all whipping that Robert Brukardt, the manager of Ralston’s patent agents. department, knew of the publication date of the ADM Dutch In 1951 the fi rst patent for spun soy protein fi bers was application and knew that the ADM Dutch application issued to Robert Boyer, formerly a soy researcher at the Ford constituted a statutory bar to subject matter in the 1966 Motor Co. In 1952 the fi rst commercial soymilk based on and 1973 Flier applications that was not supported in the soy protein isolate, Soyamel, was introduced by Worthington 1964 Flier application. It is clear that Brukardt knew the Foods. Isolates soon replaced soy fl our in non-dairy infant materiality of the ADM Dutch application and intended formulas worldwide. In 1959 the fi rst food-grade soy-protein to conceal that information from the Examiner. “Further, concentrates were introduced by Griffi th Laboratories. the record demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence The 1960s put modern soy protein products on the map. that Mr. Brukardt intended to deceive, and did deceive the In 1960 the Boyer patent and its 1954 revision started the Examiner as to the ADM Dutch application in 1973.” high-tech meat analog industry when Worthington Foods The court fi nds no evidence whatsoever that the launched Fri-Chik, a meatless drumstick. In 1961 and 1966 Examiner considered the Dutch application. The Examiner conferences on soy protein foods were at the USDA Northern expressly informed Ralston on three occasions that he Regional Research Center in Peoria, Illinois. Many of the would not consider the prior art until only the most pertinent 276 attendees at the second conference were pioneers in the prior art was presented as was required by the PTO rules. fi eld. A major theme at both was that protein malnutrition Ralston’s submission of prior art never conformed to the was the world’s most widespread defi ciency disease. In 1966 required format. In addition, the ADM Dutch application is General Mills introduced Bac*O’s, meatless fried bacon bits not listed among the cited art on the face of the patent. The made from spun soy protein fi ber. At a May 1968 Conference court rules that patent no. 3,940,495 (the Flier patent) “is on Protein Rich Food Products from Oilseeds held by the held to be unenforceable by virtue of inequitable conduct.” USDA in New Orleans, Louisiana, oilseed proteins were

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 307 increasingly seen as the answer to the “protein crisis.” In 1980 soy protein products were approved for use as Also that year International Action to Avert the Impending a beef extender by the U.S. Armed Forces. That same year Protein Crisis, a United Nations publication, recommends the World Conference on Soya Processing and Utilization soybeans as the single most promising protein source to was held in Acapulco, Mexico. In Aug. 1980 Archer Daniels close the “protein gap.” In Nov. 1969 General Mills launched Midland Co. entered the soy protein isolate market with its second bacon analog, Bac-o-Bits, this time made from its purchase of Central Soya’s isolate plant. Then in April textured soy fl our. Frozen Bontrae meat analogs were sold 1985 Central Soya bought Griffi th Laboratories’ line of to the foodservice trade. This pioneering work nationwide protein products. And in Feb. 1986 Central Soya purchased by one of America’s largest food companies indicated to the the Staley protein line, including Mira-Tex, Procon, and U.S. food industry that the time for soy protein foods of the Textured Procon brands. In July 1987 Ralston Purina Co. future had arrived. of St. Louis, Missouri, established Protein Technologies In 1971 Dr. K.K. Carroll at the University of Ontario, International as a wholly-owned subsidiary to focus on sales Canada, published the fi rst modern study showing that even of soy protein for food uses. The company’s sales of soy in fat-free diets, animal proteins raise serum cholesterol and protein products were $139.8 million in 1986. soy proteins lower it. Many subsequent studies worldwide But during the 1980s the total market for soy protein confi rmed these important results. products grew very slowly, if at all. In 1984 Dr. Walter Wolf During the 1970s soy protein products entered the of the USDA Northern Regional Research Center estimated mainstream. In Jan. 1970 W.T. Atkinson, assignor to the U.S. production as follows: Soy protein concentrates 36,000 Archer Daniels Midland Co., was issued a key patent for a tonnes (metric tons), soy isolates 41,000 tonnes, textured “Meat-like protein food product,” which was soon widely soy fl our 43,000 tonnes, and textured soy concentrates 4,000 sold under the registered trademark TVP. In Feb. 1971 tonnes. The segment showing greatest growth appeared to be textured soy protein products were authorized for use as that of soy protein isolates, of which Ralston Purina/Protein meat extenders in the U.S. National School Lunch program, Technologies International in the largest manufacturer. opening up a huge potential new market for TVP type Still there is widespread hope that, with the growing products. The amount of products used jumped from 8.5 concern over dietary cholesterol, the low cost of soy protein million lb dry weight in 1971-72 to 87.5 million lb in 1976- relative to meat protein, the inevitable widening of this 77. Also in 1971 the Food Protein Council (renamed the Soy cost gap in the years to come, and the increasingly positive Protein Council in Dec. 1981) was established as a trade consumer attitudes toward soy protein products shown in association for major soy protein manufacturers. polls, the market for these products will soon begin to realize In March 1973, as meat prices skyrocketed, beef-soy its long-forecast potential. blends containing 25% hydrated textured soy fl our began This is the most comprehensive bibliography ever to be introduced to U.S. supermarket chains, marketed for published on modern soy protein products. It is also the their lower price and higher nutritional value. Predictions single most current and useful source of information on of huge future markets (which failed to materialize) this subject available today, since 53% of all references were published. In Nov. 1973 the fi rst World Soy Protein (and most of the current ones) contain a summary/abstract Conference was held in Munich, Germany, attended by averaging 68 words in length. over 1,000 people from 45 countries. In late 1974 Miles One of more than 40 bibliographies on soybeans and Laboratories/Worthington Foods launched the Morningstar soyfoods being published by the Soyfoods Center, it is based Farms line of meat analogs based on spun soy protein on historical principles, listing all known documents and fi ber nationwide at U.S. supermarkets. In Aug. 1975 Japan commercial products in chronological order. Containing 37 Vegetable Protein Food Association was founded to promote different document types (both published and unpublished, modern soy protein products, primarily soy protein isolates. including many original interviews and partial translations In Oct. 1976 seminars on the use of soy protein for foods and of Japanese and European works), it is a powerful tool meal for feeds were held in Moscow, sponsored jointly by for understanding the development of this subject and three U.S. groups. More than 200 Soviet offi cials attended. related products from its earliest beginnings to the present, In May 1978 The Keystone Conference on Soy Protein worldwide. and Human Nutrition was held at Keystone Colorado. Compiled one record at a time over a period of 15 years, Sponsored by Ralston Purina Co., it presented a new view each reference in this bibliography features (in addition to of soy protein quality. In Jan. 1978 the International Soya the typical author, date, title, volume and pages information) Protein Food Conference was held in Singapore; 400 people the author’s address, number of references cited, original from 24 countries participated. And in Oct/Nov. 1978 the title of all non-English publications together with an English World Conference on Vegetable Food Proteins was held translation, month and issue of publication, and the fi rst in Amsterdam, The Netherlands; More than 1,000 people author’s fi rst name (if given). attended. It also includes details on 651 commercial soy

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 308 products, including the product name, date of introduction, Consumer Products are listed battery products, isolated soy manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in protein and industrial polymer products, and all-seasons many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price, resort. A table showing “Sales by Product Lines and storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a Segments” for Soy Protein Products indicates sales in 1989 description of the label. Sources of additional information at $221.6 million (up 21.8% over 1988); 1988 at $182.0 on each product (such as references to and summaries of million; 1987 at $157.1 million; and 1986 at $139.8 million. advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given. Protein Technologies International produces the Details on how to use the bibliography, a complete following product lines: 1. Dietary protein food ingredients subject and geographical index, an author/company index, (Supro and ProPlus isolated soy proteins). 2. Dietary ﬁ ber and a bibliometric analysis of the composition of the book food ingredients (Fibrim soy ﬁ ber). 3. Dairy food systems (by language, document type, year, leading countries, states, products (Nurish animal ingredients; these are protein and related subjects) are also included. Address: Soyfoods products formulated for animal weaning rations). 4. Paper Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: and paperboard coating ingredients (Pro Cote and Sp Series 415-283-2991. soy polymers). Address: St. Louis, Missouri.

735. McElfresh, Dinah. 1989. Recent developments at the 737. Yearbook and Trading Rules. 1989-2000. Serial/ Soy Protein Council (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 27. periodical. National Oilseed Processors Association. Annual. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: Preceded by: Year Book and Trading Rules. • Summary: The Soy Protein Council now has only 3 Issued annually to all members of the association. The members: ADM, Cargill, and Central Soya. The last to leave 1981-82 Year Book, for example, was spiral bound and was Grain Processing Corp. in 1987. Ralston Purina left 23 cm high. The last published yearbook was 2000-2001. because they wanted to focus on isolates and dues dollars Thereafter, most of the information appeared on the were being spent more on generic promotion. They had association’s website nopa.org. previously been very active. SPC is on good terms with Letter (e-mail) from Kathy Pennington, offi ce Ralston and still works with them occasionally on regulatory administrator of NOPA. 2005. Aug. 15. NOPA no longer issues. Before the recent spate of mergers and acquisitions, publishes the Yearbook & Trading Rules. In 2003, when she the board had directed SPC to do some promotional joined NOPA, it was available online only with purchase. activities. Now with the limited membership the board has Beginning in 2004 NOPA made the trading rules available advised that they want to focus on monitoring and tracking to all on its website. Names and contact information for regulatory issues, mainly in the USA and mainly on labeling the offi cers and board members, are listed under “About of consumer products. They are working with USDA and us–Board and staff. The member companies names, FDA on review. The institutional market continues to be headquarter addresses, headquarter phone numbers, and strong and acceptability is high. weblinks are under Membership.” The detailed membership SPC is now totally independent of NSPA/NOPA and roster (contact information, committee membership, etc.) has been for many years. It used to be a committee of NSPA is available to Members Only. HOPA has no extra printed and she thinks it became independent in 1971 at the time the copies at all; they have only one copy of each Yearbook for committee became the Food Protein Council. The last news their records. Address: 1800 M. St., N.W., Washington, DC release by SPC was when FNS (USDA’s Food & Nutrition 20036. Service) opened the School Lunch Program to all vegetable proteins. 738. Matthews, Ruth H. ed. 1989. Legumes: Chemistry, There used to be Associate Members like Lipton and technology, and human nutrition. New York, NY: Marcel Quaker Oats and others that used the products. They were Dekker. x + 389 p. Illust. Index. 24 cm. Series: Food science not voting members put they participated in meetings. This and technology, No. 32. [150+ ref] was discontinued in the 1970s. Address: 1255 Twenty-Third • Summary: Contains 10 chapters by various authors. St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037. Phone: 202-467-6610. Chapters 4 and 6 are cited separately. 1. Culture and genetics of grain legumes, by Edgar E. Hartwig (for soybeans, see p. 736. Ralston Purina Company. 1989. Annual report to 1-5). 2. Harvesting and storage of legumes, by S.S. Kadam, shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 32 p. D.H. Salunkhe, and C.Y. Kuo. 3. Refi ned oils, by Clyde E. • Summary: Net sales for the year ended Sept. 30, Stauffer. 4. Isolated soy proteins, by D.H. Waggle, Fred H. 1989, totaled $6,658,300,000, up 13.3% over 1988 Steinke, and Jerome L. Shen. 5. Legume protein fl our and sales of $5,875,900,000. Net earnings for the year were concentrates, by Joseph G. Endres (for soybean protein fl our, $422,500,000, up 8.9% over 1988 earnings of $387,800,000. see p. 140-45; for soybean protein concentrate, see p. 151- In 1987 earnings were $523,100,000. 53). 6. Fermented products, by Clifford W. Hesseltine. 7. In the section titled Business Segments, under Other Nutrient composition of raw, cooked, canned, and sprouted

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 309 legumes (incl. sprouted soybeans, p. 187-217), by Jörg to shareholders. Annual meeting highlights. Checkerboard Augustin and Barbara P. Klein (for soybeans, see p. 198-203, Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 12 panels. 208-11). 8. Nutrient content of other legume products, by • Summary: For the three months ended Dec. 31, 1989. David B. Haytowitz and Ruth H. Matthews (for soybeans, Paul Hatfi eld, CEO of Protein Technologies International, see p. 219-25, 229-38). 9. Animal feed uses of legumes, by reported: “To reach our nearly 2,000 customers in over Park W. Waldroup and Keith J. Smith (for soybean meal and 35 countries our marketing representatives are located whole soybeans, see p. 247-64). 10. Antinutritional factors, throughout the world,” he said. “The markets in which we by Irvin E. Liener. Dr. Liener notes that plants did not evolve compete can be characterized by three key factors. to serve humans or animals. Their main concern is their own “First is changing economics. World protein economics survival. Thus, nature has given them the genetic capacity have changed over the last four years due primarily to to synthesize toxic substances to help ensure their own reduced intervention by the U.S. and European Economic survival against predators of all kinds such as insects, fungi, Community. or animals including humans. His Table 1 titled “Distribution “Secondly, consumer lifestyle trends are favorable. of protease inhibitors present in legumes” (p. 341) shows that Today’s consumer in most developed economies around the they are present in most legumes. world is making many food choices based on perceived need Other legumes discussed include peanuts, dry beans, to improve health through nutrition. dry peas, lentils, chickpeas, and winged beans. Address: “The third factor is technology. The worldwide food, Human Nutrition Information Service, USDA, Hyattsville, feed, and paper industries are taking advantage of advanced Maryland. technological solutions to meet their own customers’ demands for optimal value.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. 739. Waggle, Doyle H.; Steinke, Fred H.; Shen, Jerome L. 1989. Isolated soy proteins. In: Ruth H. Matthews, ed. 1989. 743. Lo, Grace S.; Cole, Thomas G. 1990. Soy cotyledon Legumes: Chemistry, Technology, and Human Nutrition. fi ber products reduce plasma lipids. Atherosclerosis 82:59- New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. x + 389 p. See p. 99-138. [70 67. May. [24 ref] ref] • Summary: “Twenty subjects were randomly assigned • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Uses of isolated to two groups... Total blood cholesterol levels and LDL soy proteins. Nutritional value of isolated soy proteins. cholesterol levels were signifi cantly lowered when the soy Physicochemical and functional properties. Formulation fi ber was a part of the diet.” Address: 1. Protein Technologies guidelines. Conclusion and a look at the future. Contains International, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 3 fi gures and 9 tables. Address: Protein Technologies 63164; 2. Lipid Research Center, Dep. of Internal Medicine, International, St. Louis, Missouri. Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO 63110.

740. Denham, Janice. 1990. Soy supplements [are] one way 744. Soya International (Bar Harbor, Maine). 1990. Protein to boost protein levels. Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). Technologies International plans $50 million expansion. Jan. 17. April/June. p. 3. • Summary: Ralston Purina’s Supro, isolated soy protein, • Summary: The expansion to the Memphis, Tennessee, is now used by many famous professional sports teams. plant will add up to 50 new jobs to the company’s present For example, “Supro is used in ground beef products to 200 employee operation. The company is a leading producer replace traditional high-fat, high-cholesterol hamburgers and of isolated soy proteins and soy fi ber products. casseroles with traditional food that cuts the fat in half.” 745. Rabheru, Neil. 1990. The soymilk industry and market 741. Stroud, Jerri. 1990. Ralston hires panel to back up in the United Kingdom (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 2. claims for soybean fi ber. Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Jan. 29. • Summary: There are only two signifi cant manufacturers • Summary: “Ralston Purina Co., has hired a panel of of soymilk from soyabeans in the U.K.; Unisoy and Soya doctors, nutrition experts and scientists to help the company Health Foods Ltd. Plamil Foods Ltd. buys soy protein validate claims about the benefi ts of protein and fi ber isolates from Protein Technologies International, then made from soybeans... Last summer, the company began subcontracts with a dairy to have these mixed with water and promoting its Fibrim soy fi ber for use in beverages, baked other ingredients, according to Plamil’s formula, to make goods, meats and other products. The company has promoted a soymilk. As far as he knows, Plamil has never purchased the products with the slogan, ‘What could be better than oat soybeans to make soymilk and has never had their own bran?’” plant. Haldane used to import its soymilk from France. This soymilk was made, not from soybeans but from some kind 742. Ralston Purina Company. 1990. First quarter report of a spray-dried formulation. Then Unisoy started supplying

Haldane, but that contract came to an end when Haldane Trading Estate, Cromwell Rd., Bredbury, Stockport, was acquired by another company. Neil thinks they are now Cheshire SK6 2RF, England. Phone: 061-430 6329. importing again, probably from France, not from Australia. Haldane’s imports are very small. Neil has never heard of 746. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Itona Products Ltd. in Wigan, Lancashire [although they are 1990. Ralston Purina Company, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. A.E. still in business in 1990]. Staley Manufacturing Company, Defendant/Cross-Appellant. Of the soymilk made in the Unisoy produces well over Court Decicion 90-1019, -1045. 3 p. Decided July 5, 1990. 50%. Approximately 18-20 million liters of soymilk are sold Unpublished manuscript. and consumed in the UK each year. It is the biggest soymilk • Summary: “Decision: Ralston Purina Company (Ralston) market in Europe, and it is growing at the rate of roughly 15- appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court 26% a year. “The growth has been phenomenal, and the bulk for the Central District of Illinois, No. 84-1378 (July 27, of the growth in the European soymilk market seems to have 1989), holding the United Stated Patent No. 3,940,495 been in the UK.” But he doubts very much that it is growing (‘495) unenforceable for inequitable conduct. A.E. Staley faster than 26% a year. The estimated market shares by Manufacturing Company (Staley) cross-appeals denial of company are: Alpro/Vandemoortele 51%, Granose 15-17%, its motion to amend the judgment to include an award of Unisoy 15-17%, and others (Plamil, Soya Health Foods, attorney fees. We affi rm.” Haldane, etc.) 15-19%. “Opinion: Evidence that Ralston intended to deceive the In terms of outlets, Granose is sold only in health food Patent and Trademark Offi ce (PTO) includes: (1) Brukardt outlets. Unisoy’s best-selling and most profi table line is its and Price knew of the Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM) four soyamilk products. White Waves sugar free has long Dutch application no later than 1968; (2) Ralston made no been the best selling single product, but it is rapidly being disclosure of the ADM Dutch application until 1973; (3) overtaken by Unisoy Gold (fortifi ed with vitamins and Ralston’s disclosure of the ADM Dutch application appeared minerals), which has been a phenomenal success. The bulk in an 18 page statement discussing 118 references; and (4) of Unisoy’s soyamilk sales is in national multiples/grocery when the PTO examiner said that he had not fully considered chains. Of all Unisoy’s products, about 65% of sales is in the cited references and objected to the statement, citing multiples and 35% in health food stores. Plamil has its own Manual of Patent Examining Procedure 707.05(b), Ralston clientele; its products are very popular among vegans. Soya refused to limit the statement to the fi ve most pertinent Health Foods Ltd. has been able to survive largely because references... Ralston did not and could not contest the fi nding of their soy ice cream, which was one of the fi rst ones on the that the ADM Dutch Patent application was material. The market in the UK [after Sojal and SoyBoy Soymilk Ices from fi ndings are not clearly erroneous and support the inferences the Regular Tofu Co.] and the most widely available brand drawn. for a long time. Soyamilk is a very small product for Soya “Ralston’s reliance on Ralston Purina Co. v. Far-Mar- Health Foods Ltd. now. Co, Inc., 772 F.2d 1570, 227 USPQ 177 (Fed. Cir. 1985) Alpro/Vandemoortele did the pioneering work in getting is misplaced. Inequitable conduct was neither at issue nor soymilk into British multiples (supermarkets). In about 1982 considered in that case. Safeway (which has its origins in America), became the “In denying Staley’s motion for attorney fees, the district fi rst multiple (supermarket chain) to sell soymilk in the UK. court considered all relevant factors (Ralston’s inequitable They sold the Alpro/Vandemoortele line but they sold only a conduct, that ‘the issues in the case were very hotly contested small quantity. Safeway has always purchased its soyamilk and the case was vigorously litigated,’ and our holdings on from Vandemoortele. Michael Cole of Soya Health Foods validity and infringement in Far-Mar-Co). We cannot say Ltd. also deserves a good deal of credit for the growth of the district court abused its discretion in denying Staley’s soymilk in the UK. He did the early work in getting British- motion.” based supermarkets, large chain stores, and normal grocery Before Markey and Michel, Circuit Judges, and stores interested in carrying soyamilk. By late 1985 Cole Brewster, District Judge. was selling large amounts of his aseptically packed Sunrise “Note: This opinion has not been prepared for Soya Milk to multiples, including Tesco. “Cole did the solid publication in a printed volume because it does not add job of marketing and bringing soyamilk into the perspective signifi cantly to the body of law and is not of widespread it is in now. Then he left Soya Health Foods in mid- to late- legal interest.” 1987.” He started his own consulting company. Today every multiple in the country, including the large chemist chains 747. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1990. Soymilk in (drug stores) are now offering soyamilk to the consumer. Europe: The industry and market, commercial products, Unisoy exports their soymilk to the Netherlands, Italy publications, and history. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods (to Parma Soia), and Ireland. It is also sold in Portugal. Center. 261 p. July 17. Indexes. 28 cm. [763 ref] It used to be sold in Belgium. Address: Unit 1, Cromwell • Summary: Since the mid-1980s, the soymilk industry

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 311 and market in Western Europe has been booming, and the production in liters/year: Unisoy (UK, 1986) 3 million; future looks very bright. Many large companies with plenty Cacoja (France, 1987) 3 million; Soyana (Switzerland, 1985) of capital and marketing expertise are entering the market, 2.5 million; Société Soy (France, 1975) 1.2 million; Soya product quality and diversity is steadily improving, and Health Foods (UK, 1985) 1 million; Galactina (Switzerland, consumers are showing and increased interest in nutritional 1969) 1 million; Triballat (France, 1989) 0.5 million; Innoval protein beverages that are free of cholesterol and lactose, and (France, 1987) 0.5 million; Crivellaro (Italy, 1989) 0.5 low in saturated fats. million. Other smaller producers include Plamil (UK, 1965), Soymilk production and growth rate: Production of Haldane (UK, 1984), Itona (UK, 1964), and Ralston Purina soymilk in western Europe as a whole is estimated to have España (Spain 1984). grown to 30–42.5 million liters/year (7.9–11.2 million Price: The retail price of soymilk is 2-3 times as high as gallons/year) in 1990, up from only 6-10 million liters/year that of cow’s milk. (1.59–2.64 million gallons/year) in 1984, a roughly fi vefold Packaging: Virtually all European soymilk and increase in 6 years. This represents an average compound soymilk-based products are now sold in Tetra Brik Aseptic growth rate of about 30% a year. cartons. But with the growing concern about and legislation Estimates of total market size (not including infant concerning disposal of solid wastes, one very big potential formulas): Philippe Vandemoortele, managing director of danger lies on the horizon for soymilk–that aseptic Alpro, Europe’s largest soymilk manufacturer, estimates the packaging will be increasingly banned, as it already has adult soymilk market in Europe to be 30 million liters/year. been in the state of Maine in the USA after Sept. 1990. If Asger Somer Hansen, managing director of DTD/STS, one the manufacturers of aseptic packaging do not fi nd a truly of Europe’s two largest suppliers of soymilk plants, estimates recyclable package or establish a workable system to recycle 35-40 million liters/year. Anders Lindner, managing director their current packages, soymilk could be in for hard times. of DTD/STS until late 1989, estimates 42.5 million liters/ Soymilk trends in Europe: Though soymilk production year, plus an additional 7.5 million liters/year that are made has increased fi vefold since 1984, it is still minuscule into dairylike products such as soy puddings, yogurts, ice compared to cow’s milk. The fl avor of soymilk continues creams, and cheeses. to be a major problem for most Europeans. Features/ Leading countries: The largest soymilk market in benefi ts attracting Europeans to soymilk are its freedom Europe is clearly in the UK, because of its large population from cholesterol and lactose, and the fact that its production of vegetarians and vegans (vegans do not consume milk places less of a burden on the environment and on factory- or any other animal products), its large total population, farmed dairy cows. Most of the soymilk in Europe is sold its large number of soymilk manufacturers and marketers, to the natural/health food trades via health food stores and the fact that soymilk is now sold in many UK multiples/ (in German speaking countries) Reform House chains. Only supermarkets, its relatively long history of soymilk in France and the UK (plus a little in Belgium) is it also production, and the fact that many soymilk products bear marketed as a mainstream product through supermarkets. the generic name “Soya Milk” on the front panel. The fi rst A small amount is consumed by Asian-Europeans and commercial soymilk in England was Solac, launched in Seventh-day Adventists. Organically grown soybeans are 1912 with great fanfare and publicity by the Solac Company/ used in a large and increasing percentage of European Synthetic Milk Syndicate. Roughly 40% of all soymilk soymilk. In the UK, innovative natural sweeteners (such as consumed in Europe is consumed in the UK, and per capita apple juice) have also started to be used. Private labeling: consumption is also highest there. The second largest market Many large European natural/health food manufacturers is probably France, with West Germany a very close third. and/or distributors now sell soymilk under their own brand. Leading manufacturers: Two companies (Alpro in Alpro produces many private-label brands. This practice is Belgium and DE-VAU-GE in West Germany) dominate much more common in Europe than in the USA. Medical the market with an estimated 70% market share, and that Soy and Parma Soia in Italy are two recent additions to this percentage is not likely to decrease. Competition is fi erce growing list. Soymilk is widely exported across national and increasing. Alpro, which began making soymilk in 1979 boundaries within Europe. This will probably not change and now produces about 21 million liters/year, is building much after 1992. Many large companies have entered the a new plant at Wevelgem, Belgium, which is scheduled market since 1985 with large automated plants, but many of to begin operation in June 1990. Costing about US$15 these are running at a small percentage of their capacity–and million, it will have a capacity of 45 million liters/year. DE- thus are losing money. Because of the surpluses of cow’s VAU-GE’s plant, which was built by DTD/STS and began milk in Europe, there are many regulations (including value operation in August 1985, now produces about 12 million added taxes and labeling restrictions) against “imitation liters/year but has a capacity of 3,000 to 4,000 liters/hour dairy products.” These differ from country to country of fi nished soymilk. Other manufactures with the year they and will probably become less severe after 1992. These started making soymilk and their current estimated annual practices are much more restrictive in Europe than in the

USA, although also in the USA soymilk is not allowed to be in part because it is more functional (it melts and binds water labeled “soymilk.” European dairy magazines (unlike their well) and most people like the taste better. Within a period counterparts in America) continue to view soymilk with fear of several years, the price of casein rose from $0.90/lb to and criticism, even ridicule, at the same time that many large $2.50/lb. Egg protein costs $4 to $5 per pound. All of these European dairy companies are jumping into this new market things helped the U.S. isolate industry. In the U.S. the main that shows future promise–which the European cow’s milk problem is the obnoxious meat labelling requirements. For market seems not to. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box example, if isolates are injected into ham, it must be sold as 234, Lafayette, California 94549. “Smoked pork ham with soy protein isolate product.” The labeling problems are caused in part by the fact that USDA is 748. Gibson, Richard. 1990. Ralston Purina’s favored staffed largely by veterinarians. few come close, but no chow: Stock’s decline ends string The main applications for soy protein isolates in of gains, halts impetus to set off option plan. Wall Street America are in infant formulas (roughly 50% of the total), Journal. Oct. 12. p. A10. muscle powders (35%), diet beverages that are supposed to • Summary: Ralston’s present chairman and CEO, William suppress appetite, and other (health food candy bars, etc., P. Stiritz, took over in 1981. He has done more than anyone 15%). The use of isolates in meat products is very small. to increase the value of the company’s shares. Since 1981 Most isolates are not very bland and not very functional. he has “implemented one of the most aggressive stock- PTI’s are more bland than ADM’s. The bulk of Clyde’s repurchase plans of any U.S. corporation.” Ralston has spent isolate sales are for muscle powders, which are used to make close to $2.84 billion–nearly as much as it earned–buying shakes. The only isolate thick enough to work in a shake back its shares. is the one with the most sodium proteinates, which has the Paul H. Hatfi eld is a Ralston vice president and president poorest fl avor. of the Protein Technologies International. Address: Staff Even textured soy fl our (TSF/TVP) has not been reporter. very successful in food uses; Clyde sells several million pounds a year of it, but the industry is very sleepy. It is 749. Boismenue, Clyde. 1990. The market for soy protein used mostly in spicy Mexican foods (mainly burritos, to isolates, concentrates, textured soy protein products, and soy add chunky texture), and pizza toppings (since labeling fl our in America today (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. is not a problem). It is used in school lunch programs and 13. With follow-up on 22 Jan. 1992. Conducted by William by the military in meatloaf and braised beef. Seventh-day Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Adventist food companies buy quite a bit and repackage it. • Summary: Soy protein isolates have been the big By far the biggest use of TSF is in pet foods. In California, unfulfi lled promise in the U.S. food industry during the last 2 what is commonly called the “Brigg’s Amendment” (Food, decades. Since 1975 Clyde has been a wholesale distributor Drug and Cosmetic Law, California code, Article 7, Section for ADM. Today only 2 companies in America make regular 26595-26599, “Hamburger and imitation hamburger,” isolates: ADM and Protein Technologies International. ADM became effective in July 1974), effectively prevents the use was weakest in isolates until they purchased the Central of TSP in hamburger, even in restaurants. Ground beef or Soya line. ADM also bought Grain Processing Corporation’s hamburger containing any extenders (such as TSP), binders, Pro-Fam line and closed it down to get rid of excess industry or added water must be called “imitation hamburger.” If capacity. Then ADM hired Roger Kilburn away from imitation hamburger is sold or served in a restaurant, a list Ralston Purina to improve the fl avor of ADM’s isolates. of its ingredients must appear on the menu. Mr. Briggs, a This upset Ralston greatly. Ralston Purina spun off Protein state legislator from Orange County, had a friend with some Technologies International primarily to make it available for hamburger stands. This law is enforced, in practice, only sale; everyone in the industry knows this. with respect to hamburger patties, and especially when the In recent years there has been a little resurgence price of hamburger rises; 80-85% of all ground beef is sold in isolates for several reasons largely related to the rise in the form of patties. It is not enforced when the ground in casein prices: (1) With the rise of free enterprise and beef is “cooked in a recipe” as in spaghetti sauce, taco fi lling, economic fl ux in Eastern European countries, they are meat loaf, and sloppy joe mix. In these cases regulators do being used increasingly to extend meats; the problem for not enforce the law that requires the product to be called western suppliers is getting paid. (2) The Chernobyl nuclear “imitation hamburger” if bread crumbs, rolled oats, or a soy disaster, which took place on 26 April 1986 in the Ukranian protein product are added. SSR, wiped out the Polish dairy industry. Casein prices Concerning ADM’s Veggie Burger, there are 4 kinds that rose and isolates fi lled part of the void. (3) Worldwide, the come in dry form: Herbs & Spices Style, Curry, Meat-Style, price of nonfat dry milk (NFDM) and casein has been very and Gyros-Style. They were introduced about 4 years ago. high since about 1986 due to short supplies. Casein has ADM also makes pre-cooked, frozen patties. traditionally been more expensive than isolated soy protein, Soy fl our has two main applications: (1) As a replacer

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 313 for non-fat dry milk (NFDM), usually sold mixed with whey products were recognized over a quarter of a century ago. and used in baked goods. Kraft makes one popular brand. (2) With the possible exception of beans, oat bran lowers serum In calf milk replacers (CMR). Calva in Modesto makes lots cholesterol in humans more than any other food.” Oat of CMR using soy fl our; not much soy protein concentrate products are rich in a gum, beta-glucan, that appears to be the is used in CMR. The key consideration is the “per pound major cholesterol-lowering component in the oat groat. Note: protein basis.” Meat protein costs $6/lb and soy fl our protein This publication helped to popularize the use of oat bran to costs $0.35/lb. Labeling regulations are the main barrier to lower blood cholesterol levels. Address: Metabolic Research more widespread use. Not much NFDM is used in breads Group, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Univ. of today in America. Soy fl our is more expensive than wheat Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. fl our, but it holds more water, and slows staling–two major sales points. Address: Basic Foods Co., 1211 E. Olympic 753. Leeds, Anthony R. ed. 1990. Dietary fi bre perspectives: Blvd. #204, Los Angeles, California 90021. Phone: 213-623- reviews and bibliography 2. London: John Libbey. viii + 299 6686. p. 25 cm. Bibliographical editor Victoria J. Burley. Foreword by Denis P. Burkitt. [300+* ref] 750. Ralston Purina Company. 1990. Annual report to • Summary: Contents: Foreword by D.P. Burkitt (Obituary shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 36 p. of The Rev. Dr. Hugh Trowell, O.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., 1904- • Summary: Net sales for the year ended Sept. 30, 1990, 1989). The authors and editors. Introduction, by Anthony R. were $7,101,400,000, up from 1989 sales of $6,858,300,000. Leeds. Net earnings for the year were $396,300,000, up from 1989 Reviews: 1. Dietary fi bre and starch: defi nition, earnings of $351,200,000. Address: Checkerboard Square, classifi cation, and measurement. 2. Fibre intake in St. Louis, Missouri. prehistoric times. 3. Fibre and peptic ulcer. 4. Fibre and small intestinal function. 5. Dietary fi bre and female 751. Product Name: [Milksoy]. reproductive physiology. 6. Dietary fi bre in the management Foreign Name: Milksoy. of overweight–an update. 7. Guar gum and hyperlipidaemia. Manufacturer’s Name: Indulac and Protein Technologies Bibliography: Dietary fi bre in human nutrition: a International. bibliography for 1983-1986. Manufacturer’s Address: Venezuela. Indices. General index. Address: King’s College, Date of Introduction: 1990. London. Ingredients: Milk powder, Supro isolated soy protein. New Product–Documentation: Ralston Purina Company. 754. Lo, Grace S. 1990. Physiological effects and physico- 1991. First Quarter Report to Shareholders: Three months chemical properties of soy cotyledon fi ber. In: Ivan Furda ended Dec. 31, 1990. Feb. p. 9. The company has recently and Charles J. Brine, eds. 1990. New Developments developed “a signifi cant new food product in Venezuela– in Dietary Fiber: Physiological, Physicochemical, and Milksoy. Milksoy combines high quality milk powder with Analytical Aspects. New York and London: Plenum Press. our Supro brand isolated soy protein. The launch of Milksoy xii + 325 p. See p. 49-66. [21 ref] has successfully established a new alternative food product • Summary: Soy cotyledon fi ber (such as Fibrim) is derived for the Venezuelan consumer, a product which delivers the from dehulled, defatted soybean cotyledons. It is a by- taste and nutrition of milk, but at a more affordable price. product of the manufacture of isolated soy proteins. “This Consumer satisfaction with Milksoy is refl ected in the brand fi ber tends to react physically as an insoluble fi ber, and capturing a 20% market share of all milk consumed.” yet it has many physiological soluble fi ber properties.” SoyaFoods. 1991. 2(2):7. “New milk for Venezuela.” It is a common misconception that soluble and insoluble Milksoy has recently been launched by Indulac (Venezuela) dietary fi ber values can be calculated by analytical assays. with technical support from PTI. It is composed of 90% Fermentation occurring in the large intestine makes the cow’s milk. Though it has a taste and texture similar to that picture much more complex. Address: Protein Technologies of cow’s milk, it contains only two-thirds as much fat and International, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri costs 20% less than conventional powdered milk. 63164.

752. Anderson, James W.; Siesel, Amy E. 1990. 755. Protein Technologies International. 1990. Discover how Hypocholesterolemic effects of oat products. In: Ivan a unique protein ingredient can build new value into your Furda and Charles J. Brine, eds. 1990. New Developments food products. Supro brand–A superior protein. St. Louis, in Dietary Fiber: Physiological, Physicochemical, and Missouri. 13 p. 28 cm. Catalog. Analytical Aspects. New York and London: Plenum Press. • Summary: PTI makes the following types of Supro brand xii + 325 p. See p. 17-36. [18 ref] proteins: Supro 610, 620, 660, 670, 710, 760, and Supro • Summary: “The cholesterol-lowering effects of oat Plus 651. The company’s world headquarters are in St.

Louis, Missouri; it has manufacturing facilities at Memphis, shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 39 p. Tennessee, and Ieper, Belgium. It also has offi ces in 18 • Summary: Net sales for the year ended Sept. 30, countries outside the USA. Address: Checkerboard Square, 1991, were $7,375,800,000, up 3.9% over 1990 sales St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: 1-800-325-7108. of $7,101,400,000. Net earnings for the year were $391,900,000, down 1.2% from 1990 earnings of 756. Duxbury, Dean. 1991. Isolated soy protein in meat $396,300,000. products aids school lunches: Meat protein replacement Page 7 gives details on Protein Technologies in beef patties provides 15% fat reduction, 15% less International, “the world’s leading producer of dietary soy cholesterol, reduced sodium. Ingredients. Food Processing protein, fi ber food ingredients and polymer products... Sales (Chicago). March. p. 88, 90, 92. and operating profi ts were below the prior year principally • Summary: “Since the use of isolated soy protein in foods because of lower export sales volume [particularly to the for the National School Lunch Program was approved by Soviet market].” USDA in 1983, combination meat/soy protein products “In a recent signifi cant development, the United States have offered food processors, government supervisory Department of Agriculture, in response to our petition, has agencies, and school foodservice operators, food choices dropped the so-called ‘qualifi er’ label requirement for meat having benefi cial nutritional and eating qualities. A program packaging. The qualifi er required the statement ‘contains to further assist schools and their meat product suppliers soy protein’ on the front label of processed meat products to provide healthy foods with enhanced taste, fl avor, and when our products were used... Also, the U.S. Food and appearance is also available from a major supplier of high- Drug Administration in November, 1991, in response to our quality, 90% pure vegetable protein.” petition, recommended the modifi cation of methodology For more information on ProPlus® Isolated Soy Protein for measuring protein quality as part of overall labeling contact Protein Technologies International, Checkerboard regulation changes.” Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Photos show the following PTI products: Pro-Cote 400 “Circle 460.” Soy Polymer, Fibrim 1250 Soy Fiber, Supro 500E Isolated A sidebar is titled: “New protein ranking method Soy Protein, ProPlus 500F Vegetable Protein Product, and evaluates quality in human foods.” The present method Nurish 3000 Protein. under U.S. food standards is called the Protein Effi ciency Page 17 gives business segment fi nancial information. Ratio (PER) and is based on weight gain in rats, which have Sales of consumer soy protein products grew from $221.6 different requirements for certain amino acids than humans. million in 1989, to a record $261.8 million in 1990, dropping The new method–protein digestibility-corrected amino acid slightly to $255.0 million in 1991. Address: Checkerboard scoring (PDCAAS) gives much more accurate values when Square, St. Louis, Missouri. measuring the protein quality of a food for humans. Photos show: (1) Many beef patties made with meat and 759. Rice, Judy. 1991. Meat binder / extender label rule isolated soy proteins. (2) “’Burgers’ are always a popular change: food regulations. Food Processing (Chicago). Dec. item on school lunch menus.” Address: Senior Associate p. 10, 12. Editor. • Summary: “The market for low-fat emulsifi ed meat products could be on the brink of a boom, thanks to a 757. Laurin, Danielle; Jacques, H.; Moorjani, S.; Steinke, labeling rule change promulgated by the U.S. Dept. of F.H.; Gagné, C.; Brun, D.; Lupien, P-J. 1991. Effects of a Agriculture. Under the revised regulation, binders and soy-protein beverage on plasma lipoproteins in children extenders no longer need to be ‘prominently’ displayed with familial hypercholesterolemia. American J. of Clinical on the label. Instead, they may be listed along with other Nutrition 54(1):98-103. July. [43 ref] ingredients in their order of predominance.” • Summary: “Abstract: The effects of soy protein (35% “Elimination of ‘prominent disclosure’ should encourage of protein energy) given as a beverage and those of cow- new low-cal, low-fat processed meat product development/ milk proteins were investigated on plasma lipoprotein marketing.” concentrations in children with familial hypercholesterolemia “Following a comment period, USDA’s FSIS published (FH).” a fi nal rule in the August 21, 1991 Federal Register. The “These results indicate that the administration of soy rule became effective September 20, 1991. For further protein may induce clinically benefi cial effects in children information about this label rule change, contact Charles with FH.” Address: 1. Département de nutrition humaine et R. Edwards, Director, Food Ingredient Assessment Div., de consommation, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Regulatory Programs, FSIS, USDA, 202/205-0080. Québec, Canada. “Literature describing Supro® vegetable proteins for the economical addition of nutritional value to processed 758. Ralston Purina Company. 1991. Annual report to meats, baked goods, infant formulas, and various other

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 315 food products may be obtained from Protein Technologies gave the products shelf space at chains such as Kroger, International, Inc., a subsidiary of Ralston Purina Co., SuperValue and Cub Foods now report brisk sales. (2) Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. Protein Technologies International in St. Louis, Missouri, a “Circle 452.” Address: Senior Associate Editor. subsidiary of Ralston Purina, is test marketing a soy-based beverage named First Alternative in Phoenix, Arizona. 760. Boyer, Nancy. 1991. Re: Biographical sketch. Letter to Peter Golbitz, president of Soyatech Inc., a consulting Ford Bryan at Henry Ford Museum & Greenfi eld Village, company in Bar Harbor, Maine, notes that since the 1980s, undated. 1 p. Handwritten on Nancy Boyer letterhead. Japanese companies (such as Nichii Co.) have invested at • Summary: In 1931 Robert Boyer married Elizabeth Szabo least $50 million in soyfoods manufacturing plants in the of Detroit; she had been born in Hungary. They had three U.S. children: Nancy, Robert Jr., and Thomas. In Feb. 1963 “Retail sales of soyfoods are growing in America by Elizabeth died, and in April 1965 Robert Boyer married about 5 to 7 percent a year, increasing to about $657 million Nancy Ann Miller, a recent widow living in St. Louis. in 1990, Golbitz says. The most rapid expansion is for soy Nancy was born in Ypsilanti, Michigan. In 1937 she milk, which is growing at a rate of about 20% a year, and married Harold Ory and moved with him from Ypsilanti to second-generation soyfoods which are growing at a rate of St. Louis, Missouri, where Harold worked for Ralston Purina about 15%... Soy milk consumption in Australia, where it is Co. Harold died in 1963. sold in grocery stores like milk, is about 10 times what it is in this country.” 761. Product Name: Mori-Nu Silken Tofu (Chinese Label) Worldwide, consumption of soyfoods now averages [Firm, or Soft]. about 1.7 kg/person/year, and is expected to rise to 2 kg Manufacturer’s Name: Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc. or more by the year 2000. Taiwan is the world leader with (Importer). Made in Japan by Morinaga Milk Co. Ltd. 15.5 kg/capita/year of soy, followed by Japan at 11.1 kg. Manufacturer’s Address: 5800 South Eastern Ave., Suite A world map and table (largely compiled from FAO Food 270, Los Angeles, CA 90040. Phone: 310-787-0200. Balance Sheets) shows “Soyfood consumption: Yearly Date of Introduction: 1992 January. average per capita (Amount of change from 1979 to 1988).” Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 10.5 oz (297 gm) Tetra Brik The following countries are listed in descending order of Aseptic carton. consumption in kg/capita: Korea 17.1 kg (2.4%). Taiwan How Stored: Shelf stable; refrigerate after opening. 13.0 (37.0%). Japan 10.8 (6.7%). Indonesia 6.3 (57.4%). New Product–Documentation: Almost all of the writing Hong Kong 3.8 (-22.0%). Saudi Arabia 3.6 (342.9%). China on these products is in Chinese; they are sold to Chinese 3.4 (-5.6%). Paraguay 2.8 (50.0%). Malaysia 2.3 (102.2%). Americans. Letter (fax) from Art Mio. 1996. May 14. “We Thailand 1.6 (162.5%). Zimbabwe 1.6 (22.2%). United fi rst began to sell Chinese Label Mori-Nu Tofu in January States 1.4 (33.3%). 1992... This past fi scal year, which ended in March, saw a surge in sales which approached a 50% increase.” 763. Johnson, Lawrence A.; Meyers, D.J.; Burden, D.J. 1992. Poster (color, 8 by 11 inches, undated) sent by Art Mio. Soy protein’s history, prospects in food, feed. INFORM 1996. May. Shows one carton each of Chinese Label Mori- (AOCS) 3(4):429-30, 432, 434, 437, 438, 440, 442-44. April. Nu Tofu fi rm and soft on a cutting board behind a knife and [54 ref] six small cubes of tofu. In the upper left is written in Chinese • Summary: “This is the second part of a review that characters (with English text below them): “Smooth silken chronicles the individuals and the historical and economic texture. Long shelf life. No preservatives.” factors noteworthy in the development of soy protein as food and feed ingredients.” Contents: Introduction. Early 762. Whiteman-Jones, Michael. 1992. Soyfoods poised for Western food uses (whole and defatted soy fl our, enzyme- growth: New mass-market interest, product development and modifi ed isolated soy proteins as whipping agents, whipped consumer interest are driving sales higher than ever. Natural toppings, cereal-soy blends). Soy fl our and grits. Protein Foods Merchandiser. Feb. p. 18-19. concentrates and isolates (Griffi th Laboratories, Central Soya • Summary: Last year soyfoods were introduced to mass- Co., Mead Johnson and Co., Central Soya). Dairy analogs market consumers by two of America’s corporate giants. (Dr. Harry W. Miller, Loma Linda Foods, Mull-Soy and (1) Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM of Decatur, Illinois) Borden, Vitasoy, Edensoy, Worthington Foods and Soyamel, introduced the vegeburger to show that a delicious food Prosobee and Mead Johnson, Rich Products and Chill-Zert, product could be made from soy. ADM marketing specialist Tofutti). Spun fi bers (Robert Boyer and the Ford Motor Co., Lee Lensch says the soy burger is doing very well in test Temptein, Worthington Foods, Bontrae, Bac*O’s, Bac-O- markets in Indiana, Illinois, and Minnesota. Versions of Bits, Miles Laboratories, Morningstar Farms). Textured soy the product are being advertised nationally in corporate protein and meat analogs (W. Atkinson, ADM and TVP, TV spots and on local TV in test markets. Buyers who General Mills and frozen Bontrae, the U.S. School Lunch

Program). Nutritional advances in soy products. Today’s 98 tables. 6 fi gures. world soybean and soy protein production (consolidation • Summary: “Sales of protein ingredients to the food among manufacturers of modern soy protein ingredients: industry in Western Europe in 1991 amounted to $1.3 ADM, Cargill, Central Soya Co., Protein Technologies billion. This is expected to increase to $1.5 billion by 1996.” International, A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.). Future of soy protein Contents: Executive summary. 1. Introduction, scope and products. methodology. 2. Protein ingredients–Technology, economics Tables show: (1) Soy meal consumption in the USA by and trends: Introduction, vegetable proteins (soy fl our type of animal: Poultry 41.1% of total 18.9 million metric and grits, soy protein concentrates, soy protein isolates, tons, swine 27.4%, beef cattle 9.0%, dairy cattle 9.0%, other textured soy proteins, wheat gluten), animal proteins (milk- livestock 9.5%, human food 3.2%, industrial 0.5%. Thus, based, egg-based, other, single cell proteins incl. yeast and industrial (nonfood, nonfeed) uses for soybeans presently mycoproteins). 3. End-user markets for protein ingredients– comprise no more than 0.5% of the protein produced from Industry requirements, historical and future developments: soybeans grown in the United States. (3) U.S. companies Introduction, nutrition claims, the food industry (meat and supplying protein in 1948-50 versus 1990 (industrial and meat products, dairy products and desserts, bakery and edible fl ours, concentrates, and isolates). 23 companies then cereal products, specialty infant and health food, pet foods, vs. 5 in 1990. miscellaneous foods). 4. The markets for protein ingredients Note: Talk with Ed Milligan of EMI by phone. 1992. in Western Europe: Germany (For each country is given: May 5. This article contains some misleading information. The food industry, protein ingredients off-take by the food It refers to an article by Ken Becker written in 1971. In industry, sales of protein ingredients to the food industry, 1958-59 USDA developed a laboratory prototype of fl ash volume off-take of protein ingredients by the food industry, desolventizing. In 1959 they contacted EMI corporation in sales of protein ingredients by type), United Kingdom, Des Plaines to commercialize the fl ash desolventizing system France, Italy, The Benelux countries, Spain and Portugal, for production of light-colored, edible soybean fl akes, for soy other EC countries, other Western European countries. 5. fl our and grits, with a maximum PDI (protein dispersibility Profi les of major suppliers of protein ingredients in Western index). At that time Ed Milligan was just a newly hired Europe: Includes Aarhus Oliefabrik, Archer Daniels Midland member EMI, which undertook the project. Ed designed and Co., British Arkady Co., BSN, Cargill, Central Soya, installed the world’s fi rst commercial fl ash desolventizing Dalgety, Danmark Protein, Eridania/Beghin-Sey [sic, Say], system for Honeymead Products Corp. in Mankato, Loders Croklaan, Lucas Meyer, Nattermann Phospholipid, Minnesota, in 1960. Note that this system was used to make Nestle, Protein Technologies, International, RHM Ingredients food, rather than feed. All but 2 systems have been used Ltd., Solnuts BV, Unilever Group. Appendices. A. Names exclusively to make foods. All such systems produce a fl ake and addresses of suppliers of protein ingredients in Western with a very light color and controlled PDI, whereas a DT Europe. B. Company index. Address: 106 Fulton St., New (desolventizer-toaster) produces a golden colored fl ake. He is York, NY 10038. Phone: 212-233-1080. leaving for India in a few weeks to commission EMI’s 22nd such unit. He has designed, installed, and started every one 766. Food Processing (Chicago). 1992. New food plants: of the 22. Address: Center for Crops Utilization Research, Ralston Purina. 53(6):70. June. Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa 50111. • Summary: The company’s new $50 million soy protein plant in Memphis, Tennessee, is expected to be completed in 764. Duxbury, Dean. 1992. Powdered soy protein fortifi es Sept. 1992. A/E: The PSI Group. pasta: consumers demanding more nutrition in pasta dishes. Ingredients & product development. Food Processing 767. McGlasson, Linda. 1992. Soyfoods in the next century: (Chicago). May. p. 90, 92. Feeding the world one bean at a time. Health Foods Business • Summary: 15% powdered isolated soy protein can be used 38(6):30-34, 36. June. [1 ref] to increase the protein content of pasta. • Summary: A table gives estimated retail sales of soyfoods For more information on Supro® Isolated Soy Protein in the USA in 1990, in descending order of sales (million contact Protein Technologies International, Checkerboard dollars): soy sauce $395.5, tofu $94.1, second generation Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Circle 462. products (such as dips, dressings, entrees, non-dairy desserts, “Information on Enriched High Protein Pasta and other cheeses, yogurts, and imitation meat products) $81.6, custom pasta products is available from A. Zerega’s Sons, soymilk (not including infant formulas made with isolated Inc., 20-01 Broadway, P.O. Box 241, Fair Lawn, NJ 07410. soy proteins) $60.0, miso $44.5, soynuts $9.7, tempeh $7.5. “Circle 463.” Address: Senior Associate Editor. Total $657 million. Source: Soyatech in Bar Harbor, Maine. The two fastest growing segments are soymilk (increasing 765. Frost & Sullivan Inc. 1992. The European market for at 20% a year) and second generation products (15-20% a protein ingredients. New York, NY: F&S. 383 p. #E1712/P. year). “Soyfood sales are expected to grow steadily through

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 317 the next decade as health and environmental concerns vitamins A and D, and calcium to make it nutritionally become increasingly important factors in food purchasing equivalent to dairy milk. Westbrae also has a new non- decisions... an estimated 33 to 50% of all adults are reducing dairy creamer. Westbrae uses only rice syrup to sweeten its their intake of meat, yet they still have the craving. soymilks and is looking closely at producing a fresh (non- Protein Technologies International of St. Louis, aseptically packaged) soymilk. Vitasoy has teamed up with Missouri, is developing a line of structured proteins, which The Yogi Tea Company to produce a cappuccino alternative. are look-alike meat components. There are versions that look This delicious blend of soymilk and herb tea can be made and feel like ground beef, crab meat, and chicken. in an espresso machine. Protein Technologies International Angelo Morini, founder of Galaxy Foods, began trying in St. Louis, Missouri, has developed a new technology– substitutes for the real cheese he was using in his pizza stabilized calcium phosphate and soy protein isolates. When business. He left the pizza business in 1968 and began added to soymilk it gives a product comparable in protein making soy cheese full-time. The company began slowly by and calcium content to dairy milk. selling to food service customers, then they started marketing Also discusses amazake and White Almond Beverage. the cheese nationally in 1984. In 1985 Galaxy started in the A photo shows Sara Starr. Address: President of Starr Track, health food industry with a new line, Soyco. Following a fi re, a business consulting fi rm for the natural foods and products the company has relocated in a new 55,000 square foot state- industries. of-the-art manufacturing facility in Orlando, Florida. They are now producing soy cheese products and are scheduled to 769. Protein Technologies International. 1992. Product launch 30 new items this year. specifi cation sheets (Portfolio). St. Louis, Missouri. 29 One sidebar, titled “Quickie Dictionary of Soyfoods,” inserts. 30 cm. defi nes tofu, miso, tempeh, soymilk, and shoyu. Another • Summary: The 29 documents enclosed in this portfolio says “Soyfoods Take Spotlight in New Infomercial.” The include a cover letter and business card from Catherine M. infomercial is based on Dr. Michael Klaper’s education Nichols (account representative) and 28 product specifi cation seminars for doctors and other health professionals titled sheets (each 8½ by 11 inches, most printed on one side “Let Food Be Your Medicine.” Klaper (a noted physician, only). Each specifi cation sheet gives a detailed technical author, environmentalist and nutritionist [and vegan]) is co- description, including product description and suggested founder and director of the Institute for the Advancement of applications, nutritional information, quality guarantee Nutrition Education and Research. The tentative title for the (chemical analysis, microbiological analysis, and physical new infomercial is “The Nutrition for the 90s, a Transition analysis), typical amino acid composition, packaging, and to Health.” It will begin airing in July on cable TV. Radio’s ingredient statement (for labeling). The following products Top 40’s Countdown host Casey Kasem will emcee the show are described (listed below alphabetically): FP 900 (a with Dr. Klaper. The show will feature top scientists and modifi ed soy protein to replace egg albumen), FP 940, HVF doctors, plus testimonial interviews with many celebrities 50 or HVF 60 (hydrolyzed vegetable protein), ProPlus 200F and famous athletes. Address: Managing editor. (frozen, hydrated, granular), ProPlus 500F (for use in school lunch programs), Supro 90, Supro 200FC, Supro 200G, or 768. Starr, Sara M. 1992. Don’t have a cow! Milking other Supro 200GC (frozen, hydrated, granular, caramel color), alternatives. Health Foods Business 38(6):37-38, 69. June. Supro 200, Supro 200M, Supro 250, or Supro 251 (structured • Summary: “Soy milk is the biggest seller in the non-dairy protein fi ber with a fi lament-like fi brous texture), Supro 425, beverage category within the health food industry. About Supro 500E, Supro 515, Supro 590, Supro 610, Supro 620, 95% of all soy milk is sold through natural food stores. Supro 661, Supro 670, Supro 710, Supro 760, Supro HD90, Several supermarkets are beginning to carry this beverage.” Supro Plus 651, Supro Plus 670, or Supro Plus 675 (with In 1983 when Eden Foods introduced its Edensoy, about stabilized calcium phosphate), Supro Plus 3000 (with sweet 283,000 gallons of aseptically packaged soy milk were dairy whey and calcium phosphate). sold in the natural foods industry [in the USA]. According On each sheet is a code or clear statement showing the to Peter Golbitz of Soyatech Inc. in Bar Harbor, Maine, date that the sheet was last revised. The most recent dates by 1991 that fi gure had jumped to 6.5 million gallons. are Oct. 1992, mostly for the Supro and SuproPlus products. Golbitz estimates the market for aseptic soymilk in the Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. USA to be $52 million in retail sales (in natural food stores Phone: 1-800-325-7108. only) and growing at 15-20% annually. The top 3 soymilk manufacturers in America are American Soy Products 770. Golbitz, Peter. 1992. The meat alternative industry in [Edensoy], Westbrae, and Vitasoy; together they produce the United States. Bar Harbor, Maine: Soyatech, Inc. 30 p. over 95% of the aseptically-packaged soymilk in the U.S. Nov. according to Golbitz. • Summary: This report was written under contract with New soymilk products: WestSoy Plus is fortifi ed with Protein Technologies International, which owns the rights.

Contents: locations, experienced professionals, account managers, Introduction. networking. Creating better result: For the meat, dairy, History and Development of the Industry. nutritional, food, and paper industries. Estimated Manufacturer Sales of Meat Substitutes. A color bar chart (p. 13) shows that Supro soy protein Estimated Percent of Market Share of Manufacturer isolates “meet or exceed recommended amino acid Sales. requirements for adults and children, as determined by the Estimated Manufacturer Sales in the Major Distribution World Health Organization and the USFDA.” Beef, milk, Channels. and egg have the same 100% score as Supro. Address: Estimated Total Sales in Each Distribution Channel. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: Estimated Amount of Soy-Based Proteins Used in Meat 1-800-325-7108. Substitutes. Projected Sales of Meat Substitutes. 772. SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). 1992. New soya protein Number of Meat Alternative Products Introduced, 1980- ingredients. 3(3):2. Autumn. 92. • Summary: “Protein Technologies International is Frequency of Protein Foods Used in Meat-Like marketing several new product lines. Developed in Belgium, Products, 1980-92. the PT and FP ranges are designed to replace milk powders Trends in the Meat Analog Industry. and egg protein products while adding nutritional value Supportive Trends in the Food Industry. to consumer foods. The Suproplus range of isolated soya Supportive Lifestyle Trends. proteins is marketed by PTI in the US.” Growth Opportunities Within Established Distribution Channels. 773. Schopp, Keith. 1992. Ralston Purina Company’s 100th Growth Opportunities Outside Established Distribution anniversary (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 1. Conducted Channels. by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Company Profi les. • Summary: Keith is in charge of condensing 100 years of Other notable companies and products. Address: P.O. Ralston Purina history into a 36-page booklet for employees. Box 84, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609. Phone: 207-288-4969. It places Ralston Purina’s history fi rmly in the context of what was happening throughout the world and the United 771. Protein Technologies International. 1992. Creating States. He is working under a budget and time schedule. The better results... together. St. Louis, Missouri. 16 p. 28 cm. booklet should be out in January 1994. It is hard to examine • Summary: Contents: Our goal–Your success. We can early company records since they are boxed and stored in a help you with improved margins, innovative new products, salt mine in another state. He joined the company in 1986. quality management. What our technology does. What our He feels that the company “did not do a real good job of products do: Economically, functionally, nutritionally. What keeping track of its history.” He does not know when or we do benefi ts you: Customer focus, worldwide strategic where Ralston Purina began crushing soybeans [1935]. He will try to fi nd out from a former CEO name Ray Rolland, who joined the company in the late 1920s and is now retired. The company was incorporated on 8 Jan. 1894 in St. Louis, Missouri, by William H. Danforth and two of his church associates, George Robinson and William Andrews. The latter two men may have operated some sort of feed mill or store front business prior to 1894. The new corporation, named the Robinson- Danforth Commission Company, would produce horse and mule feed.

In 1896 the mill was destroyed by a Tornado. Some of hypercholesterolemia. J. of the American College of the early history is legend and some can be documented. Nutrition 11(S):69S-73S. [23 ref] Address: Corporate Public Relations, Ralston Purina Co., • Summary: Soy protein seems to have anti-atherogenic Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. Phone: 314-982- properties. There is also the possibility that reliance on soy- 2577. based beverages may be benefi cial in preventing coronary heart disease in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. 774. Ralston Purina Company. 1992. Annual report to Address: Dep. of Human Nutrition and Consumer Studies, shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 32 p. Laval Univ., Lipid Research Unit, Quebec, Canada, and • Summary: Net sales for the year ended Sept. 30, 1992, Protein Technologies International, St. Louis, Missouri. were $7,752,400 up 5.1% over 1991 sales of $7,375,800. Net earnings for the year were $313,200,000, down 20.1% from 778. Mohr, Betty; Littman, Margaret. 1993. What’s 1991 earnings of $391,900,000. happening at Ralston Purina: despite strong brand names, Page 5 gives details on Protein Technologies Ralston Purina’s profi ts have plummeted, leading analysts to International. PTI “constructed and began operations at a ask. Prepared Foods 162(2):24-26. Feb. new cellulose fi ber facility in Urbana, Ohio. The integration • Summary: Editor’s introduction: “Like an aging dancer of the Solka-Floc cellulose fi ber business into Protein who is always one beat behind, Ralston Purina seems to be Technologies International is now complete.” one step behind the changing times. Holding onto the status Photos shown the following PTI products: Pro-Cote quo, Ralston is foundering like a big ship without a rudder 5000 Soy Polymer, Fibrim Soy Fiber, Supro 500E Isolated and without forward vision to steer it.” Soy Protein, and Nurish 1550 Protein. Ralston Purina continues to have some of the worst Page 13 gives fi nancial information for each business earnings in the food industry. Since the company is carrying segment. Sales of consumer soy protein products grew from a huge debt, its focus has been to buy back its own shares $221.6 million in 1989, to $261.8 million in 1990, dropping and to accumulate cash. Perhaps the main problem is that slightly to $255.0 million in 1991, then rising to a record Ralston has no long-term strategy or focus. $288.1 million in 1992. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Ralston Purina paid big money to buy ITT and Wonder Louis, Missouri. Bread, failing to realize that the health-conscious, whole- grain generation was here to stay, and that Wonder Bread 775. Product Name: First Alternative (Soy-Based was of little or no interest to members of that generation. Beverage). Surprisingly, neither isolated soy proteins nor Protein Manufacturer’s Name: Protein Technologies International. Technologies International (PTI) are mentioned. PTI was Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. established on 1 July 1987 a wholly-owned subsidiary of Date of Introduction: 1992. Ralston Purina. PTI was sold to DuPont on 3 Dec. 1997 for New Product–Documentation: Michael Whiteman-Jones. $1.554 billion. 1992. Natural Foods Merchandiser. Feb. p. 19. This product is now being test marketed in Phoenix, Arizona. 779. Ralston Purina Company. 1993. First quarter report to shareholders. Annual meeting highlights. Checkerboard 776. Product Name: [La Colina {Soymilk}]. Square, St. Louis, MO 63164. 15 panels. Foreign Name: La Colina. • Summary: Paul Hatfi eld, CEO of Protein Technologies Manufacturer’s Name: Protein Technologies International. International, stated: “Fiscal 1992 sales and operating profi t Manufacturer’s Address: Venezuela. improved over the prior year on increased sales volumes Date of Introduction: 1992. worldwide... We expect the new FDA regulations under the New Product–Documentation: Saundra Bottger. 1992. Nutritional Labeling Education Act will create a positive Republican (Wakefi eld, Nebraska). Sept. 3. “Soy Bits.” environment for our products as the U.S. food industry A new soy milk has been introduced in Venezuela (the adopts these new labeling standards.” Last year the company country’s fi rst) by “Protein Technologies International (PTI) successfully introduced 10 new products. and one of Venezuela’s leading edible oil processors.” “The William P. Stiritz, Chairman and CEO of Ralston goal was to supply a low-cost product for school lunch Purina said: “’Change has been important to Ralston and programs. Each 100 pounds of soy milk produced contains Ralston has changed markedly. Our operating philosophy 25 pounds of vegetable fat from soyoil and 25 pounds of soy has been that the company never is, rather, it is always in protein isolate.” a state of becoming. Consider what Ralston was in 1981–a $5 billion company comprised of a consumer pet food and 777. Jacques, Hélène; Laurin, D.; Moorjani, S.; et al. cereal business but more so of a number of low margin, low 1992. Infl uence of diets containing cow’s milk or soy share, commodity-oriented businesses. Consumer goods protein beverage on plasma lipids in children with familial represented only 38% of sales.

“’Over the past decade,’” the Chairman said, “’Ralston isolates and textured products; Solbar Hatzor, Germany– has become a substantially different company. Lower Contex textured soya concentrates; Celia Technologies, margin businesses were divested and we made two principal France–dehydrated soya milk; GMB Proteins, UK–Bontrae acquisitions–Continental Baking Company and Eveready textured soya proteins; Central Soya Aarhus, Denmark–soya Battery Company, both of which would be ranked in the top protein concentrates; Cargill, Netherlands–defatted soya Fortune 250 companies on a stand-alone basis. fl ours, grits and textured soya proteins; Alternative Food “’We have managed for the long term, and over the Ingredients (AFI), France–soya proteins and fi bres; Sogip, period from 1981 to 1992, our performance has been France–soya fl ours, concentrates and textured soya products; above average. The average share price of Ralston stock Stern, Germany–full fat soya fl ours, grits, concentrates, in 1981 was $6.00; today it’s about $48.00. Ralston’s isolates, textured proteins, soya bran, full fat soybean snacks market capitalization was $1.2 billion in 1981; it is now (expanded with hulls) and Sternpur lecithin.” over $5 billion, and this doesn’t count the $3.3 billion paid to shareholders for share buy backs.’” Address: St. Louis, 781. Meyer, Edwin W. 1993. How Ralston Purina got into Missouri. the soy protein isolate business (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 7. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 780. SoyaFoods (ASA, Europe). 1993. Exhibition report • Summary: Ralston Purina began with industrial isolates [SIAL in Paris]. 4(1):7. Winter. which were used for coating paper and sold under the • Summary: “SIAL in Paris is always one of the biggest brand name ProCote. They probably heard about Glidden’s and best attended food product exhibitions and 1992 was no activities with food-grade isolates so they probably just went exception. Soya foods were well represented and some new ahead and began making edible isolates. Any specialist in products were launched including Celia’s new Biostar Blinis this fi eld would have known how to go from industrial to pancake mix; a new soya and rice dessert from Laiterie edible isolates. Ed thinks (but is not sure) that Bob Boyer Ladhuie, frozen soya based meat analogues from Phytikos, arrived at Ralston Purina from Ford after Ralston Purina Germasoja from Abbaye de Sept-Fons (see p. 5 for details of started making edible isolates; he was instrumental in these products). showing Ralston how to use their edible isolates to make “Other companies presenting soya foods included: edible spun soy protein fi ber. In the late 1950s Boyer went Sojinal, France–a range of soya products including soya around trying to sell interest in and licenses to his patent for paste, milks, desserts, meals; Zonnatura, Netherlands– making spun soy protein fi bers. A number of companies took soya milks, desserts and vegetarian meal replacements; a nonexclusive license including General Mills, Worthington Tonputs, Netherlands–frozen Soyaschnitzel, Soyaburger Foods, etc. He may have approached either Glidden or and Soyasausage; Bakker Lekkerkerk, Netherlands–the Central Soya. Finally he went to Ralston and sold them the Vivera range of chilled and frozen meat alternatives; l’Abbé residual exclusive. Address: 1701 N. Sayre Ave., Chicago, Bisson, France–biscuits with soya, raisins or chocolate; Illinois 60635. Phone: 312-637-0936. Vitagermine, France–Soya bars and biscuits; Yeo Hiap Seng Ltd. Singapore–Soysauce, soya drinks and salted soya 782. Meyer, Edwin W. 1993. The soy protein isolate industry beans; Minerve SA, France–Soja Plaisir range of soya based and market (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 7. Conducted sauces, bean sprouts and bean sprout salads; Céréal, Wander, by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. France–Soya based drinks, desserts, pastas, sauces, Pains • Summary: Dr. Meyer, who has been a leading soy protein Grillé, biscuits; FPS, France–vegetable protein ingredients; researcher for The Glidden Co. and Central Soya for Distriborg–soya drinks, desserts, sauces, meals, biscuits about 50 years, would estimate that Protein Technologies and pastes; and Tivall Vegetarian Food Products, Israel– International (PTI) manufactures about 60% of the soy vegetarian meat alternatives. protein isolates in the USA and ADM makes the remaining “Dusseldorf, Germany was the venue for FIE 92. Of 40%. There are no other signifi cant manufacturers of soy the 451 international companies present several major isolates in the USA. soya protein companies exhibited including: Solnuts, Bob Boyer and Frank Calvert played a major role in Netherlands–showing their new range of custom-made food convincing Ralston Purina to get heavily involved with soy ingredients; Worlée GmbH, a German company, specialising protein isolates. Before Boyer and Calvert arrived in 1962, in dried ingredients and soya products; Edelsoja, Germany– Central Soya was America’s only manufacturer of edible soya protein ingredients; Dutch Proteins and Services, isolates with their Promine–which was launched in late 1959. Netherlands–soya protein products; Protein Technologies In mid-1980 ADM entered the soy protein isolate International, Germany–isolated soya proteins; A.E. Staley business when they bought the Central Soya chemurgy plant Manufacturing Co., US–Gunther range of soya ingredients; at Chicago. They operated it for a few years, then found out Mandarin Soy Sauce, Inc., US–liquid and dried soysauces; that it wasn’t profi table to operate in Chicago. So they moved ADM Ingredients Ltd., UK–fl ours, fl akes, grits, concentrates, the equipment down to Decatur, Illinois. He has heard that

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 321 half the equipment was in mothballs. Address: 1701 N. Sayre approaching seventy. Design of the V-8 Ford in 1931 Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60635. Phone: 312-637-0936. seems to have been his fi nal great interest in automobile mechanics. His Edison Institute Schools, Greenfi eld Village, 783. Bryan, Ford R. 1993. Robert Allen Boyer (Document and soybean research now largely occupied his time. In part). In: Ford R. Bryan. 1993. Henry’s Lieutenants. Detroit, 1932 he began to plant hundreds of acres of soybeans on Michigan: Wayne State University Press. 321 p. See p. 44- his Dearborn farm lands and began procuring thousands 51. Great Lakes Series. April. [10 ref] more acres in Southeastern Michigan. Several additional • Summary: This biographical sketch of Boyer (1909-1989), processing plants were located in outlying towns where he Henry Ford’s top soybean man, is well researched and full promised to buy even more soybeans from local farmers of original material. Robert Boyer was born on Sept. 30, to use in automotive paints and plastics. Boyer was largely 1909 in Toledo, Ohio. In 1916 he moved with his parents responsible for Ford’s advancement in soybean technology. to Royal Oak, Michigan, where he attended grade school “Henry’s vegetarian eating habits led him to hire his old while his father worked in the accounting department of the gradeschool friend, Dr. Edsel Ruddiman, an organic chemist, Ford Motor Co. in nearby Highland Park. When Henry Ford to devise tasty dishes containing soybean ingredients for the bought the Wayside Inn in Massachusetts in 1923, Frank dining room. And Ford’s executives, including Boyer, were Campsall suggested to Ford that Earl Boyer would be an coaxed by Ford to try them–soybean milk, soups, bread, appropriate business manager for the Inn. So the Boyers, croquets, simulated meats, butter and ice cream. Most were including young Robert and his three sisters, moved into a not very palatable, however, because of the tendency of the Ford-owned house near the Inn. Robert then attended high soy oil to be slightly rancid.” school at Framingham, Massachusetts, where he graduated Boyer was in charge of the “Industrialized American in 1927. Robert met Henry Ford while skating at the Inn. Barn” demonstration at the 1934 Chicago World’s Fair. And Ford suggested that he come to Dearborn for some work in May 1935 when the fi rst chemurgy conference was held experience before going to college at Dartmouth as planned. at the Dearborn Inn, Boyer was in charge of arrangements. So in Sept. 1927 Robert arrived in Dearborn where he was During the second chemurgy conference in Dearborn, enrolled in the Henry Ford Trade School at the Rouge plant. Boyer led the groups of participants through his Soybean “Henry Ford had taken recent trips to Europe and had Laboratory at Greenfi eld Village. At about this time Boyer been impressed with the agricultural prosperity in some developed soy protein fi bers which were blended with wool of those countries. Returning to Dearborn, Ford wanted (35% soy and 65% wool) and woven into cloth. The resulting to set up an experimental agricultural chemical factory to cloth was given to Ford’s own tailor, and suits of soy fi ber determine what products could be obtained from plants. were worn by Ford on occasion–and highly publicized. The experimental chemical factory became a one-quarter “Boyer admits that the tensile strength of soy fi ber was size model of Ford’s mammoth wood distillation plant at only 85% of wool, however, behooving the wearer to avoid Iron Mountain, Michigan. The model was constructed at strenuous movements, bending down for example very Iron Mountain and moved to Greenfi eld Village in late cautiously. 1928. About then Ford asked, ‘Bob, how would you like “Boyer’s fi ber was ideal for felt hats, however. All to supervise this model plant–to stay another year or two of the fi ber Boyer could produce was wanted by the Hat and live at the Sarah Jordan Boarding House in Greenfi eld Corporation of America. The soy fi ber blended well with Village.’ rabbit fur, was less expensive and much cleaner to work “Boyer had had little formal training in chemistry, but he with. To produce fi ber in larger amounts and to develop was provided with tutors from the University of Michigan, fi ber of higher tensile strength, a modern air-conditioned and from 1929 to 1933 attended the Edison Institute of laboratory was built on Village Road in Dearborn. In this Technology, a school founded by Henry Ford and Thomas plant not only fi ber producing equipment was installed but Edison as a school for inventors... Ford’s purpose was to complete weaving equipment as well.” fi nd industrial uses for farm crops. A farm depression was Between 1939 and 1941 Boyer worked on Ford’s imminent. During the depression year of 1931, Robert Boyer “plastic car” made from soybean plastic. It also drew married Elizabeth Szabo of Detroit. During the next few widespread media publicity. “Boyer drove the car a years they had three children... few weeks before it was abandoned. (People are still “In 1931, soybeans became one of the plants wondering what became of that plastic car.) A major defect investigated at the Chemical Laboratory... Usually the beans never corrected, according to Boyer, was the strong odor were pressed to obtain the oil, and the remaining ‘cake’ was reminiscent of a mortuary... fed to animals. The Boyer group, however, developed a “The soy protein fi ber facility was operating nicely when solvent extraction procedure whereby soy protein as well as in 1943 the U.S. Air Force demanded the air-conditioned oil could be produced... building for precision measurement of aircraft engine parts. “By this time Henry Ford was growing rather old, When his building was thus usurped, Boyer was out of a job

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 322 involving soybeans. He then transferred to Ford’s Willow removed from the interior. Address: 21800 Morley, Apt. Run Bomber Plant at Ypsilanti, Michigan, where, because 1203, Dearborn, Michigan 48124. of his knowledge of plastics, he was given responsibility for protecting the plastic windshields on the B-24s during 784. Meyer, Edwin W. 1993. Historical notes on textured soy assembly of the planes.” fl our (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 10. Conducted by In 1943 Drackett Products Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. purchased the Ford fi ber processing equipment and Boyer • Summary: The Glidden Co. sold a textured soybean meal went to work for Drackett in Cincinnati–he was never again mainly to John Morrell & Co. for use in pet (especially dog) in direct contact with Henry Ford. Boyer wanted to develop foods–but also to some other dog food companies. Morrell edible soy protein fi bers. When H.R. Drackett died in 1949, was a big meat processing fi rm with headquarters in Chicago Boyer left The Drackett Co. so he could pursue his goal of and a big plant in Ottumwa, Iowa. At that time all dog food receiving a pioneer patent for texturizing vegetable (soy) was canned (no dry or semi-moist) and this textured soy fl our protein. He was granted this patent in 1949. As many as 30 kept a certain amount of its integrity during retorting–so the corollary patents were subsequently obtained. dog-food people liked it. “Boyer had developed methods for producing soy fi ber The solvent defatted soybean meal was run through an that was thoroughly washed and tasteless. In 1951 he became expeller (also called a screw press) to give it texture, then the a consultant to several food processors who were licensed resulting cake was broken up into bits or grits. No die was to use his patents in their operations. These fi rms included used. Glidden’s early texturizing process, dating from the Worthington Foods, Swift & Company, Ralston Purina, late 1930s, was covered by a 1939 patent issued to Arthur Unilever Company of England, National Biscuit Company Levinson and James Dickinson. These two inventors never [Nabisco], General Foods, and General Mills. Dozens of got much credit for their invention (in part because they high-volume foods were, and still are, produced using unfortunately did not use the term “texturize”) and it played Boyer’s procedures... Robert Boyer worked full time for no role in the subsequent technology based on extrusion. If Ralston Purina in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1962 until 1971. Levinson and Dickinson had used the key term “texturize,” “In February 1963, Elizabeth Szabo Boyer died, and their patent would have been “prior art” making it more in April 1965, Boyer married Nancy Ann Miller, a recent diffi cult for people to subsequently be issued patents on widow living in St. Louis. Boyer retired from general extruded materials or texturizing. An expeller, which was consulting work in 1971 after his patents had expired in designed to press the oil from oilseeds, is less well suited 1966, but continued consulting with Worthington Foods to texturization than an extruder–which has no openings until 1977. In 1973, Nancy and Robert retired to downtown along the barrel and which gives more sheer working and Dunedin, Florida. alignment of the protein to create that meatlike texture. “The Boyers did considerable traveling. But in the early Many people think (incorrectly) that William Atkinson 1980s Robert’s eyes began to fail, and then his chief hobby was the original inventor of textured soy fl our, but the became baking, an occupation he had always enjoyed. In Atkinson patent (issued Jan. 1970; No. 3,488,770) does not 1985 he dictated his oral reminiscences [8 hours on tape with dominate the industry–even though Atkinson’s patent was a David R. Crippen] as requested by the Henry Ford Archives. very early, creative, and important one, and ADM did a very Boyer died in Dunedin on November 11, 1989. The body good job getting TVP on the market early. Ed is quite sure was cremated and the ashes scattered over the Gulf of that Atkinson developed his patent independently and with Mexico.” no knowledge of Flier’s work. However the dominant U.S. Photos show: A portrait of Boyer in his later years (Ford patent now is the one issued to Flier (pronounced FLEER) of Archives photo ID No. P.0.19429). The Chemical Laboratory Ralston Purina Co. on 24 Feb. 1976 (No. 3,940,495). There building at Greenfi eld Village at Dearborn (No. 0.6213) in was a long time between application date and issuance date 1930. Henry Ford discussing soybean work with Boyer in the for the Flier patent. The Flier patent expires in 1993. Chemical Laboratory on Ford’s birthday, July 30, 1937 (No. Part of the following is based on Ed’s fi rst-hand 188.21320. Ford is seated on a stool by a lab. bench reading knowledge and part on second-hand knowledge (hearsay). and Boyer has one elbow on the bench behind him.) Boyer After the Flier patent was issued, Ralston Purina fi led a and Ford with the “plastic car” at Dearborn in 1941 (No. lawsuit against ADM in a federal court in southern Illinois. 189.16352). Swift (who was also extruding soy fl our) may have been Talk with Ford Bryan. 1992. Nov. 12. He is now included in the suit. Sometime after the fi ling of the suit, working to get Robert Boyer’s soybean research laboratory, Ralston Purina and ADM settled out of court. Ed thinks the Chemical Plant of the Edison Institute, restored at that as part of the settlement, they cross-licensed each other Greenfi eld Village and interpreted as to its history and (so that each could use the best parts of the other’s patent). signifi cance. The building is in fairly good shape; the After the ADM settlement, Ralston Purina went after all exterior is in good shape but all the equipment has been others in the industry who were extruding to take licenses.

If they didn’t take a license, Ralston could charge them with most current and useful source of information on this infringement, and the cost of the infringement can be very subject, since 96% of all records contain a summary/abstract high. So Cargill and A.E. Staley each took a license. Then averaging 286 words in length. Ralston Purina sued Far-Mar-Co. Wenger supported Far- This is one of more than 40 books on soybeans and Mar-Co because Wenger felt that patent would curtail the soyfoods being compiled by William Shurtleff and Akiko sale of their machinery. Ed was subpoenaed by Far-Mar-Co Aoyagi, and published by the Soyfoods Center. It is based to give testimony under oath. Far-Mar-Co people learned, on historical principles, listing all known documents and via Wenger, that there was a man in Decatur, Indiana, who commercial products in chronological order. It features: 30 was using a Sprout-Waldron extruder in the early 1960s to different document types, both published and unpublished; produce mixed, extruded feeds. Ed and his coworkers (Steve every known publication on the subject in every language; Frank and Bud Campbell) examined that extruded material 66 original Soyfoods Center interviews and overviews in their lab at Central Soya. After some time that case was never before published. Thus, it is a powerful tool for decided in court and Far-Mar-Co lost it [in mid-1984]. understanding this subject from its earliest beginnings to the Then Ralston Purina went after Central Soya–which present. had its own patent issued to Gabor Pusski in 1976. Ed The bibliographic records in this book include Armstrong, an internal attorney, suggested that Ed Meyer 439 published documents and 79 unpublished archival and Art Konwinski (Central Soya’s extrusion man), take a documents. Each contains (in addition to the typical author, very close look at the process by gathering detailed data. date, title, volume and pages information) the author’s Based on that the attorneys concluded that Central Soya address, number of references cited, original title of all non- was infringing on Ralston Purina’s patent. So Joe Gillespe, English publications together with an English translation of a vice president at Central Soya, made a deal with Ralston, the title, month and issue of publication, and the fi rst author’s that Central would sell Ralston several feed operations they fi rst name (if given). had in Brazil at a very attractive price, plus several patents The book also includes details on 13 commercial soy on industrial proteins. In exchange, Central Soya got a non- products, including the product name, date of introduction, exclusive royalty-free license in perpetuity. manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in Ed has long wondered why the patent examiner didn’t many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price, cite an “interference,” which applies when two inventors storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a make claims that overlap or are on the same subject. Then description of the label. Sources of additional information the patent offi ce must conduct an investigation to see who on each product (such as references to and summaries of has priority. This story does not appear in the history books advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given. and Ed is not sure that it should be. Details on how to make best use of this book, a “Over the years I have learned to be very skeptical of complete subject and geographical index, an author/company what I read because so much is said in an advertising mode index, a language index, and a bibliometric analysis of rather than in a defi nitive or factual mode.” People say that the composition of the book (by decade, document type, their products are used in various applications when they language, leading periodicals or patents, leading countries, are not–which is wishful thinking in the hope that new states, and related subjects, plus a histogram by year) are customers will try the product. Address: 1701 N. Sayre Ave., also included. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Chicago, Illinois 60635. Phone: 312-637-0936. Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 510-283-2991.

785. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1993. Henry 786. Vorih, Susan W. 1993. Re: History of Ralston Purina’s Ford and his researchers’ work with soybeans, soyfoods, and Protein Technologies International’s work with industrial and chemurgy–Bibliography and sourcebook, 1921 to soy proteins. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, 1993: Detailed information on 439 published documents June 17 and July 9–in reply to inquiry. 3 p. + 1 p. Typed, (extensively annotated bibliography), 79 unpublished with signature on letterhead. archival documents, 71 original interviews (many full text) • Summary: “Ralston Purina became involved with isolated and overviews, 13 commercial soy products. Lafayette, soy proteins through the acquisition of four soybean California: Soyfoods Center. 249 p. Subject/geographical processing plants from Procter & Gamble (Buckeye index. Author/company index. Language index. Printed May Division) in 1958. One P&G plant, located in Louisville, 19. 28 cm. [567 ref] Kentucky, had an industrial soy protein isolate operation • Summary: This is the most comprehensive book ever built [in about 1946-47] to produce product for their ‘Spic published about the work of Henry Ford and his researchers and Span’ house cleaner. This was not economical for P&G with soybeans and soyfoods. It has been compiled, one and conversion was made [starting in about 1953] to produce record at a time over a period of 18 years, in an attempt to industrial isolated soy proteins for the paper coating industry. document the history of this subject. It is also the single This conversion was taking place at the time of the Ralston

Purina acquisition, which was fi nalized on December 10, modifi ed soy protein coating compositions for industrial 1958. At this time, Ralston Purina only had an interest in use. Calvert is considered a visionary in soy protein research expanding its soybean solvent extraction processing capacity, and the accomplishments of his career were honored when but the idle isolate manufacturing facility just acquired the Protein Technologies International plant at Memphis became of interest. was dedicated to him in 1973 in recognition of his years of “There was no link in this acquisition with Mr. E.F. service and dedication to protein technology.” ‘Soybean’ Johnson of Soy Products Corp. in Louisville. Ralston Purina fi rst made and sold Supro 610 in Oct. Johnson, a former Ralston Purina employee, joined Soy 1966. Spun soy protein fi ber production was discontinued in Products Corp. in mid-1947. 1967. The special equipment was dismantled and parts were “Ralston Purina decided to modify the Louisville sold off for scrap metal. Production of other food-grade soy isolate process for paper coating products; the plant began proteins, such as extruded protein, was started commercially production on June 13, 1959. A series of hydrolyzed and at St. Louis and Memphis in 1973. Wet textured edible soy non-hydrolyzed products under the ProCote brand name proteins were produced commercially in Memphis and (fi rst used commercially in June 1959) was produced and Osaka, Japan (through a joint venture) in 1975. sold successfully to the paper coating industry. Under Protein “In 1970 the ‘Protein Project’ became part of the Technologies International management the facilities have New Ventures Group of Ralston Purina with the Protein been modifi ed and expanded to become the world’s leading Project headed by Paul H. Hatfi eld. Included in this early producer of Industrial Polymer Isolated Soy Protein products business development team were Dr. D.H. Waggle, R&D; today. Mr. Henry T. James, Director of Engineering, now retired; Ralston Purina began research on food-grade isolates and B.P. Schwartz, Manufacturing. This team, working as starting in late 1959 under the direction of Mr. Bill Brew a multi-functional and multi-disciplined team, emphasized in St. Louis. Many consultants were paid for information. process reliability, superior quality and performance Pilot plant work was also performed in St. Louis prior to products, combined with a worldwide perspective of market fi rst contacts with Mr. Bob Boyer. Mr. Boyer was a spun development. protein specialist for products made from the Ralston-Purina Ralston Purina “expanded food grade isolate capacity developed liquid curd process. Other spray-dried products with new facilities at Memphis, Tennessee, beginning were developed from curd by the company. production on April 10, 1973; Pryor, Oklahoma, beginning Ralston Purina began more active involvement with production on December 1, 1976; and Ieper, Belgium, food-grade isolated soy proteins in 1960 when the company beginning production on August 21, 1979. This expansion started food-grade isolated soy protein research and pilot easily vaulted the company into the position of world leader plant work at its headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri. A in food-grade isolated soy proteins by 1976.” semi-works plant to produce edible soy proteins was erected Note 1. Much of the above information was provided in 1961 at Louisville, and both spray-dried and spun fi ber to Susan and her assistant, Jane Phelps, by Henry James, a proteins began to be produced and sold in October 1962. former employee of Ralston Purina working in the area of The spray-dried edible isolates, brand-named Edi-Pro A and soy proteins. Edi-Pro N, were sold to food processors. Mr. Bob Boyer Note 2. On 1 July 1987 Ralston Purina Co. established [who began working as a full-time consultant on soy protein Protein Technologies International as a wholly-owned for Ralston Purina in early 1960 and joined the company subsidiary, with 92 researchers. The fi rst offi cial use of the as technical director of protein products sales, working term “Protein Technologies International” began in March under Donald B. Walker, vice president in charge of Ralston 1987. Purina’s soybean division] was instrumental in directing soy Note 3. Concerning the Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. In protein spun fi bers and sales. Nov. 1943 it had soybean processing mills in Louisville, Mr. Frank Calvert was hired in September 1963 to Kentucky (large), and Memphis, Tennessee (medium-sized). head up Ralston Purina’s R&D work on food-grade isolated By 1948 the company’s plant in Louisville was making soy soy protein in St. Louis. Calvert received a BS degree in fl our and soy lecithin. By 1949 (and probably by 1946) the chemistry from the Edison Institute of Technology while company had become a subsidiary of Procter & Gamble and working at the Ford Motor Co. in Dearborn, Michigan. its headquarters were in Ivorydale, Ohio; O.H. Alderks was In 1965 Calvert was named director of soybean research, involved with soybean processing in Buckeye’s technical and in 1967 director of research of the Protein Division. In division. Address: Communications Manager, Protein 1969 Calvert was promoted to director of research, New Technologies International, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Venture Management, and fi nally in 1971 vice president Missouri 63164. Phone: (314) 982-1983. and research director, New Venture Management. During these years, Calvert developed new soy protein isolation 787. Meyer, Edwin W. 1993. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., processes, 70 percent soy protein concentrate products, and Procter & Gamble, and soy protein isolates (Interview).

SoyaScan Notes. June 24. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Ralston Purina Co.; it was manufactured in their Louisville Soyfoods Center. [Kentucky] plant. But Worthington also purchased some • Summary: Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. had a soybean crushing spun soy fi ber from General Mills; it was made at their plant in Louisville, Kentucky. Ed thinks that Buckeye made James Ford Bell Research Center and was very experimental. an industrial soy protein isolate at this plant, but he does I don’t recall the name of that product. not know how they used this isolate. Procter & Gamble “In the early 1960s, about 95% of Worthington’s purchased this plant by the mid- to late 1940s, then during sales were through either the church or through stores in the 1940s they introduced a product named Spic & Span, communities where there were heavy concentrations of which contain isolated soy protein. “After you washed the Adventists. So it really wasn’t a very big thing. One very big wall with Spic & Span, the protein in the product left a thing for the company was the fi rst IFT meeting it attended fi lm on the wall, which made it easier to wash again on the in Kansas City [Missouri] in about 1963 or 1964. It was the second washing.” The process was somewhat like sizing or fi rst time that Worthington had demonstrated products at a coating a paper with protein to make the surface smoother national convention, and there was a lot of interest in these and less porous. Ed doubts that the protein had any detergent products. effect. In 1974 the fi rst 3 Morningstar Farms products were Ralston Purina bought Procter & Gamble’s isolate plant introduced: Breakfast Patties, Breakfast Links, and Breakfast in Louisville. Ed thinks that Ralston Purina began work Slices. He is quite sure that initially they all contained spun on edible soy proteins at the time that Bob Boyer started soy protein fi bers. However several years after they were consulting with them–and not before. Address: 1701 N. launched, the decision was made to remove the spun soy Sayre Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60635. Phone: 312-637-0936. fi bers for two main reasons: (1) Making the fi bers was an expensive, high-tech process which added too much to the 788. Leiss, Richard S. 1993. History of the use of spun soy price of each product; (2) Worthington was concerned that protein fi bers at Worthington Foods (Interview). SoyaScan if, as anticipated, the Morningstar Farms line became very Notes. June 30. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods popular in mainstream national markets, their one spinning Center. line would not be able to produce enough fi bers to meet • Summary: Richard (whose last name is pronounced like the demand. The “wet spun fi ber” was replaced by textured “lease,” as in “to lease a house”) has worked for Worthington soy concentrates and vital wheat gluten to give similar Foods in R&D for 28 years, from Aug. 1962 to 1968, then textures. In 1979 four more Morningstar Farms products from 1971 to the present. He thinks that small amounts of were launched: Grillers (meatless burgers), Breakfast Strips the fi rst commercial Worthington product to contain spun (meatless bacon), Luncheon Slices (a new version of the soy protein fi bers were probably sold by late 1962 and 1974 Breakfast Slices), and Leanies (meatless hot dogs). defi nitely by 1963. These meatlike products were probably None of these 4 products contained spun soy protein fi bers. frozen at fi rst, and then canned later. The fi rst such product Thus, for most of their commercial lives, the Morningstar may have been the Minute Entree Fried Chicken Style in Farms products have not contained spun soy protein fi bers. frozen form. Fri-Chik, which was canned and widely sold Worthington has always had only one line for spinning to Seventh-day Adventist food outlets, came a little later. soy protein fi bers–located at their plant in Worthington, The next 3 products that contained spun fi bers (White-Chik, Ohio. This line was set it so that a second spinning table Beef Like, and Prosage) were all frozen and were introduced could be added to increase its capacity, but that has never at about the same time (by Oct. 1963), but many Adventist been done. Even during the years when the company food outlets did not have a frozen food case in those days so had a second plant at Schaumburg, Illinois (after Miles Worthington had to supply them with one. Following these, Laboratories took over Worthington in 1970), that plant some additional products were made under the Worthington never had its own spinning line. label, including Smoked Beef Style, Wham. At one point Worthington sold its Fibrotein spun soy “When I fi rst came to Worthington in 1962 there was protein fi ber to an Adventist company outside the USA. a small R&D lab attached to the main food processing Worthington never sold it to Loma Linda Foods. Initially building; we didn’t have a research facility like we have now. Loma Linda may have purchased it from Ralston Purina or I recall that a new R&D building was completed in October General Mills; then they got their own spinning line later, in 1964. Prior to Oct. 1964, I recall seeing a Fried Chicken the 1970s; they bought the equipment from Dawson Mills. Style product, containing spun fi bers, being canned. After Concerning the total amount of spun soy protein fi ber Oct. 1964 time, we began to spin our own soy protein for the used in Worthington food products, it increased rapidly from fi rst time using a pilot plant line in this building. Full-scale 1965 to about 1975, then it fell somewhat after the fi rst three spinning of Worthington’s Fibrotein soy fi bers probably Morningstar Farms products were reformulated in the mid- began in about 1965. Prior to that time my recollection is 1970s–but it did not fall dramatically because the 3 products that Worthington purchased most of its spun protein from were still at the introductory stage. After the amount then

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 326 stabilized, and remained fairly constant until recent years Notes. July 6. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods when the demand for vegetarian products has increased, and Center. with it production of spun soy protein fi bers. Today, about • Summary: Note: In about 1968 Loma Linda Foods started 15-20% of Worthington’s meat alternatives contain spun soy making meatlike products containing spun soy protein fi bers. protein fi bers. The fi rst products were canned meatless slices (chicken-like, In Richard’s opinion, the legacy that Henry Ford and his beef-like, turkey-like, or luncheon-like slices). researchers left in terms of food uses of soybeans is mainly Ron started to work for Loma Linda Foods in 1973 as in the areas of soy protein isolates (especially functional Director of Quality Assurance at the company’s plant in isolates; the work done by Frank Calvert and Bob Boyer at Mt. Vernon, Ohio. In 1975 he left Mt. Vernon and went to Ralston Purina) and textured soy fl our (the work done by Loma Linda’s plant at Riverside, California. He thinks that William Atkinson at ADM). While spinning was certainly the Loma Linda got its fi rst spun soy protein fi bers from General most novel of the technologies, spun soy protein fi bers are Mills. Robert Boyer had licensed General Mills the rights not nearly as important commercially as food-grade isolates to spin soy protein fi bers, and they used these primarily to and textured soy fl our. make their original line of Bontrae Products. At one point Richard remembers fondly the pioneering days when after 1973 Ron thinks that Loma Linda was purchasing spun Bob Boyer had a lab next to his offi ce at Worthington Foods. fi bers from three sources: Ralston Purina, General Mills, and Boyer told Richard many anecdotes about the times he Miles Laboratories–but the bulk of it came from General worked for Henry Ford and Richard wrote them down in his Mills. In about 1975-77 General Mills shut down their soy journal. “Bob Boyer was truly a gentleman. I really enjoyed fi ber spinning line and sold it to Dawson Mills. During this him a lot.” transition period, Loma Linda purchased a large inventory Richard does not recall any commercial product of frozen, neutralized (neutral pH) fi ber from General Mills. containing spun soy protein fi bers that Ralston Purina The spun soy fi ber sold by Miles Laboratories (Worthington) launched during that time. They sold all their spun fi bers as was called “acid tow”; it was refrigerated rather than frozen such to Worthington Foods. and the acidic pH prevented spoilage. Loma Linda would “I’m kind of the keeper of the archives and unfortunately then adjust the pH to neutral shortly before use. a lot of material has gotten out because during the years that In early 1984 (according to documents Ron has in Worthington was owned by Miles Laboratories past history front of him), Loma Linda Foods bought a soy protein was not considered to be very important.” Perhaps a record fi ber spinning line from Dawson Mills. In mid-1984 the might have appeared in the Chopletter (an internal newsletter equipment was transferred to Loma Linda. Loma Linda published by Worthington Foods). Address: Director, R&D, probably started spinning their own fi bers in California in Worthington Foods, 900 Proprietors Rd., Worthington, Ohio late 1984 or early 1985. Loma Linda continued to spin their 43085-3194. Phone: 614-885-9511. own fi bers until the company was sold to Worthington Foods in Jan. 1990. Worthington still owns that line of spinning 789. Leiss, Richard S. 1993. Recollections of work at equipment, which is now dismantled and unused in storage. Worthington Foods (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. June 30. It could be re-activated if Worthington had a place to put it Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. and a need to make more spun soy protein fi bers. • Summary: Art Schultz worked as a technician with Bob Note: A brief chronology of spinning by General Mills, Boyer at Ralston Purina. He is mentioned in some of the Dawson Mills, and Ralston Purina Co. 1959–General Mills patent literature. Art worked for Worthington Foods from starts research on textured soy proteins. 1962 Oct.–Ralston about 1970-71 until about 1980. Purina Co. begins to make Textured Edi-Pro, a spun soy When Worthington Foods bought Battle Creek Food protein fi ber, at its plant in Louisville, Kentucky. 1963 Co. in 1960, only about 4 people were transferred from Nov.–The fi rst of many patents for spinning soy protein are that company down to Worthington. One of them was issued to General Mills. 1965 Dec.–General Mills introduces Josephine Williams. She was a nutritionist who worked the Bontrae line of spun soy protein fi ber products, starting in the laboratory at Battle Creek, Michigan with Dr. John with Bac-O*s (bacon-like bits). 1967–Ralston Purina stops Harvey Kellogg. She was a very interesting resource, with spinning soy protein. 1969 June–General Mills breaks many stories about working with Dr. Kellogg. She retired ground for major fi ber spinning plant at Cedar Rapids, in about the early 1970s and may still be living in the Battle Iowa; It begins operation by late 1970. 1975–General Creek area. Address: Director, R&D, Worthington Foods, Mills stops spinning, and sells its spinning technology and 900 Proprietors Rd., Worthington, Ohio 43085-3194. Phone: equipment to Dawson Mills. 1976–Central Soya now owns 614-885-9511. the Bontrae trademark, formerly owned by General Mills. 1979–Dawson Food Ingredients, a subsidiary of Dawson 790. McDermott, Ron. 1993. History of the use of spun soy Mills, starts spinning soy protein fi bers; Anaprime is on the protein fi bers by Loma Linda Foods (Interview). SoyaScan market by March 1980. Address: Vice President Research

& Technology, Worthington Foods, 900 Proprietors Rd., isolates for use in their critical infant nutrition products. Worthington, Ohio 43085-3194. Phone: 614-885-9511. “We would strongly dispute any claims that our isolated soy proteins are in any way inferior in quality to other soy 791. Messina, Mark. ed. 1993. First International protein products on the market. Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating “We doubt very much that the presence of isolated soy Chronic Disease (Leafl et). Libertytown, Maryland. 4 panels protein in your bird feed products has in any way contributed each side. Each panel: 22 x 9 cm. to the problems experienced by your customer.” Address: • Summary: This symposium, scheduled to be held on 20- Columbit [New Zealand] Ltd., Unit 3, 31 Princes St. 23 Feb. 1994 in Mesa, Arizona, is being organized by Mark Onehunga, P.O. Box 29-093 Greenwoods Corner, Auckland, Messina, PhD, and sponsored by the United Soybean Board New Zealand. as well as soybean growers from Nebraska and Indiana. Each session contains a number of speakers and, in some 793. Redmond, Tim. 1993. New developments at the cases, a panel discussion. Agenda: I. Soyfoods and heart Soyfoods Association of America (SAA) (Interview). disease: Opening remarks and overview. 1. Overview of SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 29. Conducted by William Shurtleff of soybean processing and products. Moderator–Rasik Daftara, Soyfoods Center. Archer Daniels Midland Co. 2. Soy intake and cholesterol • Summary: Tim has been very active in shepherding reduction. Moderator–John Erdman, Univ. of Illinois. 3. SAA during the past year. He is the vice president, on the Soy and cholesterol reduction: Hypothesized mechanisms. executive committee, and a director. The original $30,000 Moderator–Doyle Waggle, Protein Technologies grant to SAA from the American Soybean Association International. 4. Soy and heart disease prevention: Potential increased to about $40,000. SAA will soon be sending mechanisms unrelated to cholesterol reduction. Moderator– 3,000 packets to the media and 5,000 packets to health Penny Kris-Etherton, Pennsylvania State Univ. 5. Potential professionals. Each packet contains fact sheets, a soyfoods public health impact of soy protein. Moderator–Lynn Scott, brochure, and a brochure announcing the “First International Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine [Texas]. Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating II. Soyfoods and Cancer. 6. Overview of diet and Chronic Disease,” which is scheduled to be held on 20-23 cancer. Moderator–John Potter, Univ. of Minnesota. 7. Soy Feb. 1994 in Mesa, Arizona. In addition, Tim is now drafting intake and cancer risk: Animal and epidemiologic studies. a letter to new and prospective members, including San-J Moderator–Daniel W. Nixon, American Cancer Society. (which has never joined), Worthington Foods, Kikkoman, 8. Non-isofl avone soybean anticarcinogens. Moderator– Ralston Purina, etc. SAA needs more money to promote Bernard Szuhaj, Central Soya Co. 9. Soybean isofl avones soyfoods on a broad basis. and cancer risk. Moderator–Kenneth Setchell, Children’s Michelle Edwards, Dan Burke’s long-time secretary, is Hospital and Medical Center. 10. Anticancer effects of now the Executive Director of SAA. genistein. Moderator–Stephen Barnes, Univ. of Alabama. Tetra Pak Inc. has donated $50,000 to SAA over a period The registration fees are: Regular: $195.00. Student of 3 years, primarily to aid in the development of soymilk $75.00. standards. Note: This is the largest single grant ever received Note: This in the earliest document seen (March 2019) by the Soyfoods Association. As of Jan. 1995, according with the word “soy” in the title referring to the general to Dan Burke (Treasurer of SAA) the funds are being used concept of soy; previously “soy” had referred to soy sauce. mainly to pay for legal advice (from Hyman, Phelps & Address: Soyfoods & Chronic Disease Symposium, P.O. Box McNamara in Washington, DC) on the standards and to 178, Libertytown, Maryland 21762-0178. promote soyfoods. Peter Golbitz, who has spent a great deal of time in compiling the standards, has not received any 792. Kirk, Bruce. 1993. Re: Feeding of birds with products payment for his time. Address: Vice President of Marketing containing isolated soy protein. Letter to Patricia Carr, and Sales, American Soy Products, Inc., 1474 N. Woodland Roudybush NZ Limited, P.O. Box 12 238, Christchurch, Dr., Saline, Michigan 48176. Phone: 313-429-2310. New Zealand, Oct. 13. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. 794. Product Name: Mori-Nu Lite Silken Tofu [Extra Firm, • Summary: “Protein Technologies International isolated soy or Firm]. proteins are regarded as very high quality protein ingredients Manufacturer’s Name: Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc. of equivalent nutritional quality to traditional high quality (Importer). Made in Japan by Morinaga Milk Co. Ltd. proteins from egg, milk, fi sh, and meat etc. Manufacturer’s Address: 2050 W. 190th St., Suite 110, “Our isolates are also widely used in infant feeding Torrance, CA 90504. Phone: 310-787-0200. programmes where lactose free products are desired. Major Date of Introduction: 1993 November. multinational food groups such as Wyeth, Mead-Johnson Ingredients: Extra fi rm: Water, soybeans, isolated soy and Nutricia specify only Protein Technologies International protein, gluconolactone, calcium chloride.

Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 10.5 oz (297 gm) Tetra Brik signature on letterhead. Aseptic carton. • Summary: Richard has just located a copy of the July 1962 How Stored: Shelf stable; refrigerate after opening. issue of the Worthington Chopletter. The enclosed article Nutrition: Per 3 oz.: Calories 35, calories from fat 10, total is the earliest written reference he has been able to fi nd on fat 1 gm (2 daily value; saturated fat 0 gm), cholesterol 0 mg, wet spun soy protein fi bers and commercial retail products sodium 80 mg (3%), total carbohydrate 1 gm (< 1%), protein containing them. “The article does not specifi cally state 6 gm, calcium 2%, iron 4%. Percent daily values are based which product was sold fi rst, but certainly the Soyameat on a 2,000 calorie diet. Fried Chicken Style, Minute Entrees Fried Chicken Style, New Product–Documentation: Ad (full-page color) in and Minute Entrees Sliced Whitemeat Style were the fi rst Health Food Business. 1993. Oct. p. 37. “Mori-Nu. The three. lowest fat tofu in the world. The others are just plain tubby.” He began to work for Worthington Foods in August Talk with Tom McReynolds of Morinaga. 1993. Oct. 14. 1962. At that time Worthington was not doing any This product will be launched on 1 Nov. 1993. Distribution commercial spinning of soy protein fi bers. It is likely that will start on Oct. 25. The product does not contain any Nichii at that time these wet fi bers were being purchased primarily Soy Flakes (as is implied in a spot in Health Foods Business, from the Ralston Purina Co. “Following the completion of Oct. 1993, p. 64). As far as Tom knows, only White Wave the Worthington Foods research center in October 1964, and Tree of Life are presently using Nichii fl akes to make a spinning line was set up in the pilot plant. This line was tofu. The product contains both soybeans (grown in Iowa) expanded so that commercial quantities of fi ber were and isolated soy protein (from Protein Technologies produced, probably beginning in 1965. This operation was International). Morinaga has purchased the video of Tom continued until the construction of a larger manufacturing Brokaw interviewing Hillary Rodham Clinton, they have plant in 1970, at which time the spinning was relocated to the transcribed the parts about tofu and trying to work healthier new building. eating into the White House. Brokaw ends the interview by “During the same time period (1962-1968) some limited saying: Perhaps we’ll see tofu at a White House state dinner. quantities of spun fi ber were obtained from General Mills Morinaga is doing a news release on the subject. Dr. Dean as well. It was my understanding that the GM fi ber spinning Ornish has already been invited to the White House to advise line was located in the James Ford Bell Research Center, President Clinton on his diet. Ornish went in and spoke. and I remember Worthington receiving fi ber from General Letter (fax) from Morinaga. 1993. Nov. 2. Mori-Nu Mills for use in retail products. The fi ber from each source Lite–Extra Firm contains exactly 0.7 gm of fat and 36.6 [Ralston Purina and GM] was slightly different and had to be calories per 84 gm serving, so that 17% of its calories come handled somewhat differently in production. from fat. Richard is not aware that Worthington Foods ever sold Product (Extra Firm) with Label sent by Morinaga. wet spun fi ber to Loma Linda Foods. “Certainly during 1994. Feb. 5. 4 by 2.5 by 1.75 inches. Tetra Brik Aseptic the early years it as not a consideration by Worthington carton. Purple, yellow, red, and green on white. On front management because it did indeed give Worthington Foods a panel: “Only 1% fat.” On one side is a recipe for Vegetable strong advantage over Loma Linda.” Stir Fry. Soyfoods Center Taste Test. The product has a very “I have considered it an honor to have been a part of the fi rm consistency the like white of a hard-boiled egg, and a evolution and development of the vegetarian food business very bland fl avor. in the United States. Knowing and being able to work Leafl et sent by Morinaga. 1994. Nov. 25. “See the with pioneers such as “Kelly” Hartman, Bob Boyer, “Cal” Lite!” “Mori-Nu Lite is the lowest fat tofu in the world. We Calvert, and Bill Atkinson have made my career something combined extremely low-fat isolated soy protein with rich special...” Address: Director, R&D, Worthington Foods, 900 whole-bean soymilk, and then added only enough water to Proprietors Rd., Worthington, Ohio 43085-3194. Phone: 614- maintain Mori-Nu’s creamy smooth texture... Mori-Nu Lite 885-9511. has no cholesterol, and with only 1 gram of fat per serving, you get the highest protein to fat ration (6:1) and less calories 796. Protein Technologies International. 1993. Facts–1993 (35) than any other tofu.” (Leafl et). St. Louis, Missouri. 4 panels each side. Each panel: Prices at Safeway supermarket in Lafayette, California. 22 x 9 cm. 1995. Nov. 28. Mori-Nu (3 types): 11.9 cents/oz. Azumaya • Summary: PTI makes the following products: Supro Chinese style (fi rm): 7.5 cents/oz. Thus Mori-Nu Tofu costs brand isolated soy proteins (a complete range), Fibrim 59% more than Azumaya tofu. brand soy fi ber, Supro Plus isolated soy protein products (combine Supro with carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), 795. Leiss, Richard S. 1993. Re: History of the use of spun ProPlus brand isolated soy proteins (fortifi ed to meet the soy protein fi bers at Worthington Foods. Letter to William requirements of the School Lunch Program), ProCote soy Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Dec. 16. 2 p. Typed, with polymers (functional additives for the coated paper and

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 329 paperboard markets), Solka-Floc and Keycel brand powdered cellulose. 798. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1994. The company’s world headquarters are in St. Louis, Ralston Purina Co. and Protein Technologies International’s Missouri; it has food protein plants at Memphis, Tennessee; work with soybeans and soybean products–Bibliography Pryor, Oklahoma; Ieper, Belgium; and Hannan, Japan. It has and sourcebook, 1934 to 1993: Detailed information on 293 an industrial polymer plant at Louisville, Kentucky, and a published documents (extensively annotated bibliography), dairy food systems facility at Hager City, Wisconsin. PTI 44 commercial soy products, 42 original interviews (many also has offi ces in 24 countries outside the USA. Address: full text) and overviews, 16 unpublished archival documents. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 147 p. Subject/ 1-800-325-7108. geographical index. Author/company index. Language index. Printed 4 Dec. 1993. 28 cm. [381 ref] 797. Ralston Purina Company. 1993. Annual report to • Summary: The Ralston Purina Co.–originally named the shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 105 p. Robinson-Danforth Commission Co.–was incorporated on • Summary: The Ralston Purina Company prepares to 8 Jan. 1894 in St. Louis, Missouri. The founders, William celebrate its 100th anniversary on January 8, 1994. For H. Danforth (lived 1870-1955), George Robinson, and Ralston Purina Co. and subsidiaries: Net sales for the William Andrews belonged to the same church. The original year ended Sept. 30, 1993, were $7,902,200 up 1.9% capitalization was $12,000. The company began by making over 1992 sales of $7,753,400. Net earnings for the year horse and mule feed; their product was mixed with shovels were $122,600,000, down 60.9% from 1992 earnings of on the fl oor of a back room. In March 1896 Danforth became $313,200,000. the president of the company and on May 26 of that year “As a result of the adoption by Company shareholders he became the majority stockholder. The next day the mill on July 30 of a targeted stock plan, the Company now reports was completely destroyed by the worst tornado in St. Louis’ fi nancial results for two classes of Ralston Common Stock history. Danforth rebuilt the company and made it one of tied to the Ralston Purina Group (RPG Group) and the America’s largest producers of animal feeds. Continental Baking Group (CBG Group). Ralston Purina’s research on soybeans probably dates “The RPG Group includes Ralston’s pet foods, batteries, from the period before World War I, when the meal had to be cereal foods, snack crackers, protein products, skiing and imported from Manchuria. In 1926 the company established resort operations, and international livestock and poultry feed a 712-acre research farm at Gray Summit, Missouri, for business. The CBG Group consists of Ralston’s fresh bakery testing all ingredients in laboratory-developed formulas. It products business.” is not clear when the company fi rst used soybean meal in its On September 23, the company’s Board of Directors feed products. approved a plan to spin-off the Company’s private label and The company began processing soybeans in the depths branded cereal business, baby food, crackers, ski resort, and of the Great Depression, probably in about 1930. By Aug. coupon redemption business. “The spin-off is subject to 1935 it had plants for processing soybean meal at Lafayette, receipt of a favorable tax ruling from the Internal Revenue Indiana, Circleville, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri. The Service, satisfaction of all legal requirements and fi nal company processed over 2,000,000 bushels of 1935 crop review by the Board. The stock of the new company would soybeans. By 1936 this soybean meal was being used in be distributed to holders of RPG Stock. The Company 14 products, mostly “Purina Chows,” animal feeds made believes the spin-off will be completed during fi scal 1994.” by Purina Mills of St. Louis. It was sold under the famous Page 5 gives details on Protein Technologies corporate trademark, the red and white checkerboard. International. Sales and operating profi ts improved slightly By the early 1940s was the largest single consumer of over the prior year. A record number of new products were soybean meal in America. By 1947 Ralston was operating added to each of the company’s core product lines in 1993. at least four soybean crushing plants, located in Lafayette, Photos shown the following PTI products: Supro, Pro-Cote Indiana; Iowa Falls, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri, and St. Soy Polymer, SuproPlus, and Fibrim Soy Fiber. Louis, Missouri. The four plants contained 23 expeller Page 23 gives fi nancial information for each business presses, had a capacity of 560 tons of soybeans per day, and segment. Sales of consumer soy protein products grew from a storage capacity of 3.91 million bushels of soybeans. The $221.6 million in 1989, to $261.8 million in 1990, dropping main product of each plant was Purina Chows. slightly to $255.0 million in 1991, then rising to $288.1 Ralston Purina became involved with isolated soy million in 1992, and again to a record of $291.5 million in proteins in 1958 through the acquisition of four soybean 1993. processing plants from Procter & Gamble (Buckeye Surprisingly, there is no information about the Division). One P&G plant, located in Louisville, Kentucky company’s history in its 100th anniversary report. Address: had an industrial soy protein isolate operation built in about Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. 1946-47 to produce industrial isolate for their Spic & Span

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 330 house cleaner. During the 1950s P&G converted this plant to (president and CEO), was restructured to focus on being a making industrial soy protein isolates for the paper coating manufacturer of higher-margin consumer packaged goods industry. Production was started by Ralston Purina on 13 and to move away from its inherently volatile commodity- June 1959. based enterprises. During the restructuring, Ralston The roots of Ralston Purina’s work with edible soy Purina sold a number of its core divisions that dealt with protein isolates reach back to Henry Ford. In early 1960 commodities and used the revenues to purchase many new Robert Boyer, who had become one of the world’s leading companies–including Continental Baking Co., Eveready authorities on soy protein isolates while working for Henry Battery Co., Jack-in-the-Box restaurant chain, Van Camp Ford, began work as a full-time consultant for Ralston Seafood Co., Keystone all-seasons resort, etc. Purina. Starting that year, largely because of Boyer’s On 2 Jan. 1985 Ralston Purina fi nalized its sale of six arrival, Ralston Purina began its fi rst research on edible soy soybean processing facilities to Cargill. Ralston stopped protein isolates at a new research and pilot plant at company operations at its seventh soybean processing plant in headquarters in St. Louis. In 1961 a semi-works plant to Memphis, Tennessee. The deal left Ralston completely create these products was erected at Louisville. In about dependent on outside sources for soybean products for its pet September 1962 Boyer was named technical director of foods and other products. protein product sales in the soybean division of the Ralston In mid-1986 Ralston Purina sold Purina Mills, its U.S. Purina Co.; he worked for Ralston until his retirement in animal feed business, which represented the origins of the 1971. In 1962 Ralston Purina began to sell both spray-dried company. The buyer, BP Nutrition, paid $545 million for the edible soy protein isolates (named Edi-Pro A and Edi-Pro prosperous mills. With these two sales, Ralston Purina exited N) and the world’s fi rst commercial spun soy protein fi bers from the bulk animal feed and soybean crushing business. It (named Textured Edi-Pro or Fibrotein, and manufactured still sold pet foods to consumers. under patents owned by Robert Boyer). By July 1962 these The company’s 1986 annual report stated that Ralston fi bers were being used by Worthington Foods to make a new Purina was the world’s largest producer of dry dog and dry generation of meatless meatlike products. Ralston Purina’s and soft moist cat foods, and was the largest wholesale baker food-grade soy protein products were sold only to the food of bakery products in the U.S. “Ralston’s metamorphosis into industry, not directly to consumers. a very attractive consumer packaged goods company is now Frank Calvert, Boyer’s co-worker from the Ford Motor essentially complete.” During the past year the company had Co., was hired in November 1962 to head up Ralston earned $388 million on $5,500 million sales. Purina’s R&D work on edible isolated soy protein in St. In 1972 Ralston Purina expanded its isolated soy protein Louis. In 1965 Calvert was named director of soybean operations into Europe by forming Purina Protein Europe research, and in 1967 director of research of the protein (PPE). This started as a marketing organization but soon division. Calvert is considered a visionary in soy protein expanded into a technical service organization with an research and the accomplishments of his career were honored Application Laboratory in the UK, fi rst at West Haddon and in 1973 when the Ralston plant at Memphis, Tennessee, was then at St. Albans, Herts., not far from London’s Heathrow dedicated to him. Airport. By 1976 PPE had an offi ce in Brussels, Belgium, By 1969 Ralston Purina had become the world’s largest and in late September, 1978, PPE opened Europe’s fi rst producer of formulated livestock and poultry feeds, with plant manufacturing isolated soy proteins, at Ieper (Ypres), plants in over 40 states and 30 foreign countries. Belgium. By 1975 Ralston Purina employed more than 50,000 Also in 1978, in America, Ralston Purina expressed people worldwide and had sales of $3,000 million a year. its growing interest in soy protein foods by sponsoring the In Dec. 1976 Dun’s Review proclaimed Ralston Purina Keystone Conference on soy protein and human nutrition, a to be one of America’s best-managed companies. “Besides milestone event that brought together top researchers in the being the world’s largest producer of animal feed and pet two fi elds and resulted in the publication of the proceedings food, Ralston Purina is also a leader in protein production (Wilcke et al. 1979). and nutrition research, which have vast implications for the Starting at about this time, Ralston Purina became the company’s future.” world’s leading manufacturer of food-grade isolated soy A survey of U.S. and Canadian soybean processing proteins. On 1 July 1987 Ralston Purina Co. established facilities conducted in Nov. 1977 by Shearson Hayden Stone Protein Technologies International (PTI) as a wholly-owned Inc. found that Ralston Purina was the fourth largest soybean subsidiary, with 92 researchers. Today PTI continues to be crusher / processor in North America (after ADM, Central the world’s foremost maker of isolated soy proteins, with Soya, and A.E. Staley), with a capacity of 92 million bushels offi ces worldwide, and manufacturing plants in the USA per year, representing 7.5% of total industry capacity. and Belgium. PTI also makes several industrial isolates and During the late 1970s and early 1980s Ralston Purina, Fibrim soy fi ber. under R. Hal Dean (chairman) and William P. Stiritz Issued in commemoration of Ralston Purina’s 100th

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 331 anniversary, this is the most comprehensive bibliography 28 cm. [985 ref] ever published about Ralston Purina Co. and Protein • Summary: This is the second of the two most Technologies International’s work with soybeans and comprehensive books ever published on the soyfoods soybean products. It has been compiled, one record at a time, industry and market worldwide. over a period of 18 years, in an attempt to document the In May 1982 the fi rst study of the burgeoning soyfoods history of these two pioneering companies. Its scope includes industry in the Western world was compiled by Shurtleff all known information about this subject, worldwide, from and Aoyagi, and published by Soyfoods Center. In April 1934 to the present. 1985 the fi fth edition of that book, titled Soyfoods Industry This book is also the single most current and useful and Market: Directory and Databook (220 pages), was source of information on this subject, since 85% of all published. It contained statistics through 1984, the market records contain a summary/abstract averaging 170 words in size and growth rate for each soyfood type, rankings of length. leading soyfoods manufacturers of each soyfood type and This is one of more than 40 bibliographies on soybeans the amount each produced, analyses, trends, and projections. and soyfoods being compiled by William Shurtleff and Akiko This book is published to update the 1985 market study. Aoyagi, and published by the Soyfoods Center. It is based In the decade since 1984 the soyfoods market has on historical principles, listing all known documents and continued to grow at a very healthy rate, with some soyfood commercial products in chronological order. It features: 30 types (such as soymilk) growing at a truly astonishing different document types, both published and unpublished, sustained rate–in both the USA and western Europe–as the every known publication on the subject in every language, statistics in this book show so vividly. In 1975 only 75 new and 42 original Soyfoods Center interviews and overviews commercial soyfood products were introduced in the USA, never before published. Thus, it is a powerful tool for yet that number skyrocketed to 217 in 1979, reaching an understanding the development of these two companies from amazing 422 new products in 1987. their earliest beginnings to the present. During the decade from 1984 to 1994, Soyfoods Center The bibliographic records in this book include has invested most of its time and resources in the production 293 published documents and 16 unpublished archival of SoyaScan, the world’s largest computerized database on documents. Each contains (in addition to the typical author, soyfoods, which contains more than 44,500 records as of date, title, volume and pages information) the author’s Jan. 1994. This database also includes a wealth of carefully address, number of references cited, original title of all non- researched statistics and analyses of the soyfoods market; English publications together with an English translation of those from the start of 1985 to the end of 1993 are contained the title, month and issue of publication, and the fi rst author’s in this book. Its scope includes all known information on this fi rst name (if given). subject, worldwide. Its focus, however, is statistics, analyses, The book also includes details on 44 commercial soy and trends concerning the soyfoods industry and market in products, including the product name, date of introduction, the United States and Europe. manufacturer’s name, address and phone number, and (in In May 1990 Soyfoods Center conducted an in-depth many cases) ingredients, weight, packaging and price, study of the tofu market in Europe (137 pages), and in July storage requirements, nutritional composition, and a 1990 of the soymilk market in Europe (261 pages). All description of the label. Sources of additional information original interviews and published records from both of these on each product (such as references to and summaries of market studies, plus a summary of each study, are included in advertisements, articles, patents, etc.) are also given. the present book. Details on how to make best use of this book, a The SoyaScan database is composed of individual complete subject and geographical index, an author/company records. One record might be an original interview with index, a language index, and a bibliometric analysis of the head of the largest soymilk company in Europe, on the the composition of the book (by decade, document type, size and growth of the soymilk market in Europe, and new language, leading periodicals or patents, leading countries, trends in that market, conducted by William Shurtleff of states, and related subjects, plus a histogram by year) are Soyfoods Center. Another might be a published article or an also included. The introduction contains a history of both unpublished document concerning the growth of the market companies. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, for soy yogurts or soy sauce in America. Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 510-283-2991. This book documents the growth of each product category in every country worldwide. The book contains 799. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. comps. 1994. three extensive and easy-to-use indexes: A subject/ Soyfoods industry and market–Bibliography and sourcebook, geographical index, an author/company index, and 1985 to 1993. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. 361 a language index. These allow you to fi nd the exact p. Subject/geographical index. Author/company index. information you need on the soyfoods industry and market Language index. Printed 11 Jan. 1994. Published Jan. 1995. quickly and easily. Address: Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234,

Lafayette, California 94549. Phone: 510-283-2991. 1986, was Genice Ice Delight, a non-dairy frozen dessert in 5 fl avors (vanilla, strawberry, raspberry ripple, hazelnut, 800. Pierce, Ray. 1994. A brief history of Genice Foods Ltd. and pistachio & almond). Initially the main soy ingredient and their work with soy ice creams, yogurts, creams, and was powdered soymilk obtained from Michael Cole of margarine. Part I (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 4, 8, 10, Soya Health Foods, which probably imported it. But soon and 16. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Genice switched to using soy protein isolates because they Followed by a an 8-page fax on 7 Feb. 1994. were less expensive and seemed to give a better product. • Summary: From 1979 to 1982 Ray, a native of Wales, At that time Genice bought the isolates from Macauley- was general manager of Pendeltons Ice Cream. In March Edwards (in Peterborough, eastern England), which later 1982, at age 41, he started a company named Classic Ices, somehow became Purina Protein; today Genice buys most which was primarily a dairy ice cream company. Located of its isolates from ADM (SP6, imported from the USA), in Rhydymwyn (pronounced REED-uh-MOO-un), Clwyd but a little from Protein Technologies International for “old (pronounced KLU-ud) County, Wales, the company began time’s sake.” Genice developed this product largely because trading (making and selling products) in July 1982. In early they needed an actual product to show potential customers, 1984 Ray sold all but 10% of his shares in Classic Ices to but they never put much effort into marketing the product the Hillsdown Holdings Group but continued to work at the because they had already decided that Genice wanted to be company. Then in May 1984 Irene Barclay joined Classic a product development and manufacturing company and Ices as technical manager. In April 1985 Ray saw an article leave sales and marketing to other companies. Later in 1986 in The Grocer (April 6, p. 23) stating that Michael Cole the manufacture of Sunrise Ice Dream was transferred to of Soya Health Foods Ltd. had started making soya milk Genice from Classic Ices. It was now sold in four fl avors– and was planning to make related non-dairy products–such vanilla, wildberry, hazelnut, and carob. Genice worked out as soya ice cream. Ray called Michael Cole and asked if an agreement with Cole that they would not compete by Classic Ices could develop and make a soy ice cream for entering markets where Cole’s product was established. him. Michael was interested, he came to visit Ray at Classic In 1986 Dayville Ltd. asked Genice if they could make Ices, and that is how Ray’s interest in soya ice creams began. a non-dairy frozen dessert intended to appeal more to the Irene Barclay of Classic Ices worked closely with Michael general grocery sector of the market than health food stores Cole to developed the product. In about July 1985 Classic where Ice Delight and Ice Dream were sold. The product Ices started making Sunrise Ice Dream and selling it to Cole, N’ice Day, was launched for Dayville in July 1986, sold in who marketed it very successfully. Before this, Classic Ices 3/4 litre packs in four fl avors–vanilla, hazelnut, strawberry, had never made any non-dairy products. But Classic Ices was and pistachio & almond. The soy ingredient was soy protein not particularly interested in non-dairy products, so Ray and isolates. Continued. Address: Founder, Genice Foods Ltd., Irene Barclay decided to leave Classic Ices in 1985 and start Pinfold Lane, Llay Industrial Estate, Llay near Wrexham, their own small company in Clwyd, Wales, about 10 miles Clwyd, LL12 OPX, Wales/Cymru, UK. Phone: 0978-853- from Classic Ices, at the same location they now occupy. The 787. two business partners believed they saw a new market with great potential. Moreover, Irene was lactose intolerant so she 801. Gray, Rockwell. 1994. A century of enterprise: St. could not consume dairy products. So Ray sold his remaining Louis, 1894-1994. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Historical shares (10%) in Classic Ices to Hillsdown Holdings, then Society Press. xiv + 136 p. Illust. Company index. 26 x 33 he and Irene established their company to develop and cm. [28* ref] manufacture non-dairy dessert specialties–starting with soya • Summary: Contents: Foreword, by Dr. Robert R. ice cream. Archibald, president, Missouri Historical Society. Preface, by They named the company Genice Foods Ltd. (short for William P. Stiritz, chairman and CEO of Ralston Purina (who “Genuine Ice Cream” and pronounced JEN-ais), but today is an historian at heart). Introduction, by Rockwell Gray. The many people pronounce the name jen-EES, which has come growth of commerce in turn-of-the-century St. Louis. The to be preferred by the company. In late 1985 Genice Foods modernization of a great industrial city. Revitalization and moved into a brand new, small custom-designed, purpose- renewal in the twentieth century. Selected bibliography. built factory unit in the Llay Industrial Estate. The unit was This is a history of business in St. Louis. Ralston Purina 5,000 square feet in size, but initially Genice used only half is one of the St. Louis companies whose history is discussed of that space–for manufacturing, cold storage/warehousing, prominently in the book, with numerous large black-and- and offi ces. In early April 1986 Genice was offi cially white photos (see p. ix, 22-24, 87, 101, 107). established and registered as a company and that same Dr. Archibald, president of the Missouri Historical month, about two weeks later, they began trading. Today Society, notes at the end of his Foreword: “Finally, I wish Ray’s title is Director General Manager and Irene is the to thank the Ralston Purina Company, now celebrating its Technical Director. Genice’s fi rst product, launched in April hundredth year of business in St. Louis, for its generous

support for this project, further evidence of its continuing feed from the mill to railroad yards and local dealers.” commitment to the prosperity and spirit of our city.” Photograph, ca. 1910. Courtesy of Ralston Purina. Page 22: “A bookkeeper and salesman for a small St. Page 24: The simple but eye-catching checkerboard Louis feed store in 1893, William H. Danforth quickly logo caught on quickly. In this early-twentieth-century became a partner when the Robinson-Danforth Commission photograph, a St. Louis feed store sold Checkerboard Company was formed in 1894. By 1896, he had become Chows, as advertised on the awning, storefront, and truck. president and controlling stockholder of the company, Photograph, n.d. [undated] Courtesy of Ralston Purina. which produced mainly horse and mule feed from ground Page 101: “On January 11, 1962, a huge blaze destroyed oats and corn. Danforth added to his product line a whole- the last St. Louis mill of the Ralston Purina Company, ending wheat cereal called ‘Purina Wheat’ to suggest the purity and the company’s production within the city.” “In 1956 Ralston healthful qualities of the product. The name caught on, and introduced Purina Dog Chow, which became the market the ﬁ rm was renamed the Ralston Purina Company in 1902, leader in just over a year. Purina Cat Chow followed in 1962 also incorporating the name of a certain Dr. Ralston, an and was also successful.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. early advocate of whole-grain health foods. Simultaneously, Danforth adopted the now-famous checkerboard logo. He is 802. Messina, Mark. ed. 1994. First International shown here in a sales meeting with company employees.” Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Photograph, 1900. Courtesy of Ralston Purina. Chronic Disease: Abstracts. Chesterﬁ eld, Missouri: United Page 23: “Shown in front of the company mill at Eighth Soybean Board. 27 p. and Gratiot streets, Ralston Purina wagons transported • Summary: This symposium was held on 20-23 Feb.

1994 at the Mesa Pavilion Hotel in Mesa, Arizona. It was genistein* per 8-ounce serving.” organized by Mark Messina, PhD, and “Sponsored by Talk with Nutritious Foods Inc. 1994. March 4. This soybean growers from Nebraska, Indiana, Iowa, and the product was introduced at the conference in Mesa, Arizona, United Soybean Board.” The full proceedings (every paper in Feb. 1994. Samples of HP-20 plain were offered to about nutrition) of the conference will be published in the participants. It was never sold before that time. It is currently Journal of Nutrition [March 1995, Supplement]. For details sold only by mail order. Nutritious Foods Inc. is a wholly see the announcement for the conference. owned subsidiary of PTI, established in Feb. 1994 to market Pages 6-14 contain abstracts/summaries of 29 papers its products (such as Supro) to consumers. PTI has not presented by various speakers; for each, the title, and previously sold retail products to consumers. FA-8, which is speaker’s name and address are given above the abstract. basically a milk substitute, has less protein and genistein per Pages 15-21 contain the abstracts of 29 posters or poster serving than HP-20. sessions, using the same format. Pages 22-27 contain a directory of the names and addresses of about 200-225 804. Product Name: AB-20 Soyfood Ingredient (Protein attendees. Powder), and SF-5 Dietary Fiber. Note: This international symposium was not mentioned Manufacturer’s Name: Nutritious Foods, Inc. Wholly in Soybean Digest. Address: Chesterfi eld, Missouri. owned subsidiary of Protein Technologies International, Inc. Manufacturer’s Address: 4600 Chippewa, #281, St. Louis, 803. Product Name: Altima HP-20 Nutritious Beverage Missouri 63116. Phone: 1-800-445-3350. Powder [Plain, Chocolate, or Strawberry], and Altima FA-8 Date of Introduction: 1994 February. Nutritious Beverage Powder [Plain, Chocolate, Almond]. Ingredients: Incl. Isolated soy protein, genistein. The Altima brand was changed to Take Care in about Nov. How Stored: Shelf stable. 1994. New Product–Documentation: Talk with Nutritious Manufacturer’s Name: Nutritious Foods, Inc. Wholly Foods Inc. 1994. March 4. AB-20 is the same product as owned subsidiary of Protein Technologies International, Inc. HP-20 minus the fl avoring and Aspartame. It is very bland, Manufacturer’s Address: 4600 Chippewa, #281, St. Louis, and can be used as a food ingredient to add protein to any Missouri 63116. Phone: 1-800-445-3350. home recipe–such as a baking mix, a soup, sauce, gravy, Date of Introduction: 1994 February. or casserole. Body builders would be more likely to add Ingredients: Incl. Isolated soy protein, genistein. HP-20 to their shakes because of its fl avor. SF-5 is just How Stored: Shelf stable. Fibrim; it can be used to add dietary fi ber to any recipe. New Product–Documentation: Note: These are the world’s Fibrim contains both soluble and insoluble fi ber. They have a fi rst two commercial food products to contain genistein brochure for the Altima line, which talks about each product added as an ingredient. and the health benefi ts associated with them. Mail order catalog in the form of two leafl ets distributed at the First International Symposium on the Role of Soy 805. Nutritious Foods, Inc. 1994. Altima (Mail order in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease held at Mesa, catalog). St. Louis, Missouri. 2 p. Arizona. 1994. Feb. “Altima HP-20 provides 20 gm of • Summary: This mail order catalog, in the form of two protein and 20 mg of genistein* per 8-ounce serving, leafl ets, was distributed at the First International Symposium with as few as 100 calories. (Footnote: * Genistein is a on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic naturally occurring isofl avone, or plant tissue compound, Disease held at Mesa, Arizona. Products listed: Altima HP- found in soy. It is believed to have antioxidant and other 20 and Altima FA-8, each a nutritious beverage powder, anti-cancer properties). Altima HP-20 Nutritious Beverage available in plain, strawberry, or chocolate fl avors. Address: Powder contains Supro brand Isolated Soy Protein...” made 4600 Chippewa, #281, St. Louis, Missouri 63116. Phone: by Protein Technologies International, Inc. of St. Louis, 1-800-445-3350. Missouri. “For everyday use, simply stir one serving of Altima HP-20 into 8 ounces (1 cup) of water. Or mix with 806. Ralston Purina Co. 1994. The Ralston chronicle: 1894- your favorite juices such as orange and grape; add to your 1994. A century of managing change. St. Louis, Missouri. 32 favorite hot chocolate drink or hot coffee. Or use a blender p. Illust. 26 x 33 cm. to Altima HP-20 with bananas, strawberries, raspberries, • Summary: This excellent company history, which blueberries, sliced peaches or pineapple.” contains more photographs than text, begins with company “Altima FA-8 offers all of the essential nutrients of milk “Milestones” (1894-1994) in the inside front cover, followed but with some signifi cant things missing–cholesterol, lactose, by an Introduction by Bill Stiritz, Chairman and CEO. and almost all of the fat. A source of high-quality protein, For each “era” in the company history is given the years Altima FA-8 provides 8 grams of protein per 8-ounce encompassed by that era, a one-line description of the era, serving... and only 90 calories. FA-8 also provides 8 mg of a description of the key events of that era–both within the

company and for the United States, and photographs taken letterhead in about 1896. Across the top: “Familiar faces at during and capturing key parts of that era. your grocers–Ralston Health Club Breakfast Food, Purina Milestones (inside front cover): “1894–Robinson- Health Gluten–Whole Wheat Flour, Century Health PanKake Danforth Commission Company is founded in St. Louis. Flour, Ralston Health Club Barley Flour, Ralston Infant 1896–Tornado destroys original feed mill. 1898–William H. Food. “Fine foods build fi ne minds.” (2) Poster (red and Danforth assumes a leadership position and enters the cereal black on beige) titled “Ralston Purina Foods” with caption business with the endorsement of ‘Dr. Ralston.’ 1902–The “’Dr. Ralston’ inspires a line of whole-wheat breakfast name of the company is changed to Ralston Purina Company foods–’Where Purity is Paramount.’ We see the front panel to refl ect more accurately the business–where ‘Purity is of: Ralston Breakfast Food. Ralston Cereal Coffee. Whole Paramount.” 1902–Ralston adopts the famous Checkerboard wheat fl our for Brain bread (sack). Purina PanKake Flour. logo. 1904–Ralston gains exposure at the 1904 World’s Ralston Hominy Grits. Ralston Kornkins–Old fashioned corn Fair in St. Louis. 1926–Ralston opens its experimental farm meal. Ralston Health Oats. Ralston Barley Food. Black and at Gray Summit, Missouri. 1926–Ralston purchases the white photos show: (1) Women working in a factory making Rye-Krisp plant in Minnesota. 1932–Donald Danforth Sr. Ralston cereals, with rope drives and pulleys. (2) A child by is named President of Ralston [near the start of the Great the fi re dreaming of the morning and Kellogg’s toasted Corn Depression]. 1937–Wheat Chex is introduced. 1950–Rice Flakes. Chex is introduced. 1955–Founder and Chairman of the 1894-1910: At the World’s Fair in St. Louis (“The Board William H. Danforth passes away on Christmas Louisiana Purchase Exposition”). “Danforth’s fascination Eve...” with fi tness and health inspires the endorsement of ‘Dr. 1894-1910: Agricultural volatility and reform, and Ralston, a health guru with 800,000 followers. ‘In a million manufacturing might. Color photos show: (1) Company homes,’ a 1902 advertisement boasts, ‘Ralston Purina

diversifying from animal feed into consumer goods. In the late 1800s, most whole-wheat fl our had the germ removed, to extend its shelf-life. “In 1898, while traveling in Kansas, Danforth met a miller who had developed a way to prevent rancidity in whole wheat. Packaging the miller’s wheat, Danforth named it ‘Purina Whole Wheat Cereal,’ and began selling it to St. Louis grocers. The name Purina was derived from Robinson-Danforth’s company slogan: ‘Where purity is paramount.’ To promote his new cereal, Danforth approached one of the most famous health spokespersons of the day, a Dr. Ralston. Ralston, whose precepts were followed by thousands, agreed to endorse the cereal only if it were named after him. Danforth quickly renamed the product ‘Ralston Wheat Cereal,’ and the campaign began. By 1902, there was a whole line of Ralston cereals boasting various health benefi ts.” Page 20: In 1961 Ralston Purina registers and uses its fi rst food protein trademark: Edi-Pro. Protein’s SUPRO line is introduced in 1967. In 1969 Ralston invests in the Keystone ski operation. Address: St. Louis, Missouri.

807. Ralston Purina Company. 1994. 100th anniversary video (Color videotape). St. Louis, Missouri. 30 min. * • Summary: This videotape, describing the company’s history, was fi rst shown publicly on 3 Feb. 1994 at the shareholders meeting in St. Louis. According to Joe Hanrahan of Checkmark Communications (Ralston Purina’s in-house advertising fi rm), the video’s writer and producer, the fi lm is composed entirely of existing photographs and Cereals fi nd a welcome home at the breakfast table.’” “When fi lm or video footage, accompanied by a sound track. It the Louisiana Purchase Exposition comes to St. Louis in places Ralston Purina’s history fi rmly in the context of what 1904, Ralston celebrates its unlikely fi rst decade in a colorful was happening throughout the world and the United States, way. Checkerboard boxes with handles are distributed to as well as St. Louis. William P. Stiritz, the Chairman of the fairgoers, and the Purina booth serves Ralston Breakfast Board, CEO, and President of Ralston Purina, is an historian Food and pancakes made with Purina PanKake Flour.” A at heart. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. color poster titled “Ralston Purina Foods” shows a miller tossing a happy little girl into the air. A package of Ralston 808. Nutritious Foods, Inc. 1994. Protein Technologies Health Breakfast Food is shown. A dark brown on beige International has started a new subsidiary to sell PTI poster is titled “You will never forget the World’s Fair and products by mail order to consumers (Interview). SoyaScan your Ralston Box. Begin to Live–now! Notes. March 4. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Note: A little additional history: 1894–The three Center. founders were George Robinson, Will Andrews, and William • Summary: Nutritious Foods, Inc., a wholly owned Danforth. They started with $12,000 in borrowed capital in a subsidiary of Protein Technologies International (PTI), storefront near the St. Louis riverfront. Their horse and mule Inc., was established in Feb. 1994 to market PTI products feed–a combination of corn, oats, and molasses–was mixed (such as Supro isolated soy protein and Fibrim soy fi ber) by shovels then poured into 175-pound sacks, which were to consumers. Formerly, PTI has not sold retail products then sewn shut by hand.” to consumers. The new company now sells 4 products, Danforth was a man of strong personal convictions. each introduced in Feb. 1994: (1) Altima HP-20 Nutritious Believing that the ‘ingredients’ of life were body, mind, Beverage Powder (Plain, Chocolate, or and Strawberry personality, and character, he strove to balance all four in fl avors, with 20 gm of protein and 20 mg of genistein per his own life and to help his employees do the same. A who 8-ounce serving); (2) Altima FA-8 Nutritious Beverage felt passionate about healthy living, he boasted that he had Powder (Plain, Chocolate, and Almond fl avors, with 8 never missed a day of work due to illness. It was, in part, gm of protein and 8 mg of genistein per 8-ounce). Note: Danforth’s interest in health that helped him succeed in These are the world’s fi rst two commercial food products to

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 337 contain genistein added as an ingredient, (3) AB-20 Soyfood the famous Flier patent (No. 3,940,495. Feb. 24, 1976. Ingredient (Protein Powder, to add protein to home recipes), Application fi led 17 Jan. 1973) by fraud on the patent offi ce. and SF-5 Dietary Fiber (to add fi ber to home recipes). The case is number 909 F.2D 1494 (Staley vs. Ralston Address: 4600 Chippewa, #281, St. Louis, Missouri 63116. Purina). Phone: 1-800-445-3350. Price Heneveld (a law fi rm of patent lawyers in Grand Rapids, Michigan) apparently represented Ralston Purina on 809. Johnston, Patricia K. ed. 1994. Second International both the original application and in subsequent litigation. Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition: Proceedings of a There was apparently earlier litigation involving Far- symposium held in Arlington, Virginia, June 28–July 1, Mar-Co, Staley, Cargill, etc. The fi rst case was apparently 1992. American J. of Clinical Nutrition 59(5S):1099S- Ralston Purina vs. Far-Mar-Co of Kansas. He believes that 1262S. Supplement. May. Ralston Purina fi led the lawsuit in Oct. 1976. The judgment • Summary: Patricia Johnston is the guest scientifi c editor, was in or about 1981–showing the slow pace of federal with assistance from Bert C. Connell, Kenneth I. Burke, litigation. The case was tried in the 10th federal judicial Gary Hopkins, and Joan Flynn. Sponsors: Worthington circuit (district of Kansas), which is statistically the worst, Foods, Inc. Wenger Manufacturing Co. Sanitarium Health in the sense that more cases are later overturned from that Food Co. Rykoff/Sexton, Inc. Kettering Memorial Hospital circuit by the U.S. Supreme Court. He fi nds it interesting Foundation. Loma Linda University. Loma Linda University that Ralston chose to fi le its fi rst case in that circuit. There Medical Center. Seventh-day Adventist Dietetic Association. is law to the effect that if you engage in fraud on the patent Health Department–Seventh-day Adventist Church. Pacifi c offi ce and then use that fraud in an attempt to control or Health Education Center. Protein Technologies International. monopolize the relevant market, that is illegal, and may be Quaker Oats. the basis for a anti-trust lawsuit. Most of the 24 papers by various authors are cited In 1976, after Ralston Purina won the case against Far- separately. Address: Dep. of Nutrition, Loma Linda Univ., Mar-Co in Kansas, Ralston started sending demand letters Loma Linda, California. to many other companies that were supposedly infringing this patent–including Staley, Cargill, Central Soya, Griffi th 810. Rutgers University–Offi ce of Ongoing Professional Laboratories, Miles Laboratories, Nabisco, Anderson Education. 1994. Designer foods III. Phytochemicals in Clayton, General Mills, Nestle, Riceland Foods, Dawson garlic, soy, and licorice. Research update and implications Mills, General Foods, Grain Processing Corp., etc. Ralston (Brochure). New Brunswick, New Jersey. 6 p. was protecting its rights. • Summary: The fi rst two designer foods symposia were In 1985 the Far-Mar-Co case was upheld, saying that held in 1990 and 1993. This symposium will be held on 23- Ralston Purina indeed had the rights to the Flier patent (Case 25 May 1994 at Georgetown University Conference Center, no. 772 F.2D 1570). However Far-Mar-Co did not raise the Washington, DC. It is sponsored by Rutgers University. issue of fraud. So it took another 5 years for the court to Dr. Clare Hasler is the director of the Functional Foods for reach that question–which it decided in 1990. Health (FFH) program/group at the University of Illinois at David’s main questions are: (1) Is textured vegetable Urbana. Other co-directors are Phyllis Bowen, John Erdman, protein [actually textured soy fl our] a distinct segment etc. They are doing research on fortifying foods with of some relevant market? (2) Did Ralston Purina try to phytochemicals. exclude other competitors from that market. (3) Were there Session fi ve: Phytopharmacology of soy food forms– substitutes for the product on which Ralston Purina had Dr. Mark Messina. Papers (3:15 to 5:20): Phytochemistry a patent? David’s fi rm is in the process of representing a of soy horticultural and processing procedures, by Dr. former player in the industry, a major trading company; they Doyle Waggle. Phytochemicals in soy, by Dr. James Clark. may represent a consortium of companies that were effected Pharmacology / toxicology of soy phytochemicals, by Dr. by the Ralston Purina’s “ill gotten gains.” Mark Messina. Role of soy food forms in human prevention, Update: Talk with David Duggan. 1996. April 26. His Dr. Takemichi Kanazawa. Address: New Brunswick, New fi rm was representing the Lauhoff Residuary Trust in a case Jersey. against Ralston Purina Co. Lauhoff is a grain company in Danville, Illinois. They were sued by Ralston, which 811. Duggan, David. 1994. Problems with the Flier patent claimed that they had infringed the patent without paying assigned to Ralston Purina (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. June royalties. Lauhoff initially disregard the demand letter 13. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. threatening a suit. Then they sold the company, but did not • Summary: David is an anti-trust attorney, not a patent properly disclose to the buyers that a lawsuit was pending attorney. On 5 July 1990 the federal circuit court of appeals, or had been threatened. Lauhoff then lost the case against which hears appeals concerning patent cases in the United Ralston in about 1986 or 1987. So the new owners sued States, ruled that Ralston Purina Company had procured the formers owners for failure to disclose. David argued

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 338 that the amount paid by Lauhoff to settle the lawsuit was • Summary: On 31 March 1994 Ralston Purina Company fraudulently paid. The case, which was very complex and completed the spin-off of Ralcorp Holdings, Inc., which is convoluted, was thrown out of court by the judge because comprised of Ralston Foods cereal (“Chex” brand), baby the statute of limitations had expired–they brought the case food (“Beech-Nut” and “Stages”), “Rye-Krisp” crackers and too late. Moreover, the patent was nearing its expiration date, cookies, Bremner (largest maker of private label crackers or had expired. David believes that there was some pretty and cookies), plus Keystone and Breckenridge ski resorts in serious frauds on the courts in litigation to enforce the patent. Colorado. Cumulatively, these operations represent sales of David tried to present a RICO (Racketeering Infl uenced approximately $1 billion. and Corrupt Organizations) Act argument. It provides for Note: On 6 Feb. 1997 General Mills acquired Ralcorp’s triple damages. David tried to approach some of the smaller cereal and snack operations for cash. Address: P.O. Box 618, players like Far-Mar-Co but he did not approach ADM. The St. Louis, Missouri 63188-0618. Phone: (314) 982-5900. patent law was recently changed to 20 years from the point of application; formerly it was 17 years from the point of 813. Dwyer, Johanna; Goldin, B.R.; Saul, N.; Gaultieri, grant. Address: 321 S. Plymouth Court, Suite 800, Chicago, L.; Barakat, S.; Adlercreutz, H. 1994. Tofu and soy drinks Illinois 60604. Phone: 312-663-0670. contain phytoestrogens. J. of the American Dietetic Association 94(7):739-43. July. [45 ref] 812. Ralcorp Holdings Inc. 1994. Second quarter report to • Summary: Phytoestrogens, compounds with weak shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 12 panels. 24 x 12 cm. estrogenic activity such as isofl avones, coumestans, and resorcyclic acid lactones (lignans), are found in several dozen plants eaten by humans, including some soy products. As the intake of soyfoods rises in the American diet, the activity of phytoestrogens may reach biologically effective levels. Phytoestrogens appear to have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity. They may also help prevent cancer. “Anticancer activity has been demonstrated by inhibition of tumor cell growth. Also, they appear to act in other ways that may inhibit tumor formation and growth, including inhibition of tyrosine kinase; inhibition of cell growth stimulated by epidermal growth factor; inhibition of steroid aromatase kinase and of DNA topo-isomerase; elevation of sex-hormone-binding globulin; and possibly lowering of endogenous estrogen levels.” Of the various products tested, tofu contained the highest level of isofl avones. Different brands of tofu contain from 73.0 to 97.5 micrograms per gram (wet weight) of the phytoestrogen daidzein and 187.4 to 215.9 micrograms of genistein per gram. By comparison, the soy drink First Alternative (made by Protein Technologies International of St. Louis, Missouri) contains only 7.0 micrograms of daidzein per gram of weight and 21.0 micrograms of genistein. The two soy-based specialty formulas tested were nearly devoid of these two isofl avones. The tofu products tested were: Kikkoman fi rm, Nasoya soft, Azumaya soft, and Vitasoy silken. The soy- based specialty formulas were Jevity Isotonic, Enrich, and Glucerna–each made by Ross laboratories, Columbus, Ohio. Note: What is the isofl avone content of a typical 130 gm serving of tofu? 9.5 to 12.7 mg of daidzein and 24.3 to 28.1 mg of genistein. A sidebar (p. 741) features an interview with Johanna Dwyer and Nora Saul (both women); their hospital happens to be located in Boston’s Chinese community. “Journal: What are phytoestrogens? How do they function? Dwyer: Phytoestrogens such as isofl avonoids and lignans, are

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 339 compounds found in certain plants that are inherently They are looking to see if it reduces some biomarkers that active or are converted by human intestinal microfl ora into are indicators for the risk for colon cancer. That is, they want biologically active, hormone-like substances. Phytoestrogens to see if it reduces the risk for colon cancer. exert weak estrogenic activity, most likely attributable to The four groups are (1) a negative control which has their ability to activate estrogen receptors in cells such no dietary intervention, (2) a positive control group which as those in the vagina, uterus, and mammary glands. gets calcium caseinate; calcium is also supposed to reduce Depending on the biological environment and their chemical the risk, (3) a group consuming PTI’s isolate which also has structures, phytoestrogens can function as either estrogens or calcium added; and (4) the same isolate without any calcium. antiestrogens. He did not use tofu (minimally processed soy protein) in one “For example, in premenopausal women, who have of the groups because (1) it is harder to get people to accept high levels of circulating estrogens, phytoestrogens may tofu; and (2) the study is double blind, so neither the patients function as antiestrogens. This is because phytoestrogens nor the researchers know which group is getting which diet. that bind weakly at estrogen receptor sites may compete for Nothing has been published yet. a place on the estrogen receptors with endogenous estrogens, He does not know of anyone breeding soybeans to which have much stronger affi nity for the receptor sites. On increase the genistein content. The interest level is not the other hand, in postmenopausal women, who have low high enough yet. He has found a fair amount of variation levels of endogenous estrogens, phytoestrogens may function in the isofl avone content among soybean varieties. In as estrogens. Although phytoestrogens only bind weakly raw soybeans, about two-thirds of the genistein has the at estrogen receptor sites, there is little other estrogen in malonyl glucose attached to it and the other third has the circulation, so phytoestrogens do bind to estrogen receptors glucose attached to it. He suspects that the glucoso- and At present, however, this explanation is based on hypotheses the melane-glucoso genistein doesn’t get hydrolyzed in the and must be tested.” small intestine so it passes to the colon and then becomes “Journal: Why are these substances important biologically active in the colon because bacteria liberate it biologically? Dwyer: A growing body of research suggests there. He will be testing this theory in several years. Address: that phytoestrogens may reduce risks of certain cancers, Dep. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State especially hormone dependent diseases such as breast and Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824. Phone: 517-353-9512. prostate cancers.” Address: 1. Prof. of Nutrition at the Tufts Univ. Schools of Medicine and Nutrition and director of 816. Jennings, Richard. 1994. New developments at Protein the Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Technologies International (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Nov. 15. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 814. Ralston Purina Co. 1994. Third quarter report to • Summary: Richard has just heard from a reliable source shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 23 p. 21 x 15 cm. that Paul Hatfi eld, president of PTI, left last week. A new • Summary: See next page. This year Ralston Purina president will soon take his place. Address: Santa Fe, New is celebrating its 100th anniversary. William P. Stiritz is Mexico. Chairman and CEO. Business segments (p. 10): “Sales for the soy protein 817. Nutritious Foods, Inc. 1994. Protein Technologies products business increased on strong volume in food International’s Altima line is now being renamed Take Care protein products. Operating profi t of the soy protein products (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 17. Conducted by William business increased as higher volume was partially offset by Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. higher raw material costs and unfavorable foreign currency • Summary: Nutritious Foods, Inc., a wholly owned exchange rates.” Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, subsidiary of Protein Technologies International (PTI), Missouri 63188-0618. Phone: (314) 982-3002. Inc., was established in Feb. 1994 to market PTI products. Nutritious Foods sells a line of four consumer soy products 815. Bennink, Maurice. 1994. Research on the effects of made by PTI, all under the Take Care brand (which used to genistein in preventing cancer (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. be Altima) (1) Take Care First Alternative is a soy-based Oct. 14. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. beverage and alternative to milk sold in both powdered • Summary: Prof. Bennink is conducing a double-blind and liquid form. The liquid is sold only in Arizona. The clinical trial on 60-80 people (4 groups of 15-20 people powder is sold in a 16-ounce can (13-20 servings per can) each of whom have polyps) for 2 years. The fi rst year has in 3 fl avors–plain, almond, and chocolate. Shelf life of one almost passed. They are feeding a soy protein isolate made year unrefrigerated. (2) Take Care High Protein Nutritious by Protein Technologies International. This isolate contains Beverage Powder (soy based, in plain, strawberry, and added genistein to make the genistein content approximately chocolate fl avors; formerly HP-20). (3) Take Care Nutritious equal to that contained in soy protein before it is isolated. Food Ingredient Product (similar to the Beverage Powder,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 341 but used more for cooking). (4) Take Care Dietary Fiber based product, and says it is likely the industry will fund the Product (Fibrim). Their toll-free phone number is 1-800-445- study. 3350. Address: 4600 Chippewa, #281, St. Louis, Missouri Columbit New Zealand, the company which imports 63116. Phone: 1-800-445-3350. soy isolates to New Zealand, also backs the call for more research, and is confi dent research will clear its product. 818. Soyafoods (ASA, Europe). 1994. In depth: Food Columbit is a partner of the large international corporation Ingredients Europe. 5(3):6-7. Autumn. Protein Technologies [International]; principals of that U.S.- • Summary: Food Ingredients Europe, the international based company said that they would respond to any requests exhibition of food ingredients, was held this year on Oct. 4-6 for information about their products. in London, England, at Earl’s Court. This was the biggest Sanitarium Foods [of New Zealand and Australia] does FIE in its 9-year history, with more than 500 exhibitors. The not produce soy-based infant formulae, but does use soy American Soybean Association (ASA) had a very successful protein isolates in some of its products. The company’s booth at the U.S. Pavilion. One of the most interesting new technology superintendent, Graham Jackson, said his products was Befi ne, from a company named VPS Europe. company was keeping an eye on the situation. This unique, patented soya-based granule, sold fresh or A large photo shows Valerie and Richard James at their frozen, mimics the texture of ground meat but it is not TVP New Zealand aviary, with several large white birds, soy bird or textured soy protein concentrate. Made from organic food, and reports on soy. A similar article appeared in the whole soybeans, it contains 18% protein. ADM Protein Marlborough Express on this same day. Specialties Division introduced their new WMR4, a dry soymilk based on soy protein isolate. Protein Technologies 820. Limpert, Bill. 1994. The Soy Protein Council and International exhibited Supro brand Isolated Soy Protein Cargill, Inc. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 29. and Fibrim brand soy fi ber. A line of texturized Danprotex Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. (H-29, B-39, and F) and functional Danpro (DS) soy protein • Summary: For the last 8-10 years the Soy Protein Council concentrates were launched by Central Soya Aarhus A/S, (which was founded in 1971) has had only 3 full members: a member of the Eridania/Beghin-Say agro-industrial ADM, Cargill, and Central Soya. As the number of members group. Kikkoman Trading Europe exhibited their naturally has decreased, the dues that each member company pays fermented soy sauces in liquid and dehydrated dorms. Other has increased. Protein Technologies International does not soy sauce exhibitors included Henry Lamotte GmbH and belong and pays no dues. He does not know why PTI does Mandarin Soy Sauce Inc. Loders Croklaan exhibited a new not belong, yet they participate in some meetings when soya concentrate line. Alsace-based Sojinal, which supplies there is specifi c legislation that affects them, and they also soy products to the food industry, exhibited along with their participate in lobbying on behalf of soy proteins. new sister company, Sevenday. SFI Netherlands BV (SFI = The only soy protein products that Cargill makes are Special Food Ingredients, formerly Solnuts Inc.) exhibited defatted soy fl our, textured soy fl our, and fl avored textured their line of dry roasted soynuts. Also present were Stern soy fl our (as for Schilling or McCormack). These products, Lecithin and Soja GmbH & Co. KG, Sapa and Dafa Associès which are all produced at one plant in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, (makers of Dafasoy for the food, dietetic, and pharmaceutical often end up as ingredients in consumer food products, but industries), Soya Mainz & Co. KG and Solbar Hatzor (soy Cargill (like ADM) does not sell any consumer products. protein concentrates), Dalgety Food Ingredients International Very little Cargill products end up in pet foods any more. (with the former Spillers Premier Products), Lucas Meyer A company that makes full-fat soy fl our is HiPro Food GmbH (with a phosphatidyl choline lecithin powder and a Products, Inc., 775 Colorado Ave. South, Minneapolis, de-oiled lecithin for frozen doughs), Edelsoja GmbH, Celia Minnesota 55416 (Phone: 612-545-0151; Bob Cross, SA, Freeze-Dry Foods GmbH, and GMB Proteins (a division president). They have a plant in New Germany, Minnesota. of Bush Boake Allen Ltd.). The address and fax number of Update: 1997 Oct. 16. The Soy Protein Council still only each company is given. has the same three full members. PTI still has not joined. Address: Research Chemist, Technical Services Manager, 819. Roberts, Rosemary. 1994. Maker welcomes call for Cargill, Inc., Research Dep., P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, research [into safety of soy-based infant food]. Northern Minnesota 55440. Advocate (Whangarei, New Zealand). Dec. 8. p. 1. • Summary: Douglas Pharmaceuticals produces Karicare 821. INFORM (AOCS). 1994. Soy protein ventures planned brand soy-based infant formula; according Dr. John Birbeck, in China. 5(12):1341. Dec. the company’s private consultant, Douglas is the only New • Summary: “Japanese fi rms have announced participation in Zealand company making such a product. He believes other two joint ventures producing soy protein foods in China. similar foods are being imported. Birbeck says the company “Chirin Fuji Protein Co., to be 51% owned by Fuji Oil welcomes more research on the oestrogen content of its soy- Co. of Japan, will manufacture soy protein in Song Yuan City

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 342 in Chirin. Other partners will include Chu Itoh Co., Protein 1994 were $5,236 million, up 4.2% from $5,024 million in Technologists Inc. [sic, Protein Technologies International, 1993. Net earnings in 1994 were $266.4 million, down 4.0% owned by Ralston Purina], and Song Yuan City. Initial from 277.3 million in 1993. capital has been announced as ¥792 million (approximately Offi cer changes: Paul Hatfi eld, CEO and President of $7.9 million). Protein Technologies International, announced his plans to “Products will be aimed primarily at the Chinese market, retire during the 1995 fi scal year. Paul joined the company but some may be exported to Japan.” in 1959. He will be succeeded by Jay W. Brown, Chairman and CEO of Continental Baking Co. Page 21 gives fi nancial 822. Ralcorp Holdings Inc. 1994. Annual report. The information for each RPG business segment. Sales of soy freedom to focus, the size to prosper. St. Louis, Missouri. 37 protein products grew from $221.6 million in 1989, to p. 28 cm. $261.8 million in 1990, dropping slightly to $255.0 million • Summary: See next page. “This is the fi rst Annual Report in 1991, then rising to $289.9 million in 1992, to $293.6 to Shareholders of Ralcorp Holdings, Inc., a company that million in 1993, and to $322.1 million in 1994 (up 9.7% over began doing business as a publicly held corporation on 1993). April 1, 1994, following the spin-off from Ralston Purina Operating profi t on soy protein products grew from Company of Ralston Foods breakfast cereals and snacks, $60.6 in 1992, to $61.7 million in 1993, to $66.9 million in Beech-Nut baby food,” Bremner Inc. (the largest producer 1994 (up 8.4% over 1993). Address: Checkerboard Square, of private label crackers and also a producer of specialty St. Louis, Missouri. cookies for the grocery industry), Keystone/Arapahoe Basin and Breckenridge ski resorts in the Colorado Rockies (the 824. Jorgensen, Janice. 1994. Encyclopedia of consumer second and third most popular ski resorts in North America brands: Consumable products. Vol. 1. Detroit, Michigan: St. in 1994), and American Redemption Systems Inc. (ARS), a James Press. 681 p. See p. 114-15. Illust. 29 cm. * full-service promotional fulfi llment and coupon management • Summary: “Cleary [1981] reports that Dr. Ralston company. “The spin-off, however, did more than merely developed a following of 800,000 people.” His real name separate assets from one company and place them with was Albert Webster Edgerly. Address: Gale Group. another; it created a new company with a powerful century- old heritage.” 825. Gibson, Richard. 1995. Ralston’s Stiritz continues The company posted pro forma year-end sales for 1994 transforming his company: Interstate Bakeries deal would of $987 million compared to $932.5 million the previous cap a long succession of sales and acquisitions. Wall Street year. Earnings increased 13% in fi scal 1994 to $43.0 million Journal. Feb. 10. from 38.2 million. Richard A. Pearce is CEO and President, • Summary: A sidebar at the center of the article titled Joe R. Micheletto is CEO and Chief Financial Offi cer. “Reshaping Ralston” gives a chronology of key Stiritz years Directors include William H. Danforth (age 68, Chancellor and events at Ralston Purina: of Washington University), and William P. Stiritz. Address: “1981: William P. Stiritz named CEO P.O. Box 618, St. Louis, Missouri 63188-0618. Phone: (314) “1982: Company discontinues mushroom operations 982-5900. “1983: Sells tuna fl eet, European pet foods, dinner- house restaurants 823. Ralston Purina Company. 1994. Annual report to “1984: Buys Continental Baking [Twinkies and Wonder shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 117 p. Bread] from ITT for $475 million • Summary: The cover states: Refocusing for worldwide “1985: Sells Jack-in-the-Box restaurants for $450 growth. This report contains four sections. Financial million overview, Ralston Purina Group (RPG), Continental Baking “1986: Acquires Eveready Battery from Union Carbide Group (CBG), and Ralston Purina Company. During 1994 for $1.4 billion the company made an important structural change with the “1986: Acquires Drake Bakeries from Borden for $115 spin-off of Ralcorp Holdings Inc., which began independent million operation on 1 April 1994. The on 15 November 1994 “1986: Sells Purina Mills to British Petroleum for $545 Ralston signed a letter of intent to sell its international million agribusiness operations to PM Holdings Corporation, the “1987: Sells Drake Bakeries for $176 million parent company of Purina Mills, Inc. “1988: Sells Van Camp seafood business for $260 Due to the complexity generated by fi scal 1994 million transactions, it is most useful to discuss Ralston Purina “1989: Acquires Beech-Nut baby food from Nestle for Group fi nancial results for the year on a pro forma basis– $55 million excluding results of spun-off businesses, restructuring “1989: Acquires Cofi nea battery business in France for charges, and other unusual items. RPG pro forma sales for $160 million

“1993: Acquires Gates Energy Products rechargeable Animal and epidemiologic studies. Nonisofl avone soybean battery business anticarcinogens. Soybean isofl avones and cancer risk. “1993: Creates separate stocks for baking, pet foods Anticancer effects of genistein. Summary. Abstracts. units Address: 1. 1543 Lincoln St., Port Townsend, Washington “1994: Spins off cereals, baby food, ski resorts as 98368; 2. Div. of Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of Illinois, Ralcorp Holdings Urbana, IL 61801-3852. Phone: 360-379-9544 (Messina). “1995: Agrees to swap Continental for Interstate Bakeries stake. 828. Petrakis, N.; Wiencke, J.; Coward, L.; Kirk, M.; If that deal is fi nalized, Ralston Purina would, in Barnes, S. 1995. A clinical trial of the chemopreventive essence, be in two big businesses–pet foods and batteries. effect of a soy beverage in women at high risk for breast Ralston owns 42% of the dry dog food market and 45% of cancer (Abstract). J. of Nutrition 125(3S):800S. March. the dry cat food market in the USA. Supplement. First International Symposium on the Role of An portrait illustration (dot-style) shows William P. Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease. Stiritz, who has fundamentally reshaped Ralston Purina. • Summary: It has been proposed that the isofl avone Address: Staff Reporter of the WSJ. genistein is responsible for the low rate of breast cancer observed in women from Southeast Asia. To evaluate 826. Kirk, Bruce. 1995. Re: Soy proteins–Article and this hypothesis, a pilot study for a clinical trial of the editorial comment on “toxicity.” Letter to Martin J. Edwards, chemopreventive properties of soy protein is being New Zealand Ministry of Health, March 29. 1 p. Typed, with conducted in American women at high risk for breast cancer. signature on letterhead. Fifty such premenopausal women, previously studied at • Summary: “Please fi nd attached an article which appeared UCSF, have been recruited and are incorporating into their in last week’s ‘Rural News’ and editorial comment related to diet two servings a day of a soy-based nutritional beverage ‘toxicity’ of soy beans and further processed products. powder prepared using Supro isolated soy protein (made “This article is potentially damaging to the entire by Protein Technologies International, St Louis, Missouri) soy industry and makes inference to harmful effects of for 12 months. The 38 gm of soy protein consumed consumption of refi ned soy proteins eg [sic, e.g.,] isolated each day contains about 70 mg of genistein (mostly as soy proteins in areas of human health without any credible glycosidic conjugates). At 3-month intervals on the diet, scientifi c support.” tests for cytological and biochemical surrogate endpoint “In summary we fi nd the article extremely biased, biomarkers (SEBs) will be conducted to see if breast cancer defamatory of all soy products and very critical of the risk is reduced. Supported by a grant from the United Ministry of Health. We have also already received concerned Soybean Board. Address: 1-2. Dep. of Epidemiology, response from several of our key users of Supro isolated Univ. of California at San Francisco (UCSF); 3-5. Dep. soy proteins.” Address: Columbit [New Zealand] Ltd., 33A of Pharmacology, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Rennie Dr., Mangere, P.O. Box 29093 Greenwoods Corner, Birmingham, AL 35294. Auckland 3, New Zealand. 829. Protein Technologies International. 1995. Supro and 827. Messina, Mark; Erdman, John W., Jr. eds. 1995. First isofl avones: Science & nutrition brief (Leafl et). St. Louis, International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing Missouri. 2 p. Front and back. March. 28 cm. and Treating Chronic Disease: Proceedings from a • Summary: “Genistein and daidzein are found almost symposium held in Mesa, Arizona, on February 20-23, 1994. exclusively in soybeans.” A chart (p. 1) shows that daidzin J. of Nutrition 125(3S):567S-808S. March. Supplement. and genistin, two glucoside forms of soy isofl avones, each • Summary: This symposium was organized by Mark have a glucose (sugar) side chain. These two forms are found Messina, PhD, and sponsored by Protein Technologies in abundance in soy fl our, soy protein concentrate (water International, the soybean growers from Nebraska, Indiana, washed), and soy protein isolate (water washed). Genistein and Iowa, and the United Soybean Board. and daidzein, the aglucoside (pronounced AY-glu-ko-side) 34 papers by various authors (each cited separately), forms, which have the glucose side chain removed, are were presented at this conference. They were arranged found at relatively low levels in the above 3 soy products. under the following categories. Introduction. Overview “The glucoside forms of the isofl avones are converted to the of soybean processing and products. Soy intake and aglucoside forms during digestion and absorption. Supro cholesterol reduction. Soy and cholesterol reduction: protein is processed with water which results in retention of Hypothesized mechanisms. Soy and heart disease the isofl avones.” prevention: Potential mechanisms unrelated to cholesterol Table 1 shows the range (mg/gm of protein) of reduction. Potential public health impact of soy protein. isofl avone content of Supro brand isolated soy protein Overview of diet and cancer. Soy intake and cancer risk: products* (Footnote: *”Aglucone units adjusted for

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 345 molecular weights”). Daidzein 0.15 to 0.72. Genistein 0.48 best seller, with almost $56 million in sales, according to the to 1.51. Glycitein 0.05 to 0.26. Total isofl avones 0.68 to company’s 10-K fi ling. 2.49. Source: Protein Technologies International. Address: In April William Blair & Co. in Chicago published a Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: “buy” recommendation on the company’s stock, noting that 1-800-325-7108. roughly one-half of Worthington’s sales are to individuals seeking to reduce their intake of fat and cholesterol. 830. SoyaCow Newsletter (Ottawa, Canada). 1995. Protein An Associated Press story about Anderson’s study isolates from soymilk: Canadian scientists developing stated that he received $5,000 from Protein Technologies technology. 4(1):2. Jan/March. International, which makes soy protein, to help pay for the • Summary: “Protein isolates were successfully prepared work. “Anderson told the AP that he believes 20 grams of using [whole bean] soymilk from SoyaCow SC20 and SC100 soy protein a day, substituted for animal protein, could be in a laboratory as well as at a pilot scale. These isolates were enough to help lower blood cholesterol.” found to be comparable to a commercial product, Supro 610, Patty House of Ohio State University wrote a report made from defatted soybean fl akes by Protein Technologies titled “From Farm Lands to Shoppers Hands” stating that International of St. Louis, Missouri.” the average American consumes six gallons of soybean oil The project was the result of collaborative research per year in such forms as cooking and salad oil, margarine, between ProSoya Inc. and an Agriculture Canada team led shortening, and prepared salad dressings. by Dr. C.Y. Ma. “Isoelectric precipitation and ultrafi ltration were used to remove the carbohydrates and solvent 833. Demos, Steve. 1995. New developments at White extraction was used to remove the fat. Alternate means of Wave (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 14. Conducted by removing the fat are currently being explored.” William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. A large table compares the functional properties of • Summary: White Wave is working to take advantage of isolates made from ProSoya soymilk vs. those of Supro 610. the huge amount of publicity about soy protein lowering blood cholesterol. He would like to develop soy-based 831. Manning, Anita. 1995. Using soy for protein helps nutraceuticals (a term Steve fi rst heard from Jeffrey Bland reduce cholesterol. USA Today. Aug. 3. [1 ref] several years ago; the new food medicine) or dietary • Summary: A study by Dr. James Anderson in today’s New supplements as a sort of bridge to motivate people to move England Journal of Medicine reported that “soy in the diet toward healthy foods. The only two motivators are fear and can signifi cantly lower high cholesterol.” The research, greed; he will use fear since soy is not glamorous enough to which analyzed 38 studies involving 730 people, was funded use greed. He has talked with FDA attorneys who have made in part by Protein Technologies International, a manufacturer it clear that under NLEA only dietary supplements can make of soy protein. Cholesterol levels dropped 20% in people nutritional claims. Yet the line between foods and dietary who started above 300 mg/dl, and about 4% in those under supplements is very unclear. It largely depends on how the 200. product is positioned and marketed. Garlic is by far the A small sidebar titled “Soy sources available,” states best-selling supplement in the USA. Slim Fast is a dietary that soy milk contains 4-10 gm of protein per 8 oz glass, tofu supplement. A soy yogurt or a fortifi ed soymilk could also contains 8-13 gm per 4-ounce cube, and soy fl our contains be positioned as a dietary supplement. Shurtleff’s comments: 10-13 gm of protein per ounce. It is also used in a range of Danger of excess protein intake, which is hard on kidneys products from burgers to baked goods, according to John and can leach calcium from bones (hypercalciuria). Most of Erdman Jr. of the University of Illinois. the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein may be due to the phytoestrogens bonded to it, so we may want to focus on 832. Benedetti, Jef. 1995. Soy report generates calls to genistein rather than soy protein. Consider a small product Worthington Foods, but little stock movement. Daily like the lactobacillus drink sold in Japan. Sandoz’s concept Reporter (Columbus, Ohio). Aug. 7. [1 ref] of selling nutrition not food. • Summary: A study by James W. Anderson published last Topic #2. Position on the World Wide Web. Steve’s week in a medical journal touting the advantages of soy mission is to build brand equity. Paul Chasnoff has registered protein in reducing blood cholesterol has generated many and “locked in” three positions on the World Wide Web: phone calls to Worthington Foods, and a lot of interest from Tofu.com, Soy.com, and WhiteWave.com. These give him the consumer and investment communities. Ron McDermott, control of the on-ramp to the web. It is very cheap and there the company’s vice president of research and technology, are no protections at this time. He has just traded beads for says that 80% of worthington’s food products contain soy Manhattan, for ownership of the key subject headings in protein. The company markets meatless products under four the card catalog. If things change, there will probably be a names: Morningstar Farms, Worthington, Loma Linda, and grandfather clause to protect him. Natural Touch. In 1994 the Morningstar Farms line was the His soymilk should be on the market in a gable-top

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 346 caton in November. He has not yet proved marketability. He dominated by Mr. Andreas plus his family and friends, Wall thinks he has found a manufacturer. Pacifi c Foods refused Street sees no possibility of a serious battle for corporate to sell him base. Protein Technologies International (PTI) is control, and little chance that any other company could pay selling a consumer soymilk somewhere. at least $8.7 billion (ADM’s market capitalization) to buy the One big upcoming project is to launch a line entrees in company. fi ve fl avors. The center of the meal will be a starch (such as ADM is a major benefi ciary of federal price supports rice or noodles) with fl avored protein over the top. Address: for sugar (they make ADM’s high-fructose corn sugar an President, White Wave Inc., 1990 North 57th Court, Boulder, economical product) and of the 54-cent-a-gallon excise tax Colorado 80301. Phone: 303-443-3470. break on ethanol (since ADM is the dominant producer of the corn-based fuel additive). Mr. Andreas helps preserve these 834. Kilman, Scott; Ingersoll, B.; Abramson, J. 1995. Risk twin towers of legislative largesse by hedging. ADM leads averse. How Dwayne Andreas rules Archer-Daniels by corporate America in contributing to both political parties. hedging his bets: CEO works with rivals, gives to both “Since 1981, the company has given more than $800,000 to parties and invests in the media. Soy meatballs on the menu. the Democratic Party and more than 1.5 million to the GOP” Wall Street Journal. Oct. 27. p. 1, A8. (Republican Party). • Summary: A very well researched and written profi le of Pie charts show that ADM is the market leader in four Dwayne Andreas and how he applies the concept of hedging major U.S. markets, controlling an estimated 35% of all corn to every aspect of ADM’s business life. Andreas was born refi ning (followed by Staley, Cargill, and CPC International), on 4 March 1918 in Worthington, Minnesota, the son of a 31% of high-fructose corn syrup (again followed by Staley, Mennonite farmer. From 1936 to 1938 he attended Wheaton Cargill, and CPC), 28% of oilseed processing (followed by College in Illinois. From 1938 to 1945 he was executive Cargill 25%, Bunge 16%, Ag Processors 14%, Central Soya offi cer of Honeymead Products, a family-owned company. 10%, and others 7%), and 26% of wheat milling (followed From 1945 to 1952 he was vice president of Cargill. by ConAgra 25%, Cargill 12%, Cereal Processors 6%, and In [Nov.] 1947, when ADM Chairman Shreve Archer others 31%). died after choking on a chicken bone, Dwayne Andreas Doing business with competitors has long been one was age 29 and vice president of a rival fi rm. For the next of Mr. Andreas’s hallmarks. As he likes to say, “Keep your 18 years, Mr. Andreas built a name for himself in the grain friends close and your enemies closer.” In 1992 ADM built industry and became a millionaire in the process. He left a 3.5-mile pipeline to neighboring A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., one Cargill and returned to Honeymead, where from 1953 to of its biggest rivals in the high-fructose corn syrup business. 1960 he was an executive and the chief shareholder. From (Together the two companies control half of the $3 billion 1960 to 1966 he was executive vice president of Farmers market.) The pipeline allows either company to call on its Union Grain Terminal Association, a cooperative. By 1965 neighbor in an emergency for raw material, thus reducing ADM was foundering (it had never quite recovered from the risk. loss of its leader) and the founding families were ready to Four ADM board members are Andreases, and an sell a sizeable share to Mr. Andreas, to make him a director, additional six of the 17 directors are ADM executives, retired and to groom him for the top job. So in 1966 Andreas executives, or relatives of senior managers. At ADM major accepted the offer, joining ADM as a director and member decisions are made at the very top, mainly by three men: of the executive committee. He spent the rest of his career Dwayne Andreas, his son Michael Andreas (who is in charge leaving as little as possible to chance. Now age 77 and a of many day-to-day operations), and James R. Randall, who diminutive 5 feet four inches tall, he “runs the giant publicly- has been president of ADM for 20 years. Top managers trade grain-processing company like a private family operate without budgets or much paperwork. “Decisions concern. Secrecy is so tight that ADM doesn’t even release are often made in the executive dining room over a lunch of quarterly revenues. Mr. Andreas once proudly told analysts, Archer-Daniels soybean cuisine.” “Getting information from me is like frisking a seal.” In “Once Mr. Whitacre helped arrange a luncheon 1970 Andreas was named ADM chief executive offi cer, and between Mr. Andreas and visiting executives of a company in 1972 he was elected chairman of the board. participating in the lysine meetings in hopes of taping them ADM is now America’s largest commodity processor, discussing price fi xing. But Mr. Andreas spent the entire with annual revenues of $12.7 billion. Including stock lunch talking to his bewildered guests about his favorite dividends, ADM’s stock value has climbed at an average product, soy-based meat substitute, then sent them off with a annual rate of 17% over the past decade–outpacing the stock big bag of the stuff. market’s annual return of roughly 15%, as measured by the In August 1994 he told this story concerning his views Wilshire 5000 Equity Index. ADM earnings soared 64% on competition: “The gazelle must run faster than the fastest during the last fi scal year to a record $795.9 million. lion or be eaten. And the lion must outrun the slowest gazelle Notwithstanding criticism that ADM’s board is or starve. It doesn’t matter whether you are a lion or a

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 347 gazelle; when the sun comes up, you’d better be running.” breeding soybeans for food uses. A lot of his work is trying “He delights in being the most powerful man in to incorporate the right protein and oil contents, along with American agriculture, regaling his guests over soy meatballs agronomic characteristics. Jerry graduated from Iowa State and catfi sh with stories of his back-channel diplomacy for University. While in high school, he worked at Pioneer Hi- American presidents... But Mr. Andreas’s enjoyment of Bred’s production facility at Reinbeck, Iowa. In college he Realpolitik shouldn’t be confused with a lack of conviction worked as an intern for the Asgrow experimental station friends and associates say. He is passionate about the virtue in Ames, Iowa. There he learned a lot of his breeding of spreading soy-based food around the world.–albeit techniques and philosophies on soybean breeding. His generally at a tidy profi t–and about the perils of soil erosion. interest in the benefi ts of soybeans for human nutrition grew His uncle was an evangelist and young Dwayne spent hours out of his interest in their benefi ts for animal nutrition. He in revivalist tents listening to the preachers. Mr. Andreas grew to believe that soy would someday come to be widely preserves some of that fervor in his own speeches about used in human diets. He has two kids and he wanted to fi nd government and business policy.” ways to include tofu in their diets. He wanted to fi nd ways In recent years ADM has been sued by Ralston Purina that they would like tofu. Co. for alleged technology theft. Ralston claimed patent In the early 1980s, he started his own soybean breeding infringement and misappropriation of trade secrets involving company in Fremont, Iowa. He has his own crossing a soy protein product. This case is now entering the pretrial and selection programs. He believes that there is a very discovery phase. bright future for soybeans and tofu. One of his goals is to Mr. Whitacre has alleged that ADM pays some top incorporate more soy into the typical American’s diet. Bee- executives through illegal channels. ADM in turn has Lor Inc. believes that many nutritional benefi ts come from accused Mr. Whitacre of stealing more than $9 million from including soy as part of the diet–even if you don’t change the company. your tastes or the way you eat. He and his partner and good Meanwhile ADM has continued its upbeat institutional friend Tim Beeler met while working for the Ralston Purina ads that have blanketed the television networks and many Co. in the area of hog and cattle feeds. Tim left Ralston in publications for years. In a sort of ratings hedge, the about 1986 to start a specialty meat shop with his brothers in company also spent millions advertising on ABC’s “This Des Moines, Iowa. Jerry left in 1989 to focus on his soybean Week with David Brinkley,” NBC’s “Meet the Press,” and breeding business. Tim made a very popular, high-quality CBS’s “Face the Nation.” From Jan. 1994 to April 1995 bratwurst using lean pork and the best ingredients an old ADM spent $4.7 million advertising on “Meet the Press” family recipe. Jerry approached Tim with the idea of creating and $4.3 million on “Face the Nation.” ADM is also the a hot dog-type bratwurst product that contained tofu, as a leading corporate underwriter for the PBS MacNeil/Lehrer way of introducing tofu into mainstream America. Jerry said: Newshour, providing $6.8 million or 27% of the program’s “The fi rst time I want people to taste tofu is in something that annual budget. they are used to eating.” Then their fi rst impression of tofu A point-style portrait illustration shows Dwayne O. will be a good one and they will say, “Hey, tofu tastes good.” Andreas. Address: 1. Decatur, Illinois; 2-3. Washington, DC. But tofu is a tough sell in the Midwest. Jerry loves tofu, and likes to eat it just like it is. He even gets a craving for tofu 835. Blaze, Marci. 1995. Current prices of soy protein at times. Address: Vice-President, Bee-Lor Inc., 103 North products (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 13. Conducted Third St., Oskaloosa, Iowa 52577. Phone: 515-673-1930. by Walter J. Wolf of NRRC, Peoria, Illinois. • Summary: Soy fl our and grits 18-37 cents/lb. Textured soy 837. INFORM (AOCS). 1995. PSI to handle expansion for fl ours 36-48 cents/lb. Soy protein concentrates 65-77 cents/ Protein Technologies. 6(11):1241. Nov. lb. Textured soy protein concentrates 72-84 cents/lb. Soy • Summary: Protein Technologies International (PTI) protein isolates 132-169 cents/lb. is a subsidiary of Ralston Purina Co. based in St. Louis, Note: ADM formerly made a soy isolate fi ber product Missouri. similar to PTI’s Fibrim but discontinued production in The plant to be expanded is PTI’s facility in Memphis, about 1993. Address: Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, Tennessee, which makes soy protein and fi ber food Illinois. Phone: (217) 424-7408. ingredients, including isolated soy proteins and soy fi bers for the food and meat industries. The project is expected to cost 836. Lorenzen, Jerry. 1995. Breeding soybeans for food more than $50 million. Construction was to begin in the last uses. Interest in tofu (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 17. quarter of 1995, with completion scheduled in 1998. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. “The plant originally opened in Memphis in 1983 and • Summary: Jerry is a soybean geneticist. He develops employs 225 persons. It is one of six U.S. facilities operated soybean lines used for making tofu and natto, and also by PTI.” develops commercial soybeans. Over half of his work is

838. Ralston Purina Company. 1995. Annual report to Radio Program, Tom Mix and His Straight Shooters, that shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 52 p. made Tom immortal. (p. 1-2). • Summary: See next page. Inside front cover: “Ralston The founder of what would become the Ralston Purina Company was founded in 1894. Today, it is the Purina Co. had a humble start indeed. A miller named Will world’s largest producer of dry dog and dry and soft-moist Danforth, from Missouri, believed that good food was the cat foods, which are marketed under the Purina brand name; secret to good health. He advocated the idea that “you are the world’s largest manufacturer of dry cell battery products, what you eat” even before the term “health food” had been including Eveready and Energizer brand products; and a coined. Danforth was looking for a way to keep the wheat major producer of dietary soy protein, fi ber food ingredients, germ in cereal from turning rancid. A chance meeting with a polymer products and, outside the United States, of feeds for miller from Kansas gave him the answer he was looking for. livestock and poultry.” Soon Danforth developed a product named “cracked wheat.” Page 52: Corporate Information: The company was He was soon packaging and selling Purina Whole Wheat incorporated on 8 Jan. 1894 in Missouri. Number of Cereal in and around St. Louis, Missouri. shareholders: 24,324. Number of employees: 10,589 in the Meanwhile, a nutritionist with the surname of Ralston, United States. 21,248 outside the United States. Fiscal year had written a book titled Life Building, which was making end: September 30. NYSE trading symbol: RalstonPurGp. him popular. The book became so popular that good- Stock price, 52 weeks high: 67, low 43½. health clubs began popping up everywhere. “By the turn Pages 8-9 give a good overview of Protein Technologies of the century, Dr. Ralston had over 800,000 good-health International. In fi scal 1995 PTI contributed $357.4 believers.” Danforth contacted Dr. Ralston to seek his million in sales and $82.8 million in operating profi t before endorsement for the Purina whole wheat cereal. Dr. Ralston amortization to Ralston Purina Co. PTI serves its global agreed on the condition that his name be added to the product customer base from seven major manufacturing facilities, name. So in 1902 Danforth changed his company’s name to including fi ve in the USA, and employs approximately 1,200 Ralston Purina Co. people. In 1995 PTI began multi-million dollar expansions of In 1933, when sales for Hot Ralston cereal began its plants in Memphis, Tennessee, and Ieper, Belgium. “Our slumping, Will Danforth and his Gardner Advertising core technologies are proprietary and fundamentally sound. Agency turned to Tom Mix, “America’s No. 1 cowboy hero,” The global potential for expanded applications is enormous.” for an endorsement. Mix apparently signed a contract with Page 20 gives a fi nancial review of each RPC business Ralston Purina in 1933; it may have been hand scribbled segment. Sales for the soy protein products business on the back of a large envelope. On 11 April 1938 Tom increased 11.4% in 1995 and 10.4% in 1994. Operating Mix signed a second contract in which he “granted Ralston profi t increased 23.5% in 1995 on higher volume, increased the right to broadcast a series of programs known as Tom productivity, lower raw material prices and favorable foreign Mix–Ralston Straight Shooters and to use continuity currency exchange rates, partially offset by increased selling, advertisements” titled “Tom Mix and the Ralston Straight general and administrative costs. In 1994 operating profi t Shooters.” increased 8.4%. Page 22 notes that sales of soy products grew from 840. Protein Technologies International. 1996. Consumer $291.5 million in 1993, to $320.7 million in 1994, and to awareness of soy protein health benefi ts grows with major $357.4 million in 1995 (up 11.4% over 1994). media coverage of The New England Journal of Medicine Operating profi t on soy products before amortization article (News release). Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO grew from $61.9 million in 1993, to $67.1 million in 1994, 63164. 1 p. Feb. 28 cm. and to $82.8 million in 1995 (up 23.4% over 1994). Address: • Summary: “The August 3, 1995 announcement on the Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri. results of the Meta-Analysis [by Dr. James W. Anderson] in the New England Journal of Medicine received tremendous 839. Mix, Paul E. 1995. Tom Mix: A heavily illustrated media coverage and continues to spawn feature articles in biography of the western star, with a fi lmography. Jefferson, national publications. A recap of the media coverage follows. North Carolina: McFarland & Co. vii + 328 p. See p. 119-21. As interest in the health benefi ts of isolated soy protein Illust. 24 cm. [1 ref] grows, we expect media coverage to grow. And as media • Summary: Silent movies made Tom Mix popular and a coverage grows, so do the number of consumers exposed to wholesome hero of America’s children. He was known as these important health messages. the “King of the Cowboys” and his horse, Tony, was also a Total media exposures: star. By 1921, at age 41, he was at the peak of his career. One Number of stories: 874. of the top-ten box offi ce stars during the roaring 1920s, he Number of print stories 767. became the highest paid movie star in the country, earning Number of broadcast stories 107. $17,500 a week for 52 weeks. Yet it was the Ralston Purina Total circulation/viewership 190.1 million.

Print circulation 168.8 million. Genista is based on his own research and that of Dr. Broadcast reach 26.3 million. James Anderson, which says that if you consume 30 gm of Print highlights: Reader’s Digest, New York Times, a soy protein isolate containing a standardized amount of Chicago Tribune Syndicate, Associated Press (AP), Good isofl avone, you will lower your cholesterol. He has quite Housekeeping, Family Circle, Prevention, USA Today good early success. He has a joint venture with Charles (Gannett), Reuters, Glamour, McCall’s. Day, PhD, of Kentucky who has a developed an agricultural Broadcast highlights: ABC–World news this morning. process for making almost pure isofl avones from soybeans. CNN–Early edition, CNN morning news, CNN world news, They have just received investment money from Japan to Headline news. CNBC–Today’s business, The monkey turn this into a large-scale commercial process. The cost of wheel, Market wrap. NBC–Today show, NBC news at the key piece of equipment is about $6-8 million. They use sunrise. CBS–Up to the minute, CBS morning news. a proprietary technique and a patented heat-tank solvent Key messages communicated in media coverage: (1) extraction process to process partially defatted lightly Soy protein consumption can help reduce cholesterol–691 heat treated soybean meal (usually used for chicken feed) articles (90% of total). (2) Amount of soy protein that should to extract the isofl avones, which are lipophilic. From 4 be consumed to achieve health benefi ts–527 articles (70% tons of the meal he can extract 1 kg of isofl avones of 85% of total). (3) Protein Technologies International supported purity; they are composed mainly of genistein. As far as he research–430 articles (60% of total). (4) Other potential knows, his is the only company in the extracting isofl avones health benefi ts derived from soy protein consumption–89 commercially, and enriching products with isofl avones. He articles (10% of total). has about $6 million of orders on paper for isofl avones from This information was collected during the period from a variety of nutriceutical manufacturers. Why isn’t a big August 1995 through February 1996. Address: St. Louis, company like ADM doing this? “They are looking at it, but Missouri. Phone: 1-800-325-7108. they haven’t got the science right or the process; we have.” His second product will be Genista-Plus, which will 841. Holt, Stephen. 1996. New developments with contain 20 mg/gm of isofl avones and will be enriched with commercialization of soy isofl avones (Interview). SoyaScan isofl avones. Another product, Phyto-Est, will contain 25 Notes. March 2. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods mg/gm of isofl avones; it has come out of the joint-venture Center. agreement with Charles Day and the Japanese. It will on the • Summary: Dr. Holt’s fi rst soy product, Genista market as soon as they can get a label on it. These products (pronounced juh-NIS-tuh), is now on the market. It is will be sold in double-oh capsules. The capsules of Phyto-Est basically a soy protein isolate that contains about 2 mg/gm of are already made. isofl avones; no isofl avones are added to the product. Genista The Italian National Health Service has been giving was just presented yesterday to a large meeting of Midwest out soy protein isolate as a free item in their health care cardiologists, and there was enormous interest in the product. preventive approach, mostly to people with kidney (renal) The soy protein is much better than Mevacor, a drug used failure who tend to have high cholesterol levels. It has been to lower cholesterol, that has many undesirable side effects. shown repeatedly in that experience to be quite effective. Combining James Anderson’s meta-analysis studies and his In addition, soy proteins lower blood pressure, improve own research, Dr. Holt decided that 30 gm of Genista would renal effi ciency and renal handling, and promote calcium lower blood cholesterol by 20-30% over a period of 3-6 retention–which in turns lowers blood pressure. months as an adjunct to a low-cholesterol diet. His company Dr. Holt says Twin Laboratories is now selling a product is trying to be very responsible in the way they market the named “Twinlab Genistein.” In Jan. 1996 Dr. Holt began product, together with lifestyle changes. They market a publication of a new periodical titled Nutriceutical News health plan, so as not to give consumers a false sense of International: An information source on natural remedies. security. He is Editor in Chief and president of Natus, Inc., New York. Take Care, sold by Protein Technologies International, His portrait appears on the front page. Stephen Yaskin, M.S., contains anywhere from 0.68 to 2.39 mg/gm of isofl avones; is editorial editor. To subscribe, send $19.95 for 6 issues, no isofl avones are added. But PTI has not come out with payable to Natus, Inc., 200 Clearbrook Rd., Elmsford, NY a recommended dose in a format that will lower blood 10523. cholesterol. Bodybuilders consume up to 6 gm of protein Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2001) per kg of body mass. Apparently if they take this protein as that contains statistics about the soy estrogen industry and soy protein it seems to be effi ciently handled, which is quite market. Address: M.D., Natus Inc., 2388 28th Street, Long interesting. Protein Technologies International is conducting Island City, New York 11105. Phone: 718-721-1496. a study with Romanian athletes; they are measuring urinary mucoproteins, which are some indicator of effi ciency of 842. Boatwright, Linda. 1996. Work with the Kentucky renal handling. Soybean Association (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 1.

Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Foodservice Pilot Project. Dr. Connie LaBarr would have • Summary: Linda was born in about 1946. She has had to been in charge but she left NSA in late Nov. 1995 for reasons deal with cancer on a personal level since she was 13 years that Linda would rather not discuss. She was replaced by old. That year her father was stricken with cancer and he Stephanie Lynch, a registered dietitian who used to work died 3 years later. In 1969, at age 23, she discovered she had for ADM; Connie is now in Iowa working for the Iowa cervical cancer. In 1978 her husband died of colon cancer; Department of Education, in their Foodservice Division; she Linda fi nished his term in the Kentucky General Assembly. is still working with soyfoods. Connie told Linda that she has From 1986 to 1995 she worked for the American Cancer worked to promote soyfoods for 50 years! It looks as if Jim Society, even though she has no scientifi c background. She Weyer, who was director of NSA, will also be leaving. was in charge of a 12-county area, doing everything from Kentucky has been chosen as one of six states for fund-raising to education concerning cancer prevention and implementation of the United Soybean Board’s (USB’s) early detection in schools, industry, and civic groups. In one School Foodservice Pilot Project. USDA has mandated an county they had more than 10,000 educators. Gradually she 8% cut in the fat content of school lunches. So Linda is heard about genistein, but she had no idea that it came from working to use soy proteins to replace part of the meat and soybeans. cut the fat in these lunches. She works with both kids and Then in July 1995 she got a job working as a consultant school foodservice people in K-12 schools. She goes in and to the Kentucky Soybean Association. Shortly thereafter she makes it fun for the kids with balloons and a kid who is discovered that genistein came from soybeans. The fi rst week called “Soy Cool.” She has been amazed that foods like the she went to work she attended the Soy Expo in St. Louis, pure vegetarian tacos have gone over so well. They got a Missouri, where she met Dr. Connie LaBarr; they quickly 92% positive rating from kids. A chicken breast that contains became very close friends. Together they visited Creighton 30% soy has also drawn rave reviews. She took ADM’s Chili University in Omaha, where Dr. Gallagher is in charge of Fixin’s (distributed by Dixie USA) into the homemakers a large osteoporosis study which is testing the effi cacy of groups and she exposed 3,500 people. Take Care (a product rich in soy isofl avones made by Protein Linda also works with Steve Bucheim, who is the Technologies International) in reducing osteoporosis in marketing director for ADM Foods. She is working to women of various ages. Dr. Gallagher’s research coordinator introduce people in Kentucky to ADM products, such as their in the bone metabolic unit is Michele Wilson (Phone: Taco and Chili Fixins’. She helped in the development of a 402-280-4167). Mark Messina made a presentation to her new product made by a company named Partin’s Sausage, Association’s board about soyfoods, health, and nutrition. owned by Jeff Davis in Cunningham, Kentucky (Phone: 502- They also utilized him for media, such as TV and radio 642-2195). The fi nished product contains 30% soy and only shows, and a newspaper interview. This was the fi rst time 12% fat. It will be on the market fairly soon. ADM supplied that Kentucky had ever done anything with health and the formula and the ingredient mixture of soy protein isolates nutrition related to soy. and concentrates. She is not working to promote ADM but to She attended a phytochemicals conference in get soyfoods in Kentucky grocery stores. Washington, DC, last October. There were 500 scientists David Winkels, from South Carolina, is in charge of there from 25 countries, and 23 of them made presentations. domestic marketing for USB. His committee gave Linda’s Three of those presentations were about soy–which she association their grant for the National School Project. found astonishing. That was the fi rst time she realized that Linda and David share a lot of the same philosophy about there were so many medicinally and therapeutically valuable the health and nutrition benefi ts and future of soy. One substances in soybeans. She has a very dear friend who of USB’s major goals and objectives this year is new works for the National Cancer Institute as one of the head product promotion. So Linda is planning a soyfoods expo statisticians; she worked with Mark Messina when he was in Kentucky. It is scheduled to take place in 6 months and there. Both Dr. Messina and Dr. Charles Day also attended USB and David Winkels want to be involved, with the main this conference, and helped her to understand and interpret funding from USB. It will involve institutional foods, plus what was being said. commercial and retail foods, with emphasis on promoting the On Jan. 5-6 1996 the Kentucky Soybean Association health benefi ts of soy–all tied into one. organized and sponsored the Thirteenth Annual Soy Update. 1996 Aug. 13. Linda’s contract with the Research Symposium, in Lexington, Kentucky. For the fi rst Kentucky Soybean Board expired at the end of June and they time this year papers were presented on soybeans, health, chose not to renew it. They did invite her to bid on individual and nutrition. Speakers included Dr. James W. Anderson of projects, but she declined because she could support herself the University of Kentucky and Dr. Charles E. Day of Audax on that income. The Sausage is on the market, but the (see separate entries). Kentucky Board’s interest in health and nutrition seems to The Nebraska Soybean Association (NSA) recently be waning. Her future is uncertain. Dr. James Anderson’s received $258,000 to administer the national School book is now out and in bookstores. She thinks Charles Day

PhD has at least one soy product on the market. Address: 236 Fermented whole soybeans (Tempeh in Indonesia and Lakeview Dr., Ledbetter, Kentucky 42058. Phone: 502-898- Malaya; Natto in Japan; Hamanatto in Japan) soy sauce 8977. (Kang jang in Korea; Shoyu in Japan), soy paste (Ko chu jang in Korea; Miso in Japan), fermented soy curd (Sufu in 843. Kwon, T.W.; Song, Y.S. 1996. The role of soybean China), fermented soy pulp (Tempeh gembus [okara tempeh] in Oriental food systems. In: Alex Buchanan, ed. 1996. in Indonesia; Oncom ampas tahu in Indonesia). Proceedings of the Second International Soybean Processing (3) Essential amino acid composition of rice and and Utilization Conference: 8-13 January 1996, Bangkok, soybean and FAO/WHO reference pattern of amino acids Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Printed by Funny Publishing (mg/gram of Nitrogen). Limited Partnership. Distributed by The Institute of Food (4) Per capita daily soybean consumption for soyfood Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University. use in selected countries: xviii + 556 p. See p. 20-32. [19 ref] Taiwan 54.89 gm. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Direct uses of Korea 27.62 gm. soybeans. Nutritional signiﬁ cance of soybeans. Concluding Japan 20.82 gm. remarks. China 12.88 gm Page 22: “Most traditional soybean foods described Indonesia 11.51 gm. so far are known to have originated in China, and then Singapore 7.40 gm. gradually have been introduced or have spread into other Malaysia 4.38 gm. Asiatic countries. Of course, there are a few exceptions, Thailand 1.64 gm. such as soy sauce and Tempeh. As a matter of fact, ancient Philippines 0.55 gm. Chinese records indicate that soy sauce is not indigenous (5) Nitrogen balance data when feeding mixtures of beef to China, but rather was introduced from Korea during the protein and Supro isolated soy protein. era of the Koguryo Dynasty (2nd century BCE to 668 CE). (6) Nutrient content of soyfoods (per 100 grams): Another typical example is Tempeh, which was developed in Soybean, soy sauce, ko chu jang, soy paste. natto, chongkuk Indonesia then introduced to neighbouring countries.” jang, tempeh, soy curd (tofu), soybean sprout. Tables: (1) Traditional nonfermented soybean food (7) Major causes of mortality in selected countries products: Fresh soybeans (Put kong in Korea; Edamame in (per 100,000 people). Countries: Korea, Japan, Singapore, Japan), toasted soy powder (Kong ka ru in Korea; Kinako America, Germany, Hungary. For the period 1991-1994 in Japan), soy sprouts (Kong na mool in Korea; Daizu no Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in all moyashi in Japan), soymilk (Kong kook, Doo yoo in Korea; of these countries, however the death rates are higher in Tonyu in Japan), soymilk ﬁ lm (Yuba in Japan; Tou-fu-pi in Western countries. Chinese), soy curd (Doo bu in Korea; Tofu in Japan). (8) Animal and isolated soy protein foods used in study (2) Traditional fermented soybean food products: with hypercholesterolemic men in Canada.

(9) Isofl avone contents of soy varieties of Korean Not all isofl avones are phytoestrogens; only some soybeans: The isofl avones are genistein, daidzein and have biological activity as estrogens, and most of them daidzein+genistein. The highest is the Danyop variety with are inactive. Genistin is just a conjugated genistein. The 2317 mg/kg. The lowest is the Hwaum variety with 458 mg/ conjugated forms such as genistin and daidzin are not kg. Thus, there is a huge range of variation among soybean biologically active, as such; the glucoside linkage must varieties. be cleaved by intestinal bacteria before they become (10) Breast-cancer and prostate-cancer mortality in biologically active. Biologists usually use the term soyfood-consuming countries compared to the United States, “prohormones” to refer chemical substances such as daidzin per 100,000 people (age adjusted). or genistin; they are precursors of hormones that require Korea is 2.6 and 0.5 metabolic action before they become active. So when we eat China is 4.7 and unknown. a soyfood such as tofu, the biologically inactive prohormones Japan is 6.0 and 3.5 are converted to active hormones in our digestive system. Hongkong is 8.4 and 2.9. On the other hand, equol has estrogenic activity, but it is a United States is 22.4 and 15.7. metabolite of genistein. Of the three major conjugated forms Source: American Cancer Society (Atlanta, Georgia). in soybeans, daidzin, genistin, and equal, all of the digested 1992. “Cancer facts and fi gures.” forms have biological activity. Address: Dep. of Health and Figures show: (1) The effect of dietary proteins on Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, National plasma cholesterol in rabbits. Source: Carroll et al. 1975. Center for Toxicological Research, Div. of Reproductive and Plant proteins lower blood cholesterol. Developmental Toxicology, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, (2) Cytotoxicity of genistein–it kills cancer cells. and Dep. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Address: 1. Director, Inst. of Food Sciences; 2. Associate Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205. Phone: 501-543-7561. Prof., Dep. of Food and Nutrition. Both: Inje Univ., South Korea. 846. Kuhn, Mary Ellen. 1996. Soy in the spotlight: Disease- fi ghting benefi ts may change the image of the once-lowly 844. Soybean Quarterly (Nebraska Soybean Board, Lincoln, bean. Food Processing (Chicago). May. p. 52-53, 55, 58. Nebraska). 1996. Baking with soy: Variety reference guide. • Summary: This is a cover story; on the cover is written: 2(2):6. Insert. “Unlocking the secrets of soy,” with four large color photos. • Summary: A full-page table shows products used in baking The article begins: “What a difference a couple of decades that are now on the market from the following companies: make.” Twenty or 30 years ago, most foodservice operators ADM (6 products), AGP (4 types of Agsoy fl our and grits), and consumers used soy with hesitation, sometimes scornful Cargill (5), Central Soya (4), and Protein Technologies comments. “Today, however, the once-maligned soy protein International (5). has a much better image, thanks to a fast-mounting stack of research data suggesting it may help prevent and treat 845. Sheehan, Daniel M. 1996. More about phytoestrogens high blood cholesterol, cancer, osteoporosis, and symptoms and isofl avones from soybeans (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. of menopause.” And this good news has begun to reach May 15. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods health and nutrition professionals. With better products on Center. the market, “soyfoods marketers may soon be dealing with • Summary: Dr. Sheehan heard from a colleague in Canada a new generation of mainstream consumers who–far from that the soy protein isolates used in infant formulas in spurning soy-based products–actively seek them out. Canada have most of the phytoestrogens removed. The “Much of the current soy research is focused on source of that information was Mr. Marshall Marcus of isofl avones, a unique class of phytoestrogens or plant Protein Technologies International. hormones found primarily in soy protein.” The main soy People use terms such as phytoestrogens or isofl avones isofl avone is genistein. Now soyfoods manufacturers differently depending on their background and orientation. are starting to take isofl avone content into consideration For example, people interested mostly in biological activity when they formulate, label, and promote their products. tend to use the term “phytoestrogens,” whereas those The isofl avone content of unprocessed soybeans can vary interested mostly in chemical structure tend to use the considerably among varieties, years, and place of harvest. term “isofl avones.” Additional terms include “fl avonoids” Heat treatment does not appear to signifi cantly reduce (pronounced FLAY-vuh-noids, which refers to a large class isofl avone content, but an alcohol wash (used with most soy of chemicals), and “isofl avonoids” (which are isomers of the protein concentrates and isolated soy proteins) removes most fl avonoids). “Genistein” and “daidzein” are what chemists isofl avones in the product. The well-known Supro brand call “trivial names.” Real chemists provide the actual name of isolated soy proteins are not subject to an alcohol wash, of the chemical structure. Note: The fi rst isofl avone found in which helps preserve their isofl avone content. tempeh was 6,7,4’-trihydroxyisofl avone. Rick McKelvey, president of the Soyfoods Association

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 354 of America, has attended the American Dietetic Association 847. Second International Symposium on the Role of Soy in show for the past two years. Last year, most of the questions Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease: September 15-18, he heard were: “What is this soy stuff that I’m hearing 1996. Brussels Conference Center, Brussels–Belgium. 1996. about?” This year’s questions concerned the level of American Soybean Assoc., Rue du Commerce 20-22 Box 4, isofl avones in specifi c products. “This shows how far we’ve 1010 Brussels, Belgium. 23 p. 30 cm. come in the bast year,” he observes. • Summary: The cover of this attractive booklet has dark ADM, which could easily extract isofl avones from green ink on natural beige paper, with a square photo soybeans and sell them has decided not to do so. Jerry of soybeans in the middle. Contents: Invitation from Weigel, PhD, who is ADM’s vice president of corporate the chairperson. The Second International Symposium nutrition and regulatory affairs thinks it is probably not On the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic legal to sell isofl avones because they do not have GRAS Disease: agenda. Satellite Symposium: agenda. Important (Generally Recognized as Safe) status or food additive deadlines and addresses. Instructions for abstracts. General status. Few soyfoods marketers are presently publicizing the information. Introducing Belgium and Brussels. Registration. isofl avone or genistein content of their products or making Hotel accommodation. Social program. Symposium specifi c health or disease-prevention claims. registration form. Hotel accommodation form. Social William Helferich, PhD, an associate professor at program form. Michigan State University’s Department of Food Science and This symposium is being organized by Mark Messina, Human Nutrition, has been studying dietary phytoestrogens PhD (Chairman, USA), Roger Leysen, PhD (Secretary, in laboratory animals for 3 years. He has found that Belgium), and Koen Descheemaeker, PhD (Scientifi c “genistein can stimulate estrogen-responsive breast cancer- coordinator, Belgium). The international scientifi c advisory cell growth in cultured cells and in animals implanted with board consists of 12 members: Herman Adlercreutz, M.D. these cells. He believes that women at risk for estrogen- (Finland); Guiseppe D’Amico, M.D. (Italy); Stephen Barnes, dependent forms of breast cancer should not consume high PhD (USA); John Erdman, PhD (USA); Bernard Guy-Grand, levels of phytoestrogens.” Most researchers are concerned M.D. (France); Takemichi Kanazawa, M.D. (Japan); Jean- about consumers taking isofl avone supplements or pills. Yet Michel Lecerf, M.D. (France); Erik Muls, M.D. (Belgium); such products are now on the market and they acknowledge Marcel Roberfroid, PhD (Belgium); Risto Santti, M.D. that some consumers will be attracted to them, instead of (Finland); Cesare Sirtori, M.D. (Italy); Kurt Widhalm, M.D. simply increasing the level of soyfoods in their diet, eating (Austria). a healthful, balanced diet, and living and healthy lifestyle. Tentative agenda: Sunday, Sept. 15. Welcome Photos show: A jar of Morningstar Farms Roasted Soy Butter and opening remarks. Overview of diet and cancer. (soynut butter) which will be introduced this spring. Jan Biotechnology of the soybean. Monday, Sept. 16. Soy and Remak, president of marketing for Vitasoy U.S.A. kidney function. Soy and bone health. Soy and heart disease: One sidebar, titled “Probing the soy/health connection,” Hypocholesterolemic effects of soy (basic, mechanisms). discusses the research of Dr. James Anderson and Mark Tuesday, Sept. 17. Soy and heart disease: Effects of Messina, PhD. “Scientists theorize that phytoestrogens in independent cholesterol reduction. Soy and cancer: Animal soy might help compensate for the loss of hormonal estrogen studies, soybean anticarcinogens / anticancer mechanisms. women experience at menopause.” Wednesday, Sept. 18. Soy and cancer: Human studies. Another sidebar, “Boom times for the bean,” notes Hormonal effects of soy. that starting soon after the research study by Dr. James Satellite symposium: A special satellite symposium Anderson was published in August 1995, many soyfoods will be held on Thursday, September 19, at the Sheraton companies experienced a substantial increase in sales. Peter Hotel, Place Rogier, Brussels; it will focus on two areas. The Golbitz notes that “After years of steady 10% to 15% annual morning session on “Current understanding of soy and infant growth, soyfood sales have soared by about 30% in the health” has been organized to better understand the effects past year... Many marketers of meat and dairy analogs are of soy protein formula in infants and soyfoods in infants reporting sales increases of more than 100%.” A 1995 study and young children–with particular emphasis on soybean by the Soyfoods Association of America found that 75% of isofl avones. The afternoon session on “Soybean isofl avones: Americans have heard of tofu, 55% of soymilk, and 50% of measurement, levels in foods, and pharmacokinetics,” soy burgers. Golbitz adds that in Australia, where soymilk will focus on isofl avone absorption and metabolism, and based on soy protein isolates is widely available, per capita methodology for quantifying isofl avones in food and soymilk consumption is at least three times what it is in the biological matrices. USA. Vitasoy has adopted a niche-market approach to selling The cost of both symposia, including lunches but not its soymilk; it adjusts the amount beany taste according to hotel accommodations, for a non-student paid before Aug. 1 the taste preferences of each market. Address: Senior Editor. is about $439. Sponsors contributing more than $15,000: Alpro

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 355 natural soyfoods, American Soybean Association, Protein all these studies showing soy’s protective effect, show that Technologies International, Nebraska Soybean Board, Sojaxa one serving of a soy product (usually tofu) is enough. Mark (The French Association for Soyfoods Promotion–Active thinks that if there really is a protective effect against cancer, members: Alpro, Nutrition et Soja, Sojasun, Sojinal), U.S. it is either because of isofl avones or some other substance Foreign Agricultural Service, United Soybean Board, Ohio we are not yet aware of. Whatever it is must be very potent Soybean Board, Central Soya, ADM, Wyeth Nutrition and very unique. Mark does not think the effect is due to International, Indiana Soybean Development Council. a combination of substances in tofu, or to a total lifestyle Other sponsors: Illinois Soybean Association and which happens to include tofu. With cancer research, we Illinois Soybean Program Operating Board, American already have grounds for a hypothesis, some animal data, Institute for Cancer Research, Monsanto Company, Ontario and plausible biological mechanisms. So the next step is to Soybean Growers’ Marketing Board, Soyfoods Association show that soy actually has a protective effect in humans. of America, Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Flatulence factors might seem like a good candidate Council, Iowa Soybean Promotion Board, Michigan Soybean for removal, but recent research has shown that they might Promotion Committee, Indiana Soybean Development have benefi ts. They are more a social than a nutritional Council, Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc., and Functional problem. Japanese animal studies using oligo sugars Foods for Health Program. Address: Brussels, Belgium. [oligosaccharides] indicate that they may help reduce colon cancer risk and promote longevity by stimulating the 848. Messina, Mark J. 1996. Thoughts on the nutritional bifi dobacteria. A lot of interesting hypotheses concerning value of soybeans (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 20. these sugars are waiting to be tested. No single food can be Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. all things to all people, and the source of all nutrients. • Summary: The negative article by Fallon and Enig titled Mark is not personally excited by the cholesterol- “Soy products for dairy products? Not so fast” has generated lowering properties of soy protein. It applies only to a small a unusually large amount of attention, given how poor the group of people with very high cholesterol levels and one article is and what a minor magazine it was published in. must eat too much soy to experience modest results. In the Gary Null wanted Mark to appear on his show just to rebut Framingham study, 50% of the heart attacks occurred in it. The soybean would probably be better nutritionally if it people with serum cholesterol below 240, and 20% had didn’t contain phytates and trypsin inhibitors (other than the below 200. 150 is very low; Mark’s was 177 last time he had Bowman-Birk inhibitor). Phytates do inhibit zinc and iron it measured, which puts him close to syndrome x. Genetics absorption, and this is important; calcium inhibition is not plays a big role. If we fi nd that soy inhibits cholesterol much of a problem. The soybean plant stores much of its oxidation, or stimulates vasodilation, or inhibits platelet phosphorus in the form of phytates. Of the trypsin inhibitors, aggregation, then we are on to something important. This most of the focus has been on the Bowman-Birk inhibitor could be very relevant to the 37 million Americans whose (BBI) as having possible anticancer activity. BBI inhibits cholesterol level is above 240, which is considered high. PTI both trypsin and chymotrypsin. The other trypsin inhibitors (Protein Technologies International) sees those 37 million (such as the Kunitz) are not hypothesized to have anticancer Americans as a huge potential market for its product Take activity. Dr. Walter Troll and Dr. Ann Kennedy have been Care. In the Framingham study, the really solid data showing the leaders in research in this fi eld. Ann Kennedy, who is a relationship between blood cholesterol and heart attacks, now doing most of the work with BBI, will be speaking at applies only to a small group of men, ages 35-54. There is the international soy symposium in Brussels this September. no connection in women or in older men. Several years ago, Mark thinks that BBI does have anticancer activity, and Mark read two long and very well-done reviews on blood that it has a lot of potential as a chemopreventive agent. cholesterol and heart disease in excellent peer-reviewed But he wonders if there is enough BBI remaining in typical journals, he came to think that the cholesterol hypothesis soyfoods (such as tofu) to exert benefi ts but not so much has more holes in it than Swiss cheese. For example, as to exert adverse effects. Ann Kennedy is very smart and vegetarian women do hot have a decreased risk of heart a very interesting person to talk with. Mark often asks her disease compared to non-vegetarian women. This is probably about the practical signifi cance of her fi ndings concerning because estrogen is so strongly protective. BBI. One serving of tofu has something like 10% of the BBI Implicit in the word “phytochemicals” is some benefi cial required to reduce cancer risk. effect–even though most phytochemicals are a two-edged Mark thinks that Steve Barnes unquestionably is the sword, with both benefi ts and disadvantages. Thus the most knowledgeable person in the USA on isofl avones oligosaccharides in the soybean (which are biologically and phytoestrogens. But the many exciting fi ndings is this active and cause fl atulence) should probably not be called area must be divided into those of academic interest and a type of phytochemical; Mark is not sure whether or not those of practical importance. When Mark looks at the they actually supply calories and are therefore nutritive epidemiological data, what he fi nds most exciting is that substances. If they do supply calories, they are not “non-

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 356 nutritive” as phytochemicals must be. Address: PhD, 1543 beverage powder (Protein Technologies International; 2 Lincoln St., Port Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360- scoops): 35 mg + 100-130 calories. Regular soymilk (1 cup): 379-9544. 30 mg + 130-150 calories. * = Available from Dixie USA, 1-800-347-3494. 849. McCord, Holly; Yeykal, Teresa A. 1996. Menopause Even if this research doesn’t show positive results, other naturally: Got hot fl ashes? get soy! Prevention (Emmaus, studies show that soy lowers cholesterol and may prevent Pennsylvania). Aug. p. 65-70. [1 ref] breast cancer and osteoporosis. “A serving of soy every • Summary: About 75% of American post-menopausal day could turn out to be a good bet,” says Dr. Gorbach. women experience hot fl ashes and night sweats, along with Researchers recommend consuming in the range of 30-50 sleep disturbances and mood swings. Until now, the only mg/day of isofl avones. More than 100 mg/day could be antidote for these unpleasant symptoms has been hormone- harmful, so its is best to get your isofl avones from food replacement therapy (HRT), a prescription medicine the instead of pills. Contains two recipes: Creamsicle Cooler replace the estrogen that women’s bodies start making less (shake with soft tofu; 35 mg of isofl avones). Southwestern of. But recently researchers have found that the foods made Skillet (with Beef(Not); 62 mg of isofl avones). from the soybean may offer a practical alternative. “The trail of evidence linking soy with a hot-fl ash- 850. Soybean Quarterly (Nebraska Soybean Board, Lincoln, free menopause starts in Asia.” There isn’t even a word for Nebraska). 1996. Research shows soy protein awareness and hot fl ash in Japanese. Sherwood Gorbach, M.D., at Tufts usage are up. 2(4):3. University School of Medicine, in Boston, Massachusetts, • Summary: “Weise Research Associates (WRA) recently was one of the fi rst to suggest that the reason for this may completed a nationwide soy protein awareness and lie in the Asian diet, which is rich in soyfoods that contain usage study using a randomized telephone survey of 500 isofl avones–a natural plant form of estrogen. In one day, a consumers nationwide... The information in the study was typical Asian woman–who eats about a quarter pound of compared with three earlier similar studies, 1988 and 1991 soyfoods–may be getting 30 to 50 milligrams of isofl avones studies by Protein Technologies International, and a 1991 from her food. study for the American Soybean Association conducted by Three clinical studies are now under way to see if and Burke Market Research. These research results describe a how soy isofl avones work to relieve menopausal symptoms. marked increase in consumers’ desire to try and purchase At Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest foods with soy protein. This desire has led to an increased University (Winston-Salem, North Carolina), Gregory Burke, demand for soyfoods.” MD, heads a study of 240 women over age 45 experiencing The key fi ndings of the research: (1) During the last 5 hot fl ashes or night sweats. Every day for 2 years the women to 8 years, awareness of soy proteins in specifi c foods has will drink an 8-ounce soy beverage containing either 1 mg, increased from 60% of households surveyed in 1988 to 80% 34 mg, or 50 mg of isofl avones without knowing which level 1996. of isofl avones they’re receiving. Researchers will see if more (2) Consumers today appear twice as willing to try isofl avones relieve their menopausal symptoms or anxiety or products containing soy as in 1988. Consumer trials of foods mood swings. containing soy protein increased from 25% of households in Two studies at Tufts University, in Dr. Gorbach’s 1988 to 50% in 1996. department, are following 60 women with hot fl ashes. (3) Health and nutrition are the main reasons given by For 3 months, these women will eat either two specially consumers for trying foods containing soy proteins. designed almond- or chocolate-fl avored soy breakfast bars (4) Future purchase intent by consumers of foods that each contain 20 mg isofl avones (for a daily total of 40 containing soy protein increased from 20% “more likely” in mg isofl avones) or two placebo bars without isofl avones. 1988 to 32% in 1996. Researchers will track the women’s reports of hot fl ashes (5) In the 1996 study, 75% of consumers said they and night sweats, and their levels of estrogen and other would not be surprised to see soy protein listed on a meat hormones. Though these studies have not been completed, label. Moreover, the vast majority of consumers felt that preliminary data look promising says Dr. Gorbach. this would be a positive step to inform consumers about the A table (p. 67) shows the amount of isofl avones (in mg) potential benefi ts of soy proteins. in a typical serving of various soyfoods. In descending order: (6) When offered a choice between animal and vegetable Nutlettes breakfast cereal* (½ cup): 122 mg isofl avones + protein, 46% of those surveyed chose the later, largely 140 calories. Beef(Not) textured soy protein granules* (¼ because of health concerns and the perceived lower fat cup dry): 62 mg + 70 calories. Roasted soy nuts (¼ cup): 60 benefi ts of vegetable protein. mg + 195 calories. Tempeh (½ cup): 35 mg + 165 calories. (7) The demographic profi le of the “high potential” for Low-fat tofu (½ cup): 35 mg + 54-75 calories. Regular tofu soy protein usage consumer segment appears to be somewhat (½ cup): 35 mg + 105-120 calories. Take Care High Protein younger female consumers (median age of 38.8 to 40.3) from

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 357 middle income households ($30,000–$38,700). Frequent past trial of soy protein in other foods was also a strong indicator of willingness to consider textured soy protein in meat products.

851. Ralston Purina Company. 1996. Annual report to shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 52 p. • Summary: See also next page. Pages 10-11: In large, bold letters–”Protein Technologies International is the world’s leading producer and marketer of high-quality dietary isolated soy protein and fi ber food ingredients, and a leading marketer of polymer products worldwide.” “Supro brand isolated soy proteins comprise Protein Technologies International’s core product line, with key applications in infant formulas, dietary foods and processed meat, poultry and seafood products. Additional key products for food and beverage markets include Supro Plus brand isolated soy proteins, and Fibrim brand soy fi ber with applications in medical/nutritional beverages, baked goods and reduced calorie breads. Our Pro-Cote brand polymer products are sold to industrial paperboard and coated paper customers worldwide. “In Fiscal 1996 PTI contributed $385,400,000 in sales and $84,500,000 in operating profi t to Ralston Purina Company before amortization”–compared with operating “Supro Success: Our Supro brand isolated soy protein profi t of $82.8 million in 1995 and $67.1 million in 1994. continued to grow sales at a double-digit rate in Fiscal 1996, “Operating profi t of the segment increased slightly for primarily due to strong sales to meat processors in Europe, the year as higher volumes and prices were nearly offset North America, and Latin America. by increased business development costs and higher raw “Supro is a high quality, complete protein that is highly material costs in the last half of the year. digestible. This core product plays a signifi cant role in “With six manufacturing facilities and approximately providing required protein levels at affordable and stable 1,200 employees, PTI serves a global customer base with costs. technologists and account managers located in 35 countries. “Protein Technologies International continues to support More than half its sales are generated outside the USA.” clinical research surrounding the health benefi ts of Supro. “Benefi ts of Soy Protein: Protein Technologies International is committed to supporting research of existing soy protein sources in order to identify healthful food solutions and health benefi ts. For example, an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August 1995 emphasizes the value of isolated soy protein for lowering cholesterol in humans and the general health value of soy protein-based foods. The news gives consumers and industry an incentive to consider soy for a daily source of protein and develop foods which contain signifi cant amounts of soy protein. “We are currently working on a variety of new products to address this opportunity. One example is Take Care, a consumer beverage mail-order product which contains Supro. Take Care is an excellent source of soy protein, calcium and vitamins, and is low in fat and free of lactose and cholesterol. The product comes in a variety of fl avors for mixing with water, fruit juice or other beverages. “Plant Expansions Continue: Plant capacity expansions to address the increasing worldwide demand for isolated

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 359 soy protein are underway on two continents. Our Memphis replacement therapy.” [Tennessee] facility [isolate plant] is in the midst of a Central Soya now has a new, improved soy protein $65 million expansion, and our Ieper, Belgium, plant has concentrate, Soyarich B. The number of U.S. vegetarians has undertaken a multi-million dollar expansion. Both plants are more than doubled in the last decade to more than 15 million. key suppliers of Supro brand isolated soy protein and Fibrim For the consumer of soy burgers, taste and texture are more brand soy fi ber for customers worldwide. important than fat content. “Opportunities for Growth, and Outlook: Protein Beverages are an easy way for consumers to add soy Technologies International enjoys a number of competitive protein to their diets. Protein Technologies International advantages, including a sophisticated manufacturing makes Take Care, a high protein beverage powder based infrastructure, excellent customer relationships, and a leading on Supro brand isolated soy protein. PTI’s latest isolate technology position that is constantly upgraded to deliver product is Health Source, a refrigerated non-dairy, nonfat value to our customers. beverage that will be test marketed this spring. It will also be “Our account and applied technology managers form made into yogurt-style desserts. These will contain the daily partnerships with our customers to uniquely meet their requirements for calcium and vitamin C. Address: Technical business needs with leading-edge food and nutritional Editor, Radnor, Pennsylvania. science capabilities and solutions. While we operate in an increasingly competitive environment, we are confi dent our 853. Ralston Purina Co. 1997. Chronology (1961-1996), superior technological capabilities will prevail at the end of dividends paid, and stock price performance. St. Louis, the day. Missouri. 7 p. Unpublished report. “Looking ahead, we believe the prospects for Protein • Summary: 1961–The company began its transformation to Technologies International are excellent. On one hand, food a consumer products growth business. 1962–The stock was processors in mature economies face intense competitive fi rst listed on the New York Stock Exchange. 1966–Sales pressure to reduce costs. At the same time, in developing fi rst topped 1 billion. The stock price was low and steady countries a compelling need for high-quality, affordable from 1961 to 1982, when it began to rise. 1981–W.P. Stiritz protein exists. Perhaps most encouraging is the increasing was elected President and CEO. In 1985 the company sold publicity surrounding health benefi ts of soy protein. Given its soybean operations. 195–Sold Continental Baking Co. this potential, we look forward to Fiscal 1997 and beyond.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Phone: 314-982-3002. Six color photos show subjects related to PTI, include a class container of Supro, a can of Take Care, and the 854. Product Name: Personal Edge (Nutritional Beverage computer control panels at one of the company’s state-of-the- Powder) [Plain, Strawberry, Chocolate]. art facilities. Manufacturer’s Name: Nutritious Foods, Inc. (Distributor). Page 32 states that sales of the Soy Protein Products Manufacturer’s Address: St. Louis, Missouri. segment increased by 7.0% in 1996 and 10.6% in 1995 on Date of Introduction: 1997 February. strong volume in food protein products. In 1995 operating Ingredients: Incl. Supro brand isolated soy protein. profi t increased 23.5%. How Stored: Shelf stable. An announcement of the Annual Meeting of New Product–Documentation: Ann Behling. 1997. Shareholders (21 p.) is included. Address: Checkerboard Soybean Digest. Feb. p. 90. “Soy-based beverage provides Square, St. Louis, Missouri. an edge.” Personal Edge, a sports nutritional beverage made from Supro brand isolated soy protein, helps speed the repair 852. Brandt, Laura. 1997. The soy story: Making healthy and recovery of muscle tissue after training or competition, taste better. Food Formulating (Chilton’s). Jan. p. 46-47. according to its manufacturer. It can be mixed with milk, • Summary: The subtitle reads: “The recent news about soy’s water, or orange juice. It is being promoted by the Nebraska health benefi ts is good. Getting Americans to incorporate soy Soybean Board at various farm shows and related events. into their diets is another matter. Improved soy ingredients make it easier for formulators to create new soy foods with 855. Protein Technologies International. 1997. Supro and better taste and texture.” Researchers that two isofl avones in isofl avones update: Science & nutrition brief (Brochure). St. soy, genistein and daidzein, provide many of the nutritional Louis, Missouri. 3 p. Feb. 28 cm. [17 ref] benefi ts, probably because they have properties similar to • Summary: Table 1 shows the range (mg/gm of protein) the hormone estrogen. “Several studies on peri- and post- of isofl avone content of Supro brand isolated soy protein menopausal women who consumed soy protein showed products* (Footnote: *”All forms”). Daidzein 0.3 to 1.8. promising results toward alleviating menopausal symptoms Genistein 0.6 to 2.8. Glycitein 0.1 to 0.4. Total isofl avones and increasing bone density and bone mineral content. Soy 1.0 to 5.0. Source: Protein Technologies International. supplementation (containing phytoestrogens) has been Note: A table with this same title and similar content was suggested as an alternative to still-controversial hormone published in a March 1995 technical paper titled “Supro and

Meditation or TM) has been formed and is now circulating a draft proposal on genetically modifi ed organisms in foods– urging that they be labeled. Trevor’s sales have decreased by 25% over the past 18 months. His biggest specifi c problem is trying to fi nd a source of soy protein isolates that are guaranteed to be free of GM soybeans. Protein Technologies International is refusing to deal with this issue by saying that their isolates are safe. There are other big users of soy protein isolates in Australia: A large sausage company and Sanitarium Foods. Of his various products, Trevor’s isolate-based soymilk has suffered the greatest drop in sales. Sales of his tofu products have not Isofl avones.” The levels of isofl avones shown in the earlier decreased, and sales of his soy ice creams are down only a paper were about 50 to 100% lower than those reported in little. Address: Managing Director, Bean Supreme Ltd., P.O. this Feb. 1997 paper. The earlier table showed the range (mg/ Box 12082, 140 Hugo Johnson Dr., Penrose, Auckland, New gm of protein) of isofl avone content of Supro brand isolated Zealand. Phone: (09) 590 592. soy protein products* (Footnote: *”Aglucone units adjusted for molecular weights”). Daidzein 0.15 to 0.72. Genistein 857. Johnston, Trevor. 1997. Genetically modifi ed foods 0.48 to 1.51. Glycitein 0.05 to 0.26. Total isofl avones 0.68 to update–May 13 (News release). Auckland, New Zealand: 2.49. Source: Protein Technologies International. Address: Bean Supreme, Ltd. 1 p. May 13. Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: • Summary: “This memo is to let you know what we are 1-800-325-7108. doing to ensure our consumers GMO (genetically modifi ed organism) free soy products. 856. Johnston, Trevor. 1997. Recent nightmares at Bean “At present we can control the source of our soybeans Supreme Ltd. in New Zealand (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. which we import. We do not and will not in the future import May 7. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. any genetically modifi ed whole soybeans for our Tofu • Summary: The last 18 months have been a marketing manufacture. nightmare for Trevor. The problems started when a “The situation is more complex with soy derivative toxicologist, who works for the government in New Zealand, products which we also use in many of our products, e.g. fed his parrots a soy-based formula and they died. He blamed soy protein powders [soy protein isolates]. These are highly the soy. He and others formed “The Soy Toxin Team” nutritious and valuable food ingredients to us. We along and have been working ceaselessly to (1) get soy-based with many other companies are lobbying our suppliers to infant formula banned from the market in New Zealand, guarantee us GMO free product. At present they can’t give and (2) alert the public to what they feel are the dangers of us this assurance because they draw their source beans from the phytoestrogens in soybeans. Trevor has a huge fi le of commodity stocks of beans which may or may not contain anti-soy and anti-phytoestrogen articles published in New small quantities of GMO beans (Roundup Ready beans Zealand. Note that in the USA almost all of the many articles comprise approx. 2% of the US crop in 1997). about the phytoestrogens in soybeans consider them to be “There is presently no requirement in U.S. law to one of the main benefi ts of soybeans. segregate GMO and conventionally bred stocks.” The second major problem has been Roundup Ready Johnson ends the new release with a suggestion: “If soybeans–which are genetically engineered by Monsanto. you wish to express your views directly to the manufacturer Greenpeace in Australia has made these soybeans their of soy protein powders such as those used widely in the major project; they are working to alert the public to the industry write to; Michael W. Sel, Director, Product Quality, fact that most food products that contain soybeans–unless Protein Technologies International, 900 Checkerboard specifi cally labeled otherwise–probably contain at least a Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63814 USA. Fax 001 314 982 small percentage of Roundup Ready soybeans–which are not 1841.” Address: Marketing director, Bean Supreme Ltd., Box labeled as being genetically modifi ed (GM). These soybeans 12082, Penrose, Auckland, New Zealand]. Phone: 64 9 579- offer no benefi ts to consumers and Greenpeace argues that 0592. they main contain some real dangers. They have conducted a number of media actions, such as taking soy products 858. Wall Street Journal. 1997. Ralston issues denial of any off supermarket shelves to point out that they contain plans to shed its Eveready Division. May 28. soy–as the cameras roll. The result has been to give soy a • Summary: William Stiritz, the chairman and CEO of negative image in Australia. A group called the Natural Food Ralston Purina Co., said the company is looking at various Commission (an offshoot of Maharishi’s Transcendental options for its soy protein products division [PTI], “a real

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 361 gem of a business,” which last year had $421 million in was primarily supported by the Illinois Soybean Program revenue and $85 million in operating profi t. These soy Operating Board. protein products are used as an ingredient in processed The Study: Postmenopausal, hypercholesterolemic meats, infant formulas, and dietary foods. The company is women (n=66) with initial total cholesterol concentrations considering the possibility of some kind of special stock for between 240-300mg/dl were placed on a low fat/low PTI. Ralston had once created a special class of stock for cholesterol diet (<30 percent of energy<300mg/day; National its Continental Baking unit, which it sold in 1995. Address: Cholesterol Education Program Step 1 diet). After two weeks Staff reporter. on the basal diet, women were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups providing 40 g protein 859. Erdman, John, Jr.; Potter, Susan M. 1997. Soy and bone from one of the following: isolated soy protein containing health. Soy Connection (The) (Chesterfi eld, Missouri–United moderate concentrations of isofl avones (ISP; Supro 675), Soybean Board) 5(2):1, 6. Spring. [8 ref] isolated soy protein containing higher concentrations of • Summary: “Osteoporosis is one of the major debilitating isofl avones (ISP+, Protein Technologies International, St. diseases of aging, especially for women. In the United States Louis, MO), or casein/nonfat dry milk (control, New Zealand alone, some 1.5 million persons will have fractures yearly Milk Products, Wellington, New Zealand). Both isolated soy from this disease with a health care cost in excess of $10 proteins were fortifi ed with calcium (calcium phosphate) to billion. Women are protected to some degree from rapid bone amounts comparable to those found in casein. Test proteins mineral losses prior to menopause by the hormone estrogen. were incorporated into a variety of food items including After menopause, circulating levels of estrogen dramatically breads, muffi ns, drinks, milks, and soups. The entire study drop, often with an increased rate of bone loss. After period lasted 26 weeks; 2 weeks for the basal, lead-in period, menopause some women elect to use hormone replacement and 24 weeks for the intervention period. Women were therapy (HRT), in part, to reduce the bone loss. HRT can excluded from participation if they used any medications also have benefi cial effects on blood lipids (total and LDL known to alter lipid and/or bone/calcium metabolism, cholesterol) and menopausal symptoms, such as hot fl ashes. including HRT within the last six months or menstruated Unfortunately, there are often side effects including increased within the last 12 months prior to initiation of the study. On risk of breast and uterine cancer or return of menses. two separate days at the end of the two-week adaptation “Recently there has been a great deal of interest period (baseline) and every six weeks for the duration of the in the potential role of plant estrogens, the so-called 24 week study, fasting blood samples were collected. Total phytoestrogens, in improving the health of postmenopausal plasma cholesterol (TC), HDL, and total triglycerides were women. Soy is a rich and primary dietary source of the quantifi ed. phytoestrogen class known as isofl avones. Isofl avones “Bone mineral measurements of the lumbar spine (L1- are present in relatively large amounts in virtually all soy L4), the proximal femur (including the femoral neck) and protein-containing products with the exception of soy Ward’s triangle, and the total body were measured by dual- protein concentrates and isolates that have undergone energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic QDR-200, alcohol extraction during processing. Genistein, the major Waltham, MA) prior to initiation of the intervention period isofl avones in soy, is known to be estrogen analog and will and then again after the 24 weeks of consuming the test bind to estrogen receptors with an affi nity of approximately protein. All measurements were made and analyzed by the 0.2 percent that of estradiol, the major circulating estrogen. same two experienced operators. “Genistein, and daidzein, the other primary isofl avone “The Results: Subjects consumed test protein-containing in soy, are structurally similar to estradiol. In animal and cell products without diffi culty. Of the skeletal sites tested, culture studies genistein can be shown to have estrogenic lumbar spine bone mineral content and density increased or antiestrogenic effects depending upon tissue studied and signifi cantly (about 2 percent) at the end of the 24-week dose level. In regard to bone, it is hypothesized that the treatment period in the ISP+ group, but not in either of the isofl avones have estrogenic action or are estrogen agonists, other groups. No signifi cant differences between groups and should improve bone health. were noted in bone mineral density or content in total body “Since postmenopausal women are at risk of estrogen or other skeletal sites. While total cholesterol was not altered defi ciency-related health problems such as cardiovascular by dietary treatment, HDL cholesterol increased, starting at disease and osteoporosis, it is possible that consumption week six for the ISP group and week 18 for the ISP+ group of soy products containing isofl avones may reduce the risk (p<.05), and non-HDL (LDL + VLDL) cholesterol decreased of these diseases. A study was designed at the University at week 24 (p<.05) in subjects who consumed either ISP or of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to examine the impact ISP+ compared to control. Ratios of total cholesterol/HDL of soy protein containing different concentrations of cholesterol were improved with respect to cardiovascular isofl avones on blood lipid profi les and bone density in risk by both soy protein preparations. Dietary treatment did hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. This work not infl uence total triglyceride concentrations.

“Results from this study indicate that soy protein reduction in total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in is effective in modulating risk of both cardiovascular mildly hypercholesterolemic men consuming 50 g soy disease and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. protein per day. Differences between our current fi ndings Interestingly, the amount of isofl avone consumed had little in postmenopausal women and previous studies with impact on blood lipid parameters, but was a factor in bone men could be due to differences in responsiveness to soy measurements. In fact, the ISP diet group with the moderate between the sexes. The fact that we did observe a signifi cant concentration of isofl avones signifi cantly improved blood increase in HDL cholesterol, a fi nding typically not present lipid profi les prior to 24 weeks while the group receiving in men fed soy protein, may indicate that part of the soy higher concentrations (ISP+) did not have signifi cant protein response in women is related to isofl avones and improvement until later in the study (18-24 weeks). The their interaction with estrogen receptors. However, we reason for this may be due to the possibility that the did not observe signifi cant decreases in total cholesterol dietary concentration of isofl avones needed to affect lipid or signifi cant increases in total triacylglycerols, common metabolism is different from that needed to infl uence bone responses to estrogen given to postmenopausal women. metabolism. The possibility also exists that the cholesterol- “Conclusion: Our data suggests that isolated soy protein modulating component of soy is not, or only partially, related at either concentration of isofl avones is protective against to isofl avones. cardiovascular diseases by altering lipoprotein profi les “Implications: Our fi ndings that the higher isofl avone- in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, we observed a containing soy protein product (ISP+) produced signifi cant possible protective role of isofl avones on bone maintenance. increases in bone mineral content and density in the spine Unfortunately many women in the U.S. either cannot or will was of interest for at least two reasons. First, of all skeletal not comply to standard hormone replacement therapy, which sites measured, the spine is the area that is thought to be is the treatment of choice for prevention and treatment of the most sensitive to estrogen due to its higher content of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis in this population. trabecular bone. This type of bone undergoes remodeling at Thus, it is possible that addition of soy products containing a much more rapid rate than the hip, which contains a higher isofl avones to the diet may provide a viable alternative mode proportion of cortical bone. Second, we had hypothesized of therapy in improvement of health in postmenopausal that both isofl avone-containing soy proteins would be women.” Address: 1. PhD, Prof. of Food Science and associated with a delayed decrease in bone density compared Human Nutrition, Univ. of Illinois; 2. R.D., Senior Nutrition to control. The fact that there was a slight increase in bone Scientist, Protein Technologies International [St. Louis, density and mineral content (2 percent) was very intriguing. Missouri]. However, this is a very short study with respect to bone, and fi ndings need to be confi rmed by longer studies (e.g. at least 860. SoyaScan Notes. 1997. The soy protein isolate industry two years). and market worldwide (Overview). July 14. Compiled by “There have been a few studies in experimental animals William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. that have focused on the effects of soybean isofl avones on • Summary: The following statistics were compiled, with hormonally-related bone loss, although the results have permission, from one or more very reliable sources, which been mixed. A research team at the University of Illinois at have asked to remain anonymous. Chicago campus headed by Dr. B.H. Arjmandi have shown in Protein Technologies International (PTI) in the USA– ovariectomized, female rats (a model for the postmenopausal 70,000 tonnes/year. women) that a diet with ISP containing isofl avones, started PTI in Belgium–15,000 tonnes. immediately after ovariectomy, was effective in preventing ADM–15,000-20,000 tonnes. bone loss in the fourth lumbar vertebra. The isofl avone- Fuji-PTI in Japan–10,000 tonnes. containing ISP also reduced bone loss, although to a lesser Sanbra in Brazil–8,000 tonnes. extent, in the right femur. In a later study, this same team Others worldwide: 6,000 tonnes. found that the ISP containing isofl avones did not restore Total worldwide: 124,000 to 129,000 tonnes/year. bone, once lost due to ovariectomy, when there was a delay The soy protein isolate market worldwide is pretty in feeding ISP until well after the ovariectomy. These two stagnant–growing quite slowly. By contrast, the soy protein studies support the role of soy isofl avones in preventing concentrate market is growing very rapidly, and is expected bone loss in female rats without ovaries (and thus estrogen) to double in the next 4-5 years. as long as ISP is fed soon after loss of ovarian function (i.e. menopause). 861. Deutsch, Claudia. 1997. DuPont to buy Ralston Purina “With regard to blood lipids, the cholesterol-lowering soy protein unit. New York Times. Aug. 23. p. 35, 37. effect of soy protein was not as pronounced in women • Summary: This acquisition for $1.5 billion in stock is part in our current study as what has been reported in the of DuPont’s “fervent push into agricultural biotechnology.” literature. Previously we reported an 11-12 percent Protein Technologies International (PTI) supplies about

75% of the world market for soy proteins used in processed Ralston’s stock advanced $3.44 to $91.68 with the sale. foods. ADM stock rose $0.94 to $21.875. The deal comes 2 weeks after DuPont bought a 20% Note: As of 16 Oct. 1998, PTI has decided to remain at stake in Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. for $1.7 billion. its former offi ces at the Ralston Purina building in St. Louis. DuPont is said to be ramping up its efforts to make Missouri. It still uses the Ralston Purina library, etc. improved soybean seeds, and the company needs to be sure they will have access to as many customers as possible. 863. National Oilseed Processors Association. 1997. Companies like PTI or ADM will contract with farmers Yearbook and trading rules 1997-1998. Washington, DC. [iv] to grow a specifi c type of soybean, and companies like + 127 + 11 p. No index. 23 cm. DuPont or Monsanto want to be as sure as possible that its • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: their soybeans that are being contracted for. Effective August 1, 1997. Contents: Constitution and by- Biotechnology is beginning to blur the lines between laws. Offi cers and directors. Executive offi ce. Members. the different parts of the food chain. It’s a new fi eld called Standing committees. Trading rules on soybean meal. neutriceuticals. The stakes are huge, now that seeds can be Appendix to trading rules on soybean meal: Offi cial methods patented. of analysis (moisture, protein, crude fi ber, oil {only method numbers listed}), sampling of soybean meal {at origin} 862. Kilman, Scott; Warren, Susan. 1997. DuPont to buy (automatic mechanic sampler, pneumatic probe sampler, Ralston-Purina unit in building ‘dirt-to-dinner’ biotech line. probe sampler), sampling of soybean meal (at barge loading Wall Street Journal. Aug. 25. p. A4, C2 (p. A8 East). transfer facilities), offi cial weighmaster application, semi- • Summary: DuPont says it has has signed a letter of intent annual scale report, certifi cation of installation of automatic to buy Ralston Purina’s soybean processing unit, Protein sampler & mechanical divider (at origin), semi-annual Technologies International (PTI), for $1.5 billion in DuPont certifi cation of automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at stock. PTI makes high-protein powder from soybeans, “a origin), voluntary checklist for semi-annual certifi cation of hot-selling ingredient for everything from infant formula sampler & divider (at origin), certifi cation of installation of to supplemental nutritional drinks for senior citizens. automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at barge loading Recent medical studies suggesting that soybean compounds transfer facility), semi-annual certifi cation of automatic inhibit growth of some cancer cells and reduce the risk of sampler & mechanical divider (at barge loading transfer osteoporosis are fanning strong interest in them for use in facility), voluntary checklist for semi-annual certifi cation ‘nutraceuticals.’” DuPont, a giant chemical company, wants of sampler & divider (at barge loading transfer facility), PTI to process the soybeans genetically engineered by the offi cial referee laboratories (meal), offi cial NOPA soybean biotech joint venture it recently formed with Pioneer Hi-Bred meal sample bag. Soybean meal export trading rules: International Inc. of Des Moines, Iowa, the nation’s largest Minimum blending procedures for export meal blended seed company; DuPont purchased a 20% stake in Pioneer for at ports, sampling of soybean meal (at vessel loading $1.7 billion. facilities), weighing of soybean meal (at vessel loading “Offi cials of the joint venture hope to design a soybean facilities), certifi cation of installation of automatic sampler & from which it is easier to extract isofl avones, a chemical mechanical divider (at vessel loading facility), semi-annual with estrogen-like properties some researchers believe eases certifi cation of automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at menopause symptoms.” Industry observers were surprised at vessel loading facility), semi-annual certifi cation of scales at the high price (announced Friday) that DuPont offered to pay vessel loading facilities. Trading rules on soybean oil. Sales for PTI; it is more than 3 times the annual revenue of PTI, contract. Defi nitions of grade and quality of export oils. which last year had $421 million in sales and $85 million in Soybean lecithin specifi cations. Appendix to trading rules on operating profi t. High offer fueled speculation that DuPont soybean oil: Inspection, grading soybean oil for color (NOPA had to outbid its biggest biotech rival, Monsanto Co., which tentative method), methods of analysis (A.O.C.S. offi cial is spinning off its fl agship chemicals business as it gobbles methods): Soybean oil, crude; soybean oil, refi ned; soybean up seed and biotech companies. Some Wall Street analysts oil, refi ned and bleached; soybean oil for technical uses think Friday’s developments put pressure on Monsanto (iodine value, unsaponifi able, break test); refi ning byproduct to form some sort of alliance with ADM to process its lipid, acidulated (refi ning byproduct lipid and tank bottoms), genetically engineered crops into food ingredients. offi cial weighmaster application, semi-annual scale report, Although the soy protein market that PTI helped to offi cial referee chemists (oil). Soybean oil export trading create is growing at about 10% a year, Ralston says it is rules. Uniform soybean oil export contract. Foreign trade selling the unit because it doesn’t have the biotechnology defi nitions (for information purposes only) Appendix 1. resources to take it to the next level. DuPont said it expects The section on offi cers, executive committee, and board to reach a fi nal agreement with Ralston this fall, subject to of directors (p. 7-8) gives the name, company affi liation, corporate and regulatory approval. and phone number of each person. Offi cers (executive

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 364 committee)–Chairman: William B. Campbell, Central Soya Tennessee. Bunge Corp. (16); Decatur, Alabama; Cairo, Company, Inc. Chairman-elect: Richard Galloway, Quincy Illinois; Danville, Illinois; Emporia, Kansas; Destrehan, Soybean Company. Secretary / Treasurer: Albert J. Ambrose, Louisiana; St. Marks, Mississippi; Vicksburg, Mississippi; Harvest States / Honeymead Processing and Refi ning. St. Louis, Missouri. Cargill, Inc. (19); Guntersville, Alabama Immediate past chairman: John A. Burritt, Ag Processing Inc Osceola, Arkansas; Gainesville, Georgia; Lafayette, Indiana; a cooperative. Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Des Moines, Iowa; Iowa Falls, Iowa; Executive staff: President: Sheldon J. Hauck. Executive Sioux City, Iowa; Washington, Iowa; Bloomington, Illinois; vice president: Alen F. Johnson. Chicago, Illinois; Wichita, Kansas; Burnsville, Minnesota; Board of directors (alphabetically by company; each Minneapolis, Minnesota; South Savage, Minnesota; member company may have up to two representatives Wayzata, Minnesota; Kansas City, Missouri; Fayetteville, on the board; only the fi rst of these may vote): James W. North Carolina; Raleigh, North Carolina; Sidney, Ohio; Lindsay & John A. Burritt, Ag Processing Inc a cooperative. Memphis, Tennessee; Chesapeake, Virginia. Central Soya John G. Reed, Jr. & John D. McNamara, Archer Daniels Co., Inc. (11); Gibson City, Illinois; Decatur, Indiana; Fort Midland Co. Archie Gwathmey & Charles Bussey, Bunge Wayne, Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana; Belmond, Iowa; Corporation. Wayne Teddy & John March, Cargill, Inc. Bellevue, Ohio; Marion, Ohio; Delphos, Ohio; Chattanooga, William B. Campbell & Carl Hausmann, Central Soya Tennessee. Harvest States / Honeymead Processing and Co., Inc. James D. Tibbets & Al Ambrose, Harvest States Refi ning. (5); Mankato, Minnesota. Owensboro Grain / Honeymead Processing and Refi ning. Patrick E. Wright Co., Inc. (4); Owensboro, Kentucky. Perdue Farms, Inc. & Henry E. O’Bryan Owensboro Grain Co., Inc. Richard (4); Salisbury, Maryland; Cofi eld, North Carolina. Quincy L. Wiley & L. Weldon Sander, Perdue Farms, Inc. Richard Soybean Co. (4); Helena, Arkansas, Quincy, Illinois. Galloway & Larry Horn, Quincy Soybean Co. Gerard A. Riceland Foods, Inc. (5); Stuttgart, Arkansas. South Dakota Delatte & Richard E. Bell, Riceland Foods, Inc. Thomas Soybean Processors (3); Volga, South Dakota. Southern L. Harper, Southern Soya Corp. Rodney Christianson & Soya Corp. (2); Estill, South Carolina. Townsend’s Inc. David Thompson, South Dakota Soybean Processors, D. (2); Millsboro, Delaware. Zealand Farm Soya (3); Zealand, Daryl Houghton & George C. White, Townsends, Inc. Cliff Michigan. Meeuwsen & Arlen Meeuwsen, Zealand Farm Soya. Associate Members: AC Humco, Memphis, Tennessee. Executive offi ce, Washington, DC: President, Sheldon J. ADM Agri-Industries Ltd., Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Alfred Hauck (Email: [email protected]). Executive vice president: C. Toepfer International, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Allen F. Johnson. Director of regulatory affairs: David C. Amber, Inc., Tarrytown, New York. C&T Quincy, Richmond, Allor. Executive asst.: Hady J. Nash. General counsel: Elroy Virginia. CanAmera Foods, Oakville, Ontario, Canada. H. Wolff, Sidley & Austin. Special consultant: C. Lockwood Columbia Grain & Ingredients, Inc., Wellborn, Florida. Marine, Ft. Wayne, Indiana. Commodity Specialists Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Members (listed alphabetically by company; within Con Agra Poultry Co., El Dorado, Arkansas. Continental each company, fi rst the name of the offi cial Association Grain Co., Chicago, Illinois. ContiQuincyBunge, New York representative {who is on the Board and votes}, followed City, New York. Garnac Grain Co., Overland Park, Kansas. by the other personal members listed alphabetically by Hunt-Wesson, Inc., Fullerton, California. Iowa Select Farms, surname. For example, Archer Daniels Midland Co., the Iowa Falls, Iowa. Lipton, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. company with the most personal members, has 34. After the Louis Dreyfus, Wilton, Connecticut. Noga Commodities name of each personal member is given with his address and (Overseas), Inc., New York City. Oleostates, Inc., Tucson, phone number. In the listing below, the number of personal Arizona. Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., Pittsburg, Texas. Procter members is shown in parentheses after the name of each & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Schouten USA Inc., company, followed by city and state of the various locations): Minneapolis, Minnesota. Ag Processing Inc a cooperative (25); Eagle Grove, Iowa; Standing committees: For each committee, the function Manning, Iowa; Mason City, Iowa; Sergeant Bluff, Iowa; of the committee, the names of all members (with the Sheldon, Iowa; Dawson, Minnesota; St. Joseph, Missouri. chairman designated), with the company and company Omaha, Nebraska. Archer Daniels Midland Co. (23); Archer address of each are given–Crusher committees: Canola, Daniels Midland Co. (34); Little Rock, Arkansas; Augusta, fl axseed, saffl ower seed, sunfl ower seed. International trade Georgia; Valdosta, Georgia; Decatur, Illinois; Galesburg, committee. Government and public relations committee. Illinois; Granite City, Illinois; Taylorville, Illinois; Frankfort, Industry and grower relations committee. Soybean Indiana; Des Moines, Iowa; Fredonia, Kansas; Destrehan, meal trading rules committee. Soybean oil trading rules Louisiana; Mankato, Minnesota; Red Wing, Minnesota; committee. Technical, research, environmental, and safety, Kansas City, Missouri; Mexico, Missouri; Clarksdale, health, and loss prevention (TESH) committee. Technical. Mississippi; Fremont, Nebraska; Lincoln, Nebraska; Address: 1255 Twenty-Third St., N.W., Washington, DC Fostoria, Ohio; Kershaw, South Carolina; Memphis, 20037. Phone: 202/452-8040. Fax: 202/835-0400.

“With Pioneer, DuPont created seed R&D and marketing 864. GMF–Genetically Modifi ed Foods Market Intelligence joint venture Optimum Quality Grains (C&EN, Aug. 11, p. (Genetic ID, Fairfi eld, Iowa). 1997. DuPont next big player 14).” in ag biotech. No. 12. Sept. 1. p. 1. Before these life sciences acquisitions, DuPont • Summary: “In a bid to join Monsanto and Novartis in the Agricultural Products was primarily in the crop protection top tier of developers of new genetically engineered crops, business–herbicides and seed protectants–which took 65 Wilmington, Delaware-based DuPont Co. is building a years to grow. biotech food empire through acquisitions. “When the latest transaction is completed, Ralston “DuPont has acquired a 20% stake in seed producer Purina will own nearly 2% of DuPont’s stock.” However Pioneer Hi-Bred International of Des Moines, Iowa, which the two companies must still complete a defi nitive fi nal will give it a marketing outlet for its new seeds that are agreement and obtain regulatory approval. genetically engineered for special nutritional attributes. A color portrait photo shows William F. Kirk of Pioneer had previously turned down purchase offers from DuPont–the man who made two strategic moves and Monsanto. captured a big opportunity. “As part of a strategy to create a vertically integrated structure to deliver its products, DuPont is also acquiring 866. Memphis Commercial Appeal. 1997. Biotech–At last, the Protein Technologies International (PTI) unit of Ralston DuPont in designer seed/food market. Sept. 4. * Purina Co. PTI is a leading producer of soy protein powders • Summary: For months DuPont Co. has watched from the that are ingredients in a wide range of nutritional products wings as Monsanto Co., Dow Chemical Co., and others have from infant formula to soy burgers. PTI will be the vehicle acquired the seed and biotech companies they need to market for processing and selling DuPont’s soybeans engineered to bioengineered crops. But last month DuPont spent $3.2 contain altered nutritional components such as proteins and billion on two major purchases: (1) A 20% stake in Pioneer fats. Hi-Bred International Inc., the world’s largest seed company, “The Wall Street Journal of August 25 reported that and (2) Protein Technologies International, a division of some Wall Street analysts are now expecting an alliance Ralston Purina Co. between Monsanto and Archer Daniels Midland Co. to process Monsanto’s genetically modifi ed crops into food 867. Ontario Soybean Growers’ Marketing Board Newsletter. products.” 1997. Profi les: Helin Oil Packers, Phil Iocavedes, and Jim Papadopoulos. Oct. p. 7. 865. Thayer, Ann. 1997. DuPont’s range now farm to table: • Summary: Helin Oil is a new oilseed crushing company, purchase of Protein Technologies provides downstream located on Hopkins Street in Whitby, Ontario, just east of avenues for ag products. Chemical and Engineering News. Toronto–the site of a former Ralston Purina feed mill. By Sept. 1. p. 9. mid-winter Helin plans to buy 2 million bushels a year of • Summary: With its of Protein Technologies International Ontario soybeans, which it will convert into “high-quality (PTI) from Ralston Purina Co., DuPont signals its move partial-fat soymeal for dairy farmers in Ontario and nearby into the fi elds of agriculture and biotechnology [genetic states,” and a variety of soybean oil products to be sold in engineering] where it joins a powerful new set of rivals: Canada and overseas. Monsanto, Novartis, and DowElanco. This new direction Phil Iocavedes (whose photo is shown) “will manage the might be called its “life sciences strategy.” says “William plant, reporting to Jim Papadopoulous, director of operations F. Kirk, vice president and general manager of DuPont for Helin Oil and one of the principals in Empire Foods Ltd., Agricultural Products. the Markham wholesale food and paper company that three For PTI, DuPont agreed to pay $1.5 billion in stock years ago decided the time was ripe to build a vegetable oil minus certain unspecifi ed liabilities. business in the province. Both Helin Oil and Empire Foods In 1996 PTI, a subsidiary of Ralston Purina, had sales are now owned by Helin Industries Ltd., which will be of $421 million and operating earnings of $85 million. It traded publicly starting in mid-October on the Alberta Stock “is a leading worldwide processor of soy proteins for the Exchange. food, paper, and health care industries. PTI has about 3,000 “Ontario’s oilseed crushing industry may be dominated customers, predominantly food companies, in 75 countries. It by international giants CanAmera Foods and Archer Daniels also has 1,200 employees, about 10% of whom are research Midlands, which crush nearly 60 million bushels of soybeans and development professionals.” a year at their Hamilton and Windsor locations, with a value Also in August DuPont announced the $1.7 billion in round terms of $500 million.” acquisition of a 20% interest in Pioneer Hi-Bred, the well “Papadopoulos was born in Greece and moved to known seed producer, which in 1996 enjoyed sales of $1.7 Canada at the age of 17 years.” billion and net income of $223 million. “The company is considering becoming Canada’s fi rst

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 366 marketer of mechanically pressed crude oil giants Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy. Novartis Seeds is now “With a staff of 35, the Whitby plant will be running its America’s second largest seed company after Pioneer Hi- four expellers and six extruders 24 hours a day, seven days a Bred International. week to crush 200 to 240 tonnes of cold-press oil per day.” Feb. 3–Monsanto completes its acquisition of Asgrow Address: Box 1199, Chatham, ONT, Canada N7M 5L8. Seed Co. of Kalamazoo, Michigan, for $240 million. From May 1968 to 1994 Asgrow had been owned by The Upjohn 868. Limpert, Bill. 1997. Functional and nonfunctional soy Co., which built the company into one of America’s largest protein concentrates. Isofl avones in soy protein products soybean seed companies. When Monsanto bought Asgrow (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 18. Conducted by William it was called the Asgrow Agronomics business of Seminis Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Inc., a subsidiary of Empresas La Moderna, S.A. (ELM), a • Summary: Cargill does not presently make soy protein multi-national agricultural company based out of Monterey, concentrates; the two big manufacturers worldwide are Mexico. of Mexico. ADM and Central Soya. Bill would guess that Central March 4–Morinaga Nutritional Foods’ new tofu plant in Soya may have a slightly larger market share–it is their Tualatin, Oregon holds its offi cial grand opening. Mori-Nu fl agship soy protein product. They each use two different Tofu, previously made in Japan, starts to be made in America methods to make these concentrates: the aqueous alcohol for the fi rst time. The plant, 65,000 square feet worth about wash (for non-functional concentrates, which have high $15 million, is on the same property as Pacifi c Foods of levels of denatured proteins) and the isoelectric wash (for Oregon, but in a separate building. functional concentrates, which have water absorption, higher March 12–House Foods America Corporation holds solubility, etc.). Of the three major soy protein products the opening ceremony for America’s largest tofu factory, in (fl our, concentrates, and isolates), soy fl our has the highest Garden Grove, California; the company closes its tofu plant level of all the different isofl avones. Since isofl avones are in central Los Angeles. The new fully automated, state-of- soluble in alcohol, they are absent in concentrates made the-art, 130,000 square foot plant cost $21 million, and will using the aqueous alcohol wash. The normal way to get a more than double the company’s tofu production capacity to functional soy protein concentrate is to use the an isoelectric 150,000 pounds/day, from 70,000 in the old plant. The old wash–where only water (no alcohol) is used, at a pH of 4.2 factory has been operating at full capacity for years. The new to 4.5. A concentrate made in this way will have a fairly low plant will have three tofu production lines, and is located on level of isofl avones, but not as low as the level in soy protein 5 acres of land–which gives plenty of room for expansion. isolates–even though not made using an alcohol wash. Bill Sept. Nasoya Foods (owned by Vitasoy) fi nishes moving is sure that PTI [Protein Technologies International] has far into a much larger, state-of-the-art $13.5 million plant more people working on isolates than ADM. (125,000 square feet) in Ayer, Massachusetts, from its former One important, basic question is: Can you produce a location in Leominster. The fi rst Vitasoy brand soymilk ever functional soy protein concentrate using the aqueous alcohol made in America starts to be shipped from the plant in mid- wash system? The resulting product would not contain September. Nasoya’s offi ces have now been moved to Ayer isofl avones. from Leominster, but tofu is still being made at the plant in ADM now pulls off one of their extraction streams to Leominster. get concentrated isofl avones–which they plan to market Oct. 14–The Hain Food Group acquires Westbrae as a separate product. They have all the pieces in place to Natural, Inc. Westbrae’s new name becomes Hain Food make commercial isofl avones. At the IFT show they even Group–Westbrae. Westbrae will continue to be headquartered had isofl avones on the front page of their catalog, even in Carson, California. though they didn’t offer the product inside! ADM’s strength Dec. 1–Phytoestrogens / isofl avones extracted from is that they offer all the soy protein products–and now they soybeans by ADM start to be sold commercially in the USA are offering “nutraceuticals” as well! Address: Research in pill form by supplement companies. ADM’s name for the Chemist, Technical Services Manager, Cargill, Inc., Research product is Mega Soy. Dep., P.O. Box 5699, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440. Phone: Dec. 3–DuPont purchases Protein Technologies 612-742-5365. International (PTI–the world’s leading manufacturer of soy protein isolates), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Ralston 869. SoyaScan Notes. 1997. Chronology of major soy- Purina Co. DuPont signed a letter of intent to acquire PTI on related events and trends during 1997 (Overview). Dec. 31. Aug. 24. PTI, which has offi ces worldwide, will continue to Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. be headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. • Summary: Jan. 1–Novartis Seeds (headquartered in Golden “How can I get more soy into my diet?” is the question Valley, Minnesota) is formed through the blockbuster merger most frequently asked by callers to Soyfoods Center–largely of Ciba Seeds and Northrup King Co. That merger was because of the FDA Health Claim. Soy appears to have a possible because of the mid-1996 merger of pharmaceutical bright future.

prohibiting DuPont from buying any additional Pioneer stock 870. Golbitz, Peter. 1997. DuPont ushers historic deal: for 16 years. Marriage of seeds, technology, and food processing signals “The deal has created excitement for the future at change. Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine) 4(4):1, 7. DuPont. Oct/Dec. “’It increases our confi dence that we can supply the • Summary: “A new era in food processing is about to unfold seeds that we need in order to grow our business,’ says Matt as chemical and technology giant DuPont completes its plan Renkoski, Soybean Business Manager for DuPont Optimum to bring together seed breeder Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Grains. soybean processor Protein Technologies International, and “Advances in Food Technology: Recently, PTI has been its own Agricultural Products division. This ‘dirt to dinner developing consumer products containing their isolated soy plate’ alliance is sure to change the face of food and crop proteins with isofl avones–powerful phytoestrogens believed production as we know it and usher in a new level of interest to exert a number of pharmacological effects on people such in crop-based foods and feed ingredients. as cancer prevention, heart disease protection and reduction “’The combination of DuPont, PTI and the recently of menopausal symptoms. announced joint venture with Pioneer bring together the “’We see crops as factories and soybean plants as technology and know-how to deliver high value food the ultimate factory to produce nutraceuticals,’ says and materials to a growing and more demanding world Mr. Renkoski. ‘We will eventually be pursuing those population,’ said DuPont president and CEO John Krol in a opportunities.’ prepared statement. “According to estimates prepared by Soyatech, Inc., “The deal should also help push a new wave of about 10% of the world’s soybeans are now used directly biotechnologically altered crops across America’s farmland. as human food, with about 86% used in soybean crushing. The fi rst biotech grains and oilseeds were designed to be Industry estimates hold that about 2 to 3% of the meal ‘farmer-friendly,’ allowing farmers to plant soybeans, corn from crush ends up in human food as value-added protein or cottonseed with reduced chemical input. This second ingredients. According to Mr. Renkoski, these numbers wave introduces seeds which have been engineered to have should increase with the advances in seed technology. enhanced nutritional characteristics or other food processor “’We should see a fair increase in whole soybean use or consumer specifi c benefi ts. For example, a new variety of in the future, but there will be a bigger increase in soy corn might contain specifi c amounts of certain amino acids ingredients from crush used in food products.’ for enhanced animal feeding or a soybean strain may be “Improvements in processing aren’t just happening as engineered to have lower saturated fat levels for improved a result of new soybean varieties. New technology is also food products. being developed which can take advantage of a new variety’s “With this marriage, DuPont has now positioned itself specifi c characteristics. to take the lead in developing and delivering these new crop- “’The combination of better tasting soybeans and new based food and feed ingredients to the world marketplace. technologies will provide the new products for the future,’ “An Alliance is Formed: The events of the deal began says Mr. Renkoski. unfolding in August when Pioneer and DuPont announced “It appears that DuPont is prepared to put its money their plans to form a research alliance and joint venture where its mouth is.” company to help both companies utilize new advances in seed breeding technology. The equally owned joint venture 871. Ralston Purina Company. 1997. Annual report to company, Optimum Quality Grains, plans to bring improved shareholders. St. Louis, Missouri. 52 p. corn and soybean varieties to the marketplace by the end • Summary: On the front cover is a statement in large letters of the year. The alliance created one of the world’s largest by William P. Stiritz (Chairman of the board, and former private agricultural research and development collaborations CEO and president) which states: “We are now at the end with both companies investing more than $400 million. of a transitional era, clearly focused on two world class “The second step came two weeks later when DuPont businesses.” These two businesses are the Ralston Purina announced the signing of a letter of intent to purchase Pet Products (“the world’s largest manufacturer of dry Protein Technologies International (PTI) and its related dog and dry and soft-moist cat foods...”) and the Eveready affi liates from Ralston Purina for $1.5 billion. PTI is the Battery Company (“the world’s largest manufacturer of dry- world’s leading producer and marketer of isolated soy cell batteries and fl ashlights,” a global leader in providing proteins. In mid September, DuPont announced that they had portable power, and maker of the Energizer brand). Inside completed a complex agreement wherein the company would the front cover, a 2-page foldout shows the price of a share of invest a total of $1.7 billion in Pioneer, purchase 20% of its the company’s stock from 1961 (when the transformation to outstanding shares, and have two of the 15 seats on its board a “consumer products growth business” began) to 1997. That of directors. The agreement includes a standstill agreement price rose from about 2 in 1961 to 20 in 1986, to 40 in 1990,

operate PTI as an independent subsidiary based in St. Louis. “Under Ralston ownership, PTI has consistently delivered high growth and excellent returns. The fact that PTI today is worth a considerable sum to one of the premier chemistry-based companies in the world underscores our enthusiasm about this transaction, and the subsequent value to Ralston shareholders.” “The amount received will be recorded in the fi rst quarter of fi scal 1998. The Soy Protein Products business is the world’s leading producer and marketer of high-quality dietary isolated protein and fi ber food ingredients, and a leading marketer of polymer products worldwide” (p. 34). PTI was actually sold on 3 Dec. 1997 (p. 50). Two newly-elected co-CEOs, W. Patrick McGinnis and J. Patrick Mulcahy, will replace W.P. Stiritz, the former CEO who orchestrated what one analyst called “one of the more amazing transformations in corporate America.” Stiritz will retire from active management of Ralston Purina while remaining Chairman of the Board. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri.

872. Jenks, Belinda E.; Waggle, Doyle H.; Henley, E.C. 1997. Isolated soy protein technology–Potential for new developments. In: Paul A. Lachance, ed. 1997. Nutraceuticals: Designer Foods III–Garlic, Soy, and Licorice. to 60 in 1995, and to about 85 in 1997. The rapid growth Trumbull, Connecticut: Food & Nutrition Press, Inc. xx + started in 1982. Net sales in 1997 were $4,486.8 million, 375 p. See p. 203-17. Chap. 22. [41 ref] up 4.3% over the previous year. Net earnings/profi ts from • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction: continuing operations after taxes and before unusual items Epidemiological observations, soy consumption, isolated were $335.4 million, up 9.1%. soy protein technology, cardiovascular disease incidence, The chairman’s letter (p. 1-2, from W.P. Stiritz) begins: plasma cholesterol-lowering effect with isolated soy protein, “The ever increasing focus of Ralston Purina Company proposed cholesterol-lowering mechanisms, implication of sharpened considerably in Fiscal 1997... RPI spin-off: dietary modifi cation on heart disease risk, cancer incidence On March 28, 1996, Ralston Purina’s Board of Directors in western populations, the mechanism of the anti-cancer approved a plan to spin off its international agricultural effect, challenge to the food industry, technology for the products and animal feeds businesses tax-free to holders of future. Conclusion and summary. References. Address: Ralston Stock. We subsequently announced our intention to Protein Technologies International Inc., Checkerboard complete the spin-off transaction in early calendar 1998. The Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. international agricultural products and animal feeds business is a leading producer of formula feeds with approximately 873. Messina, Mark J. 1998. Soy phytoestrogen pills–The 73 animal feed milling operations in 16 countries on four biggest soy-related story of the year (Interview). SoyaScan continents. Notes. Jan. 22. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods “Sale of Protein Technologies International to DuPont: Center. In December, the Company reached agreement to sell its soy • Summary: Phytoestrogens extracted from soybeans, made protein products operations to DuPont for approximately by ADM and sold in pill form, went on the market in the $1.5 billion comprised of DuPont common stock and the USA in about November 1997. The fi rst company to sell assumption of certain liabilities. them was the Life Extension Institute in Wilton Manors, “The Protein Technologies International senior Florida. They call the product Mega Soy Extract; in their management team was instrumental in pursuing the catalog it is listed under the category Soy Supplements. They ownership change. It is management’s view that DuPont’s sell the capsules in two sizes: 135 mg and 700 mg. ADM pharmaceutical and biotechnology capabilities will allow PTI is not mentioned in the catalog, but they have their own to realize fully the vast potential of its existing businesses ADM brand name for the product: Novasoy. Two research and to better capitalize on the emerging health benefi ts of scientists to talk to at ADM are Eric Gugger (phone 1-800- isolated soy protein. DuPont has indicated that it intends to 637-5850 X-4380) and Rasik Daftary. Mark has the highest

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 370 regard for these two men as scientists. They are dedicated to function, with no acknowledgment of previous research in the facts as shown by scientifi c research. this area. But this idea/hypothesis was out 4-6 years ago, Central Soya is now also making and selling the same and a summary in The Simple Soybean and Your Health kind of soy phytoestrogen pills, but ADM’s were on the (published April 1994) concluded that soy protein favorably market fi rst. What would happen if a person (such as a affected kidney function. This appears to be but one of many teenage girl wanting larger breasts) took 60 of these 135 examples where researchers are trying to establish their niche mg pills at once? Mark has no idea; you’d have to know in soy and ride it to fame–and sometimes fortune. Now in more about the absorption and blood levels. Many studies nearly every major university in America, there is at least now suggest that a person needs to consume 70 to 100 mg/ one researcher who is seriously interested in soy. That is day of these soy isofl avones (equivalent to about 2 servings really good for the fi eld, and will help its progress. of tofu or 2 cups of soymilk) to derive the benefi ts. This is The biggest event of 1997 is ADM starting to make soy clearly much more than most Americans would be willing isofl avone pills and thus taking soy isofl avones to the next to consume day after day. So the supplements make it much level. These isofl avone pills are even sold on TV, in home easier for people to get their isofl avones. The average intake shopping clubs–an amazing development. Many new books of these isofl avones among people in Asia is actually quite are being written on this subject by well-known authors, low, probably about 15-25 mg/day; this is much lower than and soy plays a leading role. “There is a soy bandwagon was formerly thought to be the case, yet epidemiologic here and everyone is jumping on it. The pills will take soy studies suggest that even these low levels confer benefi ts. to the next level because there is more money to be made, Solid studies increasingly show that these isofl avones and they are accessible to everyone. Now anyone can get give benefi ts in the areas of bone health (osteoporosis), the benefi ts (whatever they may turn out to be) without reduced risk of heart disease, and reduction of menopausal having to eat tofu or drink soymilk. Even with a bland symptoms. The benefi ts appear to be dose related–though soy powder, it was diffi cult for most people to consume there may be a threshold. There seem to be more benefi ts enough of it (60 gm/day) to get benefi ts. Now that the soy to women than to men, and little or no danger of any harm isofl avones are available as pills, many researchers will now if taken at the recommended doses. Though the results are do clinical studies with them. Even now, there are studies not yet defi nitive, there may be reduced prostate cancer risk underway all over the country. Three years ago, few people for men. Some studies have also looked at the individual were aware of soy isofl avones. Now the research is almost isofl avones. So Mark believes that many Americans will one step removed from mainstream medicine. Virtually all want to try these pills. They may take their place on the researches involved with progressive health and nutrition, or dining room table next to vitamins, minerals, and other with women’s health, known about soy and phytoestrogens. supplements. It’s just incredible. Being able to give out two placebo pills The area of greatest controversy concerns the effect of and two ‘soy pills’ a day makes it much easier to conduct these isofl avones on breast cancer. Mark thinks it is very controlled studies.” People used to think of soy as strongly unlikely that they would increase the risk of breast cancer– connected with tofu. Then they began to think of the even though some studies do seem to indicate that, and isofl avones separately and independently. Isofl avones are a therefore further research is needed. Many diffi cult ethical type of phytoestrogens, but when the word “phytoestrogens” questions are raised by how information in this area is began to replace the word “isofl avones” a quantum leap took presented to consumers. place. Every physician knows what estrogens are, and the Concerning soy and bone health, a 2-year study of word has a power that resonates. For example, Mark recently monkeys without ovaries found that soy did not favorably gave a talk last year at a meeting of the American Dietetic affect bone health, even though estrogen did. That was one of Association (ADA). He titled it: “Soybean phytoestrogens: the best studies conducted to date, yet it is never mentioned Possible alternatives to hormone replacement therapy.” at any of the soy meetings. Mark is very concerned that there So, in the fi eld of soy, ADM and their soy pills is the big is a real bias in the way this information is being presented. story of late 1997 and early 1998. ADM is a huge, respected This is such a “hot” area right now. There are so many company, and they plan strong promotion for these soy fortunes to be made, so many researchers with patents, and pills. Granted there were soy isofl avone pills available last so many trying to establish their careers on the basis of soy year, but because they were made from the ground sprouts right now. Clinics all over the USA are now doing studies (hypocotyls) of soybeans, they had very low levels of with isofl avones and with soy. Discussion groups on soy and genistein and they weren’t nearly as potent as ADM’s pills. breast cancer are taking place. “This is as hot as it gets.” Moreover, ADM is learning ways of processing soybeans A big-name researcher in this fi eld, with a reputation in to further concentrate the isofl avones, which will make the nutrition research going back 20 years, recently proposed pills even more potent. Mark believes that the “halo effect” the “soy protein hypothesis” in a scientifi c paper. It had to of these soy pills will soon benefi t the whole category of do with the possibly favorable effects of protein on kidney soyfoods as well.

Mark has no plans to take these pills; he gets plenty 126. “If you discovered the fountain of youth, wouldn’t you of isofl avones from his natural diet, which contains lots of want to dive in?” soymilk, plus some tofu, and other soyfoods. Talk with Barry Dunn of PTI in Fullerton, California. An Australian newspaper reported that Protein 1998. March 4. These products fi rst arrived on the shelves Technologies International (PTI) recently paid $15-20 of stores in Los Angeles in late January of this year. The million to Novagen, an Australian pharmaceutical company fi rst ads broke in late February. Michael Derrington at the that will be marketing Promensil (made of isofl avones from Nutritious Foods division of PTI is in charge of the whole red clover). Note: As of 3 Feb. 1998 Novagen is not listed in program. the text of any article in the Wall Street Journal since March Talk with Michael Derrington, product manager, at 1984. It is not clear to Mark exactly what PTI got for this Nutritious Foods Inc. 1998. March 6. These products are large amount of money (perhaps patent right to claims about now being made by Ryan Foods (a subsidiary of Dean a product containing isofl avones). This last weekend, PTI Foods, a major dairy company) in Murray, Kentucky. helped to sponsor a symposium at UCLA, attended by only about 45 people, but with good press coverage that made the 875. Product Name: Health Source (Yogurt-Style Snack– wire services. The point is, a lot of money is being spent on Cultured Desserts with Live & Active Cultures), and Health this subject. Whereas ADM does not live or die by its new Source Lite [Black Cherry, Strawberry, Strawberry-Banana, isofl avone business, some smaller companies do. or Raspberry]. The proceedings of the Brussels symposium have been Manufacturer’s Name: Nutritious Foods, Inc. Wholly in the hands of editors at the American Journal of Clinical owned subsidiary of Protein Technologies International, Inc. Nutrition since Sept. 1997; they have been reviewed, the Manufacturer’s Address: 1034 Danforth Drive, St. Louis, comments have gone out, but they will not be published Missouri 63102. Phone: 1-888-769-9136. before Sept. 1998. Address: PhD, 1543 Lincoln St., Port Date of Introduction: 1998 January. Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360-379-9544. Ingredients: Health Source Lite [Raspberry]: Water, Purasoy isolated soy protein, raspberries, dairy whey, 874. Product Name: Health Source (Soy Protein Health modifi ed food starch, cellulose gel, natural and artifi cial Drink) [Chocolate, Mocha, or Orange Dream], Health Source fl avors, wheat fi ber, pectin, calcium phosphate, guar gum, Plus [Chocolate, or Orange Dream]. artifi cial color, sodium ascorbate, aspartame, vitamin E Manufacturer’s Name: Nutritious Foods, Inc. Wholly acetate, salt, Red 40, vitamin B-12, ribofl avin, folacin, owned subsidiary of Protein Technologies International, Inc. Blue 1, thiamin hydrochloride, phenylketonurics: contains Manufacturer’s Address: 1034 Danforth Drive, St. Louis, phenylalanine / with active cultures. Missouri 63102. Phone: 1-888-769-9136. Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 6 oz (170 gm) plastic cup. Date of Introduction: 1998 January. Recommended retail price ($0.69-0.89, Los Angeles, Ingredients: Health Source Plus [Orange Dream]: Water, California), Health Source Plus ($2.39-2.49). Purasoy isolated soy protein, sugar, fructose, natural and How Stored: Refrigerated, 45 day shelf life from date of artifi cial fl avors, potassium citrate, cellulose gel, Yellow manufacture. 5, Yellow 6, dipotassium phosphate, Red 3. Vitamins & Nutrition: Per cup (6 oz): Calories 90, calories from Minerals: Calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, fat 0, total fat 0 gm (0% daily value; saturated fat 0 gm), sodium ascorbate (vitamin C), vitamin E acetate, ferric cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 140 mg (6%), total carbohydrate orthophosphate, niacinamide, zinc oxide, calcium 19 gm (dietary fi ber 4 gm [16%], sugars 11 gm), protein 7 pantothenate, pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B-6), gm. Vitamin E 50%, vitamin B-12 50%, folate 50%, vitamin ribofl avin, vitamin A palmitate, thiamin mononitrate, folic C 20%, calcium 20%, ribofl avin 15%, phosphorus 15%, iron acid, biotin, potassium iodide, vitamin B-12, vitamin D-3. 6%, thiamin 4%. Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 quart (32 fl oz). calorie diet. Recommended retail price: Health Source ($1.89-1.99, Los New Product–Documentation: Talk with Art Mio of Angeles, California), Health Source Plus ($2.39-2.49). Morinaga Nutritional Foods. 1998. March 3. These products How Stored: Refrigerated, 60 day shelf life from date of are now being test marketed in the Los Angeles area. manufacture. Ad (full page, color) in People magazine. Feb. 23. p. Nutrition: Per 8 fl oz. 126. “If you discovered the fountain of youth, wouldn’t you New Product–Documentation: Talk with Art Mio. 1998. want to dive in?” March 3. These products are now being test marketed in the Talk with Barry Dunn of PTI in Fullerton, California. Los Angeles area. Health Source contains 10 gm of Supro 1998. March 4. These products fi rst arrived on the shelves soy protein per 8-oz serving and Health Source Plus contains of stores in Los Angeles in late January of this year. The 25 gm per serving. fi rst ads broke in late February. Michael Derrington at the Ad (full page, color) in People magazine. Feb. 23. p. Nutritious Foods division of PTI is in charge of the whole

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 372 program. 878. Smith, Rod. 1998. Ralston sharpens focus around Talk with Michael Derrington, product manager, at batteries, pet products. Feedstuffs. Feb. 9. p. 6, 22. Nutritious Foods Inc. 1998. March 6. These products are • Summary: The company, which has been undergoing now being made by Ryan Foods (a subsidiary of Dean restructuring away from commodities and toward higher- Foods, a major dairy company) in Murray, Kentucky. margin consumer products, said in its letter to shareholders Package with Label sent by Art Mio. 1998. March 6. The in its ﬁ scal 1997 annual report: 3-inch diameter lid is white, yellow, and red on green. “New! “It decided to sell its Protein Technologies soy protein A nonfat cultured dessert for people who love yogurt!” On business to DuPont Co. in a debt and stock transaction the sides: “1/3 fewer calories than regular nonfat cultured valued at $1.5 billion, an activity that the two companies dessert. Good source of soy protein. Excellent source of expect will be completed soon, and calcium & vitamin C.” The American Heart Association logo “It decided to spin off its Ralston Purina International shows a white check on a red heart: “This product meets (RPI) agriculture feeds business, an event that the company American Heart Association food criteria for healthy people expects will be completed early this year.” Address: Staff over age two when used as part of a balanced diet.” Editor.

876. Protein Technologies International. 1998. Supro the soy 879. Nutritious Foods, Inc. 1998. If you discovered the protein of science (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. Jan. p. fountain of youth, wouldn’t you want to dive in? (Ad). 56. People. Feb. 23. p. 126. • Summary: See next page. In the top two-thirds of this • Summary: This full-page color consumer ad (copyright quarter-page color ad is a tall stack of scientifi c articles 1997 by Nutritious Foods, Inc.) is for new, “soy protein-rich and reports. A person’s hands are holding the top one as Health Source drinks and yogurt-style snacks. Years of Asian that person (not visible) apparently reads it. The text on the history and numerous studies suggest the same conclusion: bottom one-third of the ad reads: “The evidence of emerging substituting soy-protein foods for signifi cant amounts of health benefi ts of soy protein are [sic, is] mounting every animal-protein foods can have a real nutritional impact on day. Current studies suggest it may even help lower blood your health. Some researchers are already pointing to soy cholesterol levels which helps reduce the risk of heart protein’s power to reduce high cholesterol levels. Several disease. Other studies indicate it may promote improvement universities are now also investigating soy protein’s role in in bone health and women’s health. reducing the risk of osteoporosis and some forms of cancer. “The majority of the completed studies used Supro As if that weren’t enough, Health Source is an excellent Brand Isolated Soy Protein. Why Supro? That’s easy. It low-fat source of calcium, high in vitamin C, and a good works. source of fi ber.” Flavors include strawberry, raspberry, and “You can count on products containing Supro Brand black cherry. “If you’d like more information about the Isolated Soy Protein to have the highest quality protein benefi ts of soy protein, call toll free 1-888-769-9136.” The ingredient backed by years of clinical scientifi c research. slogan at the bottom of the ad reads: Healthy today. Healthy That’s why consumers look for the Supro name on the tomorrow.” products they buy. Supro. The soy protein of science.” A large color photo in the middle third of the ad shows Note: This ad also appeared in March 1998 (p. 60), July a spoon dipping into a cup of yogurt, which is surrounded by 1998, Nov. 1998 (p. 71), and December 1998 (p. 2). The last fruits. In the lower right corner is a small photo showing two two were full-page ads. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. cups of the soy yogurt, a gable-top carton of the beverage, Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: 800-467-8776. and the beverage in a glass, with a straw in it. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. 877. Soybean Digest. 1998. DuPont forms ag enterprise. Jan. p. 90. 880. Mio, Art. 1998. Health Source: A new line of soy • Summary: DuPont, long known for its crop protection protein products from Protein Technologies International products, is a leader is the $30 billion global crop protection being test-marketed in the Los Angeles area (Interview). industry. Now it is forming a new “Agricultural Enterprise,” SoyaScan Notes. March 3. Conducted by William Shurtleff with William Kirk as president. Having formed a research of Soyfoods Center. alliance with Pioneer Hi-Bred International, DuPont is now • Summary: Michael Derrington and Barry Dunn visited acquiring Protein Technologies International from Ralston Morinaga in mid-February and presented their new line of Purina Co. and has started a joint venture called Optimum. Health Source consumer products and the ad campaign and Its goal is to speed the discovery, development, and media schedule (local radio, newspapers, and magazines for delivery of new crops with value to farmers and consumers 60 days) that will be used to launch them. Some of the ads worldwide. have been paid for by the Iowa Soybean Board. They are fi rst test marketing the whole concept in Los Angeles. The

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 374 two basic products in the line are a soy protein drink sold in “Vitamin C and Calcium: 20% of the daily Vitamin C a 1 quart gable-top cartons and a yogurt sold in a 6-ounce you need. yogurt-style cup. Each of these products comes in two types: “More Calcium than a glass of milk. Regular (which provides 10 of soy protein per serving) and “Low Fat & Cholesterol Free... Health Source Plus (which provides 20 gm of soy protein per (3) “Soy Protein: Promising developments for good serving). They will be sold only in supermarkets and grocery health. A color leafl et printed front and back. explaining store chains–not in natural- or health food stores. The milk is how “Diet makes a difference,” “How soy protein can help.” sold next to the Lactaid and Mocha Mix in the non-dairy part One large table gives the serving size, soy protein content, of the dairy case, and the yogurt is sold next to the regular fat, calories, and total isofl avones (all forms) for about 15 dairy yogurts. Michael Derrington, who is managing director soyfoods including 4 Health Source products. of consumer product sales, is the main person in charge of (4) “What are you doing for the rest of your life? (The these products (Phone: 314-982-5414; Fax 314-982-3627). Iowa Soybean Farmers want to know).” A 12-page booklet Talk with Barry Dunn of PTI in Fullerton, California. with a color coupon for any Health Source product. 1998. March 4. These products fi rst arrived on the shelves (5) “The Health Source guide to healthy eating.” A color of stores in Los Angeles in late January of this year. The leafl et printed front and back with a coupon for any Health fi rst ads broke in late February. Michael Derrington at the Source product. Address: St. Louis, Missouri. Nutritious Foods division of PTI is in charge of the whole program. Address: National Sales Manager, Morinaga 882. Derrington, Michael. 1998. Health Source–A new line Nutritional Foods, Inc., 2050 W. 190th St., Suite 110, of soy protein products from Nutritious Foods, Inc., a wholly Torrance, California 90504. Phone: 1-800-669-8638. owned subsidiary of Protein Technologies International, Inc. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 6. Conducted by 881. Nutritious Foods, Inc. A subsidiary of Protein William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Technologies International. 1998. Health Source™ • Summary: The plans of Health Source, so far as we can (Portfolio). St. Louis, Missouri: Nutritious Foods, Inc. 5 p. tell, never got past the planning stage. [6 ref] • Summary: This portfolio contains 5 sheets: 883. Demos, Steve. 1998. New developments with soymilk (1) “Health Source™: Where to get it. Health Source at White Wave. Part I (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March drinks and yogurt-style snacks can be found in almost any 30. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Southern California grocery store. Conveniently located in • Summary: The Morningstar Group is owned by a Texas- the dairy case, based company named Suiza (pronounced SUI-zuh) which “Health Source is a fresh, great tasting way to is bigger than Morningstar. Suiza Foods Corp. is one of incorporate soy protein into the daily diet. Specifi cally, the very big, modern consolidators of the dairy industry. Health Source can be found at: Vons, Ralphs, Hughes, Lucky Dean Foods (which owns Vitamite) and Suiza are head-on Stores, Albertsons. competitors in the dairy product area. White Wave’s Silk (2) “Introducing new Health Source™! Come to the brand soymilk is packaged in an ESL (extended shelf life) Source. Refrigerated Ready-To-Drink Beverages & Yogurt- gable top carton at the plant of Morningstar Foods Inc. Style Snacks The Great Tasting Way to Help You Protect (formerly Avoset, now owned by Suiza), 299 Fifth Avenue, Your Health! Gustine, California 95322. Phone: 209-854-6461. Contact: “Great tasting, good nutrition was never simpler. Health Gary Veuve (pronounced Vev, rhymes with rev), the plant Source drinks and yogurt-style snacks are perfect anytime of manager. Gustine is located just off Highway 5 between day with breakfast, lunch or as a snack. New Health Source San Jose and Merced in Northern California. This plant is a delicious way to enjoy cholesterol-free soy protein focuses on dairy products, packaged in both aseptic and and its benefi ts every day, and it’s easy to fi nd, fresh in the ESL cartons, but it also packages Lactaid, Dole juice, a goat grocer’s dairy case. milk, etc. In addition, it packages Trader Joe’s soymilk, “Soy Protein Made with PURASOY™ soy protein indirectly via TAN Industries and San Diego Soy Dairy– (water processed to retain a minimum of 2.85mg of which Steve believes breaches the contract between White isofl avones per gram of soy protein), Health Source products Wave and TAN. Actually Gary Stein at San Diego Soy Dairy are low in fat and cholesterol free. New Health Source Plus apparently has no hand in making the product–he just does drinks deliver 25 grams of soy protein in just one 10 ounce the invoicing. The soy base mix is made at Soyfoods of serving. An article in the New England Journal of Medicine America (owned by Ken Lee, in Duarte, Southern California) (August 1995) confi rmed that substituting soy-protein foods using equipment installed by TAN Industries (Ted Nordquist for signifi cant amounts of animal-protein foods resulted in and Wally Rogers). When some other company moved out of signifi cantly decreased total cholesterol and triglycerides (fat Ken Lee’s plant, Ted moved his company in. The installation content was the same). began about a year ago [March 1997] and it became

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 375 operational about 6 months ago [Sept. 1997]. This mix is suffered returns on its refrigerated soymilk (Silk) but it then shipped by tanker-truck up to the Avoset-Morningstar took a lot of hard work to get their minimums up to that plant, where it is processed. Avoset Food Co. is probably the critical mass point where the product was turning fast. With predecessor which sold itself somehow to Morningstar which soymilk in an ESL carton, the carton, not the soymilk, is the sold itself to Suiza. Steve is not aware of any relationship limiting factor. Silk has a use-by 84 days from the date of between Morningstar and the former nondairy pioneer manufacture, but it will usually last for 100 days. Presto Food Products, which introduced Mocha-Mix Coffee Steve has found it very diffi cult to work with the Creamer in 1950 (Note: This product was later renamed contract set up by Ted Nordquist, so much so that he plans to Mocha Mix Non-Dairy Creamer). terminate the relationship. Steve feels this is unfortunate–”its Ted Nordquist has not been buying soymilk from like working with a black box.” Steve has no idea how Silk International ProSoya Corp. (IPC) in British Columbia, is processed at the Soyfoods Unlimited or at the Avoset Canada, for the last six months–to the best of Steve’s plant–or what the costs are. Steve fl ew with his people to San knowledge. The soy base mix currently used to make Steve’s Francisco, and Ted and his people fl ew to Boulder–but they Silk is made using TAN’s plant at Soyfoods of America. were unable to resolve the problems to Steve’s satisfaction. There were numerous problems with the Silk product during “We have a great name, a great package, and a great product– the 6 months that TAN was making the transition from IPC but we have no control over costs.” That means that if White to Soyfoods of America. Because of the nature of Steve’s Wave proves to the market that refrigerated soymilk is a big contractual relationship with TAN, Steve had no information category, they will be “beat up” by competitors because of about what was happening so he was unable to help smooth their inability to control costs. Ted basically says: “I will the transition. He inherited the problems and had to deal with deliver the product to you at the following cost per gallon.” them in a hindsight fashion. Steve would like to continually lower the price of Silk–and Steve has an exclusive supply contract with TAN for all he plans to do so soon. It will go under $3.00 per half gallon. nondairy beverage in the USA as long as he meets specifi ed Steve suggested that Ted take a royalty for the rest of his life minimums of purchase from TAN; he has always exceeded and let White Wave deal with all manufacturing and cost these minimums. Steve now believes it is no longer exclusive reduction issues. But Ted wants control. Steve thinks he was because of the new Trader Joe’s soymilk. This will probably “burned” in Sweden; he is a very good product developer be grounds for a lawsuit. Steve feels that TAN has used but not such a skillful businessman. IPC tried to introduce White Wave and Silk as his springboard–while the contract SoNice into the U.S. market with a low price strategy, but is still in effect. Ted has a good product and he is going to be White Wave and beat them to it. White Wave has contracts a competitor, and he has made plenty of money from the sale with all of the major chains that they exist in so that their of Silk. pricing plus their support programs will pretty much negate TAN decided (about 6 months ago) to stop buying IPC’s attempt to come in at a lower price. If IPC really soymilk from IPC and not the other way around. TAN made wanted to do so, they would have to cut their prices again– the switch for two reasons–both economic. First, TAN which is a hard way to go with a new product. realized it would be more profi table the make the soymilk Which soymilk does Steve like the best, simply in closer to Gustine, where it was packaged. The transportation terms of organoleptics (fl avor, color, consistency, etc.)? One cost of shipping soymilk from Vancouver to central SKU from Vitasoy is very good, the Silk made by TAN is a California was about $2,000 per tanker-truck, compared with little bit better, but Steve feels that the new version of Silk only about $1,500 for shipping from Duarte to Gustine. At developed by Jonathan Gordon (completely independently least one truck is shipped per week–sometimes two. Second, from TAN and not yet on the market) is better than either of since TAN now owns the equipment on which the soymilk those two products. is made, the profi t margin associated with making the During the last year, White Wave has worked on new concentrate is now TAN’s. formulations with Tetra Pak at their research facility in Steve has tasted several of the SoNice soymilk products Chicago, Illinois. The fi rst major tanker-truck production made by IPC. He thought one of them was good tasting and run was last Friday. White Wave is now in full production competitively priced. The others he thought were typical with this new formulation of Silk. It will be processed at one soymilk formulations that were relatively weak. They had plant in Utah and one on the East Coast. Many taste tests some off fl avors and problems with balance, color, thickness. have shown that this new Silk is superior to the former Silk Steve thinks “there are a couple of fracturings of focus with made and formulated by TAN. Silk will remain a refrigerated the way they are approaching the market.” They have both product; it will never be sold in aseptic cartons in the USA– an aseptic line and a refrigerated line (in fi ve fl avors and that will be a fracture of focus that sends a mixed message. two different sizes). The essence of refrigerated soymilk On the new carton will be two quotations: One from Suzuki production is the ability to turn it fast enough so that you roshi about “Beginner’s Mind,” and the other from Yogi never have spoilage on the shelf. White Wave has never Berra (“You can’t hit and think at the same time”)! Also at

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 376 the top front of the carton is written: “32 mg isofl avones per the Association and bringing in new members, they will be serving.” Plus, there is an offer for more free information on out in a year.” Address: Natural Products, Inc., 798 Hwy 6, isofl avones. White Wave is working to start the educational Grinnell, Iowa 50112. Phone: 515-236-0852. process on isofl avones–and is also using its Web site and toll-free 1-800 number. 886. Nutritious Foods, Inc. 1998. Remember the old story The big ad campaign in Los Angeles from Protein about the guy who trades in his cow for some magic beans?: Technologies is teaching about isofl avones but the products Come to the source (Ad). Vegetarian Times. April. p. 56. (Health Source) are not doing well. So the publicity is • Summary: This full-page color ad is for Health Source helping White Wave. “Like a guy on a bicycle, we’re Soy Protein Health Drink and yogurt-style snack. Contents: drafting. We’re going to try to stay in the draft of the ADMs These beans aren’t magic but they sure try hard. Introducing and PTIs and see where it takes us. We don’t have that much Health Source. Soy protein and a whole lot more. Your body pride.” Continued. Address: President, White Wave Inc., likes this stuff. Now you can, too. 1990 North 57th Court, Boulder, Colorado 80301. “Healthy Today. Healthy Tomorrow™. “If you’d like more information about the benefi ts of soy 884. Crouse, John R., III; Burke, Gregory L. 1998. Soy protein, call toll free 1-888-769-9136.” protein containing isofl avones reduces plasma concentrations In tiny letters at the lower left: “Copyright 1997 of lipids and lipoproteins (Abstract). Circulation 97(8):816 Nutrition Foods Inc.” Address: St. Louis, Missouri. (Abst. #17). March 3. * • Summary: This study, now in abstract form, has been 887. Ralston Purina Company. 1998. Agribrands submitted to JAMA. It is available on the DuPont website. International, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri. 95 p. April 1. 28 cm. PTI paid for the study. 156 moderately cholesterolemic • Summary: Ralston Purina Co. has decided to create a new humans were studied for 9 weeks. They were divided into company, Agribrands, by spinning off its international animal fi ve groups, all getting the same amount of protein: One feeds and agricultural products operations. The company, fed casein, one alcohol-washed soy with trace isofl avones, whose stock symbol will be AGX, will be traded on the New then 25, 42, and 58 mg of isofl avones per day. They found York Stock Exchange. Shareholders of record of Ralston a stepwise reduction in cholesterol content with increasing stock as of 1 April 1998 will receive one share of Agribrands isofl avone content of the soy protein isolate they consumed. Stock for every ten shares of Ralston stock they own. The The high-cholesterol group had about a 10% reduction in spinoff will occur on April 1. LDL (‘bad’) cholesterol. Address: Bowman Gray [North The production and sale of animal feed was the primary Carolina]. business of Ralston when it was established in 1894. Animal feeds and agricultural products continued to be the dominant 885. Lang, Paul. 1998. Membership in the Soyfoods business until the 1950s. “The development at that time of Association of North America: Some big new companies a new extruded dry dog food by Ralston revolutionized the have joined (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. April 21. pet food industry and transformed Ralston into primarily Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. a consumer products company. Since then, the pet food • Summary: Paul has been in charge of Soyfoods Association business has continued to grow in importance to Ralston membership for the last 3 years. When he arrived the while the relative contribution of the animal feeds and Association had about 22 members. During this year, the agricultural products business declined. In the 1980’s, number of members has increased from about 33 in Feb. Ralston’s focus became increasingly directed away from the 1997 to 34 at present (as of 23 March 1998). Three large soy animal feeds and agricultural products business as Ralston companies, each of which paid $3,000 in annual membership acquired Continental Baking Company, the nation’s largest dues, are now members: ADM, Protein Technologies wholesale baker, in 1984, and the worldwide Eveready International (PTI), and Central Soya. DuPont joined under battery business in 1986. The intention of Ralston’s the name “Optimum Quality Grains” for a much lower fee. management to focus on consumer packaged goods and Nancy Chapman was largely responsible for bringing on its stable of leading brands culminated in the sale of its Central Soya and PTI. Paul Lang brought on DuPont and 6-7 U.S. animal feeds and agricultural products business to a smaller new members. subsidiary of British Petroleum in 1986. British Petroleum Update: 1998 July 8. The Board of the Soyfoods did not acquire Ralston’s international animal feeds and Association is not happy that Nancy Chapman & Associates agricultural products business, which became a non-core is charging the Association so much per hour. Some board business, having limited synergies with Ralston’s other members are wondering “Is this worth it?” When they went international businesses.” to Peter Golbitz and said the work was going to take more “In 1994, Ralston spun-of Ralcorp Holdings, Inc., a time and money, Peter said he was not willing to change subsidiary to which Ralston had contributed its breakfast the written agreement. “If they are not doing a good job for cereal, baby food, cracker and cookie, coupon redemption

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 377 and all-seasons resort businesses. In 1995, Ralston sold all of cancer sells to stop growing. At least ten scientifi c papers the capital stock of Continental Baking Company. In 1996, have raised the question of what is happening with these Ralston sold its assets associated with its cereal business in isofl avones, and they sound a little cautionary note. The the Asia Pacifi c region (which it had retained in the Ralcorp criticism of these studies, where a little genistein is added spin-off), and terminated its European cereal operations. In to cells growing in a petri dish, is that there is absolutely no 1977, Ralston sold its international soy protein technologies estrogen in the medium, and that even in post-menopausal business. In line with this focus on its core businesses, women estrogen is present. So some people would say the Ralston attempted to sell its international animal feeds and petri dish does not represent a physiologic condition–you agricultural products business to PM Holdings Corporation need to add some estrogen. Mark has heard that a researcher in 1994, but negotiations broke off as the parties were unable in Minnesota has added estrogen to the medium and she still to agree on key terms of the transaction.” gets a 20% increase in breast cancer cell growth. So genistein Agribrands’ principal properties are its animal feed may still be an estrogen in that situation. One animal study manufacturing facilities and property, which are located showed that if you implant estrogen receptor positive cancer in the following countries: Brazil (7 plants), Canada (7), cells into rats who don’t have ovaries, then you give them a Colombia (6), France (7), Guatemala (1), Hungary (2), Italy signifi cant amount of genistein, it will stimulate the growth (5), Korea (3), Mexico (8), People’s Republic of China (4, of those cancer cells (tumors). But one criticism of this incl. 3 joint ventures), Peru (3), Philippines (2), Portugal (2), design is that there is very little estrogen in these rats and Spain (7), Turkey (2), Venezuela (4, plus a hatchery) (p. 41- fairly high doses of genistein were used. 43; notes which are leased, joint venture, under construction, It is the three human studies (two of which have been or to be divested). Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, published) which are troubling, and cannot be ignored. Missouri 63164. One is “Stimulatory Infl uence of Soy Protein,” by Nicholas Petrakis at UCSF (1996) in Cancer Epidemiology, 888. Messina, Mark J.; Messina, Virginia. 1998. Does Biomarkers, and Prevention (5:785). A second is an abstract consumption of soy increase or decrease a woman’s risk from the 1997 Brussels symposium by McMichael Phillips. of breast cancer (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 18. Third, McMichael Phillips told Mark about a study in Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. England that was 4 months in duration. They looked at • Summary: Mark: In the area of possible adverse effects nipple aspirate fl uid and also got an increase in estrogen- of soy (especially soy isofl avones), Mark’s greatest regulated gene products. Mark has not seen the actual study concern is with soy and breast cancer. “It still bothers me and it is a long way from being published. These studies tremendously.” There have been 3-4 animal studies in which are troubling not because they are scary, but because they soybeans or isofl avones have been fed to animals and then do not make sense. Malcolm Pike, from UCLA, a leading they have been given a breast carcinogen. In none of these endocrinologist, said after studying McMichael Phillips’ studies have scientists found an increase in the number of actual paper (not the abstract), that his must be a short-term tumors or in the incidence of breast cancer. Several of the effect, because that kind of stimulus would cause an increase studies show “modest protective effects” from soy. So this is in breast cancer, as (for example) in the Japanese population. good news. The epidemiologic studies are not that supportive Given that the other epidemiology does not suggest that of the hypothesis that soy reduces the risk of breast cancer, soy increases risk, and given that the animal studies don’t but none of them have suggested that soy increases breast either, and given that the Japanese have a low breast cancer cancer risk. There were one or two studies showing that fried mortality rate, there is probably something else that could tofu increased risk of breast cancer, but that nonfried tofu explain this phenomenon. Again, it could be a short-term did not. So within an individual study, one soyfood might effect that is actually preventive in the long run. But if it was pop up as being problematic. “But overall, you would not a short-term effect, it still might be possible that soy should look at those kinds of studies and conclude that soy is risk not be given to a person who already had estrogen-receptor factor for breast cancer.” The fact that Japanese women have positive cancer. So Mark is very reluctant to think that soy about one-fourth the incidence and mortality of breast cancer could increase risk of breast cancer risk; for one thing, it compared with American women is worth noting. Several is very hard to identify any kind of food that increases or basic facts about soy must be kept in mind. (1) It is clearly decreases breast cancer risk. And it is so unlikely that such estrogenic, containing phytoestrogens. (2) When you add a food would be soy, because there is very little supporting genistein to cancer cells that are estrogen receptor positive, evidence. Nevertheless, Mark has about 25 scientifi c studies it will stimulate their growth over the typical physiologic at the end of which the authors have expressed a cautionary concentration, but at higher levels it will inhibit their growth. note. The latter range from “Wow! These soy isofl avones are In the range at which it stimulates growth, this is probably stimulatory; we’ve got to fi nd out what is going on here,” due to an estrogenic effect, but at the higher range, genistein to “It’s clear that we need to understand more about the is probably inhibiting one of the enzymes that cause the estrogenic / antiestrogenic effects of these compounds before

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 378 we recommend them to the public.” questions. Do they therefore inhibit nose bleeding? Josh Mark does not differentiate between soyfoods such Korzenik at Yale Univ. School of Medicine [in Connecticut] as tofu and isofl avone pills in terms of toxicity. He asks: is conducting a study on patients who have a hereditary “Would anyone use the above studies to recommend that disease that causes their noses to bleed. They have a genetic people stop consuming tofu? No! When you look at the data defect which causes abnormal blood vessels to form. In collectively, it’s hard to conclude that soy would increase this ongoing unpublished study, results to date on about the risk of breast cancer–especially for normal women. 8 patients show that about 40-50% of those who take soy On the other hand, if it weren’t for the low breast cancer isofl avones experience a reduction in their nosebleeds. He mortality rate in Japan, and we just had the animal studies found some benefi t on gastrointestinal bleeding and a major and the individual case control studies (neither of which benefi t on migraine headaches. This confi rms the fi nding that show that soy increases breast cancer risk) plus the human in petri dishes, genistein also inhibits blood vessel growth. studies, there would be more of a movement to look into Do these isofl avones affect fertility? Mark thinks that this.” When Nick Petrakis’ study was published, it didn’t get fertility has more to do with ovulation. How about slowing much attention; Mark thinks there is a built-in bias to assume wound healing? The key point seems to be that if soy that soy is either benefi cial or (at the worst) has no effect. isofl avones are potent enough to exert benefi cial effects, It will be interesting to see what the response will be when why aren’t they potent enough to exert adverse effects? For McMichael Phillips’ paper is published as a full paper as example, they may slow wound healing, but only by a few part of the proceedings of the Brussels symposium (in Sept. days. But if they chronically prevent angiogenesis in tumors, in a supplement to the American J. of Clinical Nutrition). It that would be an acceptable trade-off. is quite powerful; they actually took biopsies and found an Many people who cite Japanese intake of isofl avones increase in DNA synthesis. do not realize that the average Japanese level of isofl avone Virginia: Ginny is well aware of the research showing intake (about 30 mg/day) is far below the level needed to get possible adverse effects of soy (especially soy isofl avones) benefi ts. The daily intake to get benefi ts in the area of bone on breast cancer. She defi nitely thinks about this in planning health and reduced osteoporosis seems to be about 90 mg/ her diet–in part because she has a fairly high risk for breast day. cancer; she has had two biopsies. “This is uppermost in Concerning the exciting studies involving Raloxifene my mind almost every day.” Ginny wasn’t eating a lot of and prevention of osteoporosis and cancer announced this soy products before this new research was published (she week: Mark uses Raloxifene in his demonstrations because it probably ate them 3-4 times a week), so she has not reduced is antiestrogenic for the breast, and doesn’t cause estrogenic her consumption based on the new information. Because of effects on the endometrial tissue. But Raloxifene may cause the concern with soy and breast cancer, Ginny would not “hot fl ashes” or make them worse, and it is probably not as eat soy products 2 or 3 times a day. “I certainly still eat soy effective for reducing risk of heart disease as estrogen is. products and I do not feel that I need to avoid them.” “But that is an extremely benefi cial trade-off; you can work Ginny eats soyfoods because she is a vegetarian, on heart disease in many different ways, and weak bones because she likes them, they are easy to include in the diet, are much more diffi cult to fi x. As you know, I am a strong and they are generally good, healthy foods. Ginny has believer in the importance of food, nutrition, and prevention, never calculated how may milligrams of isofl avones she is but I think our greater understanding of molecular consuming per day. “I’m really into food, into good, healthy, biochemistry and what on goes at the cellular level, and our whole food, with lots of fruits and vegetables, and whole ability to design drugs to specifi cally get estrogenic effects in grains. I don’t think about things like isofl avones, vitamin some tissues and antiestrogenic effects in other ones–I think C. I just fi gure I eat a really good diet.” Address: 1. PhD; 2. all that research is incredibly promising. They are using the MPH, RD. Both: Nutrition Matters, 1543 Lincoln St., Port isofl avones as a model and then designing better drugs from Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360-379-9544. them, maximizing benefi ts and decreasing disadvantages.” Mark believes that soy isofl avones will not be as potent as 889. Messina, Mark J. 1998. Soy phytoestrogens–Update estrogen for bone health or heart disease–but the beauty (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 18. Conducted by William of isofl avones is that there has never been any concern Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. whatsoever about their safety. That is why it is so critically • Summary: The hottest area of current estrogen research important to fi gure out some of the unexplained fi ndings is “selective estrogen receptor modulators” (SERMs). A concerning soy and breast cancer. In addition, we must selective estrogen can have an estrogenic effect on one site do the studies to see if soy isofl avones promote cognitive in the body and an antiestrogenic effect on another site. One function (or delay impairment of it)–like estrogen probably key question is: Are isofl avones selective? does. If they do not, they won’t be nearly as popular–because It has been known for several years that soy isofl avones that is going to be such a big issue with an aging population. inhibit angiogenesis. But this raises many interesting Will people who raise concerns about adverse effects of

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 379 soy isofl avones be invited to speak at the Third International Handwritten. Undated. Symposium? Mark thinks they will defi nitely be invited to • Summary: (1) Columbit (NZ) Ltd. is the sole importer of participate, in part because he has chosen a large advisory soy protein isolate. It is owned equally (50/50) by Protein board. However they may end up doing a poster session Technologies International (PTI) and Bruce Kirk. Kirk is rather than a major speech–unless their data look extremely the heavy-breathing late night phone call expert who was important. The politics of soy and isofl avones is still real and handing out threats of hell fi re, etc. to Prof. Irvine, Dr. pervasive. Fitzpatrick and his employees, Bill Grayson, and us. As an almost comic example of this, Mark heard of a (2) “Tofu shop” at the top of a fax (with fax #631 0616) man who is an M.D. and PhD in nutrition who was holding is a suburban health food shop in Penrose, Auckland, on the a small meeting about soy. He had been studying soy for 2 north island of New Zealand. It is a retail outlet for Trevor weeks. When Mark called him and asked if he could attend Johnston’s business, Bean Supreme (Brings Happiness). the meeting, the man yelled at him on the phone (quite Address: 1868 Whangarei Heads Road, Rural Delivery 4, arrogantly) for 10 minutes. He objected to some statements Whangarei. Phone: +64 9 434 0564. that Mark had made on possible adverse effects of soy. Mark said he would be happy to discuss the subject. The man said 892. Chajuss, Daniel. 1998. Soy protein concentrate: Current Mark could come to the meeting if he promised not to bring status. Oils & Fats International 14(3):35-36. June. up that subject. Apparently he wants to make a name for • Summary: The three main commercial soy products himself in the fi eld of soy. Address: PhD, 1543 Lincoln St., are (1) Full fat and defatted soya fl ours and textured soya Port Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360-379-9544. fl our–current world production and sales about 80,000 tonnes (metric tons). (2) Soya protein isolates–current 890. Kilman, Scott; Warren, Susan. 1998. Old rivals fi ght for world production and sales about 130,000 tonnes. (3) Soya new turf–Biotech crops. Wall Street Journal. May 27. p. B1, protein concentrates–current world production and sales B7. about 284,000 tonnes, and growing at about 15% a year. • Summary: “Monsanto Co. and DuPont Co. are betting More than 75% of all concentrates are now used for human the farm in bids to transform themselves into the Coke and consumption, the rest being used in pet and animal feeds. Pepsi of genetically engineered crops.” Although the fi rst In human foods, concentrates are used mainly in meat transgenic seeds were introduced only 3 years ago, today alternatives or extenders. In animal feed they are used in about 50% of U.S. cotton fi elds, 40% of soybean fi elds, and formulations for calves and piglets as a milk replacer, in 20% of corn fi elds grow genetically altered crops. pet foods and in special feedstuffs such as ‘fi sh-fl avour- Monsanto (of St. Louis, Missouri) and DuPont (of free’ bland fi sh feeds, and for mink and other animal feeds. Wilmington, Delaware) have long competed as major Concentrates are devoid of the antigenic protein components chemical companies. But now both have started to compete present in most other soya products. in the new fi eld of biotechnology by paying big money for Production of soy protein concentrates worldwide is major acquisitions. DuPont has paid $1.7 billion for a 20% presently concentrated in the hands of two companies: ADM stake in Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc., the No. 1 U.S. and Eridania Béghin-Say (Central Soya). About 95% of seed producer, and $1.5 billion for Protein Technologies all soy protein concentrates worldwide are now made by International, the nation’s leader in making soy protein the counter-current aqueous alcohol was system, originally products. developed in the late 1950s by the Hayes Company of Israel. Monsanto has paid $2.3 billion for the rest of DeKalb A table shows estimates of world production (in metric tons) Genetics Corp, the No. 2 U.S. seed producer, and more than by company and country in 1998: a $1 billion for Delta & Pine Land Co., the giant cotton seed ADM, Netherlands 70,000 AAW (Aqueous alcohol producer. wash). Monsanto is forming a joint venture with Cargill, which ADM, USA 60,000 AAW. will use Cargill’s vast system of “rural grain elevators to Central Soya, USA (several factories) 60,000 AAW. contract with farmers to grow genetically engineered crops.” Central Soya, Aarhus, Denmark 50,000 AAW. Note: This could eventually lead to a restructuring of the Sogip (Central Soya group), France 15,000 AAW. farm industry, to resemble that of the poultry industry. Solbar Hatzor (formerly named Hayes Ashdod) (with The decreasing number of independent seed companies Soya Mainz, an ADM subsidiary), Israel 15,000 AAW. is making both U.S. farm organizations and consumer groups Sopropech, France 6,000 AWL (Acid/water leach). nervous. Address: Staff reporters. Sanbra (Bunge), Brazil 5,000 Acid wash. ADM, USA 3,000 Acid wash. 891. James, Richard F. 1998. Re: Answers to questions by Lucas Ingredients, UK 2,000 (unconfi rmed, Acid wash). William Shurtleff related to photocopies sent by James. Total worldwide 284,000 metric tons. Letter (fax) to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, May. The margins on soy protein concentrates are much

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 380 more attractive than those from crushing soybeans into oil about soy (Alzheimer’s, thyroid function, etc.). They haven’t and meal–which in recent years have been either small or been interested, then recently they learned that a woman’s negative. The cost of making a tonne of concentrates ranges magazine plans to do a story on soy that is negative for from US$459 to $600. For food applications, the sales price breast cancer. So now they are really concerned, and Mark obtained by manufacturers for powder and small grits forms will meet with them next Monday to try to plan a workshop, ranges from $1,200 to $1,600 per tonne, but for textured or with 10-12 professionals present to deal with Alzheimer’s functional forms this increases to $1,500 to $3,000 per tonne. disease, breast cancer, and thyroid function as they relate to The sales price for the pet food, milk replacer, and special soy. For the Alzheimer’s disease, hopefully they could get feed industries ranges from $1,000 to $1,200. Lon White from Hawaii, and the person in Seattle who is Another high-value product, a potential source of doing the study to present their data. He would also invite additional income, is soya molasses, a by-product of 3-4 people who are doing animal studies, to summarize making soy protein concentrates. It is a rich source of soya what we know about soy and Alzheimer’s disease. Then two phytochemicals and soya oligosaccharides. things from that: (1) To make research recommendations to A second table shows estimates of world production (in the USB to try to resolve the situation–if that is possible, and metric tons) of soy protein isolates, with estimates for 1997 (2) from a PR standpoint, to prepare a statement that would and forecasts for 1998. put as much of a positive spin as possible on the Honolulu Protein Technologies International (PTI, USA) 60,000 in data. 1997, 70,000 in 1998. Steve Barnes (in Mark’s opinion) knows more about ADM, USA 15,000, 25,000. isofl avones than anyone else in the USA. When Mark has PTI Belgium 15,000, 15,000. a question about them, he calls Steve. In a recent speech, Fuji-PTI Japan 10,000, 10,000. Steve dismissed the papers on thyroid function from the Sanbra (Bunge) Brazil 5,000, 10,000. NCTR (National Center for Toxicological Research). He Others worldwide 6,000, 8,000. Total worldwide noted simply that a large proportion of the polyphenolics 110,000, 138,000. Address: Managing Director, Hayes and fl avonoids (pronounced FLAY-vuh-noids) have the same General Technology Co. Ltd., Misgav Dov 19, Mobile Post, effects of isofl avones in vitro, and we are supposed to be Emek Sorek, 76867 Israel. Phone: +972-8-8592925. eating foods that contain these substances. But the scientists at NCTR are not stupid; they know that and they even 893. Messina, Mark J. 1998. Problems with the media discussed it in their papers. Moreover, in Mark’s opinion, hyping soy: Concerns about Alzheimer’s disease, breast the last three epidemiologic studies have found, at least in cancer, and thyroid function (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Europe, that the average fl avonoid intake is 40-50 mg/day. July 18. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. So if anyone recommends 100 mg/day of isofl avones, that is • Summary: Mark feels that, when presenting an overview of doubling the average fl avonoid intake. This is a big deal–at the scientifi c research concerning health benefi ts of soy, he least theoretically. The NCTR researchers found an effect on is the only person who is presenting a balanced and accurate thyroid function at a concentration of 1 micromolar; that is picture; the media is clearly hyping the subject and many of a lower concentration than is used to inhibit the growth of the scientists are going along with the media–even though cancer cells and all the other wonder benefi cial effects. they know better. Much of what the media is saying is not The NCTR is rarely completely objective, because they supported by the scientifi c evidence. “It’s just getting carried are always looking for funds to do more research. The FDA away, and I feel it is very unfortunate. The exaggeration on may be the only organization can look at these matters in the positive side, will probably come around to hurt you an objective and balanced way–since their mandate is to when they hype the negative side on the second time around. safeguard the public health. So FDA is looking for a clear All of this is only interesting because people are now very understanding of the situation, but much of the information excited about soy.” they are getting may be biased. Hopefully, they know these Shurtleff notes that he agrees completely with Mark’s biases and can take them into account. position and analysis, and that he too refuses to go along One new area, which is a complete surprise and with the hype. The difference, however, is that Mark is in broadens our perspective–Several studies show that the a more diffi cult position, because he is “doing the rubber effect of genistein is sometimes different from the effect chicken circuit” where he is paid to give lectures on the of a complex mix of isofl avones, and that in turn could health benefi ts of soy. be different from the effect of a whole soy food (such as For three years, Mark has been trying to explain this soy fl our). Scientists realize that soy contains much more problem to the United Soybean Board’s (USB) PR fi rm than isofl avones, but nowadays many focus solely on the in Seattle (EvansGroup, now renamed something like isofl avones–especially genistein. Publiciste) and to encourage them to conduct a workshop Mark likes ADM’s pills because he believes that the to deal with and refute the growing number of concerns amounts people need may be very diffi cult for most people to

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 381 consume without pills. Address: PhD, 1543 Lincoln St., Port the progression of the disease “by eating lots of tofu and Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360-379-9544. other soy-based foods.” According to Clare Hasler, executive director of the interdisciplinary functional-foods program 894. Zind, Tom. 1998. Making the case for soy: Soy protein at the University of Illinois, the emphasis is shifting from merges into the fast lane as a functional food ingredient. removing the bad components from food (fat, cholesterol, Food Processing (Chicago) 59(7):31-32. July. Foods of salt) to enhancing the good. One example is the trend Tomorrow section. to fortify foods with calcium; it took off in 1995 when • Summary: Soy protein is getting more attention in the Tropicana started fortifying its orange juice with bone- budding functional foods/nutraceuticals arena in large part building calcium. Today calcium is added to a host of foods because of the isofl avones in soy which have many health to make them more nutritious. benefi ts. A number of companies have developed isofl avone- Marketing these foods will be aided by FDA health rich extracts–such as Novasoy from ADM. Big companies claims (which can be printed on the front of each package) like General Foods and Nabisco are now working with based on clinical studies. DuPont is working to gain FDA soy and see a bright future ahead. ConAgra Frozen Foods approval of a health claim for products containing soy is promoting soy in its Advantage\10 line, recommended protein–which is rich is isofl avones. Steven Potter, DuPont’s by Dean Ornish, M.D. A color photo shows the front Director of agriculture business development, believes that of one package. ADM markets a powdered soy drink if this health claim is approved, the $1.5 billion DuPont paid named Nutribev and is test marketing a soy-based frozen for PTI will look like “chump change.” People think of the dessert, named Dairylike, in Southern California. Protein U.S. pharmaceutical market as a huge one, but it is actually Technologies International says it has found new scientifi c only about one-fi fth as large at retail as the $500 billion food evidence that soy isofl avones can control cholesterol. market. The soul of the new life-sciences machine will probably 895. Stipp, David. 1998. Nutraceuticals–Engineering the turn out to be phytochemicals–such as the isofl avones found future of food: A revolutionary blurring of foods and drugs in soy protein foods or the lycopene found in tomatoes is transforming the industries that make them and promising (which could lower the risk of prostate cancer). Other to help us age gracefully. Fortune 138(6):128-30, 134, 136, popular fortifi ers are fi ber, antioxidants, and zinc. 140, 144. Sept. 28. [1 ref] The government has played an important role in drawing • Summary: This is a very (perhaps overly) optimistic or blurring the line between foods and drugs. In 1976 portrayal of the future of genetic engineering. In January Congress passed a law prohibiting the FDA from limiting 1998 Charles “Chad” Holliday was installed as the the potencies of vitamins and minerals. Then in 1986 the CEO of DuPont. A few months later he acquired Protein National Cancer Institute worked with the Kellogg Co. Technologies International (PTI), a subsidiary for Ralston (Battle Creek, Michigan; without consulting the FDA) to put Purina Co., for $1.5 billion. Analysts were puzzled by the the fi rst health claim on a mainstream food–Kellogg’s All deal, and the very high price that DuPont paid. On the day Bran. The message on the front of each package stated that the deal was announced, DuPont’s shares slipped $0.31 to high-fi ber foods may lower the risk of certain cancers. FDA close at $65.63, while Ralston’s jumped $3.44 to $91.69. offi cials were furious, but they decided not to take action This acquisition was part of the “life science” against Kellogg, in part because the statement had been revolution, an example of how chemical and agribusiness proven true by science and the food was a healthy one. companies are increasingly envisioning their future in So in 1990 Congress created a legal basis for such biology, and especially biotechnology. Last year Monsanto claims when it passed the NLEA (Nutrition Labeling (an old-line chemical fi rm) spent over $6 billion for seed and Education Act). But the FDA got the last laugh by companies, while DuPont paid $1.7 billion for a 20% stake interpreting the law so strictly that only 11 claims, each very in Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Yet the prize in the life- carefully worded, have been allowed to date. For example: sciences revolution is seen as lying, not in seeds, but in “Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of blood pressure, food–and in the blurring of the distinction between food and a disease associated with many factors.” drugs, between edibles and pharmaceuticals. For example, in Finally, in 1994 Congress passed the Dietary 1996 there was the $29 billion merger of Sandoz and Ciba- Supplements Health Education Act (DSHEA, also called the Geigy to form Novartis. Hatch Act), a “bulldozer” of a law that allows companies These new health-enhancing foods go by several names. selling dietary supplements to print health claims on their The food makers call them “functional foods” while the packages without seeking FDA approval. Although the law pharmaceutical companies prefer the name “nutraceuticals.” forbids claims that supplements can treat diseases, it does A functional food might be spaghetti enriched with soy allow claims linking phytochemicals to good health. The law protein to prevent osteoporosis. Unfolding scientifi c research took away most of FDA’s power to regulate supplements, suggests that men with prostate cancer may be able to slow according to Stephen DeFelice, who coined the word

“nutraceuticals” and started the nonprofi t Foundation for biotechnology into farming practices and food products Innovation in Medicine (Cranford, New Jersey), which was like a stone being thrown into a still pond, with ripples promotes natural remedies. emanating slowly outward until the whole body of water has A sidebar is titled “Can soy cut cholesterol.” Studies in some way become stirred and affected. suggest it can. Our writer tries to replicate them using “One immediate result has been a virtual wave of himself as a guinea pig.” Before the experiment, his total acquisitions, joint ventures and business mergers in the seed cholesterol was 223 (“borderline high”) and his LDL (bad and processing industry. Another has been the formation of cholesterol) was 165 (“dangerously high”). He added 30 gm/ new smaller businesses, designed to fi ll fresh niches created day of soy protein isolates to his diet and cut back on his in the marketplace. “American soul food” such as hamburgers. After two weeks “What both large and small companies have in common his total cholesterol was unchanged, but his LDL fell 5.5% to is a realization that we are at the threshold of a new age in 156 (“high”)–not bad in only two weeks. agricultural and food production, and that there are new Note: This study uncritically assumes that consumers market and business opportunities to develop in this time of will accept genetically engineered crops and foods. change. “’The introduction of GMO soybeans has created an 896. Food and Drug Administration. 1998. Food labeling, opening in the niche market for non-GMO and organic health claims: Soy protein and coronary heart disease. soybeans, and has brought to light the whole area of identity Federal Register 63(217):62977-63015. Nov. 10. [72 ref] preservation,’ says Marlyn Jorgensen, Vice President of Iowa • Summary: Contents: Summary. Dates: Written comments Soy Specialties in Vinton, Iowa. by January 25, 1999. Address to submit written comments. “The Infl uence of Biotechnology: When one looks at For further information contact. Supplementary information: the widespread use of biotechnology in agriculture today, Background, petition for soy protein and reduced risk of its hard to believe that commercially, agricultural products CHD (coronary heart disease) (background {on 4 May 1998 produced using biotechnology have only been in the market Protein Technologies International submitted a health claim for fi ve years. In fact, it’s been only two years since we saw petition to FDA}, review of preliminary requirements), the fi rst planting and harvesting of genetically modifi ed review of the scientifi c evidence, decision to propose a soybeans in the U.S. designed to be resistant to Monsanto health claim relating soy protein to reduction in risk of Company’s Roundup Ready herbicide. In that short time, CHD, description and rationale for components of health the planting of Roundup Ready soybeans has increased 25 claim (relationship between soy protein and CHD and the fold in the U.S. alone and varieties with this trait are being signifi cance of the relationship, nature of the claim, nature tested or planted in Canada, Argentina and Brazil. Monsanto of the substance, nature of the food, optional information, estimates that 40% of the U.S. crop and 20% of the world model health claims), environmental impact, analysis of crop in 1998 was planted with Roundup Ready soybeans. impacts, paperwork reduction act, effective date, comments, “Roundup Ready soybeans are part of the ‘fi rst references (72). Part 101–Food labeling. Tables: (1) generation’ of biotech seeds–those which offer benefi ts to the Summary of clinical trials. (2) Studies of subjects with Type farmer, such as lower chemical input and reduced farming II or familial hypocholesterolemia. Address: FDA Center costs. Other seeds which are part of this fi rst generation for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 200 C St. SW, include those with specifi c pest, disease or virus resistance. Washington, DC 20204. Phone: 202-205-4500. “The ‘second generation’ of seeds now being introduced offer processor, end-user and consumer specifi c benefi ts such 897. Wall Street Journal. 1998. FDA mulls proposal to allow as increased levels of protein, modifi ed and healthier fats, soy protein to carry health label. Nov. 11. p. B2, col. 5. modifi ed carbohydrates, changes in fl avor characteristics • Summary: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has and increased levels of desired phytochemicals. Many of proposed allowing foods that contain a minimum amount these processor benefi cial varieties have been derived using of soy protein to carry a labeling claim that they reduce the traditional, non-transgenic breeding practices, while others risk of heart disease–America’s leading cause of death. Last have been born in the biotech lab. spring Protein Technologies International, a unit of DuPont “Now that we have this new technology stirring up Co., petitioned the FDA to make this heart-health claim. the once relatively placid waters of the market, what new business opportunities will eventually become clear? 898. Golbitz, Peter. 1998. New business opportunities “Non-GMO Commodity Soybeans: Since there are no emerge as biotech creates ripples across the market. apparent differences or distinct features in the fi rst generation Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine) 5(4):4-5. Oct/Dec. of farmer-benefi cial GMO-soybeans in regards to basic • Summary: “It would be an understatement to say that composition, U.S. government regulations do not require the past few years have been an interesting time in the that GMO soybeans be separated from non-GMO soybeans fi eld of agricultural products. The rapid introduction of on the commodity level. Accordingly, both types are freely

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 383 mixed at county elevators and grain terminals. in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, China and Europe. “As a result, opportunities exist for those businesses “GMO soybeans are not excluded from being IP which can procure and process large quantities of segregated soybeans as long as they are grown, harvested and sold as a non-GMO commodity soybeans at near commodity price. particular variety with specifi c characteristics. “’We initially approached our business from more of an “Based on the reasoning that new improved varieties IP perspective than non-GMO, but now that we have looked of soybeans may eventually become a very large part of the into it, the non-GMO potential has become more signifi cant,’ market, we may soon see a restructuring of the commodity says Jim Skiff, President of U.S. Soy LLC, a new Mattoon, market as we know it today, or, at the very least, a much Illinois-based specialty soybean dealer. ‘I have just returned larger market for specialized soybeans and a need for new from a trip to Europe and was surprised to see just how big businesses and facilities to process and handle them. the GMO issue there still is. I didn’t meet with one company “’By next year, Roundup Ready soybeans will be who can use GMO soybeans due to consumer backlash. I near 65% of the U.S. market and non-GMO soybeans will feel that we [United States] have defi nitely lost markets in become the niche market, with good premiums available Europe due to the GMO issue and that Brazil has picked up and a number of farmers interested in growing non-GMO the business. The market for non-GMO soybeans is huge.’ soybeans,” reports Mr. Skiff. “GMO Soybeans with Processor Benefi ts: New business “Organic Soybeans: The ripple effect of GMO soybeans opportunities exist as well based on using new GMO or IP in the marketplace has also inadvertently helped to further varieties of soybeans to create new food or pharmaceutical develop another small, but specialized niche of the market– products. ‘We expect that much of our future growth will organic soybeans. come from selling processed products made from identity “Although this is a relatively minuscule segment of the preserved soybeans, such as those which can produce world soybean market, in 1996 and 1997 one of the only specialty soy oils and textured soy products,’ reports Mr. ways to acquire non-GMO soybeans was to buy certifi ed Jorgensen, whose company processes IP soybeans into food organic soybeans. This put a tremendous strain on the ingredients. “Eighty-fi ve to ninety percent of the demand for supply of organic soybeans in the U.S., and prices jumped new products is coming from the concern for specifi c traits dramatically. In fact, for the past two years, the U.S. found and healthful attributes of the soybean.” The seed breeders itself becoming an importer of organic soybeans from both themselves also realize the need to clear a path directly to the China and Brazil to fi ll domestic demand. processors and beyond. For example, last year, DuPont not “’The introduction of GMO has heightened awareness only formed a joint venture with seed producer Pioneer Hi- of organic soybeans due to their certifi cation and their being Bred, but also acquired Protein Technologies International, GMO-free,’ says Mr. Jorgensen. ‘Buyers are now drawn the world’s largest processor of isolated soy proteins. And more positively to organics.’ Monsanto, in addition to the acquisition of a number of seed “Simply put, organic farming requires that no synthetic companies during the past year, announced a joint venture farm chemicals are used on the plant or in the soil for at with the grain processor Cargill. least three years. New regulations forthcoming from USDA “With value-added soybeans, opportunities exist not will also not allow the use of biotechnology in organic only for seed companies and processors, but also for farmers food production. According to Agriculture Secretary Dan willing to grow particular varieties and harvest them as IP Glickman, ‘food produced with these products and practices soybeans. will not be allowed to bear the organic label.’ “’Because there will be good premiums available to the “Things May Never be the Same: Like the after effect grower, a large number of farmers are interested in growing of the stone thrown into the pond, the ripple in the market IP varieties,’ reports Mr. Skiff. should eventually smooth out and the waters will once again “Identity Preserved Soybeans: The introduction of the become clear. But the market may never be the same again.” processor-benefi cial second generation of seeds will help to shine light on an already existing, but small segment 899. Soyafoods (ASA, Europe). 1998. PTI provides non- of the soybean market–specialty soybeans sold as identity GMO soya isolate. 9(3):2. Autumn. preserved or IP soybeans. IP soybeans are already segregated • Summary: Protein Technologies International (PTI) says it from commodity soybeans and are sold on the basis of will offer its Supro brand of isolated soy protein as Identity specifi c processor benefi ts. This could mean higher protein Preserved (IP) “in response to the present uncertainty levels, lower fl avor, or even that they are grown organically. surrounding the labelling of genetically modifi ed soya in It is diffi cult to get accurate fi gures on the size of the market processed foods. for IP soybeans, although it would be safe to assume that “PTI has established an IP system which covers every they make up no more than a few percentage points of aspect of isolated soya protein production... The IP system is total soybean trade. Currently, IP soybean marketers cater independently validated by third party audit, and backed by primarily to soyfoods processors in the U.S., as well as those documentation which provides full traceability.”

For further information contact Jane Lilleywhite 100 tons a year to 25 customers, mostly food manufacturers. Marketing Coordinator, PTI, 16 Princewood Road, Earlstrees Large-scale cultivation of soybeans in India began in Industrial Estate, Corby, Northants NN17 4AP, UK. Phone: the 1970s to reduce dependence on imported edible oils. +44 (0) 1536 267325, fax: +44 (0) 1536 261147. Soy oil still is not popular, and for Indians see soybeans as an evil threat. Ms. Vandana Shiva believes that free 900. Karp, Jonathan. 1998. Adding U.S. soybeans to India’s trade in agriculture, inevitably controlled by multinational spicy diet faces big roadblocks: Protein-loaded legume could corporations selling expensive genetically engineered seeds, help the hungry, if only they’d eat it. Hiding ‘that beany will destroy India’s farmers and local foods. taste.’ Currying favor? Wall Street Journal. Dec. 8. p. A1, Yet Mr. Verghese Kurien, a famous Indian nationalist A6. from the western town of Anand, has decided to join • Summary: Virgil Miedema, the American Soybean the soybean forces. As head of India’s National Dairy Association’s director for South Asia, is the son of a soybean Development Board, he was largely responsible for making farmer from North Dakota and speaks near-fl uent Hindi. He India self suffi cient in milk and the world’s largest producer believes that adding American soybeans to Indian diets can of cow’s milk–while thwarting foreign dairy fi rms. He then do wonders for their health. But there are two problems: (1) branched out into edible oils to help his country cut costly India, the world’s fi fth largest soybean producer, already imports. Though he retired last month, his main project is grows so many soybeans that it exports the soy protein, now developing the lentil alternatives. although the country has a shortage of dietary protein; (2) The idea has been simmering for a decade, starting Indians dislike the beany taste of soy–according to food with U.S.-funded soybean research at an Indian university. scientist V.D. Devdhara, who shares Mr. Miedema’s mission. The dairy board, whose sister organization, Amul, is one The population of India is now growing by 16 million people of India’s largest food marketers, accepted the challenge a year–devouring the gains of the 1960s Green Revolution. of developing an inexpensive, uniquely Indian protein Some 53% of Indian children under age 5 are malnourished. alternative. Mr. Kurien argues that if soy can be made into Per capita availability of lentil protein is half what it was chicken and bacon, why not into dal? After years of fi ne in 1947, so the Indian government is producing lentil tuning, the product launch is at hand. If it succeeds, the alternatives made of soy protein and wheat fl our. The brown ASA could try for a second wave of products (made from pellets, designed to look and taste like dal, contain 60% more U.S. soybeans) such as “soymilk and tofu, which looks and protein. feels like Indian cottage cheese, called paneer.” Indians say The American Soybean Association (ASA) opened that tofu does not taste as good as paneer, but Mr. Miedema an offi ce in India in 1996. It hired Mr. Miedema who had responds that its better for you. An illustration (dot-style) spent 17 years in South Asia with the Peace Corps and the shows Mr. Miedema. Address: Staff Reporter. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). His mission is to repeat ASA’s success in China, where in just 901. Chapman, Nancy. 1998. Update on managing the 15 years it helped turn that soybean producer into a major Soyfoods Association of North America (Interview). importer. In 1997, China bought $657 million of U.S. SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 9. Conducted by William Shurtleff of soy products. “Of course, the Chinese have been eating Soyfoods Center. soybeans–as soy sauce and tofu, among other things–for • Summary: Nancy’s organization specializes in food policy millennia.” Mr. Miedema’s approach is to encourage Indian issues, not in managing trade associations. The Soyfoods companies to add soy to everyday Indian foods–such as the Association of American (SAA) has used almost none of wheat fl our used to make chapatis. her expertise in food policy issues during the past year. Her One company, AFM Foods, Mr. Miedema’s fi rst partner, company does publish newsletters related to food policy, is making soy-fortifi ed fl our for chapaties that contains 35% so those newsletter skills have been of use in managing the more protein than wheat–”and can reduce the risk of cancer SAA account. and the aches of menopause.” Concerning the health claim for soy protein reducing But attempts to use soy as food in India have failed the risk of heart disease: She has been following this before. A decade ago the ASA backed three local companies issue closely during the past year and she believes that the that failed in trying to popularize soymilk. RJR Nabisco Inc. probability that the claim will be approved by the FDA is quit making soy oil and Nestle SA (the Swiss food giant) “extremely good–about 99.5%!” She expects the approval recently withdrew its soymilk powder and soy-based baby to be granted in the spring or summer of 1999–hopefully in food because of poor sales. time for Soyfoods Month in April. Sanjeev Chaudhry (formerly involved with Nabisco’s Nancy assumes she will be managing the SAA account soy oil factory) is head of the India offi ce for Protein in 1999–but she is not sure. This past year the main problem Technologies International. He uses Supro brand soy protein is that Chapman Associates has had to do much more work isolate to develop turbocharged soy products. He sells about than she contracted for. Her organization has increased

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 385 membership from 29 members to 52 at present. Three of the Burger product line from ADM; by agreement, ADM will new members are big companies: Monsanto, Central Soya, continue to make the Harvest Burgers at its Illinois plant. and Protein Technologies International. She believes that Nov. 1-2–Conference titled “Estrogen, phytoestrogens the dues for these very large companies should be much and cognitive function” held in Seattle, Washington higher than the present highest dues of $3,000 year. As it is (organized by Mark Messina), largely to learn more about now, Monsanto is paying the same dues as White Wave. To the research of Lon White on tofu and dementia/Alzheimer’s increase revenues, the Association has decided to increase disease. dues for the smallest members. For example, membership Dec. 31–DE-VAU-GE acquires Bruno Fischer GmbH, dues for an individual (such as Soyfoods Center) will which sells bottled soymilk; both companies are located in increase from $350 last year to $500 in Jan. 1999. Germany. Alan Routh, president, was out for 6 months because Major trends: (1) The steady expansion of genetically of his accident, but as of Nov. 1 he reassumed the job of engineered Roundup Ready soybeans. This year an president. While he was out Yvonne Lo did an excellent job estimated 30% of America’s soybean acreage was planted to fi lling in for him. Throughout the past year Peter Golbitz has genetically engineered soybeans. This is one of the hottest been extremely generous in the amount of volunteer time he and most controversial stories in most countries of the has contributed. Address: Founder, N. Chapman Associates, world–except the United States, where it gets unbelievably 1723 U. Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. Phone: 202- little media coverage. (2) The hype about the health benefi ts 986-5600. of soyfoods continues to increase. There are defi nitely some health benefi ts, but the exaggerated statements that 902. SoyaScan Notes. 1998. Chronology of major soy- now routinely appear in articles and advertisements go far related events and trends during 1998 (Overview). Dec. 31. beyond what can be supported by scientifi c evidence. The Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. media seems intent on making as much money as possible • Summary: June–WholeSoy Co. of San Francisco (Ted as it whips up the story of soy’s health benefi ts. The bigger Nordquist) launches Creamy Cultured Soy (soy yogurt) in 3 the story it becomes, the more money they can make later fl avors. In about 2001 the product is renamed WholeSoy Soy debunking it. (3) The natural foods industry is changing into Yogurt. a supplements industry because of the higher profi t margin June–Britain’s Prince Charles, who practices organic on supplements. Many consumers are being misled into farming and is a patron of the Soil Association, writes an thinking that supplements are more important than healthy article attacking genetically modifi ed food that is published foods in determining good health. (4) Among commercial in Britain’s Daily Telegraph. Explaining that he wouldn’t soy products this year, the ratio of supplements to foods has eat such food or knowingly give it to his family or guests, increased sharply. he concludes, “I happen to believe that this kind of genetic Areas of potential danger on the horizon: (1) Lon White engineering takes mankind into realms that belong to God of Hawaii and his data on tofu and dementia/Alzheimer’s and God alone.” The prince’s surprise article helped unleash disease. (2) Young girls discovering that overdoses of a wave of anti-GMO activity and sentiment, that continued soy isofl avones could be useful in growing breasts, then for weeks in the British press and carried over to the publicizing that information using the Internet and World Continent. Wide Web. (3) The danger that the media will start to debunk Sept.–New European Union (EU) labeling laws, its own hyped story of the health benefi ts of soy. (4) The requiring labeling of genetically modifi ed ingredients, go concern that the FDA health label claim for soy will not into effect. However the regulation exempts foods which include traditional soy products–such as tofu and soymilk– contain no soy protein but do contain soy oil or soy lecithin. which contain too much fat. Therefore manufacturers will be Sept.–Imagine Foods of Palo Alto, California, the tempted to add soy protein isolates to raise the protein to a natural foods leader in nondairy beverages, launches Soy level that will trigger the health claim. Dream (soymilk), the company’s fi rst soy product. They support the product with an extensive and very creative 903. Golbitz, Peter. 1998. Proposed labeling rule may turn advertising campaign. soy to gold. Newsletter of the Soyfoods Association of North Sept.–Protein Technologies International starts to offer America (Washington, DC). Dec. p. 1-2. certifi ed non-GMO soy protein isolates. • Summary: A proposed health claim for food labeling, now Oct.–The Hain Food Group (which owns Westbrae) has under review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that it will start to label some of its products as (FDA), would authorize the use of a health claim on food GMO-Free (i.e. free of genetically modifi ed / engineered products which contain soy protein. The rule, published organisms). It has developed a “Pure Food” logo and a “Just for comment in the U.S. Federal Register on 10 Nov. 1998, Say No to GEOs” slogan. resulted from a petition originally fi led on 4 May 1998 Oct. 16–Worthington Foods purchases the Harvest by Protein Technologies International (PTI) of St. Louis,

Missouri. This petition summarizes years of clinical studies related to the cholesterol-lowering effects of consuming 905. Ralston Purina Company. 1998. Annual report: A year products that contain a signifi cant amount of soy protein. The of global growth and action. St. Louis, Missouri. 53 p. comment period ends on 25 Jan. 1999. • Summary: On the front cover is chronology of major According to FDA, “studies show 25 grams of soy events in the company from 1 Oct. 1997 to the present, protein per day have a cholesterol-lowering effect. Therefore, including: 1997 Oct. 1–Co-CEOs take offi ce (Patrick for a food to qualify for the health claim, each serving of the Mulcahy and W. Patrick McGinnis are replacing William food must contain at least 6.25 grams of soy protein, of one- Stiritz). 1997 Dec. 3–Protein Technologies International fourth of the 25 gram amount shown to have the cholesterol- (PTI) sold to DuPont. 1998 April 1–International agricultural lowering effect. The exact wording to be allowed on brands spun-off as an independent company, Agribrands. packages won’t be fi nalized until after the comment period 1998 May 28–Board authorizes three-for-one stock split. ends, but an example of how the health claim might be used 1998 Sept. 11–Tianjin, China, Energizer plant opened. on a package is: “Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol PTI was sold to E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company that include 25 grams of soy protein per day may reduce the (DuPont) for approximately $1.554 billion, comprised risk of heart disease. One serving of (name of food) supplies of DuPont common stock and the assumption of certain ___ grams of soy protein. liabilities. The after-tax next profi t was $705.1 million. Since a typical serving of most soyfoods (such as tofu, So now Ralston Purina is comprised of and focused on soymilk, tempeh) etc. contain the required 6.25 grams of two leading businesses in global industries: Pet products soy protein, manufacturers and marketers of these foods will (the world’s largest producer of dry dog and dry and soft- clearly benefi t if the rule is approved. But perhaps even more moist cat foods) and battery products (the world’s largest important, food processors will probably consider including manufacturer of dry cell battery products, including soy protein products as an ingredient in a wide variety of Energizer and Everready brand products). foods ranging from breakfast cereals to pasta. Net earnings in fi scal 1998 were $1,105.7 million, up The last four proposed health claim rules were all dramatically from $423.7 million in 1997 and $359.6 million approved by the FDA, which has up to 540 days from the in 1996. The major reason for this huge increase was the sale original fi ling date to complete action on the proposal. So the of PTI (see p. 12, 14). two key dates to watch are January 25 and late October 1999. Also contains a notice of annual meeting of shareholders. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, 904. Messina, Mark; Erdman, John W., Jr. eds. 1998. The Missouri. role of soy in preventing and treating chronic disease: Proceedings of a symposium held on September 15-18, 1996, 906. Holt, Stephen. 1998. The soy revolution: The food the Second International Symposium on the Role of Soy of the next millennium. New York, NY: M. Evans and in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, and a satellite Company, Inc. xiii + 214 p. Index. 26 cm. [28 ref] symposium held on September 19, 1996, in Brussels, • Summary: Contents: Special note (disclaimer). Foreword Belgium. American J. of Clinical Nutrition 68(6S):1329S- by T.V. Taylor, M.D., FRCS, Prof. and Chief of Surgery, 1544S. Dec. Supplement. Veterans Administration Hospital, Baylor College of • Summary: This symposium was organized by Mark Medicine, Houston, Texas. Preface, by the author. 1. Messina, PhD, and sponsored by Protein Technologies I’ve heard about the benefi ts of soy, but... 2. What makes International, the soybean growers from Nebraska, Indiana, soybeans so special? 3. The ingenious soy isofl avones. 4. and Iowa, and the United Soybean Board. Soy and your heart. 5. Soy and weight control. 6. Soy and 33 papers by various authors (each cited separately), diabetes mellitus. 7. Keep your genito-urinary tract healthy: were presented at this conference. They were arranged kidneys and prostate. 8. Soy and digestive problems. 9. under the following categories: Introduction. Soy and Omnipause: both sexes should read this. 10. Thinning bones kidney function. Soy and bone health. Soy and heart disease. and creaking joints may not be inevitable. 11. Soy and Soy and cancer: Animal studies, soybean anticarcinogens cancer. 12. Dairy versus soy: is there one answer? 13. Soy and anticancer mechanisms, human studies. Current and the special needs of active adults and athletes. 14. Soy understanding of soy and infant health. Soybean isofl avones: and your children. 15. Many other benefi ts of soy. 16. Safety analysis, amounts in foods and biological matrices, and and application of soy. 17. The champions of soy and health: pharmacokinetics. Isofl avones and alcohol metabolism. Chai-Won Chung (M.D., pediatrician in Korea), T.W. Kwon Abstracts of oral and poster presentations. Address: 1. (PhD, Prof. and Director of the Food Science Inst. of Inje, Nutrition Matters, Inc., 1543 Lincoln St., Port Townsend, Korea, and founder of the Korean Soyfood Assoc.), Mark Washington 98368; 2. Div. of Nutritional Sciences, Univ. of Messina, William Shurtleff, Kenneth D.R. Setchell, Earl Illinois, 451 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL Mindell, Donald F. Othmer, Dr. Robert Atkins, E.C. Henley 61801-3852. Phone: 360-379-9544 (Messina). (of Ralston Purina Co.), Dr. James Anderson, Cathy Read.

As of Nov. 1999 this book is available in an inexpensive al. 1976). (d) For children, is there a safe age at which soy paperback pocketbook edition (Dell Publishing, a division of is considered benefi cial? (e) An increasing percentage of Random House; $5.99). Dr. Holt is at BioTherapies, Inc., 9 soybeans are now genetically engineered. How does such Commerce Road, Fairfi eld, New Jersey 07004. genetic modifi cation affect levels of naturally occurring In 2000 this book was issued in an inexpensive components such as isofl avones and other potentially paperback pocketbook under the title: The soy revolution: biologically active components? “These examples above discover how the use this powerful nutritional miracle to clearly show that there are many outstanding safety concerns prevent or treat a wide variety of illnesses (New York: and therefore it would be highly inappropriate to advocate Bantam; London: Kuperard). Address: M.D., F.R.C.S., that the general population increase its consumption of soy President and CEO, Biotherapies, Inc., Fairfi eld, New Jersey, which such concerns remain outstanding.” Address: Co- and Clinical Prof. of Medicine at Seton Hall Univ. and director, The Food Commission, London, England. Director of the Roseland Surgical Center. 908. Fitzpatrick, Mike G. 1999. Re: Docket No. 98P-0683 907. Dibb, Sue. 1999. Re: Docket No. 98P-0683 Food [Food labelling: Health claims; soy protein and coronary labelling: Health claims; soy protein and coronary heart heart disease]. Letter to Dr. S.M. Pilch, Centre for Food disease. Letter to Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS-465), Food and Drug Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room Administration (FDA), 200 C St., SW, Washington, DC 1061, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Jan. 25. 5 p. Typed, 20204 USA, Jan. 25. 9 p. Typed, without signature (carbon without signature. [4 ref] copy). [40 ref] • Summary: “The Food Commission wishes to submit • Summary: “My submission does not address the issue of comments on the above proposal. The Food Commission the health claim that soy protein reduces the risk of coronary is an independent consumer organisation and publishers of heart disease per se. Rather, it opposes the claims by PTI the Food Magazine. In the UK we are one of many NGO’s [Protein Technologies International] that soy protein is a working under the umbrella of the National Food Alliance GRAS foodstuff and that there are no risks associated with to establish acceptable criteria, for the use of health claims the daily consumption of between 25 g and 100g of soy on food in the absence of any specifi c regulations. Certainly protein. any new approvals for health claims in the US infl uence “In fact, the FDA has never granted soy protein GRAS companies and regulatory bodies in other countries. We status. I would submit that the proof required to make such are therefore concerned to ensure that only legitimate, a claim is lacking. Also, there are very real risks associated scientifi cally substantiated claims, which are genuinely with consuming soy protein. These risks appear to have been benefi cial to public health, are permitted. ignored by PTI and it is essential that the FDA give their full The writer expresses her concerns in four areas: (1) attention to the exposures to isofl avones and nitrosamines Scientifi c validity of evidence: PTI focuses on the role that will occur on daily exposure to 100g of soy protein. of isofl avones as being the component of soy protein “In this regard, FDA must fully disclose to consumers responsible for lowering cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. the possible risks of soy protein as well as the possible However the FDA concludes that “the evidence is not benefi ts.” Address: PhD, MNZIC, Senior Consultant, Kingett suffi cient to establish that the presence of isofl avones Mitchell & Associates Ltd., Environmental Consultants, accounts for or is related to the effect on blood lipids (p. ASDA Plaza, Fred Thomas Dr., P.O. Box 33-849, Takapua, 62988). Furthermore the FDA’s concludes ‘Given the limited Auckland, New Zealand. Phone: (09) 486-8068. Fax: 486- number of studies and the contradictory outcomes, FDA is 8072. not persuaded that the isofl avone component of soy protein is a relevant factor to the diet-disease relationship’ (p. 62988).” 909. Otto, Pam Erickson. 1999. FDA issues proposed health The Food Commission supports these conclusions claim for soy protein. Food Product Design. Jan. p. 20, 22. that the active component has not yet been identifi ed and • Summary: Consumer interest in soy protein has been quantifi ed. (2) The Food Commission questions whether the growing ever since The New England Journal of Medicine general public will be willing or able to consume 25 gm of published its meta analysis in 1995. soy protein per day. (3) Misleading impressions: A health Then in May 1998 Protein Technologies International claim would create a misleading impression of the health (PTI) of St. Louis, Missouri, submitted a petition to the U.S. benefi ts of soy as a food. (4) Safety issues: (a) Isofl avones Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a health claim for in adult women cause changes to the sex hormone status soy protein. (Cassidy et al. 1994). (b) Soy can stimulate breast cell “Although the agency concurred with the majority proliferation (Petrakis et al. 1996). (c) Soy isofl avones can of research submitted by PTI, it discounted two studies cause thyroid dysfunction in humans. Malignant goitre suggesting that isofl avones play a role in the cholesterol- has occurred in experimental animals fed soy (Kimura et lowering effect. Citing insuffi cient evidence. FDA wrote

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 388 in its research review that it was ‘not persuaded that the now offers certifi ed non-GMO isolates suited to each isofl avone component of soy protein is a relevant factor to customer’s needs (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 17. the diet-disease relationship.” Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. “Once a part of Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, PTI • Summary: PTI began to offer certifi ed non-GMO isolates was purchased by DuPont Co., Wilmington, Delaware, in in the fall of 1998. The demand for this type of product was December 1997. PTI manufactures and markets isolated soy driven largely by enquiries from customers in Europe, but protein under the brand name Supro®.” also from Australia and New Zealand. Starting September “Foods containing soy protein may soon join those made 1, 1998, food manufacturers in the EU (European Union) with oat bran and psyllium as products authorized to carry were required by labeling laws to list GMO products in U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved health claims. the ingredients listing. More than 65% of PTI’s business is FDA in November issued a proposed rule that, if enacted, outside the United States. would allow the labels of certain soy foods to state that the In order to ensure that the isolates are free of genetically product may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.” engineered soybeans, PTI (starting in 1998) contracted “FDA published its proposed rule in the November 10 with farmers to grow non-GMO soybeans; after they were Federal Register, and is accepting written comments on the harvested, the soybeans were stored in special silos. The proposal until January 25. Correspondence should be sent to: beans are crushed (by a crusher with whom PTI has a Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Food and Drug contract), the oil extracted, and the resulting fl akes made Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, Rockville, into soy protein isolates using the water-wash process– MD 20852.” the same process to make all PTI isolates–which keeps isofl avone levels high. PTI audited the process (which they 910. Soybean Digest. 1999. FDA supports soy protein health call an “identity preserved” {IP} process), and can provide claim. Jan. p. S24. certifi cation to any customer that buys one of these products • Summary: Protein Technologies International has saying “This product comes from a non-GMO source.” presented petitions to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration PTI has to schedule production runs of non-GMO (FDA) containing data from more than 50 studies that show isolates in advance, and the company attempts to notify a link between consumption of 25 grams/day of soy protein existing or potential customers far in advance as to when and reduction of blood cholesterol. FDA has already given these runs will take place. Each time PTI does such a run, initial approval for a health claim on labels of products that they have to shut down the plant and clean out their entire contain soy protein. If FDA gives fi nal approval, it will have production line, to ensure there is no “contamination”–which a worldwide impact on sales of soy protein, and consumers is quite expensive and complicated. Thus the non-GMO seek these soy protein foods for their health benefi ts. isolates are more expensive than the regular isolates. It is important to understand that PTI develops each 911. Harter, Lisa. 1999. The Take Care line of consumer product to suit the needs of individual customers. Although products containing soy protein isolates was sold to Ross they now offer more than 100 different types of isolates, they Laboratories by Protein Technologies International within are a customer-driven rather than a product-driven company. the last 6 months (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 17. They do not send out a laundry list or a catalog. They do not Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. have a brochure describing their policies on non-GMO. Their • Summary: The sale took place in Oct. 1998 after DuPont product offerings are changing constantly. acquired PTI from Ralston Purina Co., but it had been Talk with Jim Skiff (phone: 217-235-1020) of US planned long before that time. The toll-free number is still Soy, LLC. 1999. May 12. PTI makes the isolates that it the same (1-800-445-3350) and the company is still located calls GMO-Free from STS soybeans, which are resistant to in St. Louis, but it is now called the “Take Care Division of DuPont’s powerful herbicide named Synchrony, but are not Ross Products.” They have only one product (i.e. one SKU, genetically engineered. So STS soybeans, bred by DuPont which is the powdered beverage in one fl avor in a 1-pound and others from mutant lines and fi rst marketed in 1993, are can). It is not yet clear whether Ross will ever sell the Take kind of midway between traditional soybeans and GMO- Care products in retail stores. soybeans. A deal involving STS soybeans makes sense since Note: A color brochure sent by Nutritious Foods of St. PTI is owned by DuPont, which has a major alliance with Louis in Feb. 1999 shows that Take Care has fi ve products, Pioneer Hi-Bred, which is the source of STS soybeans! including Take Care in strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla When Jim and his partner, Ramlakhan Boodram, called PTI fl avors. Address: Account Representative, Checkerboard recently to ask their R&D people if they sell isolates which Square St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: 800-325-7108 are guaranteed to be GMO-Free, they said that they did not, PTI. “because that would be impossible and the liability would be too great.” PTI processes its STS soybeans in Bloomington, 912. Harter, Lisa. 1999. Protein Technologies International Illinois, at a plant owned by DuPont. It is extremely

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 389 expensive to stop and clean out a plant such as this one. in the product is soy protein isolate, supplied by Protein Address: Account Representative, Checkerboard Square St. Technologies International, a subsidiary of DuPont. A test Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: 800-325-7108 PTI. by PTI comparing Veggie Milk with other milk alternatives found that it ranked No. 1 on every nutritional component, 913. Lamp, Greg. 1999. Soyfoods health claim nears FDA including vitamins, minerals, calcium, soy protein, fi ber, and okay: Heart-risk labeling should boost soybean demand. folic acid. Soybean Digest. Feb. p. 68. According to the newsletter Nutrition Business Journal • Summary: Funds from the soybean checkoff helped (April/May 1998), soymilk sales in 1997 were valued at generate the research and information that was submitted to $200 million, and projected to grow to more than $350 the FDA. The process began in 1995 with fi nancial assistance million by the year 2000. from the Illinois Checkoff Board and the United Soybean Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the Board (USB). Roughly $1 million in soybean checkoff funds “negative health implications associated with traditional were invested in the project. “A coalition to develop the soy dairy products, such as heart disease, digestive problems, health claim involved ASA [American Soybean Association], exposure to antibiotics, growth hormones, and more. This USB, state checkoff boards and industry partners, such as increased awareness is fueling a signifi cant shift to soy-based Protein Technologies International, Central Soya and the products.” Address: Galaxy Foods Company, 2441 Viscount Archer Daniels Midland Company.” Row, Orlando, Florida 32809. Phone: 800-441-9419 or 407- An estimated 20% of all Americans (54.2 million adults) 855-5500. have high blood cholesterol levels–over 240. ASA predicts that if each of these people consumed 25 grams (less than 1 916. Protein Technologies International. 1999. Soy health ounce) of soy protein each day, annual demand for soybeans claim update: All signs point to fi nal decision by mid ‘99. would increase by more than 55.2 million bushels. SuproVision (PTI, St. Louis, Missouri). Winter. 4 p. Consumption of U.S. soybeans in the United States now • Summary: This inaugural issue is subtitled “A newsletter totals about 1.2 billion bushels a year. for business visionaries.” The editor is Jean Caton, M.S., A color photo shows two 3-shelf racks of American R.D., Director, Health Benefi ts Communications. Page 1 is foods. Those on the left rack already contain soy protein: about the health claim and the FDA. Page 2 contains a letter Mori-Nu Tofu, Take Care, GeniSoy bars, Harvest from Terry Hatfi eld, Co-President, PTI–A DuPont business. Burgers, Galaxy Veggie Slices, SoNice soymilk, Edensoy, The center of the centerfold, titled “Who’s talking about Morningstar Farms [Worthington Foods] meat alternatives, soy,” gives excerpts from Fortune magazine (28 Sept. 1998), etc. Those on the right rack are foods with potential to have Oprah Winfrey (20 Oct. 1998; To Dr. Bob Arnot she said: soy protein added: Cream of Wheat, Raisin Bran, puddings, “This is my new thing. This is gonna replace potato chips for Snackwell’s cookies, etc. me,” as she drank a soy protein shake as part of an episode on Arnot’s “The Breast Cancer Prevention Diet”), Wall Street 914. American Association of Cereal Chemists. 1999. Journal (11 Nov. 1998, “FDA mulls proposal to allow soy Functional foods: Strategies for the food industry (Brochure). protein to carry health label”), HeartWatch (Nov. 1998), and 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, MN 55121-2097. 12 panels. The Washington Post (5 Jan. 1999, “The soybean and health: 22 x 14 cm each. What’s proven?). • Summary: This brochure announces a conference will be Page 3 asks “Is your company ready?” and suggests held on 14-15 June 1999 at the Newport Beach Marriott steps to take. Page 4–”PTI, Cardiovascular doctors get to Hotel & Tennis Club, Newport Beach, California. The the ‘Heart of the Matter’ at American Heart Association program and speakers are given. One breakout group on Annual Conference, 9 Nov. 1998 at Dallas, Texas.” Address: “Soy and Its Components” will be chaired by E.C. Henley, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri 63164. Phone: Vice President of Protein Technologies [International]. 800-467-8776. A session titled “Highlights from the Strategic Breakout Groups” will be moderated by Clare M. Hasler, Executive 917. Beyers, Jim. 1999. Work with ADM and Westward Director, Functional Foods for Health Program, University of Industries, Inc. making textured soy protein (Interview). Illinois. Address: St. Paul, Minnesota. SoyaScan Notes. May 3. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 915. Monthly Insight (Galaxy Foods, Orlando, Florida). • Summary: In 1969, when Jim graduated from Southern 1999. Veggie Milk pouring on sales. April. p. 1. Illinois University, he was hired by ADM to work on • Summary: Wal-Mart ordered two truckloads of Veggie extruding soy protein. He worked with Bill Atkinson, who Milk for its 510 supercenters. A truckload of Veggie Milk was using an old vintage extruder to make TVP, which was was also shipped to Puerto Rico. “We expect Veggie Milk used primarily for pet food. Jim was hired to do research to be available nationwide soon.” Note: A major ingredient on adding value to the pet food by making it fi t for human

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 390 consumption, and to diversify the product catalog to include been the philosophy of Jim Randall, the retired president. meat analogs. They soon were testing beef, ham, and He was the engineer for ADM for many, many years. “The chicken fl avors in different sizes, shapes, and colors. Before commodity mind-set has always been trainloads, truckloads, long they were experimenting with some “wild and crazy and shiploads. When I was at ADM we made one type of things” such as fruit replacements, vegetable replacement, bacon bit, packed it in 50-pound boxes with ADM’s labels and nut replacements–all with TVP. At the beginning, only on it, sold it at 20,000 pounds minimum order. That was it.” Beyers and Atkinson were working on this project. This Jim’s present company works on smaller volumes and higher was before the settlement of the big patent dispute between margins. “We don’t want to compete with the commodity ADM and Ralston Purina in 1970. That dispute grew out processors. We have a nice little specialty niche that ADM of the fact that Atkinson and Robert Boyer (both of whom and Cargill can’t mess with. Generic bacon bits are becoming once worked together for Henry Ford) both came up with a commodity, but it is private labeling that keeps some of the idea of extrusion at about the same time. Bill Atkinson them in the specialty fi eld. The big processors won’t put in a was extruding 50% protein soy fl our and Ralston apparently label room for 70 different private labels.” said they were extruding soy fl our. Atkinson fortunately Jim worked for ADM in R&D for about ten years. He kept the little desktop extruder that he used to make his worked very closely with Bill Atkinson, a very bright man fi rst trials; it made a little rope of TVP about the size of and an excellent inventor, but he also came on like a raging an ink pen refi ll [about one-eighth inch in diameter]. “We bull–a cantankerous man. “But he and I got along great! I reenacted those early experiments of his time and time again never knew for sure why. I used to enjoy listening to him for the courts–to the point where we had miles of this little talking about Henry Ford and his years of work there with bitty TVP rope piled up.” Each company thought that it had soy. At one time Ford thought people were being gouged invented the extrusion process fi rst. “So they went to war [paying too much] for eye glasses. So he set up a bank of with each other. They spent at least several hundred thousand grinding machines, to crank out glasses for a nickel each.” dollars on attorney’s fees, until they fi nally resolved it out Ford and ADM both liked to operate on the principle of high of court. Swift and Staley were just standing on the side volume, low margin. In his Later years, Atkinson began to lines in the last half of the battle waiting for the judge to tell suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. But until just before he them who to pay the royalty checks to. Finally, the process retired, his memory was crystal clear, with 100% total recall. patent was awarded to Ralston Purina and the product In Jan. 1979 he left ADM and went to work for Westward patent to ADM–which is kind of ludicrous. How can you Industries, where for the next 18 years he made bacon bits. have a process without a product, or a product without a Ken Towers was the original owner of Westward Industries; process.” Ralston Purina went out to everyone they could he and his researchers developed a lot of new technology for fi nd who was extruding a 50% soy protein product (for pet fl avoring systems in-house. When he went to and helped to food or human food) and asked them to buy a license on the start Westward Industries, it would take any order from 50 process; the license fees were quite high, because the life cases on up, and put the but the customer’s label on it if so of the patent was half gone, so they decided to charge twice desired. Initially Westward bought its TVP from ADM, then what they would have ordinarily charged. Ralston Purina added its own fl avoring system. Later, they bought a license made a great deal of money from PMS Foods in Hutchinson, to produce the TVP-type base then added their own unique Kansas. Swift paid the fees for a while, then stopped making fl avors by their own system. the product. Cargill was a big manufacturer of a TVP-type In Jan. 1979 Westward Industries started making product; they have a plant in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Jim does standard textured soy protein products in Kansas at 1819 S. not know anything about the fees they paid. Ralston Purina Meridian, Wichita. Westward didn’t sell any products under itself never made much extruded soy using its patented its own brand; it was either sold in bulk to foodservice or process. Ralston had two extrusion lines in Memphis, private labeled for all the glass-packers in the country like Tennessee, for several years, making mostly human foods– John R. Sexton, Durkee Foods, R.T. French, McCormick, but they were never price competitive and the quality was Safeway, CFS-Continental, Ponderosa Steak Houses, Pizza not very good. ADM could have done the same thing, but Hut–any company that sold bacon-bits in jars. “We were the they didn’t. Jim does not know why ADM didn’t pursue this. largest processor of imitation bacon bits in North America, Today ADM is by far the world’s biggest manufacturer probably for about ten years.” The company still makes of extruded, textured soy fl our. “ADM has an extrusion and sells these products. At one point, they got rid of the capacity to generate the entire world’s supply of TVP. I extruders and made rice crispies for 15 years. know that for a fact because I put those extruders in place In about 1984 or 1985 Westward introduced the Soft and myself.” ADM runs on high volume and low margins. Chewy concept, with many of the old fl avors, but a few new They won’t enter a fi eld unless they can generate enough ones–such as Bacums. In late 1997 he bought Westward from capacity to dominate. They streamline and automate the its founder, Ken Towers, renamed it to Westwind Industries, process until they are the low-cost producer. This has long and started his own production. He did not buy the corporate

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 391 charter from Ken; rather he fi led his own corporate charter, almost no beany fl avor, but a beige (not pure white) color. which required a new name. Westward Industries still Of course, it will not melt like the casein in cheese does. exists, and Jim’s manufacturing plant is at a new location. Both ADM and PTI “tweak” their isolates–they set aside The company makes two types of textured soy fl our (crisp isofl avones at one step of the process then add them back texture, and Soft and Chewy) and a line of nut replacements later–to raise the isofl avone level. Is this way they can say (Terra Nuts, which are pressure cooked, then dry roasted, and that they are not actually adding isofl avones, so they do not used to replace pecans and walnuts). have to list isofl avones as an ingredient on the label. ADM Greg Caton is an interesting guy. He’s exuberant, guarantees 2 mg of isofl avones per gram of product, whereas energetic, and very innovative. He needs to stop, settle down PTI guarantees only 2 mg of isofl avones per gram of protein. for about ten minutes, and think things through just a little Address: Basic Foods Co., P.O. Box 240070, Los Angeles, bit. Jim thinks Greg will take his business worldwide “when California 90024. Phone: 310-473-0719. he fi nally gets his focus on what he’s doing. This non-GMO is really a big thing in Europe these days; it’ll never make a 919. Balu, Rekha. 1999. Ralston to spin off Energizer splash here in the States. Greg believes that’s where his new- division: struggling battery business buffeted by two rivals: found wealth will be.” Jim believes that GMO foods will new focus on pet foods. Wall Street Journal. June 11. not become widely accepted in the USA during our lifetime. • Summary: “Ralston’s Energizer brand, famous for “World-wide it’s really catching on, and I think later on it advertisements featuring its high-stamina bunny, is stuck may be somewhat important. What’s more important now in the middle of the battery market. It must battle with the with soy is if you can process it hexane-free. Even though premium image of Gillette Co.’s Duracell brand and at the the residual hexane is in the parts per billion, there are same time fi ght Rayovac Corp.’s sizable price discounts. enough folks around here that say ‘A little bit’s too much.’ In addition, the battery business has been hurt by economic I think that’ll get more mileage than whether it’s Roundup turmoil in Asia.” Ready or not. Anyway, those are foreign markets that Greg is As of Sept. 30, 1998, Ralston Purina’s pet products have looking at.” Address: Owner, Westwind Industries, Inc., 3930 sales that are 23% greater than its battery products. Moreover W. 29th St. South, Suite 55, Wichita, Kansas 67217. Phone: the pet products have profi t that is almost twice as great as its 316-943-3212. battery products. Batteries come in two basic types: single use (like 918. Boismenue, Clyde. 1999. Soy protein isolates: ADM Energizer) and rechargeable (like Panasonic). Address: Staff has some excellent new products and PTI is concerned Reporter of the WSJ. (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 27. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 920. Mack, Eric. 1999. Sales of soy protein isolates to • Summary: ADM got into the isolate business by buying Eastern Europe during the 1980s (Interview). SoyaScan two existing product lines. In the mid-1980s they bought the Notes. June 14. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Promine line from Central Soya; these products were made Center. at an aging plant in Chicago, Illinois. ADM replaced the • Summary: Eric worked as a salesman for PTI in eastern Promine brand with Ardex, and cleaned up the production Europe from 1980 to 1982. Soy protein isolates started to process and product consistency, but never did much to be sold into Eastern Europe in the late 1970s, and by the improve the somewhat beany fl avor or to market the product. early 1980s large amounts were sold into the former Soviet In the early 1990s ADM purchased the ProFam isolate Union, Romania, and Yugoslavia. They were used mostly line from Grain Processing Corp., which was a company in sausages and other processed meats as a binder and that focused on corn processing, and especially on making emulsifi er for the water and fat. maltodextrins. ADM shut down both of those early plants Eric was responsible for selling to four countries: East and built its own plant in Decatur. Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary. Isolates During the 1980s most of the isolates made in the USA were outlawed by the government in East Germany, where were sold to Eastern Europe, where they were added to the pure food policy was similar to that in west Germany. sausages, but often did not appear on product labels. The In Czechoslovakia there was little interest. He had a good second largest use was in infant formulas. market in the meat industry Poland, and he was working with ADM’s new line of isolates, introduced about 1 year the very modern poultry industry to design and make poultry ago, is sold under the ProFam brand. ADM has built two big sausages. Poultry can convert feed into meat more effi ciently plants in Decatur, Illinois, and a third huge plant in Brussels, than pork, beef, etc. But the Polish market collapsed in Belgium, will come on line later this year. The product December 1981 when vice-president George Bush arrived named ProFam 891 is completely new–unlike anything that to say that the U.S. would no longer guarantee payments to PTI has. It is made from alcohol-washed concentrates. It U.S. grain exporters. 36 hours later martial law was imposed has good solubility, great viscosity (very much like casein), (to crack down on Solidarity) and the Polish poultry industry

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 392 was wiped out. There was a very good and growing market without the use of drugs. in Hungary for isolates in processed meats. Then in mid- “In 1995, a comprehensive review, or meta analysis, to late-1981 a Hungarian invented a soy protein powder of 29 previously published studies, including two from the somewhat like an isolate, that was much less expensive University of Illinois, confi rmed that an average of 47 grams and worked about half as well. It was soon made locally of soy protein per day can produce signifi cant decreases in in Hungary, and that was the end of PTI’s isolate market total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, in Hungary. Address: Owner, Erioco Ltd., P.O. Box 6425, and triglycerides, without affecting desirable high-density Chesterfi eld, Missouri 63006. Phone: 636-527-3616. (HDL) cholesterol levels. “’Until that meta analysis took place, few health care 921. NSRL Bulletin (National Soybean Research Laboratory, professionals noticed that there was a lot of support in Urbana, Illinois). 1999. Soy moves to the front line in the the published literature for the idea that soy protein was a war on heart disease: it is becoming clear that increased dietary factor that could lower cholesterol,’ says John W. consumption of soy protein offers one of the most promising Erdman, Jr., director of the U of I’s Division of Nutritional ways to lower blood cholesterol levels without the use of Sciences. ‘The effect goes beyond the impact of lower fat drugs. 6(2):4-5. June. and cholesterol intake. It is a direct impact of soy protein.’ Most recently, Erdman has collaborated on a major new study measuring the long-term effects of soy protein on cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. Other researchers in the study were from the Division of Nutritional Sciences, the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, and the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. “In this research, postmenopausal women who had slightly high cholesterol levels received a milk-based supplement with 40 grams of soy protein a day or one of two soy supplements in the form of isolated soy protein. They received this diet for six months and were measured for total cholesterol and for LDL and HDL levels. Primary funding for the study came from the Illinois Soybean Checkoff Board, with additional support from Protein Technologies International, a division of Dupont. “’The bottom line from the study was that LDL-the bad cholesterol-went down, while HDL cholesterol-the good stuff-went up in both the soy groups in the study,’ Erdman says. “He emphasizes that these fi ndings are especially important because few studies have evaluated women specifi cally, and post-menopausal women have never been • Summary: “Despite persistent warnings about the need distinguished from women in general, even though heart for changes in the average American diet, more than 750,000 disease is a leading cause of death in older women. people die each year in the United States from coronary heart “’Not only were the changes statistically signifi cant, disease for which moderate to high cholesterol levels are a they were maintained over the whole six-month period,’ contributing cause. At least 20 percent of adults have blood Erdman says. ‘What makes that even more important is cholesterol levels greater than 240 milligrams per deciliter the fact that this was the longest study that’s every been (mg/dL). Another 31 percent fall into the borderline-high published on soy.’ category with cholesterol levels over 200 mg/dL. “In another study funded by the Illinois Council on “The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food and Agricultural Research (C-FAR), Erdman and other estimates that 52 million Americans over the age of 20 are researchers have been examining the impact of the level of candidates for some type of dietary or drug intervention to soy protein consumption on cholesterol lowering. This study lower blood cholesterol. Today, however, it is becoming focused on men with mildly high cholesterol levels. They clear that increased consumption of soy protein offers one of were fed diets with 20, 30, 40 or 50 grams of soy protein a the most promising ways to lower blood cholesterol levels day for six weeks.

“’Initial evaluation of the results suggests that as little products, is the richest source of all four of these main as 20 grams of soy protein–which you certainly can get in estrogenic isofl avones. The soybean contains virtually no one or two servings of soy foods-could reduce cholesterol in formononetin or biochanin. this group,’ Erdman says. ‘If this data is confi rmed, we will Protein Technologies Inc. (PTI), a wholly owned be able to show that just a moderate alteration in the diet can subsidiary of DuPont, paid Novagen a license fee of $9 result in a signifi cant reduction in serum cholesterol.’ million enabling PTI and its parent to operate worldwide “The results of this study will be especially relevant under a pharmaceutical isofl avone patent owned by because the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a Novagen. “PTI is a major supplier of isolated soy protein.” new rule that would authorize the use of health claims on Other human hormones include insulin and cortisone. food labels linking soy protein with reduced risk of heart disease. The agency has tentatively concluded from the 923. National Oilseed Processors Association. 1999. scientifi c evidence that 25 grams of soy protein included in Yearbook and trading rules 1999-2000. Washington, DC. ii + a daily diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol may 126 + 11 p. 22 cm. reduce the risk. • Summary: On the cover (but not the title page) is written: “’Acceptance of this food labeling rule would be Effective August 1, 1999. Contents: Constitution and by- recognition that soy protein is, in fact, important in lowering laws. Offi cers and directors. Executive offi ce. Members. cholesterol,’ Erdman says. ‘It also could be a big boon to Standing committees. Trading rules on soybean meal. soybean farmers as more and more companies would have Appendix to trading rules on soybean meal: Offi cial methods the incentive to incorporate soy at higher levels in their food of analysis (moisture, protein, crude fi ber, oil {only method products.’ numbers listed}), sampling of soybean meal {at origin} “If fi nalized, this new rule would allow for labeling on food products that contain at least 6.25 grams of soy protein in a single serving. Four servings a day would make up the recommended daily minimum intake of 25 grams. Most of the traditional soy foods, such as tofu, would meet the labeling requirements. “Erdman also expects that FDA approval would have a major impact on the soybean industry by spurring commercial manufacturers to develop many new soy food products. “’What’s so exciting to me personally is that much of the research on which that proposed rule is based was conducted at the U of I,’ Erdman says. ‘This is the culmination of an effort that has been going on since the 1980s. The soybean farmers through the Checkoff Board have had faith in us and supported this work all along. It’s taken some years, but we now can see a real outcome from all that support.’” A photo shows: “John W. Erdman, Jr. (Left), director of the Division of Nutritional Sciences at the U of I, observes as graduate assistant Christine Atkinson prepares a blood serum sample for a cholesterol study on subjects eating soy products. This research has resulted in a proposed rule that would authorize the use of health claims on food labels linking soy protein with reduced risk of heart disease.”

922. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). 1999. Australian company champions isofl avones as supplements and drugs: Novagen unbundles isofl avones to discover specifi c biological functions. 4(6):18. June. • Summary: Novagen Inc. has its U.S. headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut. All legumes (not just the soybean) are important sources of isofl avones. Novagen has identifi ed four main isofl avones in the human diet: daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin. Red clover, used in Novagen

(automatic mechanical sampler, pneumatic probe sampler, of Soyfoods Center. probe sampler), sampling of soybean meal (at barge loading • Summary: Novagen is an Australian company. Novagene transfer facilities), offi cial weighmaster application, semi- is an isofl avone extracted from red clover; it is the subject annual scale report, certifi cation of installation of automatic of a patent application that is pending; it has not yet been sampler & mechanical divider (at origin), semi-annual issued. It was applied for in about 11 months earlier than certifi cation of automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at U.S. Patent issued to Gorbach, Golden, and Adlercreutz, origin), voluntary checklist for semi-annual certifi cation of assignors to Tufts University. Both are concerned with sampler & divider (at origin), certifi cation of installation of treating menopausal symptoms with isofl avones. The automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at barge loading Novagen patent is for isofl avones extracted from red clover, transfer facility), semi-annual certifi cation of automatic but they are named as genistein, daidzein, etc. Novagen has a sampler & mechanical divider (at barge loading transfer U.S. company in Stamford, Connecticut, that sells a product facility), voluntary checklist for semi-annual certifi cation of made from isofl avones derived from red clover. Novagen sampler & divider (at barge loading transfer facility), offi cial has licensed its rights under the patent application to Protein referee laboratories (meal), offi cial NOPA soybean meal Technologies International, now owned by DuPont, for any sample bag. soy-derived isofl avones, even though the patent doesn’t make Soybean meal export trading rules: Minimum blending a distinction between the source of the isofl avones–they just procedures for export meal blended at ports, sampling of split it up by source material. PTI basically bought the rights soybean meal (at vessel loading facilities), weighing of to make a claim–even though the patent has not been issued. soybean meal (at vessel loading facilities), certifi cation of Some industry observers think there will be a fi ght between installation of automatic sampler & mechanical divider Tufts University and Novagen over these patents. Novagen (at vessel loading facility), semi-annual certifi cation of could theoretically win, because there applied earlier, but automatic sampler & mechanical divider (at vessel loading under U.S. law, the fi rst to be issued the patent has the rights; facility), voluntary checklist for semi-annual certifi cation of most countries assign the rights to the inventor who fi rst sampler & divider (at vessel loading facility), semi-annual applies for the patent. Thus, fi ling date dictates in almost certifi cation of scales at vessel loading facilities. Trading every country except the USA. Since Novagen is a foreign rules on soybean oil. Sales contract. Defi nitions of grade applicant, our laws do not allow them to go back further than and quality of export oils. Soybean lecithin specifi cations. the application fi ling date, but the Tufts people can go back Appendix to trading rules on soybean oil: Inspection, to records before they applied for the patent. methods of analysis: (AOCS offi cial methods): Soybean Why wasn’t the Novagen patent ever issued? The oil, crude; soybean oil, refi ned; soybean oil, refi ned and examiners of the Tufts patent should have noted that it was bleached; soybean oil for technical uses (iodine value, prior art, but they didn’t. unsaponifi able, break test), refi ning byproduct lipid, Update: 1999. Sept. 26. According to Mark Messina, acidulated refi ning byproduct lipid and tank bottoms. Offi cial Novagen has been in the news quite a bit recently. Two weighmaster application, semi-annual scale and fl owmeter studies were recently published looking at the effect of report, offi cial referee chemists (oil). Soybean oil export Promensil on hot fl ashes. Both studies showed no effect, yet trading rules. Uniform soybean oil export contract. Foreign Novagen still promotes Promensil as effective in relieving trade defi nitions (for information purposes only) Appendix 1. hot fl ashes. That precipitated an editorial in the journal in The section on offi cers, executive staff, board of which the articles were published. In both the Promensil directors, and executive offi ce (Washington, DC), (p. 8-9) group and the control group, urinary daidzein levels were gives the name, company affi liation, and phone number of correlated with a reduction in hot fl ashes–which means each person. Members (p. 10-19) (listed alphabetically by nothing. company; within each company, fi rst the name of the offi cial Association representative {who is on the Board and votes}, 925. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of followed by the other personal members listed alphabetically Health and Human Services. 1999. FDA Approves new by surname). Standing committees: For each committee, the health claim for soy protein and coronary heart disease. FDA function of the committee, the names of all members (with Talk Paper T99-49. Oct. 20. the chairman designated), with the company and company • Summary: “On October 26, 1999, the FDA will authorize address of each are given. Address: 1255 Twenty-Third St., use of health claims about the role of soy protein in reducing N.W., Washington, DC 20037. Phone: (202) 452-8040. Fax the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) on labeling of foods (202) 835-04000. E-mail [email protected]. Website: www. containing soy protein. This fi nal rule is based on the FDA’s nopa.org. conclusion that foods containing soy protein included in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk 924. SoyaScan Notes. 1999. Novagen and the Novagen of CHD by lowering blood cholesterol levels. patent (Overview). Sept. 9. Compiled by William Shurtleff “Coronary heart disease, one of the most common and

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 395 serious forms of cardiovascular disease, is a major public 927. Agulnick, Seth. 1999. Tout soy’s possible benefi ts, FDA health concern because it causes more deaths in the U.S. than rules: DuPont Co., Delaware farmers to gain. News Journal any other disease. Risk factors for CHD include high total (The) (Wilmington, Delaware). Oct. 21. p. 1. cholesterol levels and high levels of low density lipoprotein • Summary: In 1999 DuPont bought Protein Technologies (LDL) cholesterol. International (PTI), based in St, Louis, Missouri, for $1.5 “This new health claim is based on evidence that billion. It is the world’s largest maker of isolated soy including soy protein in a diet low in saturated fat and proteins. If the health claim leads to an increase in soy cholesterol may also help to reduce the risk of CHD. Recent consumption, it could be a windfall for DuPont, Delaware’s clinical trials have shown that consumption of soy protein largest employer. compared to other proteins such as those from milk or meat, “’We made the investment in PTI with this in mind,’ can lower total and LDL-cholesterol levels. said Thomas C. Humphrey, president of DuPont Nutrition “Foods that may be eligible for the health claim include and Health. ‘We’re very excited about this claim.’” Address: soy beverages [soymilk], tofu, tempeh, soy-based meat Staff reporter. alternatives, and possibly some baked goods. Foods that carry the claim must also meet the requirements for low fat, 928. Jacobi, Dana. 1999. Impressions of the Natural Products low saturated fat, and low cholesterol content except the Expo in Baltimore, Maryland (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. foods made with the whole soybean may also qualify for the Oct. 26. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. health claim if they contain no fat in addition to that present • Summary: The Expo was great! There were an unusually in the whole soybean. larger number of new companies selling soy products; Dana “Scientifi c studies show that 25 grams of soy protein picked up many sell sheets. The Soyfoods Association had daily in the diet is needed to show a signifi cant cholesterol a meeting at the Expo at which Peter Golbitz announced lowering effect. In order to qualify for this health claim, that the FDA health claim concerning soy protein and a food must contain at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per heart disease will allow traditional, whole soyfoods (such serving, the amount that is one-fourth of the effective level as tofu and soymilk) to bear the claim–even though they of 25 grams per day. Because soy protein can be added to contain more fat than allowed under the claim. This was a variety of foods, it is possible for consumers to eat foods an unexpected development–and very good news. The containing soy protein at all three meals and for snacks. claim says that 25 grams of soy protein in a low-fat diet “An example of a health claim about the relationship may reduce the risk of heart disease. The Association also between diet and the reduce risk of heart disease is: presented a new position paper on genetically engineered “Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol that include soybeans in soyfoods, stating that foods containing GMO 25 grams of soy protein a day may reduce the risk of heart ingredients should be so labeled. The Association did not disease. One serving of (name of food) provides ____ grams oppose the use of GMO soybeans in soyfoods, noting of soy protein. that genetic modifi cation will be used for many different “This new health claim rule responds to a petition purposes, some of which may have health benefi ts. submitted to the FDA by Protein Technologies International. Two prepared soy puddings were debuted at the Expo– This rule is based on the proposed rule that was published in one from Westbrae and one from Zen Don. Both came in the Federal Register on November 10, 1998, and comments two fl avors: chocolate and vanilla. The chocolates were both received by the FDA. Use of the claim in food labeling is delicious; the vanillas were not so good. Zen Don is run by authorized immediately.” Address: Public Health Service, a young man age 30-32 who has introduced a soymilk under 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20857. the brand Zen Don, which has a picture of a panda on the package, and which he has positioned for the mainstream 926. Rosenberg, Daniel. 1999. FDA approves new health market to compete with Silk. Dana believes that with this claim for soy protein. Dow Jones News Service (New York, name and graphics, the product is mispositioned; moreover NY). Oct. 20. [Eng] she fi nds it much too sweet. • Summary: “Chicago (Dow Jones)–Products containing White Wave debuted Silk eggnog in quarts. They were soy protein will be allowed to boast new health claims also dispensing Silk in four new fl avors from a cooler and on their labels starting next Tuesday, the Food and Drug asking for comments: Lemon (which Dana found delicious), Administration said Wednesday. strawberry, chai, and cappuccino. “Foods containing at least 6.25 grams of soy protein Abbott Laboratories (Chicago, Illinois) is now the per serving will be allowed to claim on their labels that soy mother company for HealthSource (formerly Health Source, protein can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.” from a subsidiary of Protein Technologies International– The new health claim is in response to a petition PTI), the protein powder drinks from Ross Products. This is submitted to the FDA by Protein Technologies International. not cleared stated on sales sheets. Dana did not see the FDA health claim in today’s

(Tuesday’s) New York Times. It will probably be in the processors, 16% to nutritional and sports beverages, 10% Wednesday edition, which has a special food section–as do to infant formulas, 9% to the paper industry, 5% to young many other major newspapers. Address: New York City. animal feed (milk replacers), and 20% to “developing opportunities.” 929. Ross Products Div., Abbott Laboratories. 1999. News Other manufacturers of soy protein isolates are Santista that’s good for your heart. Take Care now Health Source of Brazil, and Fuji Oil of Japan. (Leafl et). Shawnee Mission, Kansas. 2 panels each side. A new PTI product is Supro XG, an isolate enriched Each panel: 21 x 14 cm. with genistein. Top customers include Ross Laboratories • Summary: Take Care Soy Protein Health Shake has been (Ensure), Nestle, SlimFast, and Weider. renamed Health Source Soy Protein Shake. The product line The second half of the article discusses ADM’s efforts to has been purchased by Abbott Laboratories from Protein educate mainstream consumers–in part is using the umbrella Technologies International. A color photo on the front panel brand, Nutrisoy. This tradename will start appearing on shows the old and new cans. supermarket shelves during the fi rst quarter of 2000. Del On the inside 2-panel spread: “Your source for good Cahill, North American manager for ADM’s specialty health.” “One serving of Health Source provides: 20 grams proteins, sees a new trend. The mainstream food industry, of soy protein, 70% of daily value for calcium, 55 mg of recognizing that the U.S. has an aging population, believes isofl avones. For more information call 1-800-445-3350. Or that the easiest way to prevent long-term chronic disease is visit our website at www.healthsource.com.” through diet. These companies are now trying to develop and Note: Abbott Laboratories is headquartered in Chicago, market better food choices. Illinois. 932. Protein Technologies International. 1999. SuproSoy: 930. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). The soy protein of health (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. 1999. Soy protein is big news for suppliers. 4(10/11):5-6. Nov. p. 21. Oct/Nov. • Summary: See next page, In the top two-thirds of this • Summary: The health claim for soy protein, approved full-page color ad shows a beautiful woman, viewed from Oct. 26, was granted under the Nutritional Labeling and the back, naked from the waist up, looking to her right and Education Act (NLEA). The claim was submitted in 1998 perhaps doing some gentle exercise. Behind her are parts of a by Protein Technologies International (PTI), a company of huge clock; in front is a fl oating stethoscope. DuPont. On the day the claim was approved, PTI ran full- The text begins: “Soy protein research has uncovered page ads in the New York Times and Wall Street Journal–a some amazing health benefi ts. Studies show that soy good idea since neither paper ran the story. Both Kellogg protein, with bio-active ingredients like naturally occurring and General Mills are rumored to be developing a breakfast isofl avones, helps lower cholesterol levels which in turn, cereal containing soy protein. reduces risk of heart disease. Other studies suggest that it In 1998 sales of soyfoods totaled an estimated $1.7 may promote improvement in bone health and research in billion and should reach over $2 billion in 1999. During 1998 progress suggest [sic] it may play a role in the prevention of sales of soy milk grew to almost $200 million (up 20%), tofu hot fl ushes [fl ashes] and the prevention of cancer.” “To fi nd to $200 million (up 15%), and tempeh $17 million (up 5%)– out more about SuproSoy visit our website at www.protein. according to Peter Golbitz of Soyatech Inc. In 1999, with com.” interest in soyfoods skyrocketing, Golbitz predicts overall Note: DuPont, which now owns PTI, has renamed Supro growth of 20%, with soymilk up nearly 40%, and meat to SuproSoy. Address: Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, alternatives, tofu, and other prepared foods containing soy Missouri 63164. Phone: 1-888-GO-SUPRO. gaining between 20% and 50%, depending on the product. 933. SoyaScan Notes. 1999. Chronology of soy protein 931. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). isolates for food use. Dec. 9. Compiled by William Shurtleff 1999. Sales of soy protein isolate set to grow. 4(10/11):21- of Soyfoods Center. 22. Oct/Nov. • Summary: 1939–The Glidden Company in Chicago, • Summary: The market for soy protein isolate is dominated Illinois, becomes the world’s fi rst company to manufacture by two manufacturers: Protein Technologies International a soy protein isolate for use in food. Named Albusoy and Inc. (PTI, St. Louis, Missouri, a business of DuPont) and called “soy albumen,” it is an enzyme-modifi ed isolate used Archer Daniels Midland. PTI claims to have sales of $500 as a whipping agent to replace egg whites. 1950–Gunther million in 1999 and to have captured about 75% of the soy Products of Galesburg, Illinois, introduces an enzyme- protein isolates market. By extrapolation, this implies a U.S. modifi ed soy protein isolate. By 1967 roughly 1 million lb/ market of $700 million/year. year of enzyme-modifi ed soy protein isolates were being About 40% of PTI’s isolate sales are to meat and fi sh made in the USA.

1957–The Glidden Company in Chicago becomes (for about $10 million) the Bontrae spinning line, plus the world’s fi rst company to start large-scale production exclusive rights to General Mills’ soy isolate and patented of today’s regular (non-enzyme modifi ed) food grade soy spinning technology, equipment, and frozen spun products protein isolate. Their $4 million plant at Indianapolis, marketed to food processors and institutional customers. Indiana, makes Promine brand isolated soy protein. Dawson moved the equipment to Minnesota, and broke 1957 July–ADM purchases The Drackett Company ground for a new plant in Feb. 1978. (Evendale, Ohio), which makes commercial industrial soy 1979 March 31–Dawson Mills’ soy protein isolate plant protein isolates and is experimenting with edible isolates. opens 1½ miles east of Dawson, Minnesota, on a 220-acre 1958–The Glidden isolate plant at Indianapolis is site. purchased by Central Soya–which now enters the isolate 1980 May–Dawson Mills introduces its Anaprime business. line of meat analogs based on spun soy protein fi bers and 1958-1959–ADM starts to sell small amounts edible technology purchased from General Mills; they are very isolates to Consolidated Foods in Texas. William Atkinson similar to the Bontrae line. developed the product, which was quite satisfactory and 1980 Aug.–Central Soya sells all of its soy protein practical. But the patent was about to expire, so ADM turned isolate operations to Archer Daniels Midland Co. With its attention elsewhere. this purchase, ADM enters the edible isolate business, and 1959 Oct.–Central Soya opens a huge new plant to Central Soya gets out. ADM names its fi rst four edible produce their Promine brand of soy protein isolate. By 1966 isolates Ardex D, Ardex DHV, Ardex F, and Ardex SP-6– Central Soya is making 30 million lb/year of soy protein simply replacing Central Soya’s brand “Promine” by the isolates. brand “Ardex.” 1962 Oct.–Ralston Purina starts making food grade 1982–ADM demonstrated Ardex isolated soy protein soy protein isolates in Louisville, Kentucky, under the Edi- sweetened with CornSweet 42 high-fructose corn syrup, at a Pro brand, using technology largely developed by Frank major Food Expo. Calvert and Robert Boyer when they worked as researchers 1985–ADM moves its soy isolate plant from Chicago to for Henry Ford. Anderson Clayton and Carnation started to Decatur, Illinois. make soy protein isolates soon thereafter. 1986–ADM doubles the size of its soy isolate plant in 1964–The USDA allows the use of soy protein isolates Decatur. in meat sausages at the 2% level by weight. 1987-1988–ADM builds a second isolate plant in 1965 Oct. Skippy Peanut Butter with Smoky Crisps Decatur. introduced. The “Smoky Crisps” are bacon-like bits made by 1988 June 23–ADM buys from Grain Processing Corp. General Mills from spun soy protein fi ber. (GPC) their soy protein isolate technology, brand names 1965 Dec.–General Mills introduces Bac*O’s, meatless (Pro-Fam), and customers–but not their equipment. ADM fried bacon bits made from spun soy protein fi ber in several soon begins to produce the Pro-Fam line of isolates in test markets. Decatur, Illinois. 1966 May–General Mills introduces its Bontrae line 1988–The price of imported casein rises above the price of meat analogs based on spun soy protein fi bers, including of soy isolates–and stays there due to loss of subsidies by Ground Beef Analog, Diced Ham Analog, and Diced Poultry foreign governments. Analog. 1988–ADM starts to make industrial soy protein isolates 1969 Dec.–Bac*Os, meatless bacon bits, are now in Decatur. available nationwide. 1995–ADM builds a third edible isolate plant in Decatur, 1970 Dec.–Bontrae spun soy protein fi ber starts to be adjacent to its other two plants. made at General Mills’ new plant in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 1997–ADM sells its industrial isolate business in 1973 March–Hamburger prices reach all-time highs. Decatur to PTI (Protein Technologies International). Hamburger extended with 25% Bontrae (spun soy protein 1997 June–ADM starts producing soy protein isolates at fi ber) goes on sales at Red Owl Stores in Minnesota. its plant in Europoort, Netherlands. 1973 summer–Grain Processing Corp. of Muscatine, Iowa, starts making soy protein isolates under the Pro-Fam 934. Messina, Mark. 1999. U.S. Food and Drug brand. Administration approves soy protein health claim. Soy 1974 Oct.–General Mills introduces meatless Country Connection (The) (Jefferson City, Missouri) 8(1):1, 6. Cuts, made from spun soy protein fi ber, in ham or chicken Winter. Special Edition. [1 ref] fl avors. • Summary: Includes a history of the health claim, which 1976–Ralston Purina has become the world’s leading began in 1995 after the publication of “Meta-analysis of the manufacturer of edible soy protein isolates. Their fl agship effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids” by Dr. James plant is still in Louisville. 1977 May–Dawson Foods buys Anderson and colleagues in the New England Journal of

Medicine (Aug. 3). After this publication appeared, Lyle International, a DuPont Business, petitioned the Food & Roberts, executive director of the Illinois Soybean Program Drug Administration in May of 1998 for a health claim Marketing Board, initiated a task force to investigate the connecting consumption of soy protein to a reduced risk of prospect of securing a health claim for soy protein from heart disease. the FDA. By 1996 this had become a national effort and “I’m extremely pleased to announce that this health the United Soybean Board agreed to fund efforts to gather claim has been approved by FDA. This is a truly momentous information that could be utilized by the soybean industry for announcement with important ramifi cations for those of you the health claim. in the food industry who are striving to develop cutting- On 10 Nov. 1998 in the Federal Register the FDA edge, great-tasting, nutritious products that fulfi ll the unmet proposed to authorize the claim in response to a petition needs of the millions of consumers who are looking for such from Protein Technologies International, one of the original products. partners in the health claim effort coalition. After nearly a “As you know, PTI has taken great pride in leading year of FDA study and public comment on the issue, FDA the research efforts that validated the health benefi ts of soy approved the health claim effective 26 Oct. 1999. Address: protein, as well as in our pursuit of this health claim. PhD. “We at PTI had two goals: One, to get this claim approved; the second, to help raise the profi le of soy in the 935. Protein Technologies International. 1999. FDA approves mind of the American consumer. The media coverage you health claim label for soy protein: stage set for introduction see inside this newsletter is just a small sample of the ways of new, great-tasting soy protein products. SuproVision (PTI, we’ve reached millions of consumers through our extensive St. Louis, Missouri). Dec. 6 p. advertising and public relations programs. As a result of this • Summary: See next page. “St. Louis, Missouri–In a outreach, the consumer public–your customers–is ready and landmark announcement hailed by consumers and food asking for new soy-based foods. They not only know that manufacturers alike, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration soy is good for them, they know that soy products can be (FDA) announced on October 26 that it has approved for use great-tasting. The FDA’s endorsement seals the deal–more a health claim, to be used on food labels and in food labeling, than ever before, America is looking for ways to incorporate on the association between a daily consumption of 25 grams soy into their everyday diet. of soy protein and the reduced risk of coronary heart disease. “Now it’s up to food industry leaders like yourself The health claim came in response to a petition fi led by to meet the increasing demand for familiar, good-tasting Protein Technologies International (PTI), a DuPont Business, products that contain enough soy protein to meet the claim’s in May 1998. requirements. Health claims for foods are rare, and the effect “Food manufacturers now can tout the heart-health they can have on sales of food products can be exciting. It benefi ts of products containing a minimum of 6.25 grams of wasn’t that long ago when sales for Quaker Oats Hot Cereals soy protein per serving through one of two approved claim grew six percent versus two percent for the category after labels (see sidebar for details on label language). By carrying the FDA approved the Oat Bran health claim. Now a similar these FDA-approved labels on their packages, products opportunity exists in the soy protein-based products category. containing the required amount of soy protein per serving “I know you agree that PTI’s SUPRO® and will be easily identifi ed by health-conscious consumers as SUPROSOY™ Brand Isolated Soy Protein are the key products that can help them fi ght heart disease.” ingredients to creating success through soy. Together, we will Note: The format of this periodical “leafl et” is a tryptic. pave the way for the innovative, healthy products of the next First you see the front page (above). When you open it you century, and help fi ght heart disease–the number one killer in see a 3-page spread. Two of the three inside pages, under the the United States–in the process. heading “Look who’s talking about soy,” show how the FDA “We look forward to continuing our work together and health claim was covered by major media such as The New to the promise this claim holds for your company, your York Times, USA Today, Associated Press, The Washington products and your customers. Thank you so much for your Post, The Denver Post, The Plain Dealer (Cleveland), plus support of our efforts. three television channels, and 3 radio stations. “Best regards...” Fold over the right page and a you will see a full- Note: Consider the differences between the soyfoods page letter from Terry Hatfi eld, Co-president, Protein category and this new “soy protein-based products category.” Technologies International–A DuPont Business. In the top Both have the potential to reduce consumption of meat and right is the PTI logo; in the bottom right is a color portrait poultry, and thus to lead to healthier, less diets and much photo of Terry Hatfi eld. The letter states: less harm to our planet. Address: P.O. Box 88940, St. Louis, “Dear Valued Customer: Missouri 63188. Phone: 800-325-7108. “This is the letter I’ve looked forward to sending you for more than a year and a half, ever since Protein Technologies 936. SoyaScan Notes. 1999. Major soy-related company

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 401 acquisitions and mergers worldwide 1990-1999 (Overview). (accountant). Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 1995 April–Quest International, a unit of Unilever, • Summary: 1990 Jan.–Worthington Foods acquires La acquires A.E. Staley’s Gunther Products Division. Loma Foods of Riverside, California (formerly Loma Linda 1997 Feb. 3–Monsanto purchases Asgrow Seed Co. Foods, owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church). from Seminis Inc., a subsidiary of Empresas La Moderna, 1990 (early)–Daniel Gevaert purchases the Lima S.A. (ELM). Andiran site at Andiran (near Mezin) in southern France 1997 Aug. 24–DuPont signs a letter of intent to acquire from Lima Foods–but not the Lima trademark. In June 1990 Protein Technologies International, a wholly-owned Daniel and his wife, Valerie, established Danival. subsidiary of Ralston Purina Co. 1990 Aug. 3–Hong Kong Soya Bean Products Co. Ltd. 1997 Oct. 14–The Hain Food Group acquires Westbrae (makers of Vitasoy soymilk) acquires Nasoya Foods of Natural, Inc., makers of soymilk. Westbrae’s new name Leominster, Massachusetts. becomes Hain Food Group–Westbrae. 1997 Dec. 3–DuPont 1990 Dec. 21–The Haldane Foods Group (a subsidiary ﬁ nalizes its purchase of Protein Technologies International of British Arkady Ltd., which is in turn owned by ADM) (PTI–the world’s leading manufacturer of soy protein acquires Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products Ltd. of Cheshire, isolates). England. 1998 Oct. 16–Worthington Foods purchases the Harvest 1991 Jan. 1–The Haldane Foods Group acquires Burger product line from ADM; by agreement, ADM will Granose Foods Ltd. of Watford, Hertfordshire, England continue to make the Harvest Burgers at its Illinois plant. (formerly owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church). 1998 Dec. 31–DE-VAU-GE acquires Bruno Fischer 1991 Jan. 28–Tetra Pak International acquires Alfa- GmbH, which sells bottled soymilk; both companies are Laval AB. located in Germany. 1991 April–Huegli Naehrmittel A.G. acquires Soyastern 1999 Jan. 4–W.G. Thompson & Sons Ltd. of Blenheim, Naturkost GmbH / Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH. Ontario, Canada, purchases Sycamore Creek Co., a maker of 1991 Dec.–Specialty Food Ingredients (SFI) Europe BV soynuts and soynut butter (located in Mason, Michigan). acquires Solnuts BV (Netherlands) and Solnuts Inc. (Hudson, 1999 Oct. 4–The Kellogg Co. (famous maker of Iowa). breakfast cereals, Battle Creek, Michigan) buys Worthington 1992 Oct.–Central Soya Co. acquires the Protein Foods Inc., America’s leading maker of meat alternatives. Division of Aarhus Oliefabrik in Denmark. 1993 June–Vitasoy purchases Azumaya Inc. (America’s 937. Agulnick, Seth. 2000. DuPont cooks up deal to develop largest tofu manufacturer, and the low-price leader) in soy foods: General Mills partnership may yield product by California, for an estimated $4-$5 million. Vitasoy is now in fall. News Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). Jan. 14. the tofu business. • Summary: Since DuPont bought Protein Technologies 1993 June–21st Century Foods acquires Farm Foods International (St. Louis, Missouri) in 1997 for $1.5 billion, it from Barricini Foods. has been looking for ways to collaborate with large U.S. food 1993–House Foods of Japan purchases the remaining companies. Yesterday DuPont announced a deal with General 50% of House Foods & Yamauchi, Inc. from Mr. Shoan Mills to develop and sell new soy-based foods. They hope to Yamauchi. The new company is named House Foods have their ﬁ rst product on the market this fall. According to American Corporation. DuPont, sales of soy foods are expected to top $2.5 billion 1993 July–Nutrition et Santé (part of the Sandoz Group) this year and continue to grow 15-20% a year through 2005. acquires Société Soy of Saint-Chamond, France. The latter Tom Vierhile of Market Intelligence Inc., who tracks the company was renamed Nutrition et Soja, and on 15 Oct. food industry, notes that soy use “exploded” in 1999, and has 1994 it moved into a new factory at Revel (near Toulouse), gone from fringe to mainstream. Address: Staff reporter. France. 1993 (mid)–B & K Holdings of Switzerland acquires 938. Reuter. 2000. General Mills, DuPont target soy health Sojinal of Issenheim, France. market. Mannitoba Cooperator (Winnipeg, MB, Canada). 1993?–Kineret (pronounced kuh-NAIR-et) Acquisition Jan. 20. Group acquires Farm Foods from 21st Century Foods, then • Summary: “Wilmington, Delaware (Reuter)–No. 1 U.S. in Nov. 1993 the Hain Food Group acquires Kineret plus chemical company DuPont Co. and cereal-maker General some assets of Barricini Foods Inc. Mills Inc. said last week they would form a joint venture 1996 April 22–Alpro (Belgium) purchases Sojinal to develop soy foods in hopes of capitalizing on recent (France). U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of soy health 1995 April 21–Irene and Len Stuttman buy back control claims.” of their company, INARI Ltd. (dba. Sycamore Creek) “Sales for soy foods are expected to top $2.5 billion in from J. Charles Follett (former CEO) and Peter L. Pairitz 2000 and grow at a 15 to 20 per cent compound rate over the

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 402 next fi ve years.” scaring women away from soy when soy was so wonderful. The last four studies on the ability of soy protein to 939. Messina, Mark J. 2000. Update on soy and nutrition lower blood cholesterol levels have shown no effect. We (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 29. Conducted by must be clear that there are two separate issues in these William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. studies: (1) Does it work? and (2) Does it matter? If it does • Summary: Even though ABC’s TV program 20/20 did a work, it probably doesn’t matter, because those people with positive story about soymilk, they will soon be airing a very very high cholesterol levels would probably be put on drugs negative program on soy. They started by focusing on Lon anyway. White’s study associating tofu and Alzheimer’s in Hawaii. In a recent position paper on women’s health, the They then added the idea that there is a conspiracy between American Dietetic Association recommended that women the soy industry and the FDA for the health claim. Mark has avoid phytoestrogen supplements. Address: PhD, 1543 spent six hours on the phone with the 20/20 people, and he Lincoln St., Port Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360- expects the program to be very negative. He is concerned. 379-9544. Another important negative article titled “Eating well: Doubts cloud rosy news on soy,” by Marian Burros (New 940. Messina, Mark. eds. 2000. Third International York Times, 26 Jan. 2000) concerns soy and breast cancer. Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating She argues that soy may be contraindicated for breast cancer Chronic Disease [Proceedings of a symposium held in and quotes Steve Barnes as saying that women with ER- Washington, DC, on Oct. 31 to Nov. 3, 1999]. J. of Nutrition positive tumors (that means the estrogen receptors respond 130(3S):653S-711S. March. Supplement. to estrogen) tumors should not consume soy. There was • Summary: These proceedings are divided into three parts: a second article on tofu and Alzheimer’s by Rosie Mestel Introduction and six papers. Oral presentation abstracts. in the Los Angeles Times that was much more negative Poster presentation abstracts. than the fi rst article by Susan Essoyan. Moreover, Rosie is Nearly 600 delegates attended this symposium–more confused about what constitutes “moderation,” because Lon than twice as many people as attended the fi rst symposium in White’s study indicated that 2-4 servings of tofu per week 1994. caused brain problems, whereas most studies show that you The symposium was sponsored by Archer Daniels must consume at least 1½ servings of tofu a day to get any Midland Co., Cargill Inc.-Protein Products, Central Soya, benefi ts. In short, Mark believes that the media is and will Co., Dr. Chung’s Food Company, Monsanto, Personal Care be increasingly running negative stories on soy. Ken Setchell Products Company, Protein Technologies International, feels like “everybody has now jumped the soy ship and he’s SoGood Int., Solbar Plant Extracts, SoyLife/Schouten, the only one still promoting it.” “It’s now hitting the fan right Whitehall-Robins Healthcare, the United Soybean Board and left–so that we have gone to the other extreme.” In July and the following State Soybean Associations: Illinois of this year, a panel on soy and safety is scheduled for the Soybean Board, Indiana Soybean Board, Kentucky NNFA (National Nutritional Foods Association) show. The Soybean Promotion Board, Michigan Soybean Promotion toxicity issues are now starting to take center stage–as Mark Committee, Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion has been warning for several years. Mark does not see how Council, Nebraska Soybean Board, Ohio Soybean Council, any food company could consider coming out with a new soy South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotion Council. product in the current atmosphere–with all the controversies Publication of symposium proceedings was supported by being raised.” The newspapers are carrying the negative educational grants from the United Soybean Board and the stores because the magazine stories that are running now Soyfoods Association of North America. Address: 1543 were written 6 months ago. Lincoln St., Port Townsend, Washington 98368. Over the past few years, many people in the soy industry have accused Mark of being an alarmist for presenting the 941. ADM Nutrition & Health Update (Decatur, Illinois). whole truth–both sides of the issue. For example, Mark 2000. Successful soy conference. 2(1):4. Winter. was telling dietitians that soy might be contraindicated for • Summary: “Evidence of the interest in the health women with ER-positive breast tumors. Steve Barnes did not benefi ts of soyfoods and soybean isofl avones was clearly agree with Mark on this point. David Heber (a “big shot,” apparent from the number of delegates attending the Third M.D., PhD at UCLA) was hosting a soy meeting at UCLA International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing on Jan. 20th 1998, in cooperation with PTI, to try to calm and Treating Chronic Disease, which was held October any concerns that some UCLA endocrinologists had about 31–November 3, 1999, in Washington, DC. During the four soy and breast cancer. It was a sort of “one-day dog and pony days of the conference nearly 600 researchers and health show” with fi ve positive talks on soy by UCLA-associated professionals heard presentations that focused on a range of people. He was very critical of Mark’s position on the subject topics. That attendance fi gure represents a twofold increase and even shouted at Mark on the phone for 10 minutes for over the fi rst symposium held in 1994. In addition to 48

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 403 oral presentations, there were over 100 poster presentations, its Ultrasoy line of shakes and protein powder. General Mills which is three times more than were presented at the fi rst recently acquired two organic-foods companies: Muir Glen meeting. Furthermore, in addition to cholesterol reduction, and Cascadian Farm. cancer, and osteoporosis, topics covered at the previous symposia, research at this third symposium addressed areas 944. Soy & Health 2000: Clinical evidence, dietetic such as hot fl ashes, hypertension, and cognitive function. applications–Second announcement (Brochure). 2000. “The number of exhibits was also impressive and clearly Kortrijk, Belgium. 8 panels. 21 x 10 cm each. [Eng] illustrated that soy products have become mainstream. • Summary: This symposium will be held on 13-14 Oct. During the Tuesday luncheon, six pioneers of the fi eld were 2000 at Palais de Congrès, Brussels, Belgium. Contents: recognized for their contributions: Herman Adlercreutz, Introduction. Program–Friday: Soy protein and heart disease, University of Helsinki (Finland); Chai-Won Chung, Dr. new products and technology, soy and cancer. Saturday: Chung’s Food Company (Korea); Cesare Sirtori, University Obesity, hypertension, health implications of soy lecithin, of Milan (Italy); David Kritchevsky, Wistar Institute oil, phytosterols, hormonal effects, from science to market. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania); Kenneth D.R. Setchell, Website: www.soyconference.com. Registration form. Children’s Hospital (Cincinnati, Ohio); and Doyle Waggle, Conference format. Call for posters. Symposium venue. Protein Technologies International (St. Louis, Missouri). Exhibits. International advisory board. Gold sponsors: The session on coronary heart disease was held in honor of Protein Technologies International (a DuPont business). the late Kenneth K. Carroll, for his work on the cholesterol- American Soybean Association. United Soybean Board. lowering effects of soy protein. Eridania Béghin-Say: Health & Nutrition Group. Marks & “As is always the case with scientifi c meetings, the Spencer. Silver sponsors: ADM, Sojasun. Address: Kortrijk, research presented probably raised more questions than it Belgium. answered but there is no doubt that those who attended left with greater enthusiasm for their fi eld. The abstracts from 945. Bechard, Theresa. 2000. Health benefi ts drive soy’s the conference are expected to be published in the Journal of popularity, Protein’s expansion. Memphis Business Journal Nutrition sometime next year.” (Memphis, Tennessee). June 22. • Summary: “St. Louis-based Protein Technologies 942. Potter, Susan. 2000. Soy: Good news for the heart. International (PTI) is launching a $61 million expansion of Healthy & Natural Journal 7(2):68-71. April. its Memphis plant to boost production of an increasingly • Summary: While experts are not sure exactly how popular health food–soy protein. soy protein works, they are convinced that a signifi cant “Protein Technologies, a DuPont business, is a leading improvement in America’s cardiovascular health can be researcher, manufacturer and marketer of isolated soy achieved by the consumption of as little as 25 grams/day proteins and soy fi ber ingredients.” of soy protein. A large color photo shows a tall glass of Memphis is one of PTI’s three food protein plants where soymilk, a white bowl of dry soybeans, a cake of tempeh soybeans are crushed, the oil is further removed, and the broken in half, and a cake of tofu–all on a wooden cutting protein is further processed to make various forms of isolated board, placed on a woven cloth mat. soy protein. Note: Until recently, Dr. Potter was with the Dep. of For more information visit www.protein.com. Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Note: This link is still active in Sept. 2020. Urbana, Illinois. Address: PhD, Research Scientist, Director of Nutrition Science, Protein Technologies International. 946. Illinois Agri-News (La Salle, Illinois). 2000. New soybean uses could be one key to feeding growing world 943. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). population. July 7. 2000. General Mills joint ventures with PTI to develop soy • Summary: According to Protein Technologies International products: General Mills feels benefi t of health claims, but (PTI), more than 300 new products containing soy were says taste must come fi rst. 5(5):14-15. May. introduced just this year. • Summary: General Mills is developing new soy-based World population is growing so fast that there will products to take advantage of the soy-heart disease health be another one billion mouths to feed every 13 years. The claim approved by the FDA in Oct. 1999. In Jan. 2000 they feed all these people, PTI believes that we will have to use announced a joint venture with DuPont’s Protein Technology biotechnology [genetic engineering]. International to develop new soy food products, but no “PTI, originally owned and developed by Ralston Purina information is available about these potential new products. Co., is now owned by DuPont; it has “direct sales to 75 PTI now offers GMO-free soybeans through its “Identity countries totaling around $500 million annually.” Preservation” program. GeniSoy was one of the fi rst Here are some tips from PTI for adding soy protein to manufacturers to make use of these GMO-free soybeans in your daily diet:

“Sprinkle isolated soy protein powders in your favorite • Summary: “Americans, it seems, are more soy savvy than soups, sauces or beverages. ever. A new survey, commissioned by Protein Technologies “Try mixing a serving of isolated soy protein powder International, reveals that about 2 out of 3 Americans would with your favorite beverage for a quick snack when you’re eat their favorite foods enriched with soy protein as a way to on the go. help improve their overall health. American interest in soy “Create you own delicious shakes with isolated soy actually exceeds our admitted willingness to eliminate fatty protein powder and fruit. foods or junk foods from our diet, according to the American “Top your hot breakfast cereal with isolated soy protein Attitudes on Soy & Health Survey.” powder as an easy way to get in a serving of soy every day. “This trend cuts across all demographics, according to “Stir in a serving of isolated soy protein powder into a the survey, with 66 percent of women, 66 percent of Baby cup of sugar free hot cocoa.” Boomers and 68 percent of Generation X willing to eat their favorite foods enriched with soy protein.” 947. Supro Vision (Protein Technologies International, St. The survey, initiated and sponsored by PTI, was Louis, Missouri). 2000. PTI leads the way in publicizing soy conducted by the independent fi rm of Bruskin-Goldring health claim. Spring. p. 1, 4. Research. 1,000 adults (age 18 and older) participated in the • Summary: PTI petitioned the FDA in 1998 for the now- telephone survey, which had a 3.2% margin of error. approved heart health claim, and followed up until the “Why soy? Research has demonstrated that soy can claim was approved. After approval in Oct. 1999, they play a role in cardiovascular health, and suggests a potential played a major role in garnering publicity for the claim. “Of role in women’s health and cancer prevention. Although particular note were stories on soy protein and the health the PTI survey shows that only 6.7 percent of Americans claim in Time, U.S. News & World Report, Good Morning currently eat soy-based foods on an ‘often basis,’ there is America, Business Week, The Washington Post, ABC World great potential for growth. Much of the growing interest in News Tonight, The Chicago Sun-Times and The Wall Street including soy protein into the diet stems from the recently Journal. In addition, a print advertising campaign in the approved FDA health claim–petitioned by PTI–that connects United States and Europe garnered an additional 33 million- consumption of soy protein to a reduced risk of coronary plus impressions for PTI and the health claim.” heart disease.” “Within hours of FDA’s approval of the health claim, PTI’s health claim press release was on the wire, as well as 949. Supro Vision (Protein Technologies International, St. faxed directly to more than 500 print and electronic media. Louis, Missouri). 2000. BOTH initiative: Looking to bring Simultaneously, every national television network and each health benefi ts of soy to nation’s meat coolers. Spring. p. 4. network affi liate in the top 25 U.S. markets was personally • Summary: “BOTH” stands for the “Benefi ts of Taste and contacted about the news of the health claim. Accompanying Health.” PTI wants to create “a new food and meat category this effort was extensive outreach to national and local based on combining the great taste of familiar foods with radio stations, national and local newspapers, women’s and enough soy protein to provide health benefi ts.” men’s consumer magazines and health, food and retail trade “Meat products are regulated by the U.S. Department publications.” of Agriculture, which currently does not have a process “In addition, PTI was the fi rst company to have a video for approval of a health claim. In an April 1998 Federal ‘b-roll’ package and a radio news release distributed (via Register, the Agency indicated they will consider satellite) on the day of claim approval. The b-roll package paralleling guidelines established by the U.S. Food and generated a total of 231 stories about the health claim on Drug Administration for health claims as the meat industry more than 136 television stations, reaching an audience expresses a desire to include health claims as part of their of more than 17 million viewers. Together, the PTI b-roll business strategies. package and the radio news release generated a total “Preliminary discussions with representatives of several combined audience reach of more than 23 million. meat industry organizations indicate a signifi cant interest in “PTI’s press materials were distributed via overnight the possibility of a new category of healthy, blended meat mail to a group of 100 carefully selected leadership media products, which could drive growth.” within hours of claim approval, and outreach continued throughout the following weeks.” 950. Wolf, Walter. 2000. Soy-related documents–Business records (Archival collection). Peoria, Illinois. 948. Supro Vision (Protein Technologies International, • Summary: In July 2000 Dr. Walter Wolf, as he was St. Louis, Missouri). 2000. The joy of soy–Survey fi nds preparing to retire from the Northern Center for Agricultural Americans looking to soy for good health: 2 out of 3 Utilization Research in Peoria, Illinois, sent to Soyfoods Americans willing to add soy to their diet for healthy Center many fi le folders of soy-related documents that he lifestyle. Spring. p. 3. had collected between about 1968 and the present. Most

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 405 are in the fi eld of soy protein, and none are confi dential / 2000. GeniSoy markets to an expanding demographic: Soy proprietary. Each one is neatly dated, and the documents are manufacturer introduces new products, expands distribution in reverse chronological order in each manila fi le folder. and secures non-GMO supplies. 5(7/8):10-11. Annual Dr. Wolf earned his PhD degree at the University of Industry Overview 2000. Minnesota, where he studied soy proteins. He began work • Summary: GeniSoy’s parent company, MLO Products, at NCAUR in 1956; at that time it was named the Northern was founded 36 years ago [in Nov. 1964] as a sports Regional Research Center. He worked as a chemist in the nutrition company that relied heavily on soy protein. Today Meal Products Research Group. He did mostly pure research, its subsidiary, GeniSoy Products Co., launched only three rather than applied. At the time there was little interest in years ago (in March 1997), accounts for about 50% of total food uses of soy protein. One of his main contributions was sales–of about $40 million, to which GeniSoy contributed collecting and publishing statistics on the annual production $18 million in FY 2000 (ended April 30). More remarkable, and price of soy fl our, soy protein isolates, soy protein GeniSoy’s $18 million is double what it was a year ago, and concentrates, and textured soy protein products. it is expected to double again next year. The following fi les (listed alphabetically) were received MLO had traditionally marketed soy protein drinks by Soyfoods Center. Unless otherwise stated, only one fi le on aimed at athletes between the ages of 15 and 40. GeniSoy each company or subject was received. A thin fi le contains products are targeted to an entirely different market–those less than about 20 sheets of paper; a thick one contains more (mostly women ages 35 to 69) areas in which soy provides than 20 sheets: ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Co.; 2 thick benefi ts, such as heart disease, menopause symptoms, etc. fi les 1970-2000). Anderson Clayton (thin, 1971-81). Cargill The idea come to MLO quite by accident about 5½ years (thin, 1970-2000). Central Soya (4 thick fi les, 1959-1999). ago when they were asked by another company to produce Dawson Mills (thick, 1974-1983). Edible Soy Products, Inc. a soy protein bar for a university study on soy and cancer. (Hudson, Iowa; Maker of Pronuts; thin, 1971-78). EMI Corp. After GeniSoy was launched, its products were sold mainly (Des Plaines, Illinois, thin, 1971-74). Erie Casein Co. (thin, through MLO’s established distribution channels. But soon 1966-73). Fuji Oil Co. Ltd. and Fuji Purina Protein Ltd. (of they picked up many new distributors. Japan, thick, 1972-1993). Farmland Industries and Far-Mar- When the FDA announced its soy-heart health claim in Co (thin, 1970-1993). Food Ingredients–Dale Johnson (thick, Oct. 1999, soy became a very hot category. Many retailers 1964-1998). Garrison Products (extrusion, thin, 1977-78). began to develop a “soy set” in their stores–an area where General Foods (thin, 1974-1981). General Mills (thick, soy products are grouped together. General Nutrition 1965-1976). Gerber Products (thin, 1969). Grain Processing Centers (GNC), for example, are developing such a set, and Corp. (1968-1976). Griffi th Laboratories (thick, 1968-1986). GeniSoy’s products tend to sell more quickly when they are Gunther Products (purchased by A.E. Staley, thick, 1963- placed in such a set than when they are placed with other 1975). Honeymead Products (Mankato, Minnesota, thin, bars. 1978-1986). Industrial Grain Products (Montreal, Canada, Many consumers believe that soy products don’t taste thin, 1973-1975). Kikkoman (thick, 1972-1997). Kraft, Inc. so god, but when they try GeniSoy bars they quickly change (1965-1984). Lauhoff Grain (1 thin, 1973-86). Loma Linda their minds and tell their friends. So bars are a great way to Foods (thin, 1969-1986). Miles Laboratories (thick, 1970- introduce consumer to soy. 83). Nabisco (1974-81). Meals for Millions Foundation In Feb. 1999 GeniSoy introduce their fi rst products (1 thin fi le, 1976). Protein Advisory Group of the United guaranteed to be free from genetically engineered organisms Nations, PAG Guidelines (thin, 1969-1978). Quaker Oats (GMOs); these included two shakes and one protein powder (thin, 1970-97). Joe Rakosky, consultant (1979-83). Ralston in the new UltraSoy line. The company says these were made Purina Co. (4 fi les, very thick, 1962-1999). Soy protein more for the European than for the American market. Later products (2 fi les, thick, 1970-1986). Soy protein production in 1999 the GeniSoy secured a long-term supply contract for statistics and estimates (two thick fi les, 1970-1996). Staley non-GMO isolated soy protein from Protein Technologies (A.E., 1 thick, 1969-1986). Swift & Co. (thin, 1961-1971). International, then announced in October 1999 that its entire Takeda Chemical Industries (thin, 1970-1984). Textured soy product line would be made with non-GMO soy. proteins (1 thin, 1969-71). Tofu equipment (thin, 1970s). Recently MLO Products completed a new plant at its Tokuji Watanabe tofu studies at Peoria, Illinois (thick, 1960- Fairfi eld headquarters, thus bringing its total offi ce and 61). United Nations Industrial Development Organization manufacturing space to 125,000 feet. Its extruded candy (UNIDO, thick, proceedings of Nov. 1969 meeting at Peoria, production capacity has grown to 20 million bars/month. Illinois), Unilever (thin, 1974-79). Wenger Manufacturing It plans to bring in-house its formerly contracted soynut Co. (thin, 1975-76). Worthington Foods (thick, 1965-1998). roasting facilities with a capacity of 2 million lb/month. Address: NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois. Today GeniSoy has 29 SKUs in the U.S. market, 26 in Canada, and 15 in Australia. Two new products are 951. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). scheduled for release next year: (1) A kind of a soy chip,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 406 between a potato chip and a mini rice cake, that will meet the washed soy protein concentrate (5 advantages). 7. Alcohol FDA health claim; (2) A Soy Nutty Bar, made with toasted washed soy protein concentrate typical material fl ow. 8. soy nuts, and tasting like a candy bar. Functional soy protein concentrates (3 types). 9. Typical Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2000) gross analysis of traditional aqueous alcohol washed (“Hayes that gives statistics for larger U.S. nutrition bar companies. System”) soy protein concentrate (Moisture 6.0–10.0%. Protein {N x 6.25} dry basis 68.0–72%). 10. Major world 952. McMann, Mary Carol. 2000. Soy protein: What you processors of soy protein concentrates (table). 11. Cost and need to know. New York, NY: Penguin Putnam Inc. (Avery). margins–Soy protein concentrates by aqueous alcohol wash. 60 p. Index. 22 cm. Avery’s Nutrition Discovery Series. [74 12. Prospective–Soy protein concentrate (Steadily growing ref] market, about 15% per year. “Functional” concentrates • Summary: Contents: Introduction. 1. What makes with tailor made properties are expected to see rapid future soy so special? 2. Cardiovascular disease. 3. Cancer. 4. growth). 13. Hayes General Technology Company Ltd. Osteoporosis. 5. Menopause and menopausal symptoms. The table of major world processors of soy protein 6. Incorporating soy (protein) into your diet. Conclusion. concentrates shows: ADM (Netherlands) AAW (aqueous Glossary. References. About the author. alcohol washed). Solae LLC–Central Soya Aarhus Note: This book is copyrighted by Protein Technologies (Demark)* AAW. Solae LLC–Central Soya Sogip (France)* International. Address: MPH, RD, LD [Licensed Dietitian], AAW. Solbar Hatzor (Israel) AAW. Shemen / Soyprotec Houston, Texas. Industries (Israel) AAW. ADM (USA) AAW. ADM (USA) Acid washed. Solae LLC–Central Soya (USA)* AAW. Solae 953. Deogun, Nikhil; Ellison, Sarah. 2001. Ralston board LLC–Ceval Alimentos / Bunge (Brazil)* Acid washed. ADM backs $10.1 billion offer from Nestle, as fi nal deal seems China AAW. close. Wall Street Journal. Jan. 16. p. A3, A4. Note: Letter (e-mail) from Daniel Chajuss. 2006. July • Summary: Nestle SA, the world’s largest food company, 8. Asterisks mean that these plants that had once belonged is trying to become one of the world’s largest pet-food to several fi rms now (2006) all belong to Solae. The main companies. Its cash offer, already approved by the Nestle reason for the two plants using the acid wash process is that board, values Ralston stock at $33.50 a share, 36% above these manufacturers had soy isolate plants before they got Ralston’s Friday closing price. Ralston presently has about soy concentrate plants, and this already had the equipment 23% of the U.S. pet-food market and Nestle has about 12%. needed (such as a spray drier, decanter, centrifuges, etc.) to The pet-food industry is now enjoying 4% a year growth. produce acid wash soy protein concentrate. The acid washing Address: Staff Reporters, Wall Street Journal. system is much less widely used today; it was a prior technology. 954. Chajuss, Daniel. 2001. Soy protein concentrate: There is now concern among infant nutrition experts Processing, properties, and prospective. Paper presented at about the high levels of phytoestrogens, and their estrogenic the 92nd Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ activity, in infant formulas and foods fed to young growing Society. 13 p. Held 13-16 March 2001 in Minneapolis, people. “Thus an advantage of the aqueous alcohol wash Minnesota. SPC process, for certain and very special foods, is that it • Summary: This paper consists of 13 PowerPoint retains less and not more of the soy phytoestrogens in the presentation graphics / frames photocopied on 13 pages. 1. fi nal concentrate.” Title page. 2. Main presently available industrial soy protein Nutritional advantages of aqueous alcohol washed SPC: ingredients for the food industry (4 types of soy fl ours, (1) Devoid of antigenic protein components (2S, 7S, 11S enzymatic treated soy products, soy protein isolates, soy proteins, glycinin and beta conglycinin). (2) Devoid of soy protein concentrates {SPC}). 3. Soy protein concentrates “antinutrients” (hemagglutinins, phytates, non-digestible (three processes: Aqueous alcohol washed “traditional” sugars, saponins, etc). (3) Low in antiproteolytic enzyme {Hayes System} concentrates–about 450,000 tonnes activity (trypsin and chymotrypsin activity–Kunitz and {metric tons} per year. Acid washed concentrate–about Bowman Birk trypsin inhibitors). (4) Low estrogenic activity 20,000 tonnes per year. Hot water washed concentrate– (low in isofl avones / phytoestrogens). (5) Balanced amino none currently produced). 4. Aqueous alcohol washed soy acid ratio. (6) Help to reduce the risk of coronary heart protein concentrates are usefully applied in (minced meat disease (CHD). All these make traditional SPC better suited products, minced and canned fi sh products, meat analogs for making calf milk replacers, piglets starters and fi sh feeds, and alternatives, bakery products, dietetic foods, infants’ and a more nutritive product than other industrial soy protein formulas, calves milk replacers, fi sh and piglets feeds and products, especially for the above noted purposes as well as pet foods, other food products). 5. Nutritive advantages for young human infants. of aqueous alcohol washed soy protein concentrate (6 It is true today that essentially all soy-based infant advantages). 6. Technological advantages of aqueous alcohol formulas are made from soy protein isolates. However, in

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 407 the past, they have also been made from traditional SPC. health claim on soy protein’s role in reducing cardiovascular So why don’t isolate makers use the aqueous alcohol wash disease. For details on the health claim see page 3. process to make isolates (with low estrogenic activity) “Soy’s role in chronic disease prevention continues specifi cally for use in infant formulas and feeding? Because to be a top priority for scientists around the world. Soy it is technically diffi cult and costly–although it would be an research continues to look promising in cancer prevention, ideal product for infant feeding. “Personally I believe that osteoporosis and heart research. ‘refolded-functional’ soluble alcohol washed SPC would be “Additional soyfoods information can also be found at better nutritionally, safer, and a more economical product for the Internet site at www.soybean.org. infants.” “The 2001 Soyfoods Guide is distributed by the Soy SPC producers do not compete (and never have Protein Partners. Partners include state soybean boards competed) on the high levels of isofl avones / phytoestrogens from: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, in their concentrates, as all alcohol washed SPC has low Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, levels of these substances. Address: Managing Director, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, Hayes General Technology Company Ltd., Misgav Dov North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 19, Mobile Post Emek Sorek, 76867 Israel. Phone: (972) 8 and Wisconsin. Industry partners include: American 592925. Soybean Association, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Central Soya Co., Minnesota Soyfoods Association, Protein 955. Stephens, Roger; Stephens, Jane Ade. ed. and comp. Technologies International, Soy Protein Council, Soyfoods 2001. Soyfoods guide 2001: Helpful tips and information for Association of North America, Soyfoods Council and the using soyfoods. Indianapolis, Indiana: Stevens & Associates, United Soybean Board.” Address: 4816 North Pennsylvania Inc. Distributed by the Soy Protein Partners. 24 p. Illust. No Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46205. Phone: 317-926-6272. index. 28 cm. [23 ref] • Summary: Subtitle: “Soy to the world: Information on the 956. SoyaScan Notes. 2001. General Mills and DuPont health benefi ts of soyfoods, and our favorite recipes.” announce launch of new soymilk product in joint venture This guide is available only on a limited basis to (Overview). May 14. Compiled by William Shurtleff of dietitians and health professionals. Soyfoods Center. Contents: Foreword. Keep your heart healthy: Super • Summary: About 8th Continent soymilk, made with soy soy protein smoothie. Beans, beans, good for the heart: The protein isolates (made by Dupont’s Protein Technologies more you eat, the better your chances of lowering your blood International) instead of the usual whole soybeans. cholesterol levels. Cholesterol: What’s in a claim. Sample soy meal planner (4 meals a day for 5 days, to get 25+ 957. Terman, James. 2001. Update on White Wave’s Silk grams/day of soy protein). soymilk (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 29. Conducted by Dietary guidelines for Americans. Composition of William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. soyfoods (table). The healthy bean: Isofl avones, heart • Summary: Vanilla Silk was introduced in quart and half- disease, menopause and osteoporosis, allergies, diabetes and gallon cartons in Jan. 1996; but the word “Vanilla” did not kidney disease, fat. Isofl avone content of soyfoods (table). appear on the carton until “Plain” was introduced in July The state of soy research. Protein content of soyfoods (table). 1998. Chocolate Silk was introduced in quart cartons in Soy resources: Web sites, books. Soyfood substitution April 1996 and half gallon cartons in April 1998. Plain chart. Descriptions of soyfoods: Traditional soyfoods, soy- Silk [dairylike, only two-thirds as sweet as vanilla] was based products, soy ingredients. introduced in quart cartons in July 1998 and half gallon Recipes: Meat alternatives. Textured soy protein. Soy cartons in April 1999. fl our. Whole soybeans. Soymilk. Tofu. Soy snacks and Today, half-gallons are outselling quarts; quarts are more smoothies. Soy–Good for your heart. of an introductory size. Plain [dairylike] is now the best- The Foreword (p. 2) states: “Welcome to the 2001 selling fl avor. White Wave has never sold just plain soymilk edition of the Soyfoods Guide. More new soyfoods than ever with nothing added; moreover, James is not aware of any are hitting the mainstream market and, to help consumers other major soymilk company that offers such a product. appreciate the versatility and health benefi ts of soyfoods, Silk is doing very well fi nancially; it is quite profi table. we’ve updated the guide with new information. White Wave is working to bring their margins up by bringing “In 1999, soyfood sales reached just over $2 billion, their costs down, now that they have their own soymilk with soymilk sales showing a 60 percent increase. That’s a extraction facility, which will pay for itself quickly. Silk just dramatic change from just 20 years ago when we had a total got into Walmart, which is a huge nationwide account. of only $2 million in soyfood sales. General Mills is planning to introduce a soymilk “The surging popularity of soyfoods can be traced in named 8th Continent in July or August. It will be based on part to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration’s approval for a soy protein isolates from DuPont’s Protein Technologies

International and will be sold in quarts (32 oz) and 8 oz Chocolate, Original]. plastic (PET) bottles. James has heard that General Mills Manufacturer’s Name: 8th Continent, L.L.C. [General plans to spend a lot of money putting this new product in Mills]. dairy cases nationwide. Manufacturer’s Address: Box 200, Minneapolis, MN White Wave plans to introduce Silk in an 11-ounce 55440. Phone: 1-800-247-6458. single-serve PET bottle (chocolate and vanilla) in July 2001. Date of Introduction: 2001 August. James is very excited about the future of White Wave’s Ingredients: Soymilk (water, soy protein [isolate], soybean baked tofu; it will be repackaged, it will be cubed to make it oil, calcium phosphate), sugar, fructose, potassium citrate, more convenient, and new fl avors will be introduced. When color added, cellulose gel, salt, dipotassium phosphate, soy America really starts to consume tofu, it will be as a baked, lecithin, sodium hexametaphosphate, natural and artifi cial fl avored, ready-to-eat product–that is very convenient. fl avor, cellulose gum, xanthan gum, vitamin A palmitate, “We’re only one Mad-Cow outbreak away from having vitamin B-12, vitamin D, vitamin B-2 (ribofl avin). Contains tofu sales shoot for the stars.” The sleeper is baked tofu; soy ingredients. James thinks it could be as big as or bigger than Silk, in part Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1 quart (946 ml) plastic bottle because America consumes more meat than dairy products. with screw-on cap. Retails for $2.29 (2001/10, Lafayette, James has just read a very interesting book, The Cultural California). Creatives, by marketing expert Paul Ray. His premise is that How Stored: Refrigerated, 7 day shelf life. these people are not connected or part of any network. Its Nutrition: Per 8 fl oz.: Calories 90, calories from fat 55 million people who all think they are unique individuals 25, total fat 3 gm (4% daily value; saturated fat 0 gm), and mavericks, and don’t think there is anyone else like them cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 170 mg (7%), total carbohydrate 11 out there. Its a psychographic, not a demographic, profi le. gm (dietary fi ber less than 1 gm [3%], sugars 10 gm), protein Financially they range from just below the very poor to just 7 gm. Vitamin A 10%, vitamin C 0%, calcium 30%, iron 4%, below the very wealthy. But they are not materialists and vitamin D 25%, ribofl avin 25%, vitamin B-12 15%. Percent they do not subscribe to the consumer society or worldview. daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. They are careful consumers. Address: Vice President– New Product–Documentation: Talk with James Terman, Marketing, White Wave Inc., 1990 North 57th Court, Vice President of Marketing, White Wave Inc. 2001. May 29. Boulder, Colorado 80301. Phone: 303-443-3470. General Mills is planning to introduce a soymilk named 8th Continent in July or August. It will be based on soy protein 958. Ellison, Sarah; Wilke, John R.; Shishkin, Philip. 2001. isolates from DuPont’s Protein Technologies International Nestle’s deal to buy Ralston Purina gets nod in Europe. Wall and will be sold in quarts (32 oz) and 8 oz plastic (PET) Street Journal. July 30. p. B9. bottles. James has heard that General Mills plans to spend • Summary: The European Commission gave its conditional a lot of money putting this new product in dairy cases approval to Swiss food Giant Nestle SA in its $10.1 billion nationwide. bid to acquire Ralston Purina Co., the American pet food Talk with Dmitry Torba of Orinda, California. 2001. maker. But the deal has not yet been approved by the U.S. Oct. 8. This product is sold at Safeway supermarkets in a Federal Trade Commission (FTC). plastic bottle. He likes it better than Silk. Product with Label purchased in dairy case at Safeway 959. Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). supermarket in Lafayette, California. 2001. Oct. 15. Plastic 2001. DuPont plans to position its Solae brand of soy bottle covered with dark blue and white shrinkable sleeve. protein. Aug. 9. p. 35. Lettering in yellow and white. On the front panel: “Simple • Summary: “Business news in brief: In the region.” change, better health.” Low fat. Excellent source of calcium. “DuPont Co., Wilmington [Delaware] introduced a Naturally and artifi cially fl avored.” On one side: “Shake consumer ingredient-branding program for soy protein. The well. Keep refrigerated. Use within 7 days of opening. ME company said it expected the brand to be used on meat, 5¢ dep.” Back panel: “8th Continent is more than a place... dairy, baked goods, cereals, healthful beverages and snack its an attitude about wellness. It’s knowing that sticking foods. DuPont said the program was designed to position its with small changes can be more important than waiting for healthful-food ingredients under the Solae brand. The fi rst miracle cures. 8th Continent... A simple change that can product to carry the Solae mark is 8th Continent soy milk, make a difference.” “Helps lower cholesterol” (heart health which was produced under a joint venture of DuPont and claim; 8th Continent contains 7 grams of soy protein per General Mills Inc.” serving”). American Heart Association logo. Nutrition facts. Note: This is the earliest published document seen (Sept. Quality guarantee. Solae logo (green on white). “Solae is a 2020) that mentions “Solae” in connection with soy protein. trademark of Protein Technologies International, Inc. Made with Solae™ soy protein, the soy protein with proven health 960. Product Name: 8th Continent Soymilk [Vanilla, benefi ts.” “Lactose free.” Note in the ingredients listing that

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 409 the word “isolate” is omitted. Dep., Protein Technologies International, Inc. (a DuPont Talk with sales rep at 8th Continent. Their fi rst and only business), St. Louis, Missouri 63188. product is soymilk. All three fl avors come in the quart plastic bottle; vanilla and chocolate also come in 8 oz single-serve 963. SoyaScan Notes. 2001. Historical perspective on ADM bottle. The product was launched in Aug. 2001 on the East and soy protein isolates (Overview). Oct. 26. Compiled by Coast. William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Note: This is America’s fi rst soymilk made with soy • Summary: The following information is from one or more protein isolates rather than whole soybeans. It is packed by long-time and very well informed insiders in the soy protein Jasper Products in Joplin, Missouri. isolate industry; they have asked to remain anonymous. Nutrition Business Journal. 2001. Oct. p. 9. General ADM started making edible soy protein isolates at a very Mills has launched 8th Continent soymilk, the fi rst late date. ADM is a very technologically oriented company. product out of its joint venture with Protein Technologies They never put much effort into selling their isolates, even International. It competes with Silk, the refrigerated market though that little Protein Products Division has always been leader. the pet of Dwayne Andreas. ADM got into edible isolates Product (Vanilla quart) purchased at Safeway after Central Soya shut down their isolate plant in Chicago supermarket in Lafayette, California. 2003. Dec. 3. $2.49. because it was causing too much pollution. The plant had Titanium dioxide is not listed among the ingredients. A formerly been an old Al Capone brewery, within walking special offers two ½-gallon vanilla bottles for the price distance of Lake Michigan. ADM actually bought the plant of one = $6.00. The word “isolate” is still omitted in the from a junk dealer. ADM has a small but full-time staff ingredient listing. that monitors used equipment nationwide, so that when they want to start a new plant they can buy the equipment 961. Soto, Ricardo. 2001. The utilization of soybean inexpensively. distillation in Mexico. In: Richard F. Wilson, ed. 2001. When ADM bought the plant, they hired most of the Proceedings of the World Conference on Oilseed Processing same people who had worked there previously. Within and Utilization. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press. viii + 213 about 2 months they were back up to speed producing p. See p. 183-87. [6 ref] edible isolates. They used their technical expertise to get • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Introduction. Utilization the production line operating at ADM’s high standards, of soybean distillate: Tocopherols, sterols. Production so the product quality was stabilized at higher levels and and storage of soybean distillate: Deodorization, storage. effl uents were decreased. ADM renamed Promine to Technologies for producing soybean value-added products: Ardex and continued the same line of four isolate products. Tocopherol concentration process, vitamin E production Thus Promine D (Central Soya’s fl agship isolate) became process. Sterol production process. The actual situation in Ardex D, etc. ADM improved the quality of the products Mexico. Conclusions. somewhat, but they did not introduce any new products, so “Deodorization is generally the last step in the process they fell further and further behind Ralston Purina and Grain of traditional oil refi ning, and is done to improve taste, Processing Corp. (GPC, whose main problem was that their odor, color, and stability of the oil. In this process, many volume was too low). volatile materials are removed from the oil and recovered as ADM tried to compete by being a very, very effi cient a valuable by-product known as distillate. This distillate is a manufacturer. Ralston at that time, for example, had a mixture of free fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, aldehydes, problem with the inconsistency of their bulk density–which and ketones, among others.” Much of the soybean distillate was a problem for the “muscle powder market.” ADM recovered in Mexico is exported to producers of tocopherol quickly got uniform bulk density, consistent fl avor, no dark (vitamin E). Address: Nutritional Science Dep., Protein particles, and good bacteriological quality. They priced their Technologies International, Inc. (a DuPont business), St. products a little below the going market price because they Louis, Missouri 63188. were a new entrant, but not much–because the profi t margins were already slim due to excess capacity in the industry. 962. Yan, Lin. 2001. Health benefi ts of soy protein. In: In June 1988 ADM bought GPC’s edible isolate business Richard F. Wilson, ed. 2001. Proceedings of the World and shut down the plant–in part to get rid of this excess Conference on Oilseed Processing and Utilization. industry capacity and in part because ADM considered Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press. viii + 213 p. See p. 176- GPC’s diverse line of Pro-Fam isolates to be of superior 82. [76 ref] quality. ADM’s isolate line now consisted of many Pro- • Summary: Contents: Abstract. Soy protein and Fam products and a few of the old Ardex products. Soon cardiovascular disease. Soy protein and cancer. Soy protein ADM built a new isolate plant in Decatur and shut down and bone health. Soy protein and menopausal symptoms. the Chicago plant. ADM was now becoming a serious Protein quality. Conclusions. Address: Nutritional Science competitor to Ralston’s new PTI division.

A large quantity of these isolates went into baby foods, chunks look like chunks of meat), plus commercial burritos, soy-based infant formulas, diet foods, and muscle powders. pizza toppings, meat alternatives, etc. but the profi t margins The industry always had high hopes for isolates in meat are low. applications, but the USDA was very suspicious of them The following are ADM prices F.O.B. plant, per because, as purifi ed proteins, they were hard to detect in truckload (based on records from fi les): Recent ADM prices: meats and they could bind a lot of water. Consequently Soy protein concentrate: 1989–54 cents/lb. 1993–60 cents/ USDA required a titanium dioxide tracer and spoke of lb. 1996–69 cents/lb. 2001–73 cents/lb. Soy protein isolate: potential “adulteration with water.” 1989–121 cents/lb. 1993–121 cents/lb. 1996–140 cents/lb. Moreover, a huge market was developed in Eastern 2001–151 to 159 cents/lb. PTI prices would typically be 2-3 Europe, where Communist administrators mandated its use cents/lb higher. in all processed meats. The key to capturing this market was having the lowest price product; there was little motivation 964. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). to improve quality. 2001. Functional Foods V. 6(10):1, 3-8. Oct. About 5-6 years ago ADM started putting a lot of effort • Summary: The U.S. retail food market in the year 2000, into their soy isolate lines. They developed a line of new worth $495 billion dollars, is divided into the following eight products that were functionally superior–including the Pro- categories, listed in descending order of size: Meat, fi sh and Fam 890 series and 825 series (to add to fruit juices). ADM poultry $108.7 billion. Beverages $88.9 (not incl. milk or and PTI make many different isolate products in terms of liquor). Fruit and vegetables $84.9. Bread and grains $59.7. functionality, solubility, etc. But over the past 20 years PTI Dairy $53.4. Packaged/prepared foods $51.7. Snack foods has made great progress in every aspect of isolate quality $30.0. Condiments (incl. oils, dressings, spreads, sauces, (viscosity, bulk density, dispersibility, fl avor, color, etc.), new spices, sweeteners) $17.6. product development, manufacturing, and marketing, so that The top fi ve U.S. functional food companies in terms they have come “to absolutely dominate the market” with of U.S. functional food sales ($ million) are Pepsico U.S. approximately 90% market share. In part, this was because $3,530, General Mills $1,400, Kellogg $1,370, Kraft $780, PTI could focus all of its attention on isolates–since that was and Coca-Cola $650. Smaller top companies include: Clif their only product line. ADM, by contrast, has hundreds of Bar $130, Stonyfi eld Farms $100, Imagine Foods $90, and other products. White Wave $90. 90% of Imagine Foods’ total sales come One of our sources is one of the oldest operating from functional foods, compared with 100% for White Wave. distributors of ADM protein products. He is a recognized Imagine Foods launched a big campaign in 2001 to market expert in applications of soy proteins. He has heard (industry Organic Power Dream Soy Energy drinks to athletes and scuttlebutt) that Cargill might come into the isolate fi eld, and fi tness enthusiasts. that they might buy PTI. DuPont paid much too much for “Soy is the functional food star of the last two years with PTI (something like 5 times annual sales), so they have been an estimated 300 soy products introduced in 2000 alone.” cutting costs furiously and ruthlessly. They have dismissed Ingredient suppliers in the fi eld of soy are now bearing heavy their entire R&D staff and cut back even on their sales staff. responsibility for functional food research. ADM, Cargill, “Anyone would be insane to get into this market with a Central Soya, and Protein Technologies International (PTI, brand new plant.” owned by DuPont) are all investing in research, education, The world market for soy isolates is growing nicely. and consumer outreach–plus innovation in processing and When ADM built its two new isolate plants in Decatur, new ingredients. One of the largest uses of soy protein is the production capacity was sold out before either one was SlimFast, but the health benefi ts of soy are not the shopper’s fi nished. They also have a plant in Europe. He does not think fi rst consideration. that the FDA heart health claim has much of an effect on the market for isolates. “People used to say that soy was really 965. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). good for you, but...” Now things have changed, and they 2001. Suppliers refi ne next generation of soy ingredients: buy soy. For example, USDA is now actively encouraging Suppliers market to consumers and improve taste, texture, the use of soy in the school lunch program (especially and functionality of soy ingredients. 6(10):18-20. Oct. textured concentrates since kids won’t eat things unless they • Summary: Cargill, with sales of $49 billion/year, has long taste good) and as an extender in meats. Some new isolate been a supplier of soy fl our and textured soy fl our. But it plants in China have started production and disrupted the is a relative newcomer to higher-end soy ingredients. Last international market–even though the isolate quality is poor. year Cargill announced that it is expanding into soy protein “TVP–which we all thought would revolutionize the isolate, according to Ted Ziemann, president of Cargill world’s diet–has been a bust. Just a bust!” There were 11-13 Nutraceuticals. According to Kevin Marcus, director of manufacturers of textured soy fl our 20 years ago. Now there marketing for Cargill Soy Protein Products, Cargill now has are only a few, a majority of it goes into pet foods (the TVP an operational pilot plant and is working with about 20 food,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 411 sports nutrition, and weight loss companies on full-scale 966. Endres, Joseph G. ed. 2001. Soy protein products: production–which is slated for 2003. Characteristics, nutritional aspects, and utilization. Revised In the summer of 2001 Cargill Nutraceuticals offi cially and expanded ed. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press. ix + 53 launched AdvantaSoy isofl avones, which is available in p. Index. 23 cm. [106 ref] regular and non-GMO versions, is not produced using • Summary: Contents: 1. Historical aspects. 2. Defi nitions solvent extraction, and keeps the isofl avones in their and methods of preparation. 3. Protein quality and human natural state. Meanwhile the Soy Protein Products group is nutrition. 4. Health and soy protein. 5. Functionality of soy developing six isolates and six process patent applications. proteins. 6. Uses in food systems. 7. Regulations regarding Today, about 150-200 million pounds of soy protein usage. 8. Future considerations. isolate are used in the USA–according to Marcus. At $1.65 Soy Protein Council member companies: ADM, to $2.10 per pound, this would be worth an estimated $280 to Central Soya Co., Cargill. Note that Protein Technologies $375 million. International is not a member. The Introduction (p. 1) states ADM, the world’s largest supplier and processor of that more than 1 billion pounds of soy protein products are soybeans, has been selling Novasoy, which contains 40% produced for human consumption each year in the USA– soy isofl avones. Increasingly ADM is turning its attention about 4 pounds per person. to consumer marketing, by branding its products–according Note: This is an updated and expanded edition to Tony DeLio, president of ADM’s Natural Health and of: Soy Protein Council. 1987. “Soy protein products: Nutrition, whose focus is to identify, create, and develop Characteristics, nutritional aspects and utilization.” 43 p. nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients, backed by Address: PhD, The Endres Group, Inc., Fort Wayne, Indiana. solid science. ADM has developed the NutriSoy consumer Phone: 219-625-3616. trademark. Today Novasoy has about 50 branding partners in the USA. DeLio estimates worldwide soy isofl avone sales 967. Joyce, Amy. 2001. FTC clears Nestle to buy Ralston at wholesale to be $30-40 million worldwide. ADM is also Purina; Combined company will dominate world pet-food making water dispersible phytosterols and sterols under the market. Washington Post. Dec. 12. p. E3. CardioAid trade name. • Summary: Yesterday the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) A sidebar titled “Large corporations dominate approved the acquisition of Ralston Purina Co. by Nestle soy proteins market” contains estimated worldwide SA for $10.3 billion–despite the disapproval of consumer manufacturers’ sales and market shares compiled by ADM: groups. The company agreed to sell two of Ralston’s dry cat- Soy fl our, comprising about 25% of the value of the market food brands. After the merger, Nestle (based in Switzerland) for soy protein products, has annual sales of about $388 and Ralston Purina (based in St. Louis, Missouri) together million. Cargill and ADM each have about one-third of the will have about 45% of the world market for dry cat food. market. The new organization, which will be named Nestle Purina Soy protein concentrates: $487 million. ADM is the PetCare, will be based in St. Louis. leader with about 48% of the market, followed by Central Soya, then Ceval Alimentos of Brazil. The largest end uses 968. SoyaScan Notes. 2001. Chronology of major soy- for concentrates are meat extensions and alternatives (49%), related events and trends during 2001 (Overview). Dec. 31. animal feed/pet food (30%), functional foods (5%), and dairy Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. replacement/infant foods (5%). • Summary: April 12–Bill Bolduc, founder of Eden Foods Isolated soy proteins: $651 million. Protein and natural foods pioneer, dies in Southern California. Technologies International (PTI) is the leader with about April 17–Martha Stewart, on her popular nationwide TV 67% of the market, followed by ADM (19%) and Ceval program Living, has a very positive segment on South River Alimentos (8.8%). The largest end uses for isolates are infant Miso Co. foods and dairy replacements (40%), meat extensions and April 18–Richard Rose, a soyfoods pioneer, sells Rella meat alternatives (20%), and use in other functional foods Good Cheese Co. to Tree of Life. He retains his company (10%). HempNut, Inc. in Santa Rosa, California. His Hempeh ADM believes that soy concentrate’s share of the market (hempseed tempeh) still contains soy. may slowly decrease due to strong demand for isolates and May 11–The Kerry Group (of Wisconsin and Iowa) improvements in isolate quality. Strong demand for isolates purchases Iowa Soy Specialties, LLC of Vinton, Iowa. in the USA and abroad lead to projections that this product June 12–The Hain Celestial Group acquires Yves Veggie will grow from 43% of the soy protein market in 1998 to Cuisine (Vancouver, BC, Canada). 45% by 2002. Aug. 24–Wildwood Natural Foods (Fairfax and Santa Note: This is the earliest document seen (July 2020) that Cruz, California) and Midwest Harvest, Inc. (Grinnell, Iowa) mentions “Cargill Nutraceuticals.” merge to form Wildwood Harvest, Inc. Iowa Agricultural Finance Corporation (IAFC) invests $3.3 million in the new

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 412 company, and the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation (IFBF) meeting a great success. Jan. p. 1. invests an additional $700,000. This investment will be used • Summary: Soyfoods Canada held its second annual to build and equip a 20,000 square foot soyfoods plant in meeting on 28 Sept. 2001 in Toronto at the Crowne Plaza Grinnell and to remodel and equip another 20,000 square Hotel. Speakers included Toby Davidson and Jeanne foot soyfoods plant in Watsonville, California. Cruikshank. A new board of directors was elected to serve Aug. 3–Bunge, in its initial public offering (IPO), raises during the coming year: Bill Hawes, President–President $278 million by fl oating 23% of its shares on the New York of Tofutti-Cholac Foods. Maheb Nathoo, Past-President– Stock Exchange. Bunge his been a private grain trading President and CEO of SoyaWorld. Eric Hart, Vice-President– company since it was founded in 1818 in the Netherlands by Business Development Offi cer with Galaxy Nutritional Johann Peter Gottlieb Bunge. Foods. Andrew McVittie,–Secretary–Soybean Sales Sept.–SunRich’s new soymilk plant in Wyoming Representative for W.G. Thompson & Sons and Sycamore starts production. By Nov. the plant is at full capacity and Creek. Ron MacDougall, Treasurer–Soybean farmer expansion begins. representing the Ontario Soybean Growers. Paula Travado– Oct. 21–The USDA’s National Organic Program and its OntarBio/Organic Meadows. Nick Feldman–Nutrisoya standards take effect. Foods. Peter Joe–Sunrise Soya Foods. Vivian Chiang– Oct.–The Coca-Cola Co. acquires Odwalla, Inc. of Momo’s Kitchen. Garnet Pigden–PTI. California for $181 million. Odwalla has annual sales of about $130 million, mostly in fresh, refrigerated juices plus 970. Protein Technologies International. 2002. More gain. some delectable soy beverages. Less pain (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. Feb. p. 54. Nov. 4-7–Fourth International Symposium on the Role • Summary: See next page. In the top two-thirds of this full- of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease held at page color ad shows a man rock climbing on a vertical cliff San Diego, California. General chairpersons and proceedings with an orange and purple sky behind him. editors: Stephen Barnes and Mark Messina. The text begins: “Performance and nutrition products Dec. 10–The Hain Celestial Group, Inc. acquires containing Supro brand soy protein help you gain and Lima NV, the leading Belgian natural and organic foods maintain lean muscle mass while reducing soreness, manufacturer and marketer, and its Biomarché operations. infl ammation, and fatigue due to exercise.” PTI is a DuPont Hain appoints Lima’s Chairman, Philippe Woitrin, as business. Copyright 2001 E.I. du Pont deNemours and Managing Director of Hail Celestial Europe. Lima is also a Company. European pioneer in macrobiotic foods and soyfoods. Dec. 11–Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri, a soy 971. Barnes, Stephen; Messina, Mark. 2002. Introduction pioneer) is acquired by Nestle SA for $10.1 billion cash; and satellite session at the Fourth International Symposium on this date the deal is approved by the U.S. Federal Trade on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Commission. The new company is named Nestlé Purina. The Disease. J. of Nutrition 132(3):545S-46S. Supplement. merger brings together such household names as Ralston’s March. [6 ref] Dog and Cat Chow and Nestle’s Friskies cat food and • Summary: This is the fourth in a series of symposia Mighty Dog brands. on this topic that began in 1994 in Mesa, Arizona. The Dec. 24–The Federal Trade Commission approves the number of attendees was reduced by security concerns and merger of Dean Foods and Suiza Foods Corp. (which owns air transportation problems following the terrorist attacks 14% of Horizon Organic Dairy). A federal judge throws on Sept. 11, 2001 in the United States. Nevertheless, out White Wave’s lawsuit arguing that White Wave has the scientists representing 21 countries and 5 continents right to buy back its own stock at the market price before the attended the symposium held on Nov. 4-7, 2001, in San merger. Diego, California; 36 scientists gave oral presentations, In 2001, for the fi rst time in modern history, the USA including four overviews of soy research–metabolism of soy lost the distinction of supplying more soybeans and soybean isofl avones, breast and prostate cancer, hormonal effects in products (oil and meal) than all other countries combined. women, and the benefi ts and risks of soy infant formulas. This year it supplied about 46% of the world’s soybean The rest of the talks presented new research information. exports. South America (mainly Brazil and Argentina) now Two poster sessions were also held on various subjects: the supply more than 50%. Devalued currencies in Brazil (the effects of soy on coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis real) and Argentina (the peso), plus the strong U.S. dollar, (31 posters), cancer (15 posters), bone (14 posters), kidney make it diffi cult for U.S. exporters to compete based solely (5 posters), blood pressure (3 posters), and cognition (1 on price. To compete in the future, U.S. growers must fi nd a poster). There were 17 posters on the metabolism and new strategy, which will focus on soybean quality. analysis of isofl avones and another 21 posters on a variety of miscellaneous categories. 969. Soyfoods Canada Newsletter. 2002. 2001 annual This symposium was supported by: Central Soya Co.;

Monsanto; Protein Technologies International; SoyLife Beyond fortifi cation: Making foods functional. 15. Selling Nederland BV [Netherlands] / Schouten USA Soylife; United the ultimate techno-food: Olestra. Conclusion: The politics Soybean Board; Archer Daniels Midland Co.; Cargill Soy of food choice. Appendix: Issues in nutrition and nutrition Protein Products / Cargill Nutraceuticals; Illinois Soybean research. Notes. List of tables. List of fi gures. Association / Illinois Soybean Checkoff Board; Indiana In the chapter on “Beyond fortifi cation” is a section on Soybean Board; Cyvex Nutrition; Nichimo International, “soy protein” which describes the FDA heart-health claim–in Inc.; Nutri Pharma Inc.; Revival Soy; Solbar Plant Extracts a rather unbalanced way. In May 1998, Protein Technologies Ltd.; Soyatech Inc.; AOCS Press; Dr. Soy Nutrition; Eurofi ns International, a company that manufactures isolated soy Scientifi c / Product Safety Labs; and Optimum Nutrition. proteins, petitioned the FDA to permit claims that soy protein This publication was supported by (in alphabetical order) the could help reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Address: Indiana Soybean Board, the Kentucky Soybean Board, the Prof. and Chair of the Dep. of Nutrition and Food Studies, South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, New York Univ. Soyfoods Council, Cargill, and the United Soybean Board. Address: 1. Dep. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of 974. Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine). 2002. New Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294; 2. Nutrition Matters, isolate, new thinking: Cargill rewrites its script. 9(2):8. April/ Inc., Port Townsend, Washington 98368. June. • Summary: “’It’s a whole new product line for us,’ says 972. Du Pont (E.I.) deNemours and Company. 2002. Kevin Marcus, Director of Marketing for Cargill Inc.’s The ingredient that helps great-tasting, healthy foods Soy Protein Solutions business. He’s talking about a and beverages fl y off the shelves (Ad). Natural Foods recently announced proprietary isolate which has been in Merchandiser. March. p. 49. development for the last two and a half years. But he might • Summary: This full-page color ad is about Solae brand just as well be talking about Cargill, since ‘whole’ and ‘new’ soy protein, which is the soy protein used in 8th Continent are new directions in which the commodities giant insists it Soymilk. For more information visit solae.com or contact is taking itself these days. Protein Technologies (a DuPont business) at 800.325.7108. “The world’s largest private company, Cargill has always had the reputation for playing its cards close. But 973. Nestle, Marion. 2002. Food politics: How the food now, as it diversifi es into refi ned products, ingredients, and industry infl uences nutrition and health. Berkeley, California: nutraceuticals, Cargill realizes that it has to ‘open up a little University of California Press. xii + 457 p. Illust. Index. 24 more,’ Mr. Marcus says. ‘If someone buys this product (the cm. Series: California Studies in Food and Culture, 3. [767* new soy isolate), its not the end of a relationship, just the endnotes] beginning. They are buying into our technical expertise.’ • Summary: A superb, eye-opening exposé by a food policy “That know-how is part of a Cargill initiative called insider. Contents: Preface. Introduction–The food industry Food System Design (FSD). Soy Protein Solutions, one of and “eat more”: What is a “healthy” diet?, does diet matter?, four business units under the FSD umbrella, is working with do Americans overeat?, the U.S. food industry, marketing customers to provide new ingredients and other ideas that imperatives (taste: make foods sweet; fat and salty, cost: add will fi ll consumers’ needs. The new isolate is a product of value but keep prices low; convenience: make eating fast; this process. confusion: keep the public puzzled), promoting “eat more” “’It’s made with brand new technology,’ Mr. Marcus (advertise, advertise, advertise, introduce new products, serve says. ‘Some people don’t realize that Cargill has been in larger portions), issues and themes. Part I: Undermining the protein isolate business for 30 years but it got lost in the dietary advice. 1. From “eat more” to “eat less,” 1900-1990. oil business. It’s been separated out again for the past three 2. Politics versus science: Opposing the food pyramid, 1991- years.’ 1992. 3. “Deconstructing” dietary advice. “Now Cargill can focus on its protein. To produce this Part II: Working the system. 4. Infl uencing government: new isolate, a plant is being built in Sidney, Ohio, with an Food lobbies and lobbyists. 5. Co-opting nutrition operational date set for fall, 2002. Soy Protein Solutions professionals. 6. Winning friends, disarming critics. 7. expects to capitalize on soy protein’s ‘dramatic revolution Playing hardball: Legal and not. Part III: Exploiting kids, during the past couple of years, thanks to the FDA’s health corrupting schools. 8. Starting early: Underage consumers. 9. claim,’ says Mary Thompson, VP of the Soy Protein unit. But Pushing soft drinks: “Pouring rights.” don’t expect it to be operating on a high volume/low price Part IV: Deregulating dietary supplements. 10. Science model. Instead, says Mr. Marcus, Soy Protein Solutions, versus supplements: “A gulf of mutual incomprehension.” with the rest of Cargill, is focusing on superior products and 11. Making health claims legal: The supplement industry’s customer relationships. war with the FDA. 12. Deregulation and its consequences. “Other recent Cargill debuts have included a new sugar, Part V: Inventing techno-foods. 13. Go forth and fortify. 14. Trehalose, which is absorbed at a slower, more sustained rate

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 415 than other sugars and a highly concentrated isofl avone called AdvantaSoy Clear. Cargill’s transformation has included 977. Du Pont (E.I.) de Nemours and Company. 2002. The unveiling a new corporate logo and slogans such as ‘I am Solae promise. Better-for-you foods, great taste you and your a problem solver,’ designed to remold the mindset of the family will love (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. Nov. p. company.” 23. Note 1: Talk with Bill Limpert of Cargill’s Soy Protein • Summary: This 1/3-page vertical color ad is about Solae Solutions. 2002. July. There was a one-word error in this brand isolated soy protein. A photo shows a bottle of article: Cargill has been in the soy protein business for 30 Frulatte: Fat-free smoothie (Orange-Mango fl avor). For more years, but has not previously manufactured soy protein information visit www.solae.com or www.frulatte.com or isolates. When Cargill changed Soy Protein Products to Soy contact DuPont Protein Technologies. “DuPont: The miracles Protein Solutions about 6 months ago, the company made of science.” a major commitment to customer service and to helping customers develop new products using existing or new 978. News-Sentinel (Fort Wayne, Indiana). 2003. Soybean Cargill protein products. PTI has long been doing this with processor seeing changes: Local division to be Solae Decatur its isolates, Central Soya with its concentrates, and Cargill plant takes Bunge name. Jan. 7. p. 1A. * with its soy fl our. Cargill’s new isolate plant is expected to • Summary: “Central Soya Co. will disappear as a corporate open in Nov. 2002. name after almost 70 years when its operations are Note 2. Industry insiders note that ADM supplies the integrated into a business of Bunge Ltd. and a joint venture entire range of soy protein products but offers little service in the company has started with DuPont.” Central Soya Co. order to keep its position as the low-price supplier. employs 350 people in Fort Wayne [Indiana] and 150 in Note 3. As of 8 Oct. 2002 Cargill has offered an Decatur [Illinois]. The Fort Wayne work force is expected organic soy protein isolate to at least one potential customer. to shrink when Bunge integrates soybean processing and However in a follow-up call, their sales manager says they refi ned soybean oil operations into Bunge North America, defi nitely have no plans to make organic soy protein isolates. which is headquartered in St. Louis. Missouri.

975. DuPont Protein Technologies. 2002. That little extra 979. Reuters. 2003. DuPont and Bunge join in soy-based something makes all the difference (Ad). Prepared Foods food venture. New York Times. Jan. 7. p. C4. 171(9):59. Sept. • Summary: Bunge Ltd., the world’s largest oilseed • Summary: A full-page color ad featuring three large photos processor, and the DuPont Co. announced yesterday they are of smiling, happy people. “To learn more about Solae brand forming a joint venture named Solae to make soy ingredients soy protein contact us today. www.protein.com or 1-800- for the fast-growing health-food market. The companies 325-7108... DuPont: The miracles of science. Solae is a predicted Solae’s annual revenue will be more than $800 trademark of Protein Technologies International, Inc.” million. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2020) Note: This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2015) that uses the word “Solae” to refer to a registered trademark. that uses the word “Solae” to refer to a new joint venture / enterprise. 976. Du Pont (E.I.) de Nemours and Company. 2002. The Solae promise (Ad). Natural Foods Merchandiser. Oct. p. 78. 980. Sosland, Josh. 2003. Matching grain-based foods and • Summary: See next page. This full-page color ad is about specialty proteins. Baking & Snack. Feb. 1. * Solae brand isolated soy protein. “Your customer seeks • Summary: “Incorporating specialty proteins into the diet great-tasting, Better-for-her and her family products–and the represents a red hot health trend.” This idea was reinforced Solae™ logo helps her fi nd them. by the creation last month of Solae L.L.C., a joint venture “Products made with Solae™ brand isolated soy protein between DuPont and Bunge–based in St. Louis [Missouri], deliver great taste and clinically proven health benefi ts. the home of Protein Technologies International. “While That’s the Solae™ promise. agricultural biotechnology and farmer services will be part “A promise backed by a name you can trust DuPont of Solae, it is the specialty protein business that is at the Protein Technologies. heart of the venture.” The fi rst product introduced under Three large photos show happy, active family members. the Solae brand was 8th Continent soy milk, developed in The young lady in the lower left is drinking a glass of another joint venture between DuPont and General Mills, soymilk. For more information visit www.solae.com or Inc. (Minneapolis, Minnesota). contact DuPont Protein Technologies. Gives a detailed description of ADM’s work with and “DuPont–The miracles of science®.” market segmentation for soy proteins. Anthony DeLio of “Solae™ is a trademark of Protein Technologies ADM says that “a lack of familiarity and wariness about International, Inc.” taste stand as two central challenges facing the category...

Perception problems have been and will be a challenge. It sales exceeding $800 million and operations in more than 80 can be diffi cult to convince consumers to even give soy- countries. based products a try.” “Texture and fl avor continue to be the “The new business takes its name from Dupont’s focal areas for formulators,” says Phil Gentlesk. proprietary soy protein as Dupont will assume a majority “Nutriant [Cedar Falls, Iowa] is the two-year-old share of the venture in exchange for its Protein Technologies nutritional division of Kerry Ingredients, the global business. Bunge will contribute its specialty foods business ingredient company headquartered in Ireland.” for a 28% share with an option to hold up to 40% of the company. Solae L.L.C. will be headquartered in St. Louis, 981. Soyfoods Canada Newsletter. 2003. Soyfoods Canada Missouri, with regional offi ces in Brazil, Europe and Hong membership list. Winter. p. 4. Kong. • Summary: “For 2002/2003 there are 26 members in “The move creates a major player in soy proteins. Soyfoods Canada. They are: Dupont Protein Technologies has an established U.S.-based ADM Protein Specialties business with several joint ventures in the potentially huge Advantage Seed Growers and Processors Chinese market. Bunge’s strengths lie in its dominant South Cold Springs Farms American crushing business (access to raw materials) and its Concord National Inc. newest acquisition, Cereol/Central Soya. Through Cereol, DuPont Protein Technologies Bunge will contribute six processing plants and two R&D First Line Seeds facilities in North America and Europe. Galaxy Foods “The agreement also makes plans for joint development Hensall District Co-operatives of biotech projects, beginning with soybeans containing J.L. International improved traits. Dupont will also be able to use Bunge’s Maple Leaf Foods International contacts to market their pesticides and herbicides to farmers Momo’s Kitchen in South America and elsewhere. Nutrisoya Foods Inc. “’This joint venture creates a premier global ingredients Ontario Soybean Growers company,’ says Drew Burke, Managing Director of Bunge Parmalat Canada Ingredients and the man set to be Vice Chairman of the new ProSoya Inc company. ‘Its growth will be driven by the replacement of Saskatchewan Nutraceutical Network meat and dairy proteins in a wide range of food applications.’ South West Ag Partners “As the new company integrates its assets, the industry SoyaWorld Inc. awaits clear indications of the direction this newborn giant Soylutions Inc. expects to take.” Stake Technologies Sunrise Soya Foods 984. Oils & Fats International. 2003. DuPont and Bunge Superior Tofu Ltd. form agriculture, nutrition alliance: Will form joint venture, Tetra Pak Canada Inc. Solae LLC. 19(2):2. Tofutti-Cholac Foods • Summary: On 13 Jan. 2003 DuPont and Bunge announced W.G. Thompson & Sons Ltd. this alliance, which has three main parts: (1) A joint venture– Yves Veggie Cuisine. Solae LLC–to manufacture and distribute specialty food ingredients, starting with soy proteins and lecithin; (2) An 982. Du Pont (E.I.) de Nemours and Company. 2003. The agreement to develop genetically engineered (GE) soybeans Solae promise–Better-for-you foods, great taste you and your with improved traits–biotech research; (3) An alliance to family will love! (Ad). Vegetarian Times. March. p. 22-23. offer more services and products to farmers. • Summary: This full-page color ad is about Solae brand DuPont will own 72% of Solae, in exchange for its soy protein. Three large photos show happy, active family ownership of Protein Technologies International (PTI). members. The young lady in the lower left is drinking a glass Bunge will own the remaining 28% and US$260 million in of soymilk. For more information visit solae.com or contact exchange for its soybean ingredients business. Protein Technologies (a DuPont business) at 800.325.7108. Note 1. In exchange for the 28%, Bunge contributed Central Soya’s Specialty Process Division (formerly 983. Jordan, Joe. 2003. Solae looks to corner soy protein Chemurgy Div.)–a leading manufacturer of soy protein market. Bluebook Update (Bar Harbor, Maine) 10(1):1. Jan/ concentrates and soy lecithins–which Bunge acquired on 1 March. Oct. 2002 when it acquired Cereol S.A. (based in Paris). In • Summary: “When Solae L.L.C., a Bunge / Dupont joint exchange for the $260 million, Bunge contributed its two soy venture announced in January, opens its doors for business protein isolate plants in Brazil; that deal (involving minority this spring, it will be a giant in the soy protein world with Brazilian shareholders) was fi nalized on 1 May 2003.

Bunge North America announced in mid-January 2003 amount of information about soyfoods. Below the title is that it would postpone a planned expansion of its soybean printed: “A special publication from the American Soybean crushing plant in Morristown, Indiana; that plant was owned Association.” On the back page we read: “ASA thanks the by Central Soya, a subsidiary of Cereol SA, which Bunge sponsors of this publication...: Solae [DuPont & Bunge], acquired in Oct. 2002. Soyatech, and White Wave. Below the logo of each company The name “Central Soya” will disappear as the company is 4½-inch-long column describing the company, its history is integrated into Solae or Bunge. Central Soya presently has and activities. 350 staff in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and 150 in Decatur, Illinois. Contents of the insert: Introduction. Soyfoods become DuPont is headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware; mainstream. The most common [widely used] soyfoods. U.S. Bunge Limited is in White Plains, New York. consumers more aware of soyfoods. The push for soymilk Note 2. Stephen Tanda has been appointed CEO of in schools. Soyfoods for the future. Export demand for food Solae–which is based in St. Louis, Missouri; Erik Fyrwalk is ingredient beans. chairman. It begins: “No longer are soyfoods considered unusual Note 3. Talk with Hunter Smith, head of corporate or hard to fi nd. No longer are they considered the kind of and investor relations at Bunge Inc. 2003. May 12. Solae foods only eaten by so-called ‘granola-crunchers’ or ‘health offi cially began operations on 1 April 2003. At about that fanatics’... The menu at the recent American Soybean same time, for marketing purposes and from the public’s Association (ASA) awards banquet featured a serving of viewpoint, “Protein Technologies International” and “Central delicious edamame (sweet green soybeans) that soybean Soya” (long venerable business names in the soyfoods growers and guests alike enjoyed with enthusiasm.” industry) ceased to exist. Of course the latter two names, although they are now being phased out, will continue to 987. Bloomberg News. 2003. Bunge sells a business to its exist for several more months on legal documents such as DuPont partnership. New York Times. May 6. p. C3. contracts. • Summary: Bunge Ltd., the world’s largest oilseed processor, sold a Brazilian business for $256 million to 985. American Soybean Association. 2003. American Solae, its joint venture with the DuPont Co. “Bunge expects Soybean Association hosts soyfoods luncheon for Congress: a net gain of $111 million, or $1.12 a share on the sale,...” Showcases how soy combines good taste with health benefi ts in U.S. and overseas (News release). 600 Pennsylvania Ave., 988. Bunge Ltd. 2003. Global roots: 2002 annual report. 50 SE, Suite 320, Washington, DC 20003. 2 p. April 1. Main St., White Plains, NY 10606. 81 p. May. 28 cm. • Summary: “April 1, 2003–Washington, DC: To highlight • Summary: This year’s annual report focuses on Bunge’s the many great-tasting soyfoods and their health benefi ts, history and operations worldwide. Consolidated net sales for the American Soybean Association (ASA) hosted its fi rst 2002 (year ended Dec. 31) were $14,074 million, up 22.5% Soyfoods Luncheon” today in Washington, DC. Members from 2001 ($11,484 million). Net income from 2002 was of Congress and their staff sampled modern soyfoods and $255 million, up 90.2% from 2001. Shareholders’ equity (net received information about soy’s health benefi ts for domestic worth) is $1,472 million, up 6.9% from 2001. as well as international consumers. Representative Jo Ann In 2002 Bunge became the world’s largest oilseed Emerson (R-MO) served as the Congressional host of processor and the world’s leading seller of bottled vegetable the event. One of Washington, DC’s premier restaurants, oil. “The acquisition of Cereol was the defi ning event of the Kinkead’s Executive Sous Chef Todd Schiller conducted a year.” As a result, Bunge increased its oilseed processing cooking demonstration at the luncheon that also featured capacity by 70% to 34 million tons per year, from 20 million, many recipes from award-winning chef and cookbook author greatly expanded its presence in the European market, and Dana Jacobi. enhanced its strong positions in North America. “White Wave, Solae, Soyatech, Inc., and the Soyfoods In Jan. 2003, Bunge announced an important partnership Association of North America (SANA) sponsored the event with DuPont that includes the creation of a stand-alone that showcased many soyproducts that helped fuel the 16.9 ingredients company, Solae, and alliances in agricultural percent increase in U.S. soyfood sales between 2000 and production and biotechnology. 2001. U.S. soyfood sales reached $3.234 billion in 2001, Bunge traces its roots back to Amsterdam [Netherlands] according to SANA.” Address: Washington, DC. almost 200 years ago. Today the company has operations in 29 countries on fi ve continents. “Bunge’s goal is to be the 986. ASA Today (St. Louis, Missouri). 2003. Soyfoods enjoy best integrated agribusiness and food company in the world.” growing popularity. 9(6):4-page insert after p. 2. April. Key dates: In Europe since 1818. In South America since • Summary: Attractive (with 5 color photos), interesting, and 1884. In North America since 1923. In Asia since 1930. original. This is the fi rst such insert in this 4-page newsletter, Bunge’s main divisions are: Agribusiness (incl. and the fi rst time this newsletter has contained a signifi cant oilseeds). Fertilizer. Food products (incl. vegetable oil).

Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual almost lifelong involvement in the family’s feed and oilseed General Meeting of Shareholders” (29 p.). Surprisingly, no processing businesses. Osborn was also involved, but only information is given about the amount of money paid to briefl y in the mid-1930s. individual company offi cers. Address: White Plains, New In about 1927 Lowell’s father, Reuben P. Andreas, York. Phone: 914-684-2800. started a feed compounding business named R.P. Andreas & Son, in Lisbon, Iowa; the “Son” was Albert. He obtained 989. Fitzgerald, Anne. 2003. DuPont to move ag his soybean meal from A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. in Decatur, headquarters to D.M. [Des Moines, Iowa]: A key subsidiary Illinois; the meal did not come from Joe Sinaiko [who began in that division, Pioneer Hi-Bred, is already based in the city. processing soybeans in the spring of 1928 at Iowa Milling Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). June 26. p. 35. Co. in Cedar Rapids, Iowa]. Reuben’s products were sold • Summary: On June 25 DuPont announced that it is as “Andy’s Feeds.” In 1934 Reuben took three more sons “moving the head quarters of its Agriculture and Nutrition (Osborn, Glen, and Dwayne) into the business and changed Group from Wilmington, Delaware, to Des Moines.” its name to R.P. Andreas & Sons. Lowell, the youngest, was DuPont also announced that, effective July 1, “Erik still in high school. Fyrwald, a chemical engineer and longtime DuPont In 1938, on the advice of his son, Dwayne (who was employee, will become vice president in charge of the so advised that year by Mr. A.E. Staley), Reuben decided to group.” start a soybean processing company in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. As head of the Agriculture and Nutrition group, The family bought an animal feed manufacturing mill in “Fyrwald will oversee Pioneer, DuPont’s farm chemical Cedar Rapids, contracted for a soybean processing plant to business and DuPont Nutrition & Health, which includes The be built next to it, and imported solvent extraction equipment Solae Co., DuPont Qualicon, Liqui-Box and Food Industry from Italy; the manufacturer may have been Bonotto. Next Solutions.” to the solvent extraction plant they had a livestock feed plant For the past three years, Fyrwald “has been a top built. The family (Reuben, Lowell, Dwayne, Glen) moved executive with DuPont Nutrition & Health.” Address: to Cedar Rapids (12 miles to the northwest) and in 1938 Register Agribusiness Writer. the new company, named Honeymead Products Co., began processing soybeans into oil and meal. 990. ASA Today (St. Louis, Missouri). 2003. ASA/India spurs The name “Honeymead” was coined by one of Lowell’s major growth in soy consumption. 9(8):6. June. brothers (he does not remember which one) in about 1938 in • Summary: In March, the American Soybean Association Lisbon, Iowa. The company was incorporated in Iowa. had a booth at the premier food and beverage trade show In about 1944 Honeymead bought land in Washington, in India, the 18th International Food Exhibition, called Iowa, and had a soybean crushing plant built on it. Shortly AAHAR 2003, in New Delhi. “Aahar” means food in Hindi. thereafter Honeymead had another soybean crushing plant Eight companies participated in ASA’s Soy Pavilion: (1) built in Spencer, Iowa. The soybean oil and meal from both General Food Ltd. (maker of soy nuts, soy oil, soy fl our). plants were sold on the open market. (2) M.P. State Oilfed (soy biscuits, soy nuggets [TVP]). (3) Note: In May 1945 Cargill purchased the Honeymead Protein Technologies International (soy protein isolates). plant at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. By March 1947 Cargill also (4) Ruchi Soya Industries (soy fl our, soy chunks, soy oil). owned the former Honeymead plants in Spencer, Iowa, and (5) Soy Appetite (Soy milk, soy rusk, tofu). (6) Sonic Washington, Iowa. Reuben Andreas, Lowell’s father, was an Biochem Indore (Full fat soy fl our, defatted soy fl our). (7) entrepreneur and a good businessman. His sons learned much S.S. Agro Industries (fermented black soybeans, soy chunks, about business from him. Lowell recalls, “We never talked soy granules). (8) S.S.P. Ltd. (SSP, soy milk equipment / about sports at the dinner table.” Reuben was a Mennonite machinery). in his youth, but Lowell recalls that “we did not grow up in a Mennonite home–even though Dwayne likes to eulogize 991. Andreas, Lowell. 2003. History of work with soybeans about that”–his Mennonite upbringing and values. Reuben (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. July 9. Conducted by William remained actively involved on a day-to-day basis with the Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. family solvent extraction plants and the businesses until they • Summary: Lowell grew up the youngest of six children, were sold to Cargill. who were born in the following order: Osborn (born in Glen, Dwayne, and Lowell Andreas each learned a 1903), Albert, Lenore (the only sister), Glenn, Dwayne (born lot about soybean processing from Joe Sinaiko–who let 4 March 1918), and Lowell (born in 1922). Their parents them (his competitors) observe operations in his plant in were married in Sterling, Illinois, on 27 Nov. 1902, and soon Cedar Rapids. “In those days, there was room for a lot of moved to Minnesota. Four of the fi ve boys (except Osborn, competitors,” Lowell recalls. “Joe was honest and stuck by who later became a concert pianist with the Washington his word.” He also recalls learning about controlling the Symphony Orchestra, English teacher, and author), shared an moisture in the soybeans being processed and the moisture

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 420 in the meal being sold, controlling the fat content of the where they built a new offi ce building. All employees were meal produced, and doing everything with a few people as offered their same jobs in Decatur or generous severance possible. Lowell did this by observation in Joe’s plant; Joe pay if they chose not to move. ADM lost 200 people in the never “taught” these things to the Andreas brothers. move–without laying off anyone and without problems. Lowell’s mother, Lydia, died in 1938, when he was age Downsizing was the main reason for the move, yet the 16. Lowell’s father, Reuben Andreas, had several strokes employees felt they had been treated fairly. By early 1967 during World War II (which removed him from business Lowell was executive vice president of ADM, and by mid- life), later remarried, and died in about 1958. 1968 he was president–focusing on processing and trading. Lowell fi rst attended Wheaton College in Illinois for In about 1967 Lowell moved to Decatur with the company, 2 years, then went for 2 more years to the University of but he told Dwayne at the time that, if he could afford to, Iowa in Iowa City. He majored in philosophy (medieval) at he would like to retire at age 50–his ambition since he had both places. Today Lowell believes that philosophy, which gone into business. At age 49 Lowell reminded Dwayne that taught him to think, reason, and concentrate on a subject, is he had one year left and that he had hired and groomed the an excellent major for business leaders–much better than an man (Donald B. Walker, former vice president of Ralston MBA degree. Reuben was the only member of the Andreas Purina, and a good friend) to replace him. True to his word, family who entered the military during World War II. He Lowell retired in 1972 at age 50 and moved with his wife volunteered and served in the Army Medical Corps in the back to Mankato. He still owns his ADM stock and today U.S. for 4½ years; he was in limited service because of his he has residences in Mankato, Naples (Florida, on the Gulf eyesight, so he developed plans to train medics. During the of Mexico), and Grand Cayman (Cayman Islands, in the war he married Nadine Hamilton. After the war he returned Caribbean northwest of Jamaica). Lowell has a daughter, to Cedar Rapids, where he worked in one of the family Pamela, and a son, David. Dwayne has one son, but he can owned businesses that insured turkeys; he was an adjustor never return to ADM. Address: Mankato, Minnesota. for turkey insurance for about a year, then the family heard that a soybean plant in Mankato [Mankato Soybean Products 992. FBX. 2003. Soyfoods Latin America: September 29-30, Co.] was for sale. 2003. Grand Hyatt, Sao Paulo, Brazil. www.foodbevx.com In 1947 Dwayne and Lowell bought that plant and (Brochure). Bar Harbor, Maine. 8 p. 28 cm. renamed it Honeymead, and Lowell and his wife moved • Summary: This brochure begins: “The Food & Beverage to Mankato from Cedar Rapids to run the plant; “Dwayne Exchange proudly presents the next event in the Soy Series.” was the visionary; I was the manager.” Dwayne continued In association with Soyatech. Summit sponsor: Solae. A to reside in Minneapolis, where he was vice-president of list of the main speakers is given. Summit chairmen: Peter Cargill, but he would visit the Mankato plant from time to Golbitz, President, Soyatech, USA. Leon Klein, President, time. Klein Commodities Inc., Brazil. Opening address: Roberto In 1960 Dwayne and Lowell sold the Honeymead Rodrigues, Minister of Agriculture, Brazil. plant in Mankato to the Farmers Union Grain Terminal The program is described in detail on pages 3-5. Association (GTA). Lowell had a contract with GTA to Page six discusses 7 available tours of Brazil. Page 8 is manage the company for them for 10 years. After the sponsorship and exhibition opportunities. sale, in 1964 Dwayne and Lowell started National City The price is $1,299 for those who register by Aug. 1, but Bank in Minneapolis; it was Dwayne’s idea, but Lowell $1,599 after Sept. 15. was interested in fi nance and had it looked like a good business to be in. In 1965 Shreve “Bud” Archer, Jr. of ADM 993. Day, Sherri. 2003. Tricking the taste buds: Science offered to sell Dwayne and Lowell a block of ADM stock seeks sweet disguise. New York Times. Aug. 26. p. C1. [100,000 shares at about half its book value, for a total of • Summary: “In April the Linguagen Corporation, a $3.3 million], which amounted to effective control or the biotechnology company in Cranbury, New Jersey, that is company, if they would agree to come in and run ADM–a conducting taste research, received a patent for the fi rst company that was in decline, had too many workers and was molecular compound that will block bitter tastes in foods, very poorly managed. Dwayne and Lowell saw ADM as a beverages, and some pharmaceuticals. The compound, company with great potential if they could turn it around. named adenosine 5’-monophosphate, or AMP–occurs Dwayne owned 60% of the block of stock and Lowell owned naturally,” as in breast milk. 40%. Coca-Cola Co., Kraft Foods, and Solae Company (a Both Dwayne and Lowell moved to Minneapolis, soy-foods fi rm owned by DuPont and Bunge Ltd.) have each where ADM was headquartered. Lowell stayed there expressed interest in the new product. for 1 year. Both men quickly realized that ADM needed “total reorganization” and the fi rst step required moving 994. Bruemmer, Bruce. 2003. Recent research on vitamin the headquarters from Minneapolis to Decatur, Illinois,– E and tocopherols (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 17.

Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. worked something like an Anderson extruder, except it had • Summary: Recent research on vitamin E has showed that no holes or slats in the side; rather all the contents came out supplements containing natural mixed tocopherols (alpha, of a small hole in a die at one end. Douglas Hale, working beta, and gamma) are the most effective. Most vitamin with Penny Nichols, had developed the fi rst extrusion E supplements contain only alpha-tocopherol, and many cooker–for breakfast cereals! Dough was a born politician brands are synthetic rather than natural–which has greater and like to take credit for things–which created some bioavailability. animosity. Paul previously worked for 4 years at Protein Jim and Joe were assigned work to do each day; they Technologies International (PTI) in their business unit. usually fi nished about noon, so they asked their boss, Harold Address: Archivist, Cargill Corp., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Wilcke, what they should do the rest of the day. He told them to do something useful for RP. They visited Doug 995. Nelson, Tina. 2003. SANA [Soyfoods Association of Hale and asked him if they could borrow his machine. He North America] 25th anniversary celebration. September said “yes,” so they carried it across the hall to their lab and 4, 2003. Washington, DC: Soyfoods Association of North began experimenting with different mixtures to run through America. 2 p. 28 cm. it. The early mixtures contained dried meat scraps and meal, • Summary: A brief and superfi cial story of the founding grains, soybeans, and a vitamin-mineral premix. They were of the Soyfoods Association of North America in July 1978 astonished at the material that burst out of the machine at the in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Steve Demos and Lester Karplus, end after having been cooked in the barrel under pressure who were present at both the founding and at this reception, from a screw. shared their refl ections of the past 25 years. She thanks the When Walter Montgomery, who was in sales at RP, saw chefs who created the evening’s soy delicacies: Kim Galaez, the fi rst prototype products, he too was impressed. The fi nal Patricia Greenberg, Dana Jacobi, and Akasha Richmond. She prototype was called X-24 because it was the 24th formula also thanks and acknowledges the sponsors of the evening: they had tested and it contained 24% protein. The fi rst man ADM, Cargill, Hain-Celestial Group, Kellogg / Worthington to see commercial possibilities in the extruded product was Foods, Light Life, Solae LLC, Sunrich, Tetra Pak, Vitasoy- Geoffrey Baker, who was in the human foods division of USA, and White Wave. And she welcomes special guests RP. In 1954 they test marketed the dry dog food in multiwall from USDA, FDA, and Capital Hill. paper bags at Phelps Grocery Co. in Little Rock, Arkansas. The talks ends: “Thank you all for coming and enjoy the It was a commercial success–in part because each bag was soy treats and the historical documents and photos with your 3 times as large as the competing dog food made of baked colleagues.” Address: Galaxy Foods. oats–even though both bags weighed the same. Before long, the product was named Purina Dog Chow. 996. Corbin, James. 2003. The origin (in 1954) and Ralston Purina decided to keep the process and development of extruded pet foods at Ralston Purina in equipment secret by not patenting it. So they found a St. Louis, Missouri (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 10. machine shop in St. Louis which would make them more Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. and larger extruders. George Lanz, an engineer, tested • Summary: Jim earned his PhD in 1950 then went to work and improved the machines. The Wenger Manufacturing for the National Oats Co. He was not very interested in this Company (an early maker of extruders) did not even exist at work and “not much was happening,” so he went across town this time. But the two men who founded Wenger saw RP’s to Ralston Purina (RP) at Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, extruded product and went to work trying to fi gure out how Missouri, and applied for a job. They knew of his work it was made. They slowly developed a machine that would and were happy to hire him to do animal feeding trials with make a similar product, but RP continued to use their own feeds and pet foods. He was in charge of the microbiological machines. laboratory. In those days most dry pet foods were made Ray Porter designed and built factories for Ralston by a process called pelleting, which producing hard little Purina. The fi rst factory that commercial Purina Dog Chow cylinders the shape of a short piece of chalk. Jim’s coworker was in St. Louis. The machinery was soon installed in was Joseph M. Vandepopulaire, who had started work at RP existing plants at Davenport, Iowa, and Denver, Colorado. 2 weeks earlier. Joe, who now resides in Columbia, Missouri, The rest is history. Today the market for dog and cat had a master’s degree in biochemistry and animal nutrition foods in the USA is worth $19.3 billion. Address: 186 from the University of Missouri. Jim and Joe replaced two Animal Sciences Lab., 1207 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, Illinois older men. 61801. Phone: 217-333-3132. Douglas Hale (who now lives in Connecticut) worked across the hall in the RP breakfast cereal division trying to 997. Boone, Carolyn. 2003. Central Soya will cease to exist develop a cereal that would not get soggy so quickly after on Dec. 31 of this year (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. milk was added. He modifi ed a small machine so that it 19. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center.

• Summary: On Dec. 31 Central Soya will close its long-time the meeting, makes sure that there is a clear agenda that is headquarters in Decatur, Indiana, and turn the building over adhered to, and that detailed minutes are kept. to Bunge, which purchased Central Soya in April. Central NOPA (formerly NSPA) used to be managed by Sheldon Soya has basically been folded into Solae. Carolyn has Hauck & Associates, but they left for another management worked for Central Soya for 11 years and has a deep interest fi rm. Address: Executive Director, Washington, DC. in and dedication to the company’s history and corporate culture. She is working very hard to preserve Central Soya’s 999. Nordquist, Ted. 2003. Big companies increasingly historical records before they get lost. Since Central Soya active in the soyfoods industry. DuPont is pushing for no longer has a librarian, she has tried to preserve important an organic standard for a new soy protein isolate made documents that were part of the library. She has taken some without using hexane (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 4. to the Decatur (Indiana) Historical Society. She has scanned Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. hundreds of photographs and historical documents (such as • Summary: Big companies like DuPont, ADM, and Solae old company newsletters back to 1934) into PowerPoint and are increasingly active in the Soyfoods Association and at Microsoft Word, then burned that information into CDs; it industry conferences. An increasing percentage of the money now fi lls fi ve CDs. She is now in the middle of several large seems to be coming from them. Soy protein isolates are scanning projects. Using a Cannon Multifunction Machine widely discussed as “soy” but Ted has never heard anyone she is scanning all laboratory research notebooks, so that discuss how they are made–using hexane solvent. Address: each notebook is stored as one document. Then she imports TAN Industries, Inc., 253 Sacramento St., Suite 1120, San it into Lotus Notes take create a database. She is adding Francisco, California 94111. Phone: 415-495-2870. descriptive and indexing terms which users can use to search the database. 1000. Jacobi, Dana. 2003. Serving soyfoods on Capitol Hill Central Soya’s research center and sales offi ce in (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Dec. 20. Conducted by William Decatur will be moved to St. Louis, Missouri. Some of the Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. higher company offi cers have been invited to move also, but • Summary: Each year the American Soybean Assoc. (ASA) most of the lower employees (incl. those in customer service) has a board meeting in Washington, DC. At that time they have not been invited to move. Central Soya’s plants, for have an event for Congress. This year ASA decided to “host example in Gibson City, Illinois [dedicated by Central its fi rst Soyfoods Luncheon,” which they announced in a Soya in May 1948], and in Bellevue, Ohio [constructed by 2-page news release. Representative Jo Ann Emerson (R- Spencer-Kellogg & Sons in 1945 and purchased by Central MO) served as the Congressional host of the event. White Soya before 1976] will continue to be operated by Bunge/ Wave, Solae, Soyatech, and SANA sponsored the event but it Solae. Central Soya also has plants in Remington, Indiana; (incl. Dana and her food) was paid for by ASA. and Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Address: Central Soya Co. Apparently Nancy Chapman of the Soyfoods Phone: 260-425-5380. Association told ASA that Dana was a professional chef with expertise in soyfoods. So Dana got a call from Anna Pavolva 998. Saunders, David. 2003. Update on the Soy Protein of ASA inviting her take responsibility for catering this Council (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Nov. 21. Conducted by event. Dana ended up hiring a local caterer, because she lives William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. in New York City and could not make all the preparations • Summary: The Soy Protein Council has not been very at such a long distance. Dana supplied the recipes and active during the past few years. They have no annual budget supervised the food preparation. except for a fi xed management fee (overhead, which pays The event took place at lunchtime on Tuesday, 1 April indirect costs including part of David’s salary), deal mainly 2003 at the Rayburn Building in Washington, DC. Dana was with regulatory issues (such as USDA, FDA, and school told to prepare for 200 people, but about 250-350 showed lunch programs), and are paid on a project by project basis. up–most of them staffers, but there were a few members of There are three members: Cargill, ADM, and Solae (a joint Congress. The room (29 by 52 feet, or 1,508 square feet) venture of DuPont and Bunge). was packed, with standing room only. Food was served on The member companies do promotion at the company four draped tables, buffet style like a real catered party, with level. They have seen much growth in demand for soy real China plates (no paper plates), and spoons and forks. protein products since Oct. 1999 when the FDA issued its The attendees ate all the food. Dana’s meatless recipes (the heart health claim for soy proteins. majority of which came out of her latest cookbook), all on Since one of the members was involved in anti-trust one long table were: Sweet & sour meatballs. Beans and and price-fi xing issues several years ago, that company’s franks (Using Bratos for the franks). Macaroni salad (using attorneys have advised that they should not be meeting ADM’s Soy-7 macaroni). Honey mustard with tofu (served in a closed room with their competitors. When they do 3 kinds of donated soyburgers from Boca and Morningstar meet, David hires an anti-trust attorney to be present at Farms). Chocolate velvet mousse. Edamamé. Finger

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 423 sandwiches with soynut butter and jelly. (Samrig Division of Santista Alimentos) to Solae for $251 ASA hired a chef (Tod Schiller) from one of million in cash, realizing a tax-free profi t of $111 million on Washington, DC’s premier restaurants, Kinkead’s, and he the sale. conducted a cooking demonstration at the luncheon; at a July 9–FDA and U.S. Department of Health and Human second table he served a very elegant soyfoods recipe that Services announce that the trans-fatty acid content of all included edamamé. packaged foods sold in retail stores (but not in restaurants) White Wave / Dean Foods had a 3rd table at which must be listed on the “Nutrition Facts” portion of food labels they served Silk Cappuccino soymilk out of a cooling starting 1 Jan. 2006. “Trans fats,” like saturated fats, are machine. On a 4th table at the end of the room was Solae 8th considered “bad fats” which contribute to heart disease and Continent soymilk and Luna Bars (cut into pieces for fi nger obesity. Trans fats rarely occur naturally; they are created by foods). ASA and United Soybean Board had a 5th long table hydrogenation of vegetable oils–including soy oil. on which was information (leafl et, pamphlets) and exhibits Sept. 21-24–Fifth International Symposium on the Role about soybeans and soyfoods. of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, held in Dana mingled anonymously and talked with many of Orlando, Florida. Proceedings published in J. of Nutrition, the staffers. “They were astounded by all the good food. 2004 May Supplement (p. 1205S-1293S). This sort of event helps greatly to dispel the negative image Oct. 31–Stake Technology Ltd. (of Canada, which owns that soy still has in terms of how it tastes and looks.” Dana SunRich) changes its name to SunOpta. notes: “My interest in not in preaching to the converted, it is Trends: (1) Soybeans are starting to be seen as an in introducing soyfoods to the rest of the people.” Address: enemy of the environment, especially in Brazil where New York City. they are expanding onto and leading to deforestation of environmentally precious or sensitive land, as in tropical rain 1001. SoyaScan Notes. 2003. Chronology of major soy- forests, as world demand for high-protein feeds to produce related events and trends during 2003 (Overview). Dec. 31. animal products (meat, poultry, and fi sh)–especially in Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. China. • Summary: Jan. ENSA, the European National Soyfoods (2) The FDA decision on labeling of trans fatty acids Association is established. All members produce soyfoods will clearly lead to a rush (by both private and public from whole soybeans that have not been genetically soybean breeders) to develop soybean varieties whose oil engineered. is low in linolenic acid and therefore does not have to be Jan. 13–DuPont and Bunge announce an important hydrogenated. These specialty soybeans, which will be partnership that includes the creation of a stand-alone grown on at least a million acres, will have to produced ingredients company, Solae, and alliances in agricultural and marketed using the “identity preserved” system rather production and biotechnology. than the traditional “commodity” system. This change will April 1–Solae offi cially begins operations, owned probably transform the way all soybeans are handled in by DuPont (72%) and Bunge (28%). To the partnership, America. Today only organically grown, non-GE (non- DuPont contributed its Protein Technologies International GMO), and specialty soybeans are identity preserved. business and Bunge contributed its North American (Central Soya and CanAmera Foods) and European soy ingredients 1002. FBX. 2003. Soyfoods Summit: February 18-20, operations. At about that same time, for marketing purposes 2004. Hyatt Regency La Jolla, San Diego, California. www. and from the public’s viewpoint, “Protein Technologies foodbevx.com (Brochure). Little Falls, New Jersey: IQPC. International” and “Central Soya” (pioneering and venerable 12 p. 28 cm. business names in the soyfoods industry) were quietly and • Summary: This brochure begins: “The Food & Beverage unceremoniously “disappeared.” Exchange is proud to present its 7th Annual Soyfoods April–The 63-year-old name of Soybean Digest is Summit.” In association with Soyatech. Media partners: changed to Corn and Soybean Digest. The subtitle on the Nutrition Business Journal, The Soy Daily, Nutraceuticals cover now reads: “Maximizing production and marketing for World. The conference, which is being organized by The profi t.” The magazine also has new graphics and a new look. Food & Beverage Xchange, a division of IQPC (London, April 26–Soyfoods Center and H.T. Huang, PhD (an England), will have two separate tracks of presentations: (A) expert on the history of food and agriculture in China) Technology & applications, and (A) Health benefi ts of soy. fi nish a two-year project to translate into English all known Summit chairs: Peter Golbitz, president, Soyatech, is chair passages that mention soy in the Chinese literature from of track A. Geri Berdak, Director, Public Affairs, The Solae 1100 B.C. to 1923–from 236 different documents–and to Company, is chair of track B. make this information available in electronic form in the The facts: (1) “The US Soyfoods market has grown SoyaScan computerized database. at an average annual rate of 14% per year for the past ten May–Bunge sells its Brazilian soy ingredients operations years and hit $3.65 billion in 2002.” (2) “Per capita soy

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 424 consumption will rise by 50% in the next 5 years.” The main Soybean Review (Iowa Soybean Association, Urbandale, speakers, with their organization, track, an outline of their Iowa) 15(3):20. Dec. talk, and a small photo are given. Track A: Dr. Jonathan F. • Summary: Cade Fields-Gardner made a trip to Coimbatore, Gordon, Firmenich Inc. Hiraoki Iwamoto, Tendre Corp., India, “to test the benefi ts of soy protein on people infected Japan (frozen tofu). Phil Fass, ADM. Dr. Michael Shemer, with HIV. The trip was co-sponsored by the World Initiative Tivall Corp., Israel. Motohiko Hirotsuka, Fuji Oil Co Ltd, for Soy in Human Health (WISHH) organization and The Japan. Brad Strohm, Wenger Manufacturing Inc. Mian Riaz, Solae Company, a joint venture established by DuPont and Texas A&M University. KeShun Liu, Univ. of Missouri at Bunge Limited. Columbia. Victor Braverman, Braverman & Associates, “Fields-Gardener is a HIV nutrition consultant with The Mexico. Jorge Arturo Canas Diaz, Central Heledra Diaz, Cutting Edge, an organization created to address nutrition- Costa Rica. related issues in HIV disease.” The 2-year trial will test 3 Track B: Milagros Virginia C. Lim, Nestle Philippines questions: (1) Is additional protein benefi cial in the diet Inc., Philippines. Mark Messina, Nutrition Matters Inc. John of a person who is HIV infected? (2) Is there a difference L. Williams PhD, Univ. of South Dakota. Prof. Fujian Yang in benefi t between adding a local protein and a soy-based Zhenhua 851 Bio-Science Co Ltd, China. Omer Kucuk M.D., protein? (3) Are the food products with added soy protein FACN, Wayne State Univ., Karmanos Cancer Inst. Helen acceptable? Kim PhD, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham. Prof. Mindy S. “Fields-Gardner believes protein does play a crucial role Kurzer, Univ. of Minnesota. Dr. Ari Babaknia, DrSoy. Wendy in slowing down and reducing the effects of HIV and AIDS,” Barrett, Eat Smart. Deborah Miller, The Solae Group. since people with these diseases “burn up protein very Day 1–General session at end of day: John A. quickly. That means their body starts burning up body cell Schillinger, PhD, Heartland Fields, LLC. Peter Hannam, mass, such as muscle tissue, to activate immune cells. And First Line Seeds. if the body goes into survival mode, it will burn up some of Day 2–General session running all day: Paul Lang, the organ tissue to survive. It’s the people who have a higher Natural Products Inc. Seth Tibbott, Turtle Island Foods. Tom level of quality protein intake that tend to hold onto that Woodward, Tetra Pak, Singapore. Ted Nordquist, WholeSoy body tissue better.” Co. Hsien-Hsin Chang, Lightlife Foods. Gerard Klen Essink, Prosoy Research & Strategy, The Netherlands. Frank Daller, 1004. Product Name: Soy Protein Isolates (Bland Flavored) Soyadairy, Canada. Daniel Burke, Pacifi c Soybean & Grain. [SPI 6000, SPI 6200, SPI 6240, SPI 6500]. Garnet Pigden, The Solae Company. Gerry Amantea, Hain Manufacturer’s Name: Protient. Celestial Group Inc. Johanna McCoy, Soy Happy. Kim C. Manufacturer’s Address: 1751 West County Road B, Suite Kristoff, Gemtek. 200, St. Paul, Minnesota 55113. Phone: 651-638-2600. Post-conference interactive workshops: Tim Redmond, Date of Introduction: 2003. formerly with American Soy Products. Patricia Godfrey & Ingredients: Soybeans. Danielle Karleskind, Cargill Soy Protein Solutions. Peter New Product–Documentation: Ad (4 x 5 inches) in The Golbitz, Soyatech. Non-GMO Source. 2004. Feb. p. 11. “Protient: The future of For those who register and pay in full by Dec. 5, the protein.” Website: www.protient.com. Gold Package of conference plus three workshops the price Talk with Penny Garcia, R&D for Proteint. 2004. May is $2,999. By Dec. 31 it rises to $3,099. By Jan. 9 it rises to 5. She worked for PTI for 5 years before coming to Proteint, $3,199. After Jan. 9 the full price is $3,299. This does not a company that was founded to make whey protein isolates include lodging and food. The price is $1,299 for those who and concentrates. They now offer two soy protein isolate register by Aug. 1, but $1,599 after Sept. 15. products: SPI 6200 (their basic product, with excellent fl avor, Note: Talk with two people who will speak at this neutral pH and high solubility) and SPI 6200. Both were conference. They are paid no honorarium for speaking, and introduced in early 2003. They make these isolates from they must pay their own transportation both ways and all defatted soybean fl akes, which they buy. Their selling points room and board expenses while at the conference. Why do are excellent bland fl avor (from membrane fi ltration), good they go? Both say this gives them an opportunity to attend functionality, and competitive lower prices. They are a small the conference free of charge, to have a nice vacation in company. a warm and beautiful part of California, and to meet now people and promote their ideas and (informally) their 1005. Deutsch, Claudia. 2004. Advertising: A dish of protein products. with a side of comedy is being use to promote foods with a soy additive. New York Times. Feb. 27. p. C2. 1003. Mescher, Kelly. 2003. Community based clinical • Summary: Most people believe protein is good. But should trials may help to prove soy to be excellent protein source they get it from steak and eggs, or from soy? The Solae for HIV/AIDS patients: Investing Checkoff dollars. Iowa Company, a joint venture formed last year between DuPont

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 425 and Bunge, is already racking up $1 billion in annual sales of in a big way in Europe. Yakult is one of the best entries into Solae–its soy protein additive. It is being used to turn drinks the European food market in years. Bernd just saw White and other products into high-protein foods. Now Solae is Wave’s Silk Alive [the name was soon changed; it was sold promoting the phrase “Solae inside”–but its not easy. The TV commercially only under the name “Silk Live”], a similar ads must convince consumers to look for the Solae logo on product, at the Anaheim Natural Products Expo. But he foods and drinks, and to think of this soy protein isolate as liked the Wildwood smoothie even better, and the WholeSoy tasting good and being a healthy protein source. fermented soymilk best of all American products. The approach: To make viewers laugh at absurd ads. In France a small company named Sojami (pronounced A series of four 15-second commercials, titled “Protein in so-zha-MEE), which started about 10 years ago, makes very unexpected places” show classic blind taste tests. In each creative, unique, and interesting soy cheeses and cultured soy a chef with a white toque and a dark-suited host waylay yogurts. The founder has a university research background unsuspecting passersby, blindfold them, then subject them and is a very nice guy. to the Solae Protein Quiz, a taste test between a popular Tofu: Tofu consumption in Europe has expanded protein source and a food or beverage enriched with Solae steadily over the past 5-7 years, but it is still a very small (such as Snapple). On learning that Snapple contains protein, product. The largest maker of the tofu and tofu products the victim says “Cool.” The tag line: “Proof of protein,” sold in Germany is Life Food GmbH / Taifun Produkte, run near the Solae logo. Among the 40 foods and drinks that by Wolfgang Heck and Guenter Klein. Heuschen-Schrouff include Solae are 8th Continent soy milk and Gardenburger. B.V. (Landgraaf, Netherlands) and Viana are tied for second Many more are in the pipeline. Mainstream consumers now place. About 10 years ago, Heuschen-Schrouff started selling connect food choices not just with health (as before), but their tofu under the organic So Fine brand (www.sofi ne.nl). with lifestyles and taste. People already love the foods that An Indian-run company in Kerkrade, Netherlands, run by now contain Solae. the brothers Singh (both Sikhs), makes tofu mostly for the Todd Sutton, Solae’s global marketing director, says Asian (Indonesian) market. In 2001 Viana started selling its “consumers buy more than $3 billion worth of soy products tofu to the mainstream market under the Veggie Life brand; per year.” In the USA? Worldwide? this English-language brand name communicates well to people speaking many different languages throughout the 1006. Drosihn, Bernd. 2004. Update on soyfoods in Europe. EU (European Union)–though distribution is still limited Part II (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 15. Conducted to Germany and Austria. Soto Tofu, formerly run by Rolf by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Barthof has been sold to a very large dairy company, • Summary: Soymilk: A major new soymilk maker in Europe Algäuland. Viana’s main products are tofu and tofu is named Wild (www.wild.de), an old German food company products–such as meat and cheese alternatives. Viana is #1 that specializes in fruits and ingredients; their retail soymilk in Germany in meat alternatives. Germans buy soyfoods for is named Soy and Joy. Their most famous brand is Caprisun, three main reasons: They are good for one’s health, they taste a non-soy drink in a foil pouch, well known in the USA. good, and good for the environment. Bernd is a vegan, but They and So Good, the Australian soymilk now made with about 90% of Viana’s products are sold to non-vegetarians. Solae, are both strong competitors of Alpro. Early tofu companies still active in Europe include Several weeks ago Hain-Celestial of New York Sojafarm (founded and still run by Lothar Stassen), Albert’s purchased two German soymilk makers, both owned by Tofuhaus (Albert Hess; exports lots of his products to Bruno Fischer, Jr.: Natumi and Gut Honneroth. He sold France). A basic problem with the smaller, early tofumakers both companies at a low price–probably because he had to. in Germany is that they didn’t have the creativity or power to Bruno had gotten his soymilk into Aldi, the mother company put a brand on the market. So both these companies produce of Trader Joe’s and the No. 1 discounter in Germany–and a lot of tofu under private labels. Lothar bought the Svadesha maybe in all of Europe, and he developed a large soymilk brand (Svadesha was the fi rst German tofu company) and business with Aldi–perhaps so large he could no longer produces tofu under the Svadesha brand. About 2-3 years handle it himself. Bruno also made a lot of private label ago he also purchased the Nagel’s Tofu brand from Christian soymilk. With Hain, Bruno found a large German dairy to Nagel, who now markets the tofu under his former brand. make soymilk for Aldi under a new Aldi brand. The new So Lothar makes tofu under 3 brands. Berief Feinkost (in European CEO of Hain-Celestial is Philippe Woitrin, who Beckum [Bochum?], northern Germany), started 10-15 was CEO of Lima Foods when Hain acquired it. years ago, tries to cover the mainstream tofu market, but not Triballat makes the best soy yogurts (Sojasun brand) very successfully. Kassel Tofu Kato (started by Gyoergy / in the world–in Bernd’s opinion. They have a new brand, Yuri Debrecini, who was at Soyastern). Thomas Karas is no Sojadé, which are delicious creamy yogurt drinks–maybe longer involved with soyfoods; he tried to enter the computer organic. The Japanese Yakult concept of drinking live business but Bernd does not know what he is doing now. In benefi cial probiotic bacteria each morning has now caught on Spain, the market leader is Natursoy near Barcelona. Nearby

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 426 is Salvador Sala of Vegetalia. In Spain, there is a lot of interest in and rapid growth of soyfoods and organic foods. 1008. Bunge Ltd. 2004. Life grows with us: 2003 annual In Italy the Ki Group (Schenker) owns a tofu company–fairly report. 50 Main St., White Plains, NY 10606. 98 p. May. 28 old but not very creative. cm. In the United States, Pulmuone now has three U.S. • Summary: Consolidated net sales for 2003 (year ended factories; their fi rst one in Southgate, southern California, a Dec. 31) were $22,165 million, up 59.6% from 2002 new one at Fullerton, California, and a 3rd one in New York. ($13,882 million). Net income in 2003 was $411 million, up The Fullerton factory is the most modern Bernd has ever 61.2% from 2002. Shareholders’ equity (net worth) is $2,377 seen. There they make Gourmet Tofu, introduced in about million, up 61.5% from 2002. Jan. 2004, which is presliced and marinated, in 4 fl avors / Bunge’s goal is “to be the world’s best integrated styles: Baked, Sliced, and Marinated. agribusiness and food company.” The strategies to get Meat alternatives: Nestle now owns Osem which owns there are: Position for growth, focus on effi ciency, deliver Tivall, the Israeli maker of meat alternatives. Since all of superior service and product quality, and leverage the Tivall’s products are held together by eggs or egg whites, company’s unique operating model. Three bar charts (p. 10) none of them are vegan–and none are organic. Quorn, which show demand (yearly from 1999 to 2003) for soybean meal also contains lots of egg protein, is owned by AstraZeneca (global), fertilizer in Brazil (NPK), and vegetable oil (global; [Marlow Foods]–which wants to sell the company because it has grown 4.8% a year on average over the past 15 years). growth and profi ts have been lower than expected. DE- Long-term trends of population and income growth drive VAU-GE in Germany is a very big company, they make demand for Bunge products. Bunge’s alliance with DuPont large amounts of meat alternatives (incl. burgers), and they in Solae is outlined (p. 22). do a lot of business with Aldi in breakfast cereals–not in Under “Acquisitions, dispositions, and alliances” we soyfoods. Bernd thinks they are good, and very economical read (p. 41): “Acquisition of Cereol. In 2002, we acquired manufacturers, but they are not very creative and they 97.38% of the shares of Cereol S.A. and in April 2003, we have no USP (unique sales point); moreover, many of their acquired the remaining 2.62% of the shares..., resulting in products contain egg protein, but their quality is lower than 100% ownership of Cereol for $810 million in cash (net of that of Tivall. Bernd believes his meat alternatives are as cash acquired of $90 million)... good as Tivall’s, but more expensive, in part because of “Alliance with DuPont. In April 2003, we entered into organic ingredients. Tivall makes its raw materials in Israel, an alliance with DuPont and together formed Solae by then exports these to Europe for cutting and fl avoring. contributing DuPont’s Protein Technologies [International] Klaus Gaiser owns Topas which sells Viti brand meat business and our North American [Central Soya] and alternatives based on wheat gluten, with no soy; he owns the European soy ingredients operations. Solae is a soy brand and markets the products, but he has meat companies ingredients joint venture and a key component in our broader manufacture them. However, when his typically 3-year strategic alliance with DuPont. We have a 28% interest in contract with the manufacturer expires, he has to fi nd a Solae. In May 2003, we sold our Brazilian soy ingredients new manufacturer, but the previous one keeps making his operations to Solae for $251 million in cash, net of sale- products under their own brand. In the USA: At Turtle Island related expenses of approximately $5 million. We recognized Foods (Hood River, Oregon), Bernd met Hans Wrobel, a a tax-free gain on sale of $111 million in the second quarter German who does product development. Note: Hans and of 2003 relating to this sale. We used the proceeds from the Rhonda Wrobel of The Higher Taste developed Tofurky sale to reduce indebtedness...” in Portland, Oregon. Bernd makes Pizzarella, a tofu-based “Saipol joint venture. In July 2003, we sold Lesieur, cheese alternative. Address: Founder and president, Viana a French producer of branded bottled vegetable oils, to Naturkost GmbH, 54578 Wiesbaum / Vulkaneifel, Germany. Saipol, an oilseed processing joint venture between Bunge Phone: +49 06593-99670. and Sofi proteo. We received approximately $240 million in cash... We own 33% of Saipol.” 1007. Market Wire. 2004. FDA reviews health claim petition Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual regarding reduction in cancer risk (News release). www. General Meeting of Shareholders” (30 p.). Surprisingly, no fi ndarticles.com. 2 p. April information is given about the amount of money paid to • Summary: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) individual company offi cers. Address: White Plains, New confi rms that it is in the process of reviewing a petition for York. Phone: 914-684-2800. a health claim that suggests the consumption of soy protein- based foods may reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, 1009. Messina, Mark; Erdman, J., Jr.; Setchell, K.D.R. eds. including breast, prostate, and colon cancer. The Solae 2004. Fifth International Symposium on the Role of Soy Company submitted the petition. Address: Fort Wayne, in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease. J. of Nutrition Indiana. 134(5S):1205S-1293S. Supplement. May. Held 21-24 Sept.

2003 in Orlando, Florida. to other sites, anti-soy articles and books, etc. It was clearly • Summary: Findings of special interest include: In initiated in New Zealand by the small group containing older Chinese women, higher intakes of soy protein and Richard and Valerie James and Mike Fitzpatrick. They isofl avones were associated with greater bone density. were soon joined by Sally Fallon in the USA, and others Supplements of isofl avones, calcium, and vitamin D (unknown) in the UK. resulted in an increase in bone density in Chinese women. Contents: Home page–Site map (7 p.). 1. Introduction When breast-feeding women consume soy, soy (4 p.). 2. History. 3. Hot reading. 4. Phytoestrogens: Soy isofl avones appear in their breast milk and are absorbed by & DES, the thyroid, male health, your baby, infertility, their infants. The signifi cance of this is not known, although menopause, birth defects, cancer/leukemia, diabetes: Type 1, researchers speculate that early exposure to soy may protect immune function, your pets, cognitive function [Lon White]. against chronic disease in adulthood. 5. Phytosterols. 6. GM soy. 7. Soy sauce. 8. Other toxins. An analysis of a number of studies on soy and hot 9. Doses simplifi ed. 10. Soy allergies. 11. Soy politics. 12. fl ashes found that, overall, use of soy products reduced the SOS guidance. 13. Downloads. 14. Links. 15. Hot news. 16. frequency of hot fl ashes. Regulators. 17. Big Ugly Bull: Sanitation, FDA-CF-SCAN, Isofl avone supplements reduced the severity of Novagen, Abbott, Dr. Brian Strom, USDA, Unilever, NZ headaches and other symptoms of premenstrual syndrome MOH (New Zealand Ministry of Health), ANZFA, Plunket, (PMS). Israeli Offi cials, USB [United Soybean Board], Solae / Soy protein may be useful in reducing risk of prostate DuPont / Bunge. 18. Testimonies. 19. Chicken roost. cancer because it affects male hormone levels. A counter near the bottom of the Home Page states that Preliminary results suggest that soy isofl avones can this site has had 476,892 visitors since 27 April 1999. The improve brain functions, such as memory, in older people. information on this site cannot be printed unless you select Symposium chairpersons: Mark Messina and Kenneth D.R. the particular text you wish to print. Setchell. Advisory Board: Herman Adlercreutz, Stephen Barnes, 1012. SoyaScan Notes. 2004. Chronology of major soy- Koen Descheemaeker, Brent D. Flickinger, Patricia Godfrey, related events and trends during 2004 (Overview). Dec. 31. Omer Kucuk, Mindy S. Kurzer, Gregory L. Paul, Susan M. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. Potter, Cesare R. Sitori, and Anna H. Wu. • Summary: Jan/Feb.–Biodiesel magazine starts publication “Sponsors: The Solae Company; United Soybean Board; in the USA. Archer Daniels Midland Company; Cargill Health and Food Feb. The excellent European periodical Soyafoods, Technologies; Cargill Soy Protein Solutions; Dr. Chung’s edited by Heather Paine of England, changes its title to Soy Food Co., Ltd.; Illinois Soybean Association / Illinois & Health, when the American Soybean Association stopped Soybean Checkoff Board; Indiana Soybean Board; Nichimo funding. Past and current issues can be downloaded from the International Inc.; Solbar Plant Extracts Ltd.; Soyatech, Soy Conference website www.soyconference.com. Inc.; Wyeth Consumer Healthcare; AOCS; DrSoy Nutrition; April–Yamasa Corporation purchases San-J International and Soyfoods Association of North America.” Address: 1. (Richmond, Virginia). Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, Washington 98368. April–Pulmuone U.S.A. makes a signifi cant fi nancial investment in Wildwood Harvest Foods, Inc. In July the two 1010. Kreijkamp-Kaspers, Sanne; Kok, L.; Grobbee, D.E.; companies announce their merger. Both tofu companies are et al. 2004. Effect of soy protein containing isofl avones on based in California. cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids April–The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in post-menopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. confi rms that it is in the process of reviewing a petition for JAMA: J. of the American Medical Association 292(1):65-74. a health claim that suggests the consumption of soy protein- July 7. [55 ref] based foods may reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, • Summary: A year-long study showed that soy protein including breast, prostate, and colon cancer. The Solae isolate (made by Solae) did not increase bone density, lower Company submitted the petition. cholesterol, or improve memory in 175 post-menopausal June–”The Whole Soy Story: The Dark Side of women. Address: Julius Center for Health Science and America’s Favorite Health Food,” an article by Kaayla T. Primary Care, Univ. Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box Daniel is published in Mothering magazine. Her unbalanced 85500, Room D 01.335, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands. approach is to collect, often misinterpret, and publish in one place all the negative information she can fi nd about soy. 1011. Soy Online Service. 2004. Uncovering the truth about July 20–Wildwood Natural Foods, Inc. and Pulmuone soy (Website printout–part). www.soyonlineservice.co.nz U.S.A. announce their merger. Retrieved Oct. 28. July–Soyfoods Center “publishes” on its Internet • Summary: A virulently antisoy website, with many links website (www.soyfoodscenter.com) the entire (previously

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 428 unpublished) manuscript of its book History of Soybeans 2002). “Kraft’s health and wellness initiatives: Evolving and Soyfoods, by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi (2,500 with today’s consumers,” by Kevin Scott, Boca Foods, a pages). It is now available worldwide for all to use free of div; of Kraft Foods, Inc. “Out of the box: Designing the charge. Research and writing of this book began in Oct. soy products of tomorrow,” by Robert C. Jones, President 1980. and CEO of Vitasoy USA. “Partnering with the soy protein Nov. 10–USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection ingredient supplier to develop functional products for Service [APHIS] confi rms the presence of soybean rust on the future,” by Deborah Schultz of Cargill Health and soybean leaf samples taken from two plots associated with a Food Technology. “The soymilk revolution: Marketing Louisiana State University research farm. for mainstream appeal,” by Mary Adams of White Wave. World Wildlife Fund establishes the Roundtable on “Understanding the vegetarian, ‘fl exitarian’ and omnivore Responsible Soy to address the impacts of soy production [as market for soyfoods,” Terry Gieseke of Nutriant, a Kerry on the Amazon rainforest] and identify solutions. Company (Flexitarians are people who usually eat vegetarian Trends: (1) The low-carb diet continues its popularity but occasionally dine out on meat). “Creating a winning soy and upward trend in the USA. Soy protein is being used to snack food,” by Tim Walter of Peanotz, Inc. Dominic Dyer, replace carbohydrates is a wide array of products from taco of Soya Protein Assoc., UK. chips to bread, from healthy soft drinks (Snapple-A-Day) Day 2 includes: “Making sense of soy health research,” to vegetable juice (V8 Splash Smoothies). Consumption of by Mark Messina of Nutrition Matters. “Soy and menopause: meat, which is also low in carbohydrates, is now coming A clinicians view,” by Dr. Ari Babaknia, MD of DrSoy. back into popularity. Few, if any, nutritionists, think that low- “Can soyfoods play a role in reducing obesity?” by Barbara carb diets are healthful. (2) The anti-soy faction continues to Klein of Illinois Center for Soy Foods. “Lessons learned have an active and one-sided web presence–and a negative from the US FDA cancer claim petition,” by Garnet Pigden effect on the growing interest in soyfoods. Leaders are Sally of Solae (cites 58 studies as evidence that soy reduces the Fallon, Kaayla T. Daniel, Richard and Valerie James, and a risk of cancer of the breast, prostate, and colon). “Improving few others. (3) Ten million more people were hungry in 2004 product fl avoring to meet consumer preferences,” by Mary than in 2003, according to Bread for the World Institute’s T. Nash of TIAX LLC. “Research meets commerce: Using 2004 Hunger Report. At the same time the World Food new Non-GMO technology to create highly marketable Program announced that food aid has decreased every year new products,” by Daniel Facciotti of Davis Lab, Anawah since 1999. Hunger is a growing issue. Hunger and poverty (Tilling = Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes, are inextricably linked; if there are no resources, there is no a new technology to manipulate gene traits and generate food. novel ingredients). “Lowering trans fat content with new low linolenic soybeans,” by Prof. Walter Fehr of Iowa State Univ. 1013. IQPC, Food & Beverage Div. 2004. SoyFoods 2002: The price is very expensive: Gold package–$3,186 for Take your product development and marketing strategies to the conference plus 3 workshops (save $300) or $1,899 for the next level. Register by January 5, 2005 and save $300 the conference only. Address: 555 Route 1 South, Iselin, (Brochure). Iselin, New Jersey: International Quality & New Jersey 08830. Phone: 1-800-882-8684. Productivity Center. 8 p. 28 cm. • Summary: This glossy brochure (green and yellow on 1014. Herring, Sandy. 2005. The Solae Branded Products white) states: “Food & Beverage is proud to present its 8th program (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Jan. 5. Conducted by annual soyfoods conference. Two-day conference: March William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 1-2, 2005. Pre-conference workshops: February 28, 2005. • Summary: For a product to become part of the Solae Rasisson Hotel Miami, Miami, Florida. This brochure Branded Partners program, the manufacturer must agree to gives details on the conference agenda, with the names two things: (1) To put the Solae logo (of at least a minimum of the speakers, presenters or workshop leaders, the title size) on the product. (2) To include a minimum amount of the presentation, and the date and time. Pre-conference of Solae brand isolated soy protein (ISP) in the product. workshops (Monday): (A) New strategies and techniques Usually Solae’s advertising program (“Protein in Unexpected for product innovation, led by Mattson & Co. (B) Think Places”) promotes some of the Branded Partners’ products. big: Redefi ning the competition to expand your market, led The makers of some products that do contain Solae might by Garnet Pigden, The Solae Co. (Solae has come up with decide not be part of the Branded Partners program because a campaign pitting soy products directly against the dairy (for example), the package might be too small to include industry). (C) Understanding your consumer–Soyfoods focus the logo, the amount of protein that gives the maximum group workshop, led by Primary Insights. acceptability and profi tability might be less than Solae Day 1 includes: “Understanding the soyfood trends of requires. today and tomorrow,” by: Tina Nelson of SunRich (the U.S. In the past, many products contained ISP for its soyfoods market hit nearly $4 billion in 2003, up 7.2% over functional properties, such as being a good binder or

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 429 emulsifi er. The new program is designed to add value to global vice president of marketing and business development consumer products by making Solae a “characterizing for The Solae Company. ‘The statement accurately positions ingredient” and by advertising that the product contains The Solae Company as a company that markets a wide Solae. Before Solae approaches a potential new customer variety of high quality products that bring value to the end- about “a co-branding opportunity,” they do a great deal of user by making foods and beverages that are healthier, more consumer research and market research about the concept of fl avorful, more stable, more appealing and more affordable.’ a product that contains Solae–its acceptability and how the “The Solae Company’s portfolio of products includes new product or product concept “would resonate with their soy protein, lecithin, fi ber and polymer. Its Solae® soy consumers.” Solae presents their ideas of how the ad might protein brand is currently licensed by more than 40 look, the packaging might look, etc. companies worldwide and appears on more than 60 different A media release (faxed by Sandy to Soyfoods Center) products as a ‘trust mark’ of proven nutrition. Some co- lists the following 16 branded products: 8th Continent branded products include 8th Continent soymilk and Soymilk (www.8thcontinent.com), Snapple-A-Day Meal Gardenburger® Meatless Products. Replacement Beverages (www.snappleaday.com), V8 “’Better Ingredients for Better Living™’ is being Splash Smoothies (www.v8juice.com), Gardenburger Meat launched globally today throughout The Solae Company’s Alternatives (www.gardenburger.com), Mori-Nu Tofu (www. worldwide network. It will appear in all trade advertising morinu.com), Yves Veggie Cuisine (www.yvesveggie.com), and collateral materials including brochures, business cards, NuGo Bars (www.nugonutrition.com), DelightFull Meal letterhead and presentations, as well as the company’s Replacement & Snack Bars (www.affi nta.com), DelightFull website. Smart Snax (www.delight-full.com), Hormel Health Labs “The new tagline comes on the heels of the launch Great Shake & Great Shake Plus (www.hormelhealthlabs. last year of the company’s fi rst-ever cable advertising com), Perky’s 100% Natural Nutty Grains & Soy Cereal campaign. Since the debut of the campaign, awareness of (www.pacgrain.com), Natural Harmony Foods SoyLean the Solae® brand has increased with one out of four women (www.soylean.com), So Good Soymilk (available in Canada) now recognizing the Solae® brand. In addition, 74 percent (www.so-good.com), Linda McCartney Spicy Peanut of Americans now believe that soy-based ingredients are Pasta with Vegetarian Chicken (www.linda-mccartney. healthy dietary choices. com), Body Choice Premium High Protein Cookies (www. “Given our consumer-led and customer-driven bodychoicenutrition.com), El Burrito Meat Alternatives philosophy, combined with an outstanding portfolio of (www.elburrito.com). products that an ever-increasing share of consumers are Note: The Solae Company Logo and Solae* are demanding, we believe The Solae Company is positioned for trademarks or registered trademarks of Solae LLC. Address: unparalleled growth as we move into the second half of this The Solae Co., P.O. Box 88940, St. Louis, Missouri 63102. decade and beyond,” Pigden said. Phone: 314-982-2680. “About The Solae Company: A global leader in technology development and the research and application of 1015. Richmond, Akasha. 2005. Update on soy and soy protein and other characterizing ingredients, The Solae progress with her book (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 4. Company, based in St. Louis, Missouri, serves food and Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. beverage manufacturers, dietary supplement developers, • Summary: Steve Demos mentioned last night at a meeting retailers and consumers in 80 countries worldwide including with Doug Greene that FDA may pass a new ruling that soy the United States and Canada, Europe and the Middle East, may reduce one’s risk of cancer. Note: FDA announced in Latin America and the Asia/Pacifi c region. The company was April 2004 that it was considering such a petition, submitted formed through an alliance between Bunge Limited (NYSE: by The Solae Co. Address: Los Angeles, California. BG) and DuPont (NYSE: DD). For more than 30 years, The Solae Company has invested in fundamental research to 1016. Soy Daily (The). 2005. The Solae Company unveils understand the health benefi ts of soy protein. Researchers at new corporate tagline. Feb. 12. more than 180 leading universities and research institutions • Summary: “St. Louis–(Business Wire)–Feb. 8, have used soy protein products produced by The Solae 2005–’Better Ingredients for Better Living ™’ was unveiled Company in hundreds of completed and ongoing soy studies. today as the new corporate tagline for The Solae Company, a For more about the health benefi ts of soy protein, including global innovator in technology development and the research additional research and resources, please visit www. and application of soy protein and other characterizing thesolaecompany.com ingredients in great-tasting, better-for-you foods and Note: The “30 years” fi gure is misleading. The Solae beverages. brand fi rst appeared in about Aug. 2001. DuPont purchased “’Better Ingredients for Better Living™’ concisely Protein Technologies International from Ralston Purina Co. captures who we are and what we do,’ said Garnet Pigden, on 3 Dec. 1997. DuPont was not involved with soy protein

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 430 before the latter date. today (2005) this company is owned and managed by Daniel Chajuss. 1017. Chajuss, Daniel. 2005. Brief biography and history of Note: Hayes Ashdod Ltd., although it was sometimes his work with soy in the USA and Israel. Part IV (Interview). referred to as “Hayes Ltd.” was never offi cially named SoyaScan Notes. Feb. 19. Followed by numerous e-mails. “Hayes Ltd.” Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. In early 1991 the German soy processor, Soya Mainz • Summary: 1985–Hayes General Technology (HGT) Co. GmbH and Co. bought a 25% equity interest in Solbar Ltd. is incorporated as a separate and independent company, Hatzor Ltd. (formerly Hayes Ashdod Ltd.), soya protein still owned by the Chajuss family, especially to develop manufacturers of Ashdod, Israel. The company has also engineering, process know how and new technologies, contracted with Hayes General Technology Co. Ltd. of Israel mainly in the fi eld of soy proteins. to set up a soya protein concentrate production facility in 1986–The Chajuss family sold the remainder of the Germany. shares in Hayes Ashdod Ltd. to Koor Foods Ltd. One of By 1999 Solbar had started a sister company or division Koor’s directors was Mrs. Shefi of Kibbutz Hatzor. She was named Solbar Plant Extracts to market its nutraceutical the link connecting her kibbutz with Koor Foods and Hayes products (such as isofl avones) extracted from soy molasses. Ashdod Ltd. Today (Feb. 2005) the makers of traditional type 1987 Feb. 18–Elijah Mathew Chajuss, Daniel’s father concentrate generally use the systems developed by Daniel and co-founder of Hayes Ashdod Ltd., passed away in Chajuss. These systems are purchased from Hayes General Rehovot at age 84. Technology and are presently used by all the leading makers In March 1987 all the shares of Hayes Ashdod Ltd. were of traditional and functional soy protein concentrates. Today purchased from Koor Foods by Kibutz Hatzor. A few months over 95% of the soy protein concentrates manufactured later, in about Sept. 1987, the company name was changed worldwide are made using systems developed by Hayes. from “Hayes Ashdod Ltd.” to “Solbar Hatzor Ltd.” Included among Hayes General Technology clients for In 1988 Soya Mainz (of Mainz, Germany) bought from traditional or functional soy protein concentrates (SPC) Hayes General Technology engineering designs to set up a have been: (1) Hayes Ashdod Ltd., Ashdod, Israel (later soy protein concentrate plant in Germany. The plant was not renamed Solbar Hatzor Ltd.), 1962 to 2005 (complete built and instead in early 1991, Soya Mainz bought 25% of engineering designs and services). (2) Aarhus Oliefabrik Solbar’s shares. A/S, Aarhus, Denmark (alter renamed Central and presently In 1989 (a year later) Soya Mainz bought an additional Solae), 1972 to 1974 and later periodically upon request. 24% of the shares in Solbar, so that they now owned a total (3) Bunge Sogip, Bordeaux, France, 1988 to 1996 (later of 49% equity in Solbar Hatzor; Kibbutz Hatzor owned the renamed Central Soya Aarhus and presently Solae). (4) Soya remaining 51% equity of this joint venture between Israeli Mainz, Mainz, Germany, 1988 (now part of ADM group). and German companies. (5) ADM, Decatur, Illinois, 1989-1999. Intended to be used Note: The proprietary rights of Hayes Ashdod Ltd. for SPC in the Decatur plant. The knowledge was later also know-how and technology remained, however, Chajuss’ utilized by ADM in plants in the Netherlands (Europort) proprietary possession. Koor Foods ceased operations in and China. (6) Finnsoypro Oy, Uusikaupunki, Finland, about 1987. 1995. Textured soy protein concentrate plant. (7) Cargill, Today HGT does mainly research engineering Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2000 to 2003. SPC technology and designs systems, but it also manufactures special, licensing and transfer of know-how and engineering nonstandardized equipment, and installs complete systems. designs. Also consultations. (8) Shemen Industry–Soyprotec HGT engineers, including Daniel when warranted, also Advanced Protein Technology, Haifa, Israel, 1999 to present. work as fi eld engineers and consultants on site when the SPC technological transfer and licensing agreement and systems they have designed are installed in other countries. consultation services. (9) China–In China HGT is involved They have done that since 1973-74 when their fi rst system directly and or through Wuhan Crown Friendship and was installed outside in Aarhus, Denmark. Systems for provide Hayes know-how, licensing, engineering designs manufacturing soy protein concentrates and soy molasses, and services to manufacture SPC to fi rms such as Shandong designed and developed by HGT, have been installed in Sanwei Oil Enterprise (Group) Co. Ltd., Linyin City, to Israel, Denmark, The Netherlands, France, USA, China, Crown Proteins, to Gushen in Shandong province and to and Brazil. All these plants include texturizing facilities, YiQing Group in Tianjin. (10) Brazil–The transfer of know- which although recommended by HGT are designed and how and engineering designs is and was made to such fi rms made by fi rms such as Wenger, Extru-Tech, and Clextral. as IMCOPA (2006) and others through Crown Iron Works, Today HGT is known and often referred to as ‘Hayes Ltd.’. Cargill, Shemen Industries (Soyprotec), Shandong San Wei, Hayes General Technology Company Ltd. is thus thinking etc. about making ‘Hayes Ltd.’ its offi cial company name. Also Daniel has retired largely from the commercial side of

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 431 his business. But he still (2005) has a small company that 1019. Messina, Mark J. 2005. Update on work with soy makes isofl avone products; he likes very much to do research (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. March 29. Conducted by is this company’s laboratories. “Business can be god or William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. bad, profi table or not profi table, but when you do research, • Summary: Mark has made presentations on soy and health you may get good or bad results, but it’s always interesting. in 33 countries and has been to Brussels 10-12 times, and That’s what I like to do.” From time to time Daniel goes once to China. to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at Rehovot to do Second generation statins are truly remarkable in their research; he still works occasionally with Dr. Yehudith Birk. ability to lower human cholesterol by 30-35%–much more Daniel has become interested in a remarkable plant and than any short-term dietary change. its seed, pearl lupin (Lupinus mutabilis), a species of lupin The French government is now advising no soy that is grown in the Andes of South America for its edible consumption before age 3, and the British government has bean. He has done research on the bitter compounds in this two editorials on soy consumption in childhood. underutilized bean, and believes this seed has a very bright Creation of a Soy Nutrition Institute has been under future, including as a human food (see separate record). active discussion for the past two years. Three companies are Daniel’s wife is well (Dec. 2007) and works as potentially interested: Solae (the most interested), followed information librarian in Tel Aviv University Faculty of by ADM and Cargill. They would publish accurate, well- Medicine. documented information about soy and nutrition. They The year 2007 marks the 45th anniversary of Daniel’s have set two goals: Within 5 years to become like the Egg pioneering work with soy products in Israel. Today Hayes Association, and within 10 years to become like the Dairy makes about 450 to 500 metric tons per year. Address: Association. Mark is considering applying for the position Managing Director, Hayes General Technology Company of director if he can get a long-term contract and if the salary Ltd., Misgav Dov 19, Mobile Post Emek Sorek, 76867 Israel. is adequate. When the media and others had questions about Phone: (972) 8 592925. soy, nutrition and health, this is the fi rst place they would think to contact. 1018. NSRL Bulletin (National Soybean Research The 6th International Symposium on the Role of Soy Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois). 2005. U of I scientists on the in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease will be held in hunt for hypoallergenic soybean. 12(1):2-3. Feb. Chicago, Illinois, this summer. • Summary: Scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana Dr. James Anderson is doing a new meta-analysis on soy have found a soybean that does not contain the P34 protein, and heart health. There are many new studies since his fi rst which is responsible for allergic reactions in 6 to 8% of meta-analysis was published in Aug. 1995. children. University researchers screened over 11,000 plant The earlier a young woman gets pregnant, the lower her types from the USDA soybean germplasm collection in risk of breast cancer later in life. One of the most exciting order to fi nd one confi rmed P34 null line and about 94 lines hypotheses in this fi eld is that isofl avone intake (including with signifi cantly reduced levels of P34–according to Ted soy isofl avones) during youth / adolescence signifi cantly Hymowitz, a plant geneticist at the U of I. There are about reduces breast cancer risk later in life. 5,000 more plant types to be tested. The research is being led A member of the anti-soy group is “Dr. Mercola.” He by Prof. Hymowitz and Eliot Herman at the Danforth Center. is somehow associated with Sally Fallon and her Weston A photo shows Prof. Hymowitz with postdoctoral research Price Foundation. Dr. Joseph Mercola is an osteopathic associate Leina Mary Joseph, who is in charge of the tedious physician and director of the Optimal Wellness Center, his task of testing the seeds using immunological procedures. medical clinic outside Chicago. Trained in both alternative The Danforth lab uses a different technique to confi rm that and traditional medicine, he has served as the chairman Joseph’s results are accurate. of the family medicine department at St. Alexius Medical Note: Letter (e-mail) from Roger N. Beachy, president Center for fi ve years. Address: PhD, 439 Calhoun St., Port of the Danforth Foundation. 2008. Dec. 3. The Danforth Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360-379-9544. Center was founded by Dr. William H. Danforth, M.D., former chancellor of Washington University–St. Louis 1020. Soy Online Service (Website printout–part). 2005. [Missouri]; he is the son of the late Donald Danforth, www.soyonlineservice.co.nz Retrieved March 29. who was responsible for the success of Ralston Purina. • Summary: An anti-soy website. “When we [Richard The Foundation was a key sponsor when the Center was and Valerie James] fi rst questioned the safety of soy a established. Dr. Danforth was the founder of the Center, representative of Protein Technologies told us that they: and remains Chairman of the Board of Trustees. Bill is the Had teams of lawyers to crush dissenters, could buy brother of (former) Sen. John C. “Jack” Danforth, who was scientists to give evidence, owned television channels and also U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2004-2005). newspapers, could divert medical schools and even infl uence governments.”

“If you only knew the power of the dark side”–Darth reach 175 MMT by 2015, much more than wheat and coarse Vader. grains. Accompanying the annual report is a “Notice of Annual 1021. Bunge Ltd. 2005. Partnering for the future: 2004 General Meeting of Shareholders” (89 p.). Information annual report. 50 Main St., White Plains, NY 10606. 90 p. is given about the amount of money paid to individual May. 28 cm. company offi cers. For example, Alberto Weisser (chairman • Summary: Consolidated net sales for 2004 (year ended and CEO) was paid a base salary of $1.2 million and a bonus Dec. 31) were $25,168 million, up 13.5% from 2003 of $3 million, plus securities underlying options awards ($22,165 million). Net income in 2004 was $469 million, (130,000 shares), long-term incentive payments (LTIP; $3.7 up 56.3% from 2003–not including a one-time gain of $111 million), and all other compensation ($55,729). Address: million on sale of soy ingredients business in Brazil. Cash White Plains, New York. Phone: 914-684-2800. dividends per share in 2004 was $0.48, up from $0.42 in 2003. 1022. Kingsbaker, C. Louis. 2005. Fires and explosions at “Last year, according to the USDA, the world consumed soybean processing plants (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 130 million tons of soybean meal, up from 118 million in 2. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. 2000. Future growth is forecast to top 4 percent per annum. • Summary: There has long been an important relationship “Demand for vegetable oil should increase at a similar between the Safety Committee of the National Soybean rate. Growth will be particularly strong in China and India. Processors Association (NSPA, now named NOPA) and Last year global consumption reached 100 million tons, up the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA); the latter from 89 million tons in 2000.” organization has developed NFPA-36, which is the standard “South America is cementing its position as the world’s for Class 1B fl ammable liquids. The fi rst NFPA-36 standard leading agricultural producer. Both Brazil and Argentina was written in 1957 and adopted by NFPA in 1959. It has produced large soybean crops 2004, and their output is been incorporated into the OSHA law / standards. When expected to grow steadily in coming years.” Lou joined the NFPA-36 committee in 1970, there were only “Vietnam is the fastest-growing market for soybean two engineers (Lou and John Howeman) and no members meal consumption in Southeast Asia, a region that has seen a of oilseed processing companies. Everyone else on the 40 percent increase in demand for the product since 1999 and committee represented insurances; they were out to protect in which Bunge is the leading importer.” their own interests. “NFPA-36 pretty well eliminates soybean “In the U.S., we formed AGRI-Bunge, LLC, a dust as a cause of explosions, because soybean dust is not joint venture with AGRI Industries [a cooperative]. The an explosive due to its high oil content.” Lou plans to give partnership links AGRI’s crop origination network in Iowa a speech in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in Nov. this year; his with Bunge’s global sales, marketing and logistics. The result subject will be fi res and explosions, and what changes have is a new source of crops for Bunge and wider market access been made in NFPA-36 to prevent them from happening. The for AGRI and U.S. farmers. number of explosions has decreased as better safety practices “We also entered the value-added market for cholesterol- have been implemented and enforced. reducing phytosterol ingredients by creating a partnership Lou has a list (not computerized) of more than 50 [59 with Procter & Gamble and Peter Cremer in North America.” to be exact] fi res and explosions from 1948 on at oilseed Eastern Europe has the “potential to regain its status as processing plants worldwide; these are mostly soybean one of the world’s breadbaskets.” Grain exports from Black plants. He would be willing to share it with Soyfoods Center Sea nations could rise dramatically. In 2002 Bunge acquired if we credit him as the source. He has been involved in 12 or Cereol. 13 of these accidents, either while the fi re was still burning In 2006 U.S. law will require labeling of trans fats. In or coming in afterwards to see what caused it. response, Bunge and DuPont have developed Nutrim, which In 1948 Lou started to work for Blaw-Knox and has contains less than 3% linolenic acid, making it naturally been involved in starting up plants since 1949. In most of stable and eliminating the need for partial hydrogenation these cases, he was working for Blaw-Knox (which was later when it is used as a frying oil. This partnership links acquired by Dravo). Some of the explosions were in Blaw- DuPont’s plant science with Bunge’s agribusiness and Knox plants, some were not–but Blaw-Knox saw this as an oilseed processing operations. However, Nutrim is a opportunity for new business. trademark of Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. A bar chart Lou was involved with the Louisville sewer explosion. shows projected Nutrim production, reaching 1 billion In Friday, 13 Feb. 1981 Ralston Purina dumped about pounds by 2009. A colored graph shows global agricultural 25,000 gallons of hexane into the Louisville, Kentucky, trade. Trade of soybeans and soybean products, only 50 sewage system, and blew up (and destroyed) about 20 miles million metric tons (MMT) in 1985, passed both wheat and of sewage pipes in the system. Miraculously, nobody was coarse grains in 2001 (at about 110 MMT) and is expected to killed, and only one person was injured. Manhole covers

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 433 were blown into the air, and fl ames shot out of the manholes. about 1983; he was hired by them as a consultant. Central Ralston Purina was trying to get rid of the hexane and they Soya had an explosion in 1994 in Indianapolis, Indiana; they thought they could get away with it. This was Lou’s fi rst job were not allowed to rebuild the plant. They were cited by as a consultant; he was hired by the Louisville municipal OSHA and fi ned something like $600,000 to $700,000. The sewer system. story made all the Indianapolis newspapers. If somebody Lou presented a paper about the Louisville sewer gets killed or goes to the hospital, OSHA comes right in and explosion in Denver, Colorado, for the international oil it becomes an open book. At Union Oil Mill, a cottonseed millers superintendents association. “This was the fi rst time processor in Jackson, Mississippi, two men were killed. anyone had talked about what happened in this explosion.” In Germany, there have been a lot of explosions related Ralston Purina sent a lawyer. Lou said that as long as the to solvent extraction. Oelmuehle Hamburg had 3 solvent lawyer was in the room, he wouldn’t give his paper. The plants; 2½ of them were blown apart. At one plant in group asked the lawyer to please leave, which he did. George Germany, Lou was there when it was on fi re. Another was Willhite of AOCS attended the meeting mainly to hear Lou’s Fuji Oil Co. in Japan in about 1990, where about 8 people paper. were killed. Then the Japanese government stepped in, Lou turned the paper into an article, then submitted it shut down the company and wouldn’t let them re-open the to George Willhite for publication. The higher-ups at AOCS plant. Lou, who was a consultant by then, was hired by the wouldn’t allow the article to be published; somebody from Japanese Oilseed Processors Association to fl y to Japan, Cargill stopped it. AOCS may publish it in 2005 to mark the meet with the company, and see if they could develop a 25th anniversary of the disaster. program to get government approval. Dick Farmer is now checking to see if Cargill (which Blaw-Knox replaced the German plants owned by ADM bought 7-8 of the Ralston Purina soybean crushing plants) and by Glidden (Indianapolis). Blaw-Knox copied some of will allow Lou to give the talk at an AOCS meeting next the German designs, but then they developed a completely spring. Lou and Dick Farmer are good friends and have new extractor (Rotocel), and desolventizer. Lou “cut his worked together since the 1960s. teeth” working with the Rotocel at Blaw-Knox. Address: Cargill bought most or all of the Ralston Purina plants Atlanta, Georgia. Phone: 770-396-1413. after the explosion. The explosion was probably the main reason that Ralston Purina got out of the soybean processing 1023. Farmer, Richard. 2005. History of work at soybean business! They were very embarrassed by this incident. The processing plants (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 3. deposition of Hal Dean and William Stiritz was taken in Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. their board room. Lou has most of the newspaper articles • Summary: Dick served two stints on the NSPA / NOPA and many photos about the explosion in his fi les. It was safety committee, one in the 1980s and one from 1994 to the biggest event in the history of the solvent extraction 2004. The committee created some early safety reports industry in the USA. One reason for the Louisville explosion related to solvent extraction, but they were for in-house use was very bad management at Ralston’s plant; there was by members of the Association. In addition, many companied an ongoing argument between the man running the plant developed their own reports. and headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri. Lou walked and Dick started in the soybean business in 1959 with Swift inspected the sewers, and took many photos. More than & Co. He is aware of the Monticello Co-operative Soybean 100,000 people were without sewage for a very long time. Products Co. (Monticello, Piatt Co., Illinois). They were a Sewage could not fl ow through the old pipes until they were small plant, still in operation in 1978, and he believes that replaced. One hole in the street was 20 by 30 feet. Ralston they are still operating. At one point their name was Viobin, took out a $100 million insurance policy with Lloyd’s of and they were extracting wheat germ oil from wheat germ London 1-2 days after the explosion; they were afraid of for the health food trade. Note: A Web search shows that as pestilence if there were rain. People could get ill and die. In of Aug. 2005 Viobin USA (A division of McShares, Inc.) was the end, Lou thinks it cost the company about $80 to $90 at 226 West Livingston, Monticello, Illinois 61856. Phone: million out of pocket. There was a federal trial in Louisville. 217-762-2561. Website: www.viobinusa.com. The company Lou, who was on the side of the prosecution, was in the produces defatted wheat germ and wheat germ oil. witness stand for 4 straight days. After the prosecution The sewer explosion in Louisville, Kentucky, was presented its case, Ralston caved in and settled–with the perhaps the major reason that Ralston Purina got out of the sewer district, the city of Louisville, the state, and all the soybean crushing business, but there were other factors. All merchants who had to shut down their businesses because of their plants were fairly small and relatively old, and some they couldn’t get sewage service. early ones (such as the plant in Memphis, Tennessee) now He also has photos of Quincy Soybean Co. when they had towns growing around them, so there was no room to had an explosion in Sept. 1966. And of Oelmuehle Hamburg expand. in Germany where there was a tremendous explosion in Another important soybean explosion was the one at

Quincy Soybean, in Quincy, Illinois, and later related to / Regulatory. Members only. Become a member. Photos. Helena, Arkansas. Contact us. The original desolventizer, developed in Germany, was Consumer news and consumer info: News releases, called a Schneckens. It used jacketed screw conveyors and policy statements, presentations, 25 ways to enjoy soyfoods, condensed solvent that came off the meal–very ineffi cient. recipes, events. Sales and product info: Sales and trends, However it gave desolventized meal with a low PDI (protein soy fact sheets, history of soy products (members’ products dispersibility index, of about 60). Later, some Schneckens only [ridiculous]). Soy and health: Soy and heart disease were made in the USA. claim, soy and dietary guidelines, soy and cancer claim, soy The fi rst desolventizer-toaster was developed in the USA and children, primer on soy, FAQs. Locating soy products: in the late 1940s or early 1950s by Central Soya Co. Dick Retailers list, wholesalers list, company contacts, soyfood thinks Norm Kruse has the process patent and French Oil samples, food service. Special announcement: SANA booth Machinery Co. has the equipment patent. It, of course, gave at Natural Products Expo East. E-mail: [email protected]. meal with a low pdi. Copyright 2005. Website sponsored by Vitasoy, Boca, Soy7, The EMI developed the fl ash desolventizer, which used White Wave, Yves, Morningstar Farms. Revival, The Solae superheated solvent vapors to get rid of 95% of the hexane. It Company. The logo of each is shown. was designed to give meal with a high pdi, that could be used About SANA: Goals. Objectives. History of SANA. in foods. Another innovation was the vapor desolventizer. Chronology of SANA’s main accomplishments, 1985- Dick studied engineering as an undergraduate at the 2004. 2005 Board of Directors. Offi cers. Committee University of Illinois at Urbana, but he did not graduate. He Chairs. Executive director: Nancy Chapman. Address: 1001 also worked and was married. He went on to earn an MBA at Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 1120, Washington, DC 20036. the same university. Phone: 202-659-3520. He worked for Bunge for many years before he retired last year. The last plant of which he was in charge was in 1026. Soyfoods Association of North America. 2005. New Marks, Mississippi. Address: Chesterfi eld, Missouri (near St. taste of soy: Annual reception September 15, 2005 (Card). Louis). Phone: 314-576-1794. Washington, DC. 1 p. Front and back. 13 x 18 cm. • Summary: “The New Taste of Soy is a chance to sample 1024. Kingsbaker, C. Louis. 2005. Odds and ends concerning a delightful array of soyfoods and talk with policy makers, explosions and fi res at solvent extraction plants (Interview). Administration offi cials and leading representatives in the SoyaScan Notes. Aug. 4. Conducted by William Shurtleff of soyfoods industry, including manufacturers, growers and Soyfoods Center. suppliers. • Summary: Lou was deeply involved in the Ralston Purina “Thursday, September, 2005. 5:00–7:00 pm. U.S. trial. He served as an expert witness and his name was Capitol, Room HC-5*, Washington, DC. mentioned many times in the court record. “A special thank you to Congressman Collin Peterson With the talk was a chart that he made of time and from Minnesota for hosting this year’s event. RSVP: temperatures of equipment, showing how many times [email protected]–by September 7, 2005. Ralston Purina had tried to re-start the plant after the “Sponsored by: Soyfoods Association of North America, explosion. Archer Daniels Midland, Cargill, Boca Foods, Hain-Celestial Sergeant Bluff: Connection between Carl Parker, Jr. and Group, Kellogg’s / Worthington Foods, Monsanto, Natural Bunge. Was his father connected with Bunge. “I think he Products Inc., Revival Soy, Solae, Sunrich, a Division of was plant manager at Eagle Grove.” “When they went to put SunOpta, Vitasoy USA, White Wave Foods.” Printed green in this new plant at Sergeant Bluff, they sent Carl, Jr. up to and black on white. Address: 1101 Connecticut Ave. NW, assist in the work.” Carl is still living. Suite 1120, Washington, DC 20036. Phone: 202-659-3520. On 8 March 1982, E.H. Gustafson (Cargill’s general superintendent) sent Lou a letter with his list of fi res and 1027. Boismenue, Clyde. 2005. Soy protein isolates–old and explosions. It was interesting that he did not list the fi res at new (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Sept. 9. Conducted by Cargill’s plants in Chicago (Illinois), Minneapolis, or Savage William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. (Minnesota). He said: “You will note Cargill incidents are • Summary: Cargill has fallen fl at on their face with their not listed. I believe you know most of these.” Address: isolate made by ultrafi ltration. Soy protein clogs the fi lters. Atlanta, Georgia. Phone: 770-396-1413. The product is very fl uffy. And there are waste water disposal problems; they must dilute it and back-fl ush the fi lters. It is 1025. Soyfoods Association of North America. 2005. still made from hexane-extracted white fl akes. Soyfoods (Website printout–part). www.soyfoods.org 13 p. Almost all isolates are spray dried; this reduces Retrieved Aug. 15. their dispersibility. To solve the problem, the powder is • Summary: Home: About SANA. BookMart. Technical agglomerated by spraying it with a fi ne mist of water. It is

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 435 still a free-fl owing powder but now more expensive. Ideally book was updated and expanded by 20 pages. A thousand you want an isolate that will “fall in,” meaning it will copies were printed with the fi nancial support of the ASA. disperse in water by itself, without stirring, when it is placed 170 people attended the soy food conference on 17 July on the surface. 2002. Clyde has spent much of the past year evaluating and The constitution of the SASFA, dated 28 Oct. 1999 (11 developing soy protein isolates for food ingredient use. pages), is fi led with the above materials. Supro 661 is still the best-selling isolate to the health and natural foods industries. Sand is very dispersible in water but 1029. Nutrition Business Journal (San Diego, California). not at all soluble. 2005. NBJ’s leading U.S. supplement & functional food Isolates have 3 main problems. 1. Flavor. 2. Those with supply companies in 2004. Aug/Sept. p. 13. a bland fl avor are quite viscous, so they are not very soluble. • Summary: Soy-related companies are: 3. Color; many are tan, and can only be made white by Solae (Dupont/Bunge) 150-200 bleaching. ADM 100-150 Solae and ADM are the two biggest makers of isolates Degussa (Lucas Meyer, Traco Labs) 50-100 and Solae is about 5 times as big as ADM. ADM’s branded Cargill 30-50. products have a hard time because they are part of a Central Soya (Cereol S.A.) 20-30 commodity company, which thinks only in terms of price; they have no concept of sales or customer service. They treat 1030. Shurtleff, William. 2005. Thoughts on the big their isolates like a commodity, and always ask: At what picture with soy in the United States over the past ten years price could we sell it? That is the wrong question, the wrong (Editorial). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 10. approach. Some people won’t buy it at any price. Customers • Summary: 1. Signifi cant interest in the health benefi ts of of isolates need customer support and a product suited to soy began in about 1995 with the original meta-analysis their special needs. by Dr. James Anderson and colleagues published in the A centipoise (pronounced SENT-uh-pwaz) is a unit of prestigious New England Journal of Medicine. The United absolute or dynamic viscosity (1/100 of a poise) in the cgs Soybean Board and Protein Technologies International system. Water is 7-10 centipoise. Slimfast in liquid is about encouraged this study, and once it was published used it 100 centipoise. The approximate viscosity, in centipoise, of skillfully to bring about the fi rst USDA health claim for soy various substances at room temperature is: Water 1, olive oil protein. Three months later, the highly respected University 100, Slimfast in liquid 100, a thin milk shake 700, motor oil of California, Berkeley Wellness Letter ran a prescient front- 1000–2000, honey 2000–10,000, molasses 5,000–10,000, page story titled “Oy, soy: here comes the hype.” A careful Heinz ketchup 50,000–70,000, peanut butter 250,000. critique of Anderson’s meta-analysis, it concluded that the Address: Basic Foods Co., P.O. Box 240070, Los Angeles, health benefi ts of soy protein were not very impressive and California 90024. Phone: 310-473-0719. applied to only a small group of high-risk people. 2. The conclusion of more than 1,000 scientifi c studies 1028. Southern African Soyfood Association (SASFA). 2005. since 1995 on soy & health (the health benefi ts of soy) is Home page and links (Website printout–part). www.soyfood. that they are not that impressive or signifi cant in all areas co.za Retrieved Sept. 22. studied. Many soy advocates had hoped that soy would be a • Summary: Links: (1) Home page. (2) Executive. (3) magic bullet that would help prevent heart disease, cancer, Membership. (4) Constitution. (5) Quality mark. (6) Minutes menopausal symptoms, and help promote bone health, renal of meetings. (7) Conferences. (8) Publications. (9) Weekly function, etc. But it has not turned out that way. ASA report. (10) Recipes. (11) Useful information. (12) Mark Messina and I have discussed this subject many Useful links. times over the past 10 years and we generally agree. There The 7th International Soyfood Conference will be held are modest health benefi ts, but soy is not a magic bullet. on 28 Sept. 2005 at Farm Inn, Pretoria, South Africa. A 3. The popular media has engaged in much more hype preliminary program and registration form are given. The concerning health benefi ts of soy than individual companies program is sponsored by the American Soybean Association or the soyfoods industry. In America the media tends to (ASA) and WISHH. Speakers from the USA include Peter sensationalize, with headlines such as “Soy stops hot fl ashes, Golbitz, Frank Daller, Paul Lang, Jim Hershey (Director, cures cancer.” I, personally, fi nd this embarrassing. WISHH), Rep. of Solae Company. 4. The message of the anti-soy people is growing louder Some papers from the 2002, 2003, and 2004 conferences and reaching more people via the Web; they believe that are available on the site. Also “Minutes of executive non-fermented soyfoods (such as tofu and soymilk) and committee meeting held by telephone conference on 18 Nov. modern / refi ned soy ingredients are actually dangerous. 2003. “The web site has been upgraded with the fi nancial This is leading some consumers to hesitate and rethink their support of the American Soybean Association... The recipe devotion to soyfoods.

I wonder if we and the media didn’t create these anti- the world and annual sales exceed $1.1 billion. soy people ourselves, by trying to suppress their message, In this plant, that once belonged to the Ralston Purina by exaggerating the signifi cance of the health benefi ts and Co., Solae transforms soybean fl akes into high-protein concealing or “playing down” the inconclusive or “no powders, such as isolated soy proteins, used to fortify foods signifi cant benefi t” studies. and beverages such as infant formula, meat, energy bars, I believe the soy industry has not been effective in smoothies, etc. for clients such as Gardenburger, Campbell’s responding to their claims and ideas in an organized, Soup, 8th Continent, and Snapple. professional, scientifi c way (as on a website or media Soy is a complete protein with all the amino acids campaign) to show that many of the things they say are necessary for human development. Solae is starting a new untrue, and in some cases preposterous. kind of philanthropy: helping developing fortify popular 5. One measure of the declining interest in soy among food staples–porridges, corn-based drinks and meats–with professionals is the decreasing attendance at conferences; the high-quality soy protein, and then working on the ground peak year for attendance at the international conference was with local food producers to develop businesses, with local 1999–six years ago. jobs, to make the project profi table and sustainable. 6. Recent studies show that sales growth in many sectors The project was initiated USAID, the arm of the U.S. of the soyfoods industry has slowed signifi cantly, stopped, or Department of State that provides emergency food aid, and in some cases has even declined. the World Initiative for Soy in Human Health (WISHH), 7. For industrialized countries, the real health benefi ts funded in part by the American Soybean Association, of soy are seen when soyfoods are used as part of a healthy including $5,000 from the Tennessee Soybean Promotion diet, such as the Portfolio Diet or a balanced vegetarian diet. Board. Solae is the largest corporate partner in this $750,000 Signifi cant lowering of cholesterol levels and LDL has been project, according to Jim Hershey, director of WISHH. found in the very short term (2-4 weeks). Hershey says that, of WISHH’s six private partners, Solae 8. As an industry we must start now to prepare for the is the only one that actually has an offi ce and personnel in “post-health benefi ts era”–which is where we were in about South Africa; the will accelerate project’s ability to fi nd local 1995. I believe, at the same time, we must also make a solutions. commitment to honesty, balance, and “full disclosure” as we For people with a protein defi ciency, the addition of soy communicate the results of future health studies. protein to the diet can improve life dramatically. Hershey 9. Are there other benefi ts (besides health benefi ts) says that children are born healthier and learn better because to consuming soyfoods and soy ingredients? Yes! Soy is soy enhances brain function, and AIDS patients live longer the least expensive source of high-quality protein. This is because protein increases the effectiveness of retroviral extremely important for the vast majority of people in the drugs. In southern African nations, where one in fi ve are world (especially in Third World countries) who have small infected with AIDS in some places, and the life expectancy to modest incomes and diets without suffi cient protein– as a result has dropped from 57 to 33, the infusion of an places like India, China, Africa. Soy is the #1 best alternative inexpensive protein holds promise. In the Ivory Coast, protein source for those who wish to avoid or reduce their WISHH has helped introduce textured soy protein into the consumption of meat and/or dairy products. Soy has many school lunch program. environmental benefi ts. Perhaps most important, using traditional soyfoods in 1032. Product Name: 8th Continent Premium Soymilk place of meat and dairy products can help to alleviate the [Vanilla, Chocolate, Original]. vast pain and suffering and waste that is built into factory Manufacturer’s Name: 8th Continent, L.L.C. [General farming and eating animals. Address: Founder and owner, Mills] (Distributor). Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California. Phone: 925-283- Manufacturer’s Address: Box 200, Minneapolis, MN 2991. 55440. Phone: 1-800-247-6458. Date of Introduction: 2005. 1031. Roberts, Jane. 2005. The soy of life–On World Ingredients: Soymilk (water, soy protein [isolate], soybean Food Day, Solae helps feed Africa beyond its next meal. oil, calcium phosphate), sugar, fructose, potassium citrate, Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). Oct. 16. sodium polyphosphate, dipotassium phosphate, soy lecithin, • Summary: Today–which is World Food Day–350 salt, natural and artifi cial fl avor, xanthan gum, carrageenan, employees at The Solae Co. in Memphis, Tennessee, are ribofl avin (vitamin B-2), vitamin A (palmitate), vitamin D-2, preparing to ship more than $100,000 of soy protein and vitamin B-12. Contains soy ingredients. know-how to Africa. Much of this soy protein is made right Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Half gallon (1.89 L) square in Memphis, at a 40-acre plant at 4247 S. Mendenhall, the plastic bottle with screw-on cap. Retails for $4.39 (2006/07, crown jewel of Solae’s U.S. operations and one of the largest Lafayette, California). soy protein plants in the world. Solae has 28 plants around How Stored: Refrigerated, 10 day shelf life after opening.

Nutrition: Per 8 fl oz.: Calories 100, calories from fat 25, saturated fat 0 gm, trans fat 0 gm, cholesterol 0 mg, sodium total fat 3 gm (4% daily value; saturated fat 0 gm, trans 160 mg (7%), total carbohydrate 2 gm (dietary fi ber 0 gm, fat 0 gm), cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 170 mg (7%), total sugars 2 gm), protein 6 gm. Vitamin A 10%, calcium 30%, carbohydrate 11 gm (dietary fi ber 0 gm [3%], sugars 10 gm), vitamin D 25%, vitamin C 0%, iron 4%, ribofl avin 25%, protein 6 gm. Vitamin A 10%, vitamin C 0%, calcium 30%, vitamin B-12 15%. Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 iron 4%, vitamin D 25%, ribofl avin 25%, vitamin B-12 15%. calorie diet. Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. New Product–Documentation: Product with Label New Product–Documentation: Product with Label purchased by Martine Liguori in Oakland, California. 2006. purchased in dairy case at Safeway supermarket in Lafayette, June. 10 inches tall. Front panel: White, dark blue, yellow California. 2006. Oct. 31. White plastic bottle. Dated 2005. and red on light blue. Illustration of a stream of white Text on wrap-around paper label in yellowish orange, white, soymilk streaming into a clear glass. “50% fewer calories light blue and red on dark blue. On the front panel: “New than the leading original soymilk.” Solae logo. Note: Light look. Same great taste. Vanilla–Naturally and artifi cially soymilks are generally made by mixing equal parts of regular fl avored. Helps lower cholesterol.” Illustration of a glass soymilk and water. overfl owing with splashing, very white soymilk. Solae logo [DuPont]. Right panel: Nutrition facts. Ingredients. “Not 1034. Seed World. 2006. Comings and goings. 144(1): 6. Jan. for use as an infant formula. Lactose free. Please recycle. • Summary: Alliances: On Oct. 3, the USDA’s Agricultural ME 5¢ DEP [deposit].” UPC. Back side: “Send the red Research Service (ARS) granted an exclusive license on the dress for heart health. The Heart Truth is that heart disease patented sunscreen technology SoyScreen, a biodegradable is the #1 killer of American women. 1 in every 3 women sunscreen derived from soybean oil, to iSoy Technology dies of heart disease. Help us raise $200,000 for women Corp. with heart disease! $50,000 guaranteed donation plus $0.50 Monsanto Co. and Solae Co. will team up to develop per red dress foil lid redeemed through January 2007 up to and market a new line of better tasting, more soluble soy another $150,000.” Left side: “8th Continent is where taste proteins reported the St. Louis Business Journal (Oct. 27). matters. www.8thcontinent.com. 8th Continent is the one-of- Companies: Arcadia Biosciences said (Nov. 2) that it a-kind place that combines great taste with the heart health had received a grant from the National Institutes of Health to benefi ts of soymilk.” Soyfoods Center taste test: Flavor– develop soybeans with specifi c levels of soy isofl avones. The poor, artifi cial, much too sweet (like a soft drink). Color: grant is for a little less than $100,000. Surprisingly tan for soymilk. Made from highly refi ned soy Delta King Seed Co. announced (Nov. 11) that it has protein isolates (not revealed on the label) rather than from continued promotion of SoyDiesel by investing in the Patriot natural whole soybeans. The price per quart ($2.20) is almost BioFuels Plant in Stuttgart, Arkansas, which is scheduled to twice as high as Trader Joe’s delicious natural soymilk open in early 2006. ($1.19) which is also free of sugar. The white plastic bottle with blue screw-on cap looks somewhat like a bottle of 1035. Bell, David E.; Shelman, Mary. 2006. Bunge: Poised Clorox, but the paper label is attractive. for growth. Harvard Business School Case Study N9-506- 036. 36 p. Revised March 9, 2006. [9 endnotes] 1033. Product Name: 8th Continent Light Soymilk. • Summary: Original copyright: 2005. www.hbsp. Manufacturer’s Name: 8th Continent, L.L.C. [General harvard.edu. Contents: Introduction. The oilseed industry: Mills] (Distributor). Farm-to-consumer chain, soybean pricing, genetically Manufacturer’s Address: Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440. modifi ed soybeans, other feeds, other oils. Bunge Limited: Phone: 1-800-247-6458. Company background, building an oilseed giant. Bunge Date of Introduction: 2005. 2005: Agribusiness, fertilizer, food products. Bunge- Ingredients: Soymilk (water, soy protein [isolate], soybean DuPont alliance (2003): Technology access, production oil, calcium phosphate), sugar, potassium citrate, sodium agriculture, The Solae Company (launched in April 2003, polyphosphate, dipotassium phosphate, soy lecithin, salt, it is a soy ingredients company). The Bunge difference: carrageenan, xanthan gum, natural and artifi cial fl avor, Focused, effi cient and global, integration unlocks value, sucralose, ribofl avin (vitamin B-2), vitamin A (palmitate), commitment to partnering. The “Bunge Style.” Managing vitamin D-2, vitamin B-12. Contains soy ingredients. change: Changes in demand and world trade, greater market Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: Half gallon (1.89 L) square volatility, greater traceability and integration (Nutrim Low plastic bottle with screw-on cap. Retails for $1.99 (on sale) Lin). Filling in the global mosaic. (2006/09, Berkeley, California). Exhibits. How Stored: Refrigerated. (1) World supply of major oilseeds, 2000/2001 to Nutrition: Per 1 cup (240 ml): Calories 50, calories from 2005/2006 (million metric tons). Soybean (by far the fat 20, total fat 2 gm (3% daily value; saturated fat 0 gm), largest), rapeseed, cottonseed, peanut, sun seed, palm kernel,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 438 copra. origin markets, 2004/05 to 2010. (2a) Soybeans: World supply and distribution (thousand (21) Production potential of agriculture in Brazil. metric tons), 2000/01 to 2005/06. Address: 1. Prof.; 2. Senior Researcher. Both: Agribusiness (2b) Soybeans: Harvested area and yield by country, Program, Global Research Group [Cambridge, 1999-2005. Massachusetts?]. (3) Oilseed supply chain. (4) Soybean pricing by major producing country, 1985- 1036. Companies join to invent, market new meatless 2005 (in US$ per metric ton). sausages: Novel technology promises better texture and (5a) Adoption of genetically modifi ed soybeans in USA, improved taste (News release). 2006. City of Industry, Brazil, Argentina, 1997-2004. The USA has adopted the most California. and the fastest. • Summary: City of Industry, CA and St. Louis, MO, March (5b) Graph: Global area of biotech crops, 1996 to 2004, 22, 2006 (Markey Wire)–Vegetarians and health-conscious by crop. Soybean, maize, cotton, canola. shoppers, take note: El Burrito Foods today launched a new (6) Pie chart (%): Share of global soymeal consumption line of gourmet meatless sausages that promises to rival its by region, 1998 and 2005: The big change is in China, which counterparts with superior taste and a meat-like texture. has grown from 9% to 18%. “The company also announced that the sausages, which (7) World vegetable oil supply and distribution, 2000- are made using non-genetically modifi ed Solae® brand soy 2005 (million metric tons). protein, would be stocked at Whole Foods Market®, the (8) Bunge stock price, Aug. 2001 to Nov. 2005. It has world’s leading natural and organic foods supermarket. risen steadily and much faster than the S&P 500. “El Burrito partnered with food scientists from The (9) Map of Bunge facilities in Eastern Europe. Solae Company to develop an improved meat-free sausage (10) Map of trade fl ows and Bunge’s global footprint. that would more closely resemble and taste like a traditional Soy products, corn, wheat. Shows each Bunge facility. sausage. A proprietary soy protein invented by Solae was (11) Bunge Ltd. fi nancial summary (in US$ million combined with El Burrito’s well-reputed fl avor expertise except share data). to produce four varieties of sausage: Kielbasa, Sun Dried (12a) Bunge operating segment information, 2002- Tomato & Basil, Chicken Chipotle and Apple Cranberry. 2004–Agribusiness, fertilizer, edible oil products, milling “Each 12 oz. Package includes four hearty, cholesterol- products, other, unallocated. free links that are high in protein. Most varieties contain (12b) Bunge net sales by geographical area, in US$ approximately 120 calories and 5 grams of fat, and carry millions, 2002-2004. Net assets by geographical area. a suggested retail price of $5.99.” Address: California; (13) Graph: Growth of Bunge’s Brazilian fertilizer Missouri. business (8.6% a year). Bunge-DuPont biotech alliance. Treats DuPont/Pioneer as one company. “An effective 1037. INTSOY. 2006. Processing and marketing soybeans: development and delivery system for soy products.” Meat, dairy and baking applications, May 1-5, 2006 (15) Comparison of Bunge, Cargill and ADM results, (Leafl et). Urbana, Illinois. 4 panels each side. Each panel: 22 2000-2005, Cargill has the largest revenue and no. of x 9 cm. employees, followed by ADM, with Bunge last. But Bunge • Summary: This glossy leafl et (green and black on white) has grown the fastest. announces a 5-day course ($1,800) plus the course and an (16) The Bunge operating model. extended workshop schedule ($2,400). The program now (17a) Projected population growth, 2004-2050 by world, has 15 corporate sponsors: The Solae Co., Staeta, Insta- high income, low income, Africa, Asia. Source: U.S. Bureau Pro, Proviant, BAR, N.A., Inc., SOI, ADM, Assoy, Wenger, of Census. Microsoy Corporation, US Soy, Silk, Kikkoman, Cargill, and (17b) Population growth and income growth, 1986- Buehler. Course schedule: Welcome, international soymilk 2010. “World food needs continue to grow.” World processing, success stories, soymilk, and soy products, population is growing at 1.35% per year average. World marketing, soy fl our, soy and meat, hot topics (soy infant per capita income is growing at 1.4% per year adjusted for formula, soy and reduction of chronic disease, soy allergies, infl ation: Source: World Bank. quality and stability of soybean oil, specialty soybean (18) Graph: Areas with growing meat consumption. varieties, biotechnology of soybeans). A list of featured “Fastest growth in meat consumption occurs when income is speakers are given; many are from the corporate sponsors! less than $5,000 per year.” Annual income per capita in 1995 Talk with INTSOY employee. 2005. The “short course” US$. has been discontinued; it was established through a grant, has (19) Projection of grain (corn and wheat) and soy come to an end. The course is now under the aegis of NSRL. consumption in principle markets, 2004/05 to 2010. In the year 2000 the 4-day course attracted 28-30 people. (20) Projection of grain and soy production in principle Address: National Soybean Research Lab. (NSRL), 1101 W.

Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801. Phone: (217) 244-1706. 1041. WISHH (World Initiative for Soy in Human Health). 2006. Soy in Southern Africa. 1038. Messina, Mark J. 2006. Origin of the Soy Nutrition • Summary: Below the title of this 1-page leafl et is printed: Institute (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. May 12. Conducted by “Enhancing human well-being through soy.” William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. “A meeting will be held on Friday, Oct. 6, 10:00 A.M. • Summary: The following companies have paid $10,000 to Room 316. join the Institute: Revival, White Wave, ADM, Cargill, Solae, “Soy protein for people living with HIV Monsanto, SANA, and the Soyfoods Council (Linda Funk, “Sustainable nutrition solutions through local businesses Iowa). The fi rst meeting will be held on May 15 and 16 in and products (Monday and Tuesday) at the Sheridan-Clayton Hotel in “Nine countries–one association St. Louis, Missouri. It could be the beginning of something “SISA Alliance: WhiteWave/Silk, Solae, Soyatech, important. Mark will be sending out offi cial notes. Natural Products Inc, Hain Celestial, SANA, WISHH, the Mark has started to play the mandolin for fun. Also, Services Group, USAID.” he thinks that some of the recent not-so-exciting research fi ndings on soy and human nutrition look bad because of the 1042. Bloomberg News. 2006. DuPont to reduce pesticide great expectations that so many people now have about soy. output and cut 1,500 jobs. New York Times. Dec. 12. p. C2. If we put things back into a more normal perspective, it still • Summary: “The DuPont Company will eliminate 1,500 looks good, its just not going to make the food and ingredient agricultural jobs and cut output of herbicides and pesticides manufacturing companies as rich as they hoped–except in a plan to increase spending on genetically modifi ed probably White Wave. Address: PhD, 439 Calhoun St., Port [engineered] seeds, the company said yesterday.” Townsend, Washington 98368. Phone: 360-379-9544. Among the jobs to be reduced are those related to Solae, a joint venture with Bunge. “DuPont controls Solae, which 1039. Soyatech. 2006. Soya Summit 2006: Food & Energy makes liquid packaging [packaging for liquids] and soybean- for the 21st Century (Leafl et). Bar Harbor, Maine. 1 p. Front derived ingredients for energy bars and other foods.” and back. 28 cm. • Summary: This conference will be held on 18-20 Sept. 1043. SoyaScan Notes. 2006. Chronology of major soy- 2006 in St. Louis, Missouri, at the Chase Park Plaza Hotel. related events and trends during 2006 (Overview). Dec. 31. Sponsored by The Solae Company. There will be two Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center. parallel tracks. The soyfoods track speakers will include • Summary: Jan. 17–Soyatech (founded and owned by representatives from: The Solae Co., Monsanto, ADM, Peter Golbitz) is sold to HighQuest Partners, a management USDA, Kerry Foods, ProSoya, Tivall Corp., Natural consulting fi rm headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. Products Consulting, Soyatech, SunRich, and WISHH. March 15-17–CERHR (Center for the Evaluation The energy track speakers will include representatives of Risks to Human Reproduction) expert panel meets in from: National Biodiesel Board, Toyota, DuPont, The Virginia to discuss soy-based infant formula safety. They ProExporter Network, Delta-T, New Energy Finance, Sigma issue an important report. Capital, Energy Management Institute, Rocky Mountain May–The Soy Nutrition Institute is founded. Mark Biodiesel Consulting. Messina is executive director. The founding members (each A third day of workshops on Sept. 20 will include: Taste of whom paid $10,000 to join) are: ADM, Solae, Cargill, of Soy: Beyond ingredients–Bring on the food! Address: Bar White Wave, Revival, Monsanto, SANA, and the Soyfoods Harbor, Maine. Phone: 1-800-882-8684. Council (Linda Funk, Iowa). June 23. Vandemoortele Group, a large oilseed crusher 1040. 8th Continent L.L.C. 2006. 8th Continent (Website of Ghent and the parent company of Alpro, Belgium, printout–part). www.8thcontinent.com Retrieved Sept. 6. acquires SoFine Foods, a subsidiary of Heuschen & Schrouff • Summary: Contents: A simple change. Healthy living: and the largest tofu manufacturer in Europe. Healthy heart, healthy diet, healthy life. Our soymilk. July 15–The National Nutritional Foods Association Recipes. Contact us. About us. Media room. Site map. (NNFA) changes its name to the Natural Products Privacy. Legal. En Espanol. Association (NPA); it hopes to attract more members from 8th Continent now has 3 regular soymilks (original, the natural foods industry which is not represented by a trade vanilla, chocolate), 3 light soymilks (original, vanilla, association. chocolate), 2 fat-free soymilks (vanilla, original), and 2 Sept.–The Soya and Oilseed Bluebook, published by refreshers (strawberry banana and orange pineapple banana). Soyatech, migrates to the Web. Some bound paper copies Address: P.O. Box 9452, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440. will still be published. For the fi rst time in decades, copies Phone: 1-800-247-6458. are sent free of charge to qualifi ed industry members. Oct.–House Foods (which owns and operates America’s

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 440 largest tofu plant in Garden Grove, California), opens a huge, Missouri. brand new tofu manufacturing facility in Somerset, New Jersey. This enables them to deliver fresh, high quality, low 1045. Parkin, Katherine J. 2006. Food is love: Food cost tofu to the East Coast, Midwest, and Southeast markets. advertising and gender roles in modern America. Dec. 11–Hain Celestial Group (Melville, New York) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania acquires the assets of Haldane Foods Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Press. 296 p. See p. 194. Illust. 24 cm. * Bucks., UK) and its meat-free and non-dairy beverage • Summary: “Early ads started out promoting their products’ business from Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM). benefi ts to young children, as in a 1905 ad for Ralston Health This year biofuels, including soy biodiesel, get new Food. It offered a dense narrative, characteristic of the time, recognition for the important part that they can play in the about ‘How to Grow Strong Children’ with the cereal.” U.S. energy economy. 1046. Paulson, Paul V.; Welsby, David; Huang, Xiaolin L. 1044. Orcutt, M.W.; McMindes, M.K.; Chu, H.; Mueller, 2006. Ready-to-drink soy protein nutritional beverages. In: I.N.; Bater, B.; Orcutt, A.L. 2006. Textured soy protein Mian A. Riaz, ed. 2006. Soy Applications in Food. Boca utilization in meat and meat analog products. In: Mian A. Raton, Florida, London, New York: CRC Press (Taylor & Riaz, ed. 2006. Soy Applications in Food. Boca Raton, Francis Group). [x] + 288 p. See p. 199-226. [45 ref] Florida, London, New York: CRC Press (Taylor & Francis • Summary: Contents: Introduction: Markets for soy protein Group). [x] + 288 p. See p. 155-84. [11 ref] nutritional beverages, nutritional and functional demands, • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Textured soy protein soy protein health benefi ts, categories of ready-to-drink soy products. Soy grits. Textured soy fl our. Textured soy protein protein nutritional beverages. Soy proteins: Soy protein concentrates. Textured isolated protein products. Textured classifi cation, soy protein product manufacture and chemical vegetable protein blends. Meat coatings. Regulations composition (soy fl our, soy protein concentrates, soy protein governing the use and labeling of products containing isolates), physical properties and functionality. Key factors textured vegetable protein products: United States, People’s for beverage quality: Dispersion and hydration of dry Republic of China, Canada, Japan, European Union. Meat protein products, factors affecting hydration, recommended product formulations containing textured soy protein temperatures. Formulation and selection of ingredients: ingredients: Preparation procedure for raw frozen beef Protein attributes, effect of sugars on browning, hydrocolloid patties, preparation procedure for precooked beef patties, stabilizers, emulsifi ers, selection of a buffering system, preparation procedure for chicken patties, preparation fl avoring, colorants, fat sources. Processing: Beverage procedure for beef meat loaf, preparation procedure for beef makeup, thermal treatment, handling (foaming). Beverage chili, preparation procedure for reduced-fat pepperoni. Meat applications for soy protein: Ready-to-drink neutral pH analog food products: Meat analog product formulations (beverages containing dairy proteins, all-soy-protein (preparation procedure for vegetarian patty nugget, nutritional beverages, high-fat beverages), ready-to-drink preparation procedure for vegetarian chili). Summary. acid (stabilization, protein selection criteria, fl avors and Tables: (1) Water-holding capacities and cooked colors, thermal treatments, formulation). Parting comments. texture of textured soy protein concentrate fl ake, crumble, Revenues from soymilk sales in the United States today and granule particles. (2) Texture comparison of different are over $600 million, and soymilk products are sold in a treatments. (3) Characteristics of textured soy protein wide variety of retail outlets. products. (4) Characteristics of beef patty formulated to Tables: (1) Human requirements for essential amino contain various levels of hydrated textured soy protein acids. (2) Composition of some commercial products derived concentrate. (5) Minimum meat content requirements for from soybeans. (3) Relationships between physical properties selected meat and poultry products produced and sold in of proteins and beverage attributes. (4) Examples of heat the United States. (6) Summary of use of textured vegetable process conditions for beverages. (5) Formulas for ready-to- protein meat products having a standard of identity. drink neutral beverages. (6) Formula for acidic beverage. (7) Minimum meat requirements for selected Canadian Figures: (1) Soybean processing pathways. (2) Nitrogen standardized meat products. (8) Minimum meat requirements solubility index (%) of various soy protein isolates. (3) for Japanese agricultural standards. (9) Contents of raw Physiochemical properties of protein hydration. (4) Maillard frozen beef patties (U.S. formulation). (10) Contents of reaction of milk proteins or isolated soy proteins with precooked beef patties (U.S. formulation). (11) Contents of fructose. (5) Process fl ow for typical RTD beverage. (6) pH/ chicken patties (U.S. premium formulation). (12) Contents solubility curve for the main soy proteins. Address: The of U.S. beef meat loaf. (13) Contents of beef chili. (14) Solae Company LLC, St. Louis, Missouri. Contents of reduced-fat pepperoni. (15) Contents of chicken- fl avored vegetarian patty nugget. (16) Contents of vegetarian 1047. Taillie, Steven A. 2006. Food bars. In: Mian A. Riaz, chili. Address: All: The Solae Company LLC, St. Louis, ed. 2006. Soy Applications in Food. Boca Raton, Florida,

London, New York: CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). Symposium program. Post-Symposium seminar [x] + 288 p. See p. 185-98. [5 ref] program. Speaker profi les. Symposium abstracts: Opening • Summary: Contents: Product marketing and positioning. session: Soy and health–An overview. Session 1: Soy Defi nition. Formulation types. Physical forms. Processing. and cardiovascular diseases. Session 2: Soy and cancer Ingredients: Carbohydrates and polyols, protein sources, prevention. Session 3: Soy and bone health. Session 4: Soy fats and oils, dietary fi ber, minor ingredients. Impact of and menopause. Session 5: Soy and other health aspects. ingredients and other parameters on bar texture: Isolated Post-Symposium seminar abstracts: Soy complementary soy protein, carbohydrates (corn syrups, sugar alcohols), food & soy milk programs. Micronutrient fortifi cation pH, extruded soy nuggets as ingredients, dairy proteins, programs. processing, shelf-life considerations. Conclusions. Poster presentation abstracts. Figures: (1) Evolution in bar categories with time. (2) Evolution of bar market size and composition in the United 1049. Golbitz, Peter. 2007. Color photos of the soymilk States from 1998 to 2004. (3) Bar outlets dominated by processing short course held 22 May 2007 at the SoyCow grocery stores in 2004. (4) Typical plant layout for a sheet Training Center in Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. and cut bar line. (5) Different soy proteins produce solutions Bar Harbor, Maine. of different viscosities. (6) Impact of pH on bar texture. (7) • Summary: Peter Golbitz took these color photos and Impact of milk proteins on bar hardness. wrote the captions. For background see interview with Tables: (1) Types of bar formulations and typical Peter Golbitz on 22 Jan. 2009. The short course workshop compositions. (2) Classifi cation of polyols. (4) Polyol on 22 May 2007 took place at the training center located properties. Address: The Solae Company LLC, St. Louis, on property owned by Henry Davies adjacent to his Eden Missouri. Manufacturing plant. This workshop (including the travel and other expenses of the African participants) was paid for 1048. 7th international soy symposium: Role of soy in mostly by WISHH; other contributors were USAID, Solae, health and disease prevention. Program and abstracts. 2007. Silk, Soyatech, and others. Singapore: Printed for Boon Yee Yeong. 100 p. Held 7-9 (1) Peter Golbitz leading a strategic planning discussion March 2007 at Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Illust. at a meeting of the Soy Southern Africa association, held in No index. 30 cm. Bergville on May 22. • Summary: See next two pages. This is the fi rst time the (2) Ratan Sharma from the American Soybean International Symposium of the Role of Soy in Health Association’s offi ce in New Delhi, explaining the equipment and Disease Prevention is being held in Asia. It will take and processing steps for the SoyCow system. These place in conjunction with the 5th Southeast Asia Soyfoods SoyCows are made in India using the ProSoya process Seminar and Trade Show–Science to Market Opportunities developed and patented by Raj Gupta (Ottawa, Canada). in Asia, which will be held at the same location March 6-8. (3) Henry Davies of Eden Manufacturing and the Eden This document was compiled and organized by Boon Yee Social Development Foundation demonstrating the VitaGoat Yeong, who owns her own company in Singapore; her clients soymilk processor. At this stage, the soymilk and pulp have include ASA. been pressure cooked with steam and the mixture is being Contents: Scientifi c and organizing committee: Chair strained before manual pressing to separate the okara from (Dr. Mark Messina), Panel of Advisors, Secretariat. About the fresh soymilk. the organizers: Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University (4) A participant grinding soaked soybeans on a pedal- (INMU, Thailand), ASA International Marketing (ASA powered VitaGoat grinder while a helper feeds fresh beans IM; the overseas arm of the United States Soybean Export into the grinder hopper. Council), The Soy Food Forum (SFF; a network of (5) Ratan Sharma explaining how to make soymilk organizations in Asia with particular interest in soy). yogurt from fresh soymilk produced with the VitaGoat or the Acknowledgements: Platinum and gold level sponsors: SoyCow. Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (own SoyJoy brand), Tetra (6) Ratan Sharma demonstrating how to make tofu Pak Asia Pte Ld.–Soy Knowledge Centre. Silver and bronze using freshly produced soymilk curds from the VitaGoat. See level sponsors: The Solae Company, Solbar Plant Extracts two pages after next. Ltd., Green Spot Co. Ltd. (Thailand’s pioneer and leading (7) Ratan Sharma cutting freshly pressed tofu for soymilk maker with over 45 years of experience. Produces participants at the short course. Onlookers include Henry a wide range of soymilk products under the Vitamilk, Davies (right) and Mrs. Mchunu (center in blue), a member Vitamilk Champ, and V-soy trademarks). Media sponsor: Be of the South African National Government, Inkatha Party, Media Focus (Thailand) Co. Ltd. (Publisher of Food Focus also known as “Mama Soya” for her long time and personal Thailand a trade magazine). Exhibitors: 13 companies are support of the expanded use of soy in Southern Africa. listed, about half from the USA. (8) Participants at the short course taste and evaluate

different soymilk and soymilk yogurt formulations using “’At Solae, we are excited to be a global partner different ﬂ avors and levels of sweeteners. Address: Director in delivering innovation that improves our customers’ of International Business Development, SunOpta Grains and products,’ says Arnold. ‘With this purchase, we gain new Food Group. technology that will enhance our ability to take new products to market and will allow us to offer more solutions for our 1050. Solae Co. (The). 2007. Solae acquires isolated soy customers.’ Adding Cargill’s membrane-based technology protein line from Cargill (News release). July 11. and patents to Solae’s existing portfolio will enable Solae to • Summary: “St. Louis, Missouri. July 11, 2007–Solae, offer a wider range of products and innovation, he said. a joint venture between DuPont (NYSE: DD) and Bunge “About Solae: The Solae Company is a food innovation Limited (NYSE: BG) and the leading supplier of soy and ingredient manufacturing organization, providing meat, protein for food-based products, announced today that it has food and beverage manufacturers across the world with completed the acquisition of Cargill’s isolated soy protein Better Ingredients for Better Living™. Headquartered in (ISP) Prolisse product line including the patented membrane St. Louis, Missouri, USA, with annual revenue exceeding technology for processing ISP. Financial terms were not $1 billion, the company was formed through an alliance disclosed. between Bunge Limited (NYSE: BG) and DuPont (NYSE: “’The combination of Solae’s ISP business and Cargill’s DD). For more information, visit www.solae.com” Address: Prolisse product line is a perfect ﬁ t,’ says Solae President The Solae Company LLC, St. Louis, Missouri. and CEO Tony Arnold. ‘We are committed to the soy ingredient industry and this investment will enable us to 1051. St. Louis Business Journal (Missouri). 2007. Solae continue serving customers with quality and reliability.’ acquires Cargill product line. July 11. Solae will transition Cargill’s products and technology into • Summary: Solae announced today that it has completed its an existing plant, thus ensuring reliability of supply. Both purchase of Cargill’s Prolisse line of isolated soy proteins Solae and Cargill are committed to a smooth transition. (ISP), including the patented membrane technology for Both companies will make every effort to ensure that all processing ISP. Financial terms of the deal were not revealed. customers will continue to be serviced with the current level Solae’s news release dated July 11 stated: “’The of commitment without any interruption. combination of Solae’s ISP business and Cargill’s Prolisse?

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 445 product line is a perfect fi t,’ says Solae President and CEO fi nancial year. Dean Foods keeps Silk soymilk. Tony Arnold. ‘We are committed to the soy ingredient July 11–Solae announces that it has completed its industry and this investment will enable us to continue purchase of Cargill’s Prolisse line of isolated soy proteins serving customers with quality and reliability.’ (ISP; soy protein isolates), including the patented membrane “Solae will transition Cargill’s products and technology technology for processing ISP. into an existing plant, thus ensuring reliability of supply. Aug. 7–SunOpta (incl. SunRich), headquartered in Both Solae and Cargill are committed to a smooth transition. Canada, announces that it has acquired a soymilk plant in Both companies will make every effort to ensure that all Heuvelton, New York, from ProSoya Corporation (Ottawa, customers will continue to be serviced with the current level Ontario). Allan Routh is president of the SunOpta Grains and of commitment without any interruption.” Foods Group. In May 2006 Solae told the Business Journal that it had Aug. 16–CPM (Waterloo, Iowa) acquires Crown Iron more than 50% of the world market for ISP used as a food Works (Minneapolis, Minnesota). CPM is owned by Golbert ingredient. Global, a private equity group. The acquisition doubles the Talk with Bill Limpert of Cargill (Protein). 2008. June size of CPM. 2. Solae bought Prolisse then shut it down; Solae never Sept. 11–Hain Celestial Group announces it will delay made any Prolisse and apparently did not use the patented fi ling its annual report with the U.S. Securities and Exchange membrane technology. They promised in negotiations and Commission (SEC) pending a review of its practices in in their news release (but not in their contract) to continue granting stock options. Thus, the annual report was received serving Cargill’s former customers. Cargill began to sense by shareholders in April 2008, rather than the typical Nov. that something was wrong when no Solae engineers showed 2007. up at Cargill’s plant (a large pilot plant). So guess who got all Nov. 5–Symington’s, a major U.K. food manufacturer, the criticism from former Cargill customers–Cargill. has acquired the dry-mix products from Hain Celestial (formerly known as Haldane Foods) for an undisclosed 1052. SoyaScan Notes. 2007. Chronology of major soy- sum. In the purchase of Hain Celestial’s dry mix operation, related events and trends during 2007 (Overview). Dec. 31. Symington will take over the Barrow based production Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. centre from Hain Celestial and will enable the company to • Summary: Jan. 1–Soyfoods Center changes its name to increase its stake in the growing health food and vegetarian Soyinfo Center. sector. Main products in the acquisition are couscous, Feb.–The Soy Connection for the Food Industry (Vol. sport nutrition, snack pots and vegetarian meals. Brands 1, No. 1) starts to be published by United Soybean Board as acquired include Granose, Realeat, Direct Foods, Organic a free e-newsletter. The subject of the fi rst issue is Qualisoy and Amazing Grains. Granose was owned by Haldane Foods soy oil. which also owned Direct Foods and Realeat. So you will also March 6-8 International Soy Utilization conference held fi nd Sosmix and Burgamix have disappeared as well–but in Bangkok, Thailand. It is organized by: The Institute of they have returned under the Granose brand. We now have Nutrition, Mahidol University (INMU), ASA International the Granose Sausage Mix, Burger Mix and others that have Marketing (ASA IM), and the Soy Food Forum Southeast replaced the Realeat and Direct Foods Sosmix and Banger Asia (SFF). Mix as well as the Burgamix. Popular products like Nut April 4–Organizations listed in the Soya & Oilseed Roast, Cashew Nut Roast and Chicken Style Bake were Bluebook are invited and enabled to update their own discontinued following the sale of the Realeat, Granose and listings online. The update listing will appear as soon as the Direct Foods brands. Bluebook editors review it and in the print edition in the fall. The Bluebook will continue to be printed as a bound 1053. Product Name: 8th Continent Soymilk Smoothie book. Preferred customers will receive a free copy. Qualifi ed [Chocolate Strawberry Banana]. people or organizations in the industry who request a copy Manufacturer’s Name: 8th Continent, L.L.C. [General pay shipping and handling. Those outside the industry must Mills] (Distributor). pay for shipping and handling plus a $95 fee. Manufacturer’s Address: Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440. June 11–The Hain Celestial Group completes its Phone: 1-800-247-6458. acquisition of the tofu and meat-alternatives business of Date of Introduction: 2007. WhiteWave Foods Co., a subsidiary of Dean Foods. The Ingredients: Soymilk (water, soy protein [isolate], soybean product line includes grilled and baked tofu, seitan, tempeh, oil, calcium phosphate), sugar, fructose, modifi ed corn etc. These products are expected to complement Hain starch, cocoa processed with alkali, strawberry puree, Celestial’s existing meat alternatives under the Yves brand in banana puree, potassium citrate, dipotassium phosphate, Canada and the United States. The White Wave tofu business natural and artifi cial fl avor, salt, carrageenan, tricalcium generated sales of approximately $8 million in the last phosphate, soy lecithin, sucralose, xanthan gum, sodium

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 446 benzoate (preservative), ribofl avin (vitamin B-2), vitamin Note: As of Nov. 2012, the name of the company is still A (palmitate), vitamin D-2, vitamin B-12. Contains soy Garden Protein International. Address: 12751 Bathgate Way, ingredients. Vancouver (Richmond), BC, Canada V6V 1V5. Phone: 604- Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 1.5 qt (1.41 L) square plastic 278-7300. bottle with screw-on cap. Retails for $1.99 (on sale) (2007/02, Berkeley, California). 1056. 8th international soy symposium on the role of soy How Stored: Refrigerated. in health promotion and chronic disease prevention and Nutrition: Per 8 fl oz (236 ml): Calories 100, calories from treatment: Program. 2008. Champaign, Illinois: American fat 10, total fat 1 gm (2% daily value; saturated fat 0 gm, Oil Chemists’ Society. 36 p. Held 9-12 Nov. 2008 at Hilton trans fat 0 gm), cholesterol 0 mg, sodium 180 mg (8%), total Tokyo Hotel, Tokyo, Japan. No index. 28 cm. [Eng; jap] carbohydrate 18 gm (dietary fi ber <1 gm [3%], sugars 10 • Summary: See next 3 pages. This program was given (free gm), protein 6 gm. Vitamin A 10%, vitamin C 0%, calcium of charge) to attendees when they registered. 30%, iron 8%, vitamin D 25%, ribofl avin 25%, vitamin B-12 Contents: Welcome! Chairpersons. General information. 15%. Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Award winners. Oral presentation abstracts. Poster New Product–Documentation: Product with Label presentation abstracts. Poster presentations. Program purchased by Martine Liguori in Berkeley, California. 2007. schedule. Sponsor showcase schedule. Symposium sponsors: Feb. Private labeled as “Offi cial soymilk of Bob Greene’s Diamond level–Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (own Best Life Diet. Approved Bestlife the bestlife.com. Limited SoyJoy brand). Platinum level: ASA International Marketing, edition.” 10 inches tall. Front panel: Chocolate brown, Japan offi ce, Fuji Oil Co. Gold level: Silk (soymilk), Solae, tan, blue, red, white yellow on light green. Illustration of a Soy Nutrition Institute Japan (SNIJ). Soy Nutrition Institute, strawberry and a scoop of vanilla soymilk fl oating in a wavy Inc. (c/o SmithBucklin, St. Louis, Missouri). Silver level sea of chocolate. Solae logo. Side panel: The Best Life Diet sponsors: Fujicco Co. Ltd. (Kobe, Japan), Nichimo Biotics is a new book authored by Oprah’s trainer Bob Greene. Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), Solbar Industries, Ltd. (Ashdod, Forward by Oprah Winfrey. Martine’s taste test: Nice thick Israel). Note: All sponsors also have a ½-page ad in the shake. Good chocolate, banana, strawberry fl avor. Low in program. calories. Program schedule: Sunday, Nov. 9: Opening remarks. Hormones, menopause, and mood. Obesity / satiety. Mon. 1054. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). 2008. Nov. 10: Equol session. Tues. Nov. 11. Cancer session. Bone Solae: Rhenman is named CEO. Feb. 28. p. D2. / cardiovascular disease. Wed. Nov. 12. Emerging areas • Summary: “Solae Co., a seller of soy ingredients [isolated research. General topics. soy proteins] for baked goods, beverages, nutrition bars and On the inside front cover is a special section with a meats, named Torkel Rhenman chief executive. beige background titled: “The Origin of Soybeans” which “Craig Binetti, who led St. Louis-based Solae as interim states: “According to research conducted by the Yamanashi CEO since August 2007, will continue as chairman of the Prefectural Museum, there is evidence that soybeans were board of Solae and president of DuPont Nutrition & Health.” already being propagated in Japan during the Jomon Era, some 5,000 years ago (reported from the Sakenomiba site, 1055. Garden Protein International. 2008. Lifestyle (Website Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture).” printout–part). www.gardenprotein.com 7 p. Retrieved May Letter (e-mail) from Mark Messina. 2008. Nov. 18. 28. “Total attendance: 250, about 210 paid. Fewer Japanese • Summary: Tabs (across the top): Product info (Garden Beef attended than we hoped but still a success in terms of or Garden Chicken). Product usage. Availability. Formats attendance and information presented. Lots of enthusiasm & fl avors. Nutrient info. Contact us. “Gardein™–the new for holding another meeting. People were thinking of Italy vegetable protein. More than an ingredient, its a foundation.” because it is such a nice venue and so much soy work is E-mail: [email protected]. underway there. But if we have it there it would be 7 years Talk with Seth Tibbott, founder and president of Turtle between symposia in the US so I suspect we will have it in Island Foods, Inc. 2008. May 27. Yves Potvin has started the US in 2010.” a new company (after selling his original company to the Hain Celestial Group in June 2001) named Garden Protein 1057. Schneider, Michael. 2008. Major sources, composition International. He probably had to wait until his “noncompete and processing. In: Frank D. Gunstone, ed. 2008. agreement” had expired. He has worked with Solae and soy Phospholipid Technology and Applications. Bridgwater, protein isolates to develop a new generation of extruded England: The Oily Press. xii + 201 p. See p. 21-40, Chap. meat alternatives, with an excellent texture and fl avor. Yves 2. Illust. 24 cm. Series: Volume 22 in The Oily Press Lipid also has a second and newer website with the latest info on Library. [38 ref] its products: www.gardein.com. • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Occurrence:

Glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids. Phospholipid Tables: 2.1 Phospholipid content of biological materials processing: Vegetable phospholipids (fl uid {crude} lecithins, (% of dry matter; soybeans 0.5, sunfl ower seeds 0.2, rice solvent technologies {membrane degumming, membrane bran 1, egg yolk 17, salmon roe 8, milk 0.1). de-oiling, acetone de-oiling, carbon dioxide de-oiling, 2.2 Main phospholipid classes of commercial interest alcohol fractionation, chromatographic purifi cation}), animal and their abbreviations: The two main classes are (a) phospholipids (egg phospholipids, milk phospholipids, glycerophospholipids and (b) sphingophospholipids. In class marine phospholipids, brain phospholipids). Modifi cation of (a) are: phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipids: Chemical modifi cation (chemical hydrolysis, (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), acetylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation). Commercial uses phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG). (summarized in tables 2.10 and 2.11). phosphatidic acid (PA), N-Acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine Figures: 2.1. Model of a biological membrane (from (NAPE). In class (b) are: ceramide phosphocholine Scientifi c American). (sphingomyelin). 2.2 Structure of diacylglycerophospholipids; X is 2.3 Phospholipid composition in oil-free polar lipid residue from choline (PC), ethanolamine (PE), inositol (PI), extracts for commercial raw materials (%). Gives values for glycerol (PG), water (PA). soya [soybeans], rapeseed, sunfl owerseed, corn, egg, milk, 2.3 Structure of sphingomyelin. salmon roe. For example, egg is the richest source of PC 2.4 Vegetable lecithin processing (including crude soya (74%) whereas soya has the lowest content of PC (22%). lecithin, standard lecithin, modifi cation (hydroxylation), 2.4 Main fatty acid composition of phospholipid acetylation, hydrolysis), fractionation (with acetone, or mixtures (%). Gives values for soya, rapeseed, ethanol), and compounding (using emulsifi ers, carriers, or sunfl owerseed, corn, egg, milk, and salmon roe. For fats and oils). example, egg is the richest source of 16:0 (30%) compares 2.5 Egg yolk phospholipid processing principles (in with only 20% for soya. order to get various products, such as egg yolk powder or 2.5 Composition of commercial fl uid soya lecithin yolk lipids). (%). It contains 52% of 6 phospholipids, 6% glycolipids, 2.6 Milk fat globule membrane (remarkable complex). 4% carbohydrates, 38% neutral lipids, and fi ve fatty acids

(palmitic acid 18%, stearic acid 5%, oleic acid 11%, linoleic DC, workshops, Midwest workshops, Other training. acid 59%, and linolenic acid 7%). Nutrition library: Nutrition HIV/AIDS overview, WISHH 2.6 Typical composition of a commercial de-oiled presentations, WISHH papers / publications, WISHH HIV/ soybean lecithin (%). It contains 81% phospholipids, 10 AIDS activities, HIV/AIDS resources, SoyCow & VitaGoat, glycolipids, etc. Economics of soy. Resources / Links: Soybean organizations 2.7 Alcohol fractionation of soybean lecithin. and agencies (33), U.S. government and international 2.8 Chromatic systems for phospholipid fractionation / organizations (13). About soy: Soy products, composition purifi cation. of soy, US soy production, Supplier list. Contact us: The 2.9 Lipid composition of commercial marine WISHH offi ce is co-located with the American Soybean phospholipid products (%). Gives values for krill, fi sh Association offi ce near St. Louis, Missouri. processing by-products, and salmon eggs. “Global outreach: WISHH works with multiple private 2.10 Commercial phospholipid products and their voluntary organizations and commercial companies in more predominant use. 18 commercial products are listed. The than 28 different developing countries in Africa, Asia and uses are: Food, animal feed, industrial, cosmetics, pharma Central America. Many of these groups are using U.S. high- [pharmaceutical], and dietetics. For example: The main protein soy to improve diets and health as well as encourage uses / applications of fl uid soybean lecithin (oil containing) growth of food industries in developing countries.” are animal feed, food, industrial, cosmetics, pharma. and Supplier list–Suppliers of soy and soy products: ADM, dietetics. By contrast, de-oiled soybean lecithin fractions (PC Bunge Milling, Cargill, Inc., CHS (Cenex Harvest States), 50-80%) are food, cosmetics, pharma, and dietetics. Soya Kenya (agent for CHS in Kenya), Louis Dreyfus Corp., 2.11 Major companies employing a range of Nedan Oil Mills (Pty) Ltd. (Afgri Products) (Republic of phospholipid preparations. The companies are: ADM South Africa), North American Millers’ Association, Rab (US), Solae (US), Cargill (Germany), Lipoid (Germany), Processors Ltd. (Malawi). Seba Foods (Malawi), The Solae Phospholipoid (Germany), Chemi (Italy), Lecico (Germany), Co., Soy Afric (Kenya), SunOpta Food Group LLC (USA), Tsuji Oil Mill (Japan), Fresenius-Kabi (Sweden), Doosan Zeeland Farm Soya (USA). (Korea), Nippon Oils and Fats (Japan), Biofer (Italy), Avanti SoyCow & VitaGoat: Both are manufactured and Polar (USA), Belvo (Italy), Enzymotec (Israel), Lipogen supplied by Malnutrition Matters (Frank Daller), 498 (Israel), and Neptune (Canada). For each company is given: Rivershore Crescent, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1J 7Y7. www. Website, country, and which of 13 commercial phospholipid malnutrition.org. Details about each low-tech machine are products it sells. Address: Lecithos–Functional Lipid given. Innovation and Consulting, Freinsheim, Germany. Color photos show: (1) Jim Hershey, executive director of WISHH, with Africans interested in soyfoods 1058. WISHH. 2009. WISHH–World Initiative for Soy in in Cote d’Ivoire. (2) Ditto. (3) Handsome boy with soy in Human Health (Website printout–part). www.wishh.org Mozambique. (4) Jim Hershey drinking soymilk in Malawi. Retrieved Jan. 29. Address: 12125 Woodcrest Executive Dr., Suite 100, St. • Summary: Contents: Home. About WISHH: Mission Louis, Missouri 63141. Phone: (314) 576-1770. and vision, WISHH Committee, Our supporters / partners, Staff. Global outreach: WISHH has activities in the 1059. American Soybean Association. 2010. History of following countries, listed alphabetically and highlighted the American Soybean Association, 1998-1999 (Website in green: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Botswana, Burkina printout–part). www.soygrowers.com/history/default.htm Faso, Cambodia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Retrieved April 22. Honduras, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mozambique, Pakistan, • Summary: “1998: ASA opened a new chapter for soybean Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Vietnam, Zimbabwe. These producers this year when Congress enacted legislation that countries are shown on a map of the world and each program allows vehicle fl eets regulated under the Energy Policy Act is described in considerable detail if you click on the name of 1992 to earn credits toward meeting EPACT requirements of that country below the map. Another group of countries by operating on B-20. This legislation is signifi cant because in the same list, whose names are written in black, are those it provides credits for the use of biodiesel fuel that can be where WISHH presently has projects but (being very busy made from soybean oil, and it provides biodiesel blends that and active) has not yet had time to describe that project and offer consumers the economics necessary to make B-20 the add a color photo. They are: Angola, Democratic Republic “low cost leader” in the EPACT market. Biodiesel has been of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Malawi, Nicaragua, Nigeria, one of ASA’s top priorities for several years. Tajikistan, Tanzania. “+ ASA issued Grower Advisories pertaining to import Media communications: Press releases, Newsletters, clearances for soybeans grown from genetically modifi ed Annual reports, Photo gallery (very interesting). Workshops seedstock in major export markets. / Training: International workshops, Washington, “+ A $6 billion ag assistance package was enacted

that included $2.575 billion in total funding to address fi ve years, and it authorized $485 million over fi ve years to crop disaster losses, and another $3.15 billion in market pay insurance agents and companies for expenses to write loss payments to producers eligible for Freedom to Farm crop insurance policies. contracts. Also, ASA successfully urged Congress to approve “+ On Nov. 10, the Food and Drug Administration gave income averaging, increased deductibility of health insurance initial approval to allow health claim labels on products for farmers, and a 5-year carryback for operating losses. The containing soybean protein based on data contained in a approved tax cuts are estimated to save producers more than petition presented by Protein Technologies International, $1 billion over the next fi ve years. Inc., and a follow-up petition fi led by ASA in October. “+ ASA worked diligently to ensure that Ag Approval by FDA of evidence that including soy protein appropriators approved funding for the Foreign Market in a healthy diet reduces serum cholesterol and may reduce Development Cooperator Program at the current operating the chance of heart disease will have consumers around the level of $32 million and $90 million for the Market Access world seeking foods labeled to contain soy protein. A fi nal Program. ASA utilizes funding from the FMD and MAP, rule was expected in 1999. along with producer checkoff dollars, to promote U.S. “+ In November, ASA formally opened its 14th soybean exports in more than 80 counties. international marketing offi ce in Istanbul, Turkey, to increase “+ Funding was secured for the International Monetary demand for U.S. soybeans and products in the Middle East. Fund at $17.9 billion. IMF funding is vital to ensuring “+ ASA took the lead in working with biotechnology stability in U.S. Soybean export markets in both the short and seed companies to ensure that U.S. growers didn’t and long-term. ASA also succeeded in convincing USDA lose $9 billion of U.S. Soybean export markets due to the to include half a million tons of soy in a Russian Food presence of unapproved biotechnology-derived soybean Aid Program and another $61 million of soybeans and soy varieties. products in other P.L. 480 Title 1 programs. “+ To help maintain U.S. soy exports despite Asia’s “+ Early this year, ASA participated in the White House economic crisis, ASA worked to obtain and increase credit Rose Garden ceremony, during which President Bill Clinton guarantees from USDA for the purchase of soybeans and soy signed into law the Agricultural Research, Extension, and products. In part due to ASA’s aggressive initiative, USDA Education Reform Act. This legislation was one of ASA’s approved additional GSM-102 export credit guarantees for top priorities because it approved funding for increased Asia including increases from $250 million to $400 million agricultural research funds, as well as crop insurance. for Indonesia, $100 million to $300 million for Thailand, Agricultural research is slated to receive $600 million over and zero to $100 million for Malaysia. In addition, Korea

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 452 received an estimated $1.1 billion, an increase from $154 in at least 50% of the government’s diesel-powered vehicles million from the previous year. by 2002. “+ The Loan Defi ciency Payment (LDP) rate was “+ While drought and fl ood conditions in several areas increased by 34 cents as result of ASA’s policy efforts during of the country prevented another record-breaking U.S. the 1996 Farm Bill process. LDPs were based on a $5.26 per soybean harvest, producers continued to face the lowest bushel loan rate. prices paid for their soybeans since the early 1970s. Three “+ ASA increased its membership for the fourth ideal growing seasons, one right after the other, in the consecutive year, ending the year at 31,737 members. majority of soybean production areas in both the United Even more was added to the value of an ASA membership States and in South America, caused soybean stocks to grow, with the launch of the fi rst issue of the Washington Insider while at the same time, export growth stalled as a result of Report [ashington, DC]. This new publication, distributed depressed economies in key Asian markets. These factors quarterly to all ASA members, focuses on key policy issues were primarily responsible for drifting soybean prices paid facing soybean farmers. To help ensure continuation of the to farmer down from an average per bushel price of $7.35 in national soybean checkoff, ASA created a special Vote YES 1996, to $4.35 in 1999. committee to develop funding and prepare for the possibility “+ Fortunately, ASA’s soybean safety net policy of a producer referendum. work during the 1996 Farm Bill process helped see many “+ There was a record attendance of producers and producers through a tough year. ASA’s success in raising the exhibitors at Commodity Classic in Long Beach [California], soybean loan rate $.34 would provide growers with nearly $1 making the third annual event a huge success. Show billion of additional farm revenue from the loan defi ciency attendance reached 3,676 and more than 500 trade show payment program. booths were sold. More than $23,000 was raised for safety “+ Even with ASA’s earlier policy efforts and successes, education through the 1998 Stephen M. Yoder Foundation it was clear that stronger and more comprehensive efforts Auction and from associated raffl es.” would be needed to improve the outlook for soybean “1999: The American Soybean Association applauded producers. In February, ASA farmer leaders made public approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) a comprehensive list of farm income and market demand of a new soy health claim based on a petition fi led by ASA policy initiatives for the Administration and Congress to act in 1998. FDA published its fi nal rule on October 25, that soy upon. ASA’s proposal included economic loss assistance, protein included in a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol farm income protection, food assistance and export may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by lowering initiatives, biodiesel, and trade policy initiatives. Also blood cholesterol levels. As a result, food labels may now included were key domestic policy initiatives concerning contain messages, such as “25 grams of soy protein a day, as the Food Quality Protection Act implementation, the part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce environment and conservation, research, transportation and the risk of heart disease.” Research funded by the soybean tax initiatives. ASA also outlined major issues for changes in checkoff shows that the use of soybeans in food products Federal crop insurance programs. will increase at a rate of 10% a year for the next fi ve years, “+ ASA urged Congress to provide economic loss up from about 37 million bushels to more than 60 million payments to producers, similar to payments provided to bushels. farmers in 1998, and also advanced with congressional “+ Biodiesel implementation moved a big step forward leaders inclusion of soybean-specifi c payments and with the release of the Department of Energy’s interim provisions in any farm aid package. Subsequently, Congress fi nal rule to allow public vehicle fl eets to earn EPACT did approve an $8.7 billion emergency farm spending plan credits. ASA also was pleased with USDA’s August 13, that also included an authorization of $475 million in direct announcement that the agency planned to purchase an payments to oilseed producers to help partially offset low unprecedented level of 20,000 gallons of biodiesel during the prices. It was estimated that this oilseed payment would year, and with pro-biodiesel legislation that was introduced provide producers with 15 additional cents per bushel of in the Senate on November 17. That legislation, entitled soybeans. the “Biofuels Air Quality Act” would allow biodiesel to “+ In April, ASA and the National Oilseed Processors compete for funds in the Congestion Mitigation Air Quality Association (NOPA) provided Secretary of Agriculture Improvement (CMAQ) program. Similar legislation was Dan Glickman with a comprehensive list of recipient introduced in the House on August 6. The Senate and countries, quantities, and products for a proposed $1 billion House bills expand the CMAQ program’s authority to allow concessional sale and donation program for soybeans, funding of alternative fuel projects that include purchases of soybean meal, soybean oil, and soy protein products. biodiesel, which is a proven cleaner-burning fuel made from Secretary Glickman requested this list during a March 16 natural, renewable sources, such as soybean oil. ASA also meeting with ASA leaders in Washington when ASA urged asked that the government introduce biodiesel-blended fuels him to utilize Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) funds

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 453 for a purchase and donation program that could help alleviate to Iraq, North Korea, and Cuba to help improve soybean a disastrous decline in prices and soybean producer income. producer profi tability. “+ ASA also initiated, for the fi rst time, discussions with “+ Confusion about the marketability of biotech-derived a group of international food aid groups who were interested crops was at the forefront of many producers’ thoughts. in programming soy into their USDA requests. These During these challenging times, ASA called upon all of its private voluntary organizations (PVOs) provided concrete resources to actively communicate with growers, customers proposals to USDA for the implementation of food aid. This and other stakeholders about the safety of biotech soybeans combination of ASA’s “pushing” and the PVOs “pulling” to minimize the negative effects of activities and efforts to helped convince USDA of the merits of assisting people undermine public confi dence in agricultural biotechnology. in the most needy countries in the world while bolstering “+ In November and December, ASA implemented demand and improving prices paid to farmers. a series of “Planting Decision 2000” Town Hall meetings “+ To urge further action on ASA’s request for a $1 around the country to help producers make well-informed billion soy donation, 72 House members cosigned a letter planting decisions for 2000. ASA also produced “Planting to Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman in November, Decision Guide” that provided producers accurate calling for USDA to move quickly to mitigate the downward information on the factors affecting the demand for both pressure on soybean prices during harvest. ASA also met biotech and non-biotech soybeans. ASA distributed the with several Senators and Representatives to urge them to Planting Decision Guide to more than a quarter million place calls to the White House, Agriculture Department, and soybean producers.” Address: 12125 Woodcrest Executive Offi ce of Management and Budget to “dislodge” this and Drive, Suite 100, St. Louis, Missouri. other food aid programs which have been held up pending reviews. 1060. 9th international soy symposium on the role of soy “+ At year’s end, ASA was still waiting for a major food in health promotion and chronic disease prevention and aid announcement, which was being delayed by bureaucratic treatment: Program. 2010. Champaign, Illinois: American red tape. Meanwhile, some signifi cant amounts of soy were Oil Chemists’ Society. 28 p. Held 16-19 Oct. 2010 in already being included in major food aid programs, such as Washington, DC. No index. 28 cm. [Eng] the purchase by Russia of an additional 117,000 metric tons • Summary: This program was given (free of charge) to of soymeal under the P.L. 480, Title I program for shipment attendees when they registered. December 17, 1999 to January 7, 2000. Contents: Welcome! Co-Chairpersons. Scientifi c “+ On November 15, U.S. and Chinese negotiators advisory board. General informal. Sponsors. Program completed bilateral talks on China’s accession to the World schedule: Sat. Oct. 16. Keynote presentations. Award Trade Organization (WTO). The agreement that U.S. presentations. Sunday Oct. 17. Soy and the breast cancer trade negotiators reached with China included signifi cant patient. Mon. Oct. 18. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. opportunities to expand market access that ASA has worked Cardiovascular disease. Bone health. Hot fl ashes. Sports toward for years. According to U.S. government sources, nutrition. Thyroid function. Tues. Oct. 19. Equol. New the ongoing WTO accession negotiations include assurances research areas. Poster presentations. Symposium sponsors. that will formalize access to the Chinese market–the largest Oral presentation abstracts. Poster presentation abstracts. growth market for soy in the 21st century–and includes Schedule-at-a-glance. commitments to expand access over the next few years. Note: E-mail from Mark Messina. 2017 Sept. 29. “+ Based on the announced WTO Accession Terms “Bill, Here is the program including abstracts for the 9th for Agriculture, there will be no tariff rate quota (TRQ) for symposium which was held in DC in 2010. That was the last soybeans, and the duty is bound at the current applied level one. of 3%. The agreement stated that soybean oil will be subject “I believe there might have been 160 in attendance to a 9% duty and the TRQ quantity will be based on average but only about 40 or so were paid admissions. The rest 1995-97 calendar year imports calculated on the basis of data were speakers and representatives of companies that were from Oil World. Soybean oil also will be designated a “most- sponsors. The information presented was top notch but it was favored-oil”–meaning that any permanent or temporary duty clear this conference was no longer economically viable. The reduction provided to other oils also will be extended to fi rst one in 1994 had 300 attendees and the third one in 1999 soy oil. ASA also began an extension policy effort in 1999 had 600. to promote approval of Permanent Normal Trade Relations “There were lots of reasons for the demise of the (PNTR) with China, which the U.S. Congress was scheduled conference. One is that soy had lost much of its luster in to debate in 2000. the opinion of the food industry. Non-soy food companies “+ ASA counted among its accomplishments the lifting were no longer interested in coming out with soy products. of sanctions on the sale of U.S. food to Iran, Sudan and Another was that travel budgets really tightened so Libya. ASA continued to work to expand sanctions relief academics had to be very judicious in the way they used

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 454 their funds. If you could only go to one or two meetings a of the joint venture while Bunge owned the remaining 28 year and you were doing work on soy and cancer, you would percent. end up going to a cancer meeting not to the soy meeting. “’DuPont is committed to nutrition and health. This Remember that the meeting might have only one session on investment in Solae, along with the acquisition of Danisco cancer so if your focus was cancer most of the meeting was last year, has signifi cantly added to our leadership position irrelevant to your interests...” in food ingredients,’ said DuPont Executive Vice President James C. Borel. ‘Solae’s scientifi c expertise and market 1061. Hughes, Glenna J.; Ryan, D.J.; Mukherjea, R.; leadership in soy is a critical element in our plans to enhance Schasteen, C.S. 2011. Protein digestibility-corrected the quality and quantity of food for a growing global amino acid scores (PDCAAS) for soy protein isolates and population.’” concentrate: criteria for evaluation. J. of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59(23):12707-712. Dec. [22 ref] 1064. Natoli, Cori Anne. 2012. DuPont gets full stake in • Summary: “Protein quality, as determined by the PDCAAS soy business: Solae started as joint venture in 2003. News method, is a measure of a protein’s ability to provide Journal (The) (Wilmington, Delaware). May 2. p. A10, A12. adequate levels of essential amino acids for human needs. • Summary: DuPont has acquired the remaining 28% of PDCAAS is calculated using an amino acid profi le and true Solae from its partner Bunge Ltd. DuPont “is keeping a digestibility of a food protein.” Three different isolated soy keen focus on Danisco and Solae, which are tied to its proteins (ISP) and one soy protein concentrate (SPC) were global mission to address megatrends in food production compared. The reasons for the small difference in scores is and health,...” DuPont’s investment in these two companies discussed. All are approximately equal in quality for humans has signifi cantly added to its leadership in food ingredients. compared to animal protein. Address: Solae, LLC, 4300 Address: The News Journal staff. Duncan Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. 1065. SoyaScan Notes. 2012. Chronology of major soy- 1062. INTSOY. 2012. 2012 INTSOY Processing and related events and trends during 2012 (Overview). Dec. 31. marketing soybeans for meat, dairy, baking and snack Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. applications, June 3-8: A unique opportunity to gain hands- • Summary: May 1–DuPont, which previously owned 72% on experience & practical knowledge about soybeans of Solae, acquires full ownership of Solae by purchasing (Leafl et). Urbana, Illinois. 9 panels. Each panel: 28. Single Bunge’s portion for $440 million. sided. Black and white. Sept. 1–Keith Spackler replaces Marty Reagan as • Summary: This printout of an e-mail announces a 5-day the new CEO and general manager (GM) of AGP (Ag course ($1,500 for 1 attendee). The program now has 26 Processing Inc a cooperative). corporate sponsors (listed alphabetically with the logo Dec. 31–During 2012 Soyinfo Center published ten of each): ADM, Clarkson Grain, Clextral Group, Crown, major digital books, mostly about fermented soyfoods, on Devansoy, French [Oil Mill Machinery Co.], General Mills, Google Books. Each one contains many color photos and is Harvest Innovations, House Foods America Corporation, free of charge. Illinois Soybean Association, Insta-Pro, NEI–Natural Enrichment Industries, NPI–Natural Products, Inc. ProSoya. 1066. Iowa Soybean Review (Iowa Soybean Association, SavInd (formerly Bar N.A.). Silk, The Solae Co., Soyatech, Ankeny, Iowa). 2012. WISHH: Helping people and building Soyfoods Association of North America. Soyjoy. SunOpta. markets. 24(3):12. Dec. United Soybean Board. USSEC. Wenger. WISHH. World • Summary: The group learned from DuPont / Solae offi cials Soy Foundation. that “close to 4,000 metric tons of soy isolates (ISP) were Course highlights. Who should attend? Course schedule imported to South Africa in 2011.” (preliminary agenda). Sponsors. Address: National Soybean In Uganda and Ghana, WISHH cooperators are Research Lab. (NSRL), 1101 W. Peabody Dr., Urbana, processing “textured soy protein into snacks, as well as Illinois 61801. Phone: (217) 244-1706. blends for meals and fl our for baking.” The products are well accepted. Jim Hershey, Executive Director of WISHH, 1063. DuPont. 2012. DuPont acquires full ownership of says “We’ve forged important linkages throughout the soy Solae: Soy-based ingredients leader will help feed a growing value chain, both in the U.S. and overseas. For example, population (News release). Wilmington, Delaware: 1 p. May our strategic partners in Africa are now repeat customers for 1. U.S. soy...” This work is “funded by the U.S. government, • Summary: “Wilmington, Delaware–DuPont today soybean checkoff and industry. announced that the company has acquired from Bunge full “WISHH work in Afghanistan: In 2010, the USDA ownership of the Solae, LLC joint venture, a soy-based announced that the WISHH program and three partnering ingredients leader. DuPont previously owned 72 percent organizations would receive a cooperative agreement for

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 455 work in Afghanistan. 2013. Comparative study about some physical properties, in “Through USDA’s Food for Progress Program, vitro digestibility and immunoreactivity of soybean protein WISHH and its partners have established Afghanistan’s fi rst isolate for infant formula. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition commercial soybean value chain as part of the Soybeans in 68(2):124-30. June. [30 ref] Agricultural Renewal of Afghanistan Initiative (SARAI). • Summary: “Abstract: The objective of this study was As a result, Iowa-made processing equipment from Insta- to determine molecular weight subunit distributions of Pro now has soybeans from Afghanistan as well as Ohio, soy protein isolate (SPI) by SDS-PAGE and gel size Michigan and other states fl owing through it. An Afghan exclusion chromatography, and further to investigate the company provided the land and the building as well as differences of thixotropy, viscosity, in vitro digestibility employs the staff. and immunoreactivity of SPI for infant formula produced “People and livestock benefi t from the high-protein soy in Chinese domestic companies and world famous SPI fl our, soy meal and the crude soybean oil produced at the manufacturers such as Dupont and Fuji. The molecular Mazar-e-Sharif manufacturing facility. An Afghan dairy, subunit distributions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Kefayat Farms, made the fi rst purchase of 10 metric tons of gel size exclusion chromatography, indicating that Solae soybean meal for its herd of 140 Holstein cows. Farmhands and Fuji were hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes. The soon noted the cows producing two to three additional liters thixotropy of Fuji and Solae signifi cantly reduced around of milk a day, and the milk quality was noticeably improved by 95%, compared with those of Mantianxue and Dupont so customers were willing to pay more. Zhengzhou. The allergen contents of Fuji and Solae “A solid supply of soybeans is key to the processing strikingly decreased by 60 and 84% respectively, in contrast plant serving as a reliable source to its customers. to that of Mantianxue. The in vitro protein digestibility of Throughout the three-year project, more than 200,000 Solae at the end of pepsin and trypsin digestion markedly bushels of U.S. soybeans will augment local production increased by 11.7 and 11.3%, respectively, in comparison to processed in the plant. Perdue Grain and Oilseed’s 2011 sale those of Mantianxue. Suitable enzymatic hydrolyzed SPIs exemplifi es how U.S. soybeans contribute to the processing showed lower thixotropy, viscosity, immunoreactivity and plant being a steady supplier of soy products in Afghanistan. higher in vitro protein digestibility than those from the other “In 2011, the project also assisted 891 Afghan farmers, SPIs. The lower thixotropy indicates low diffi culty or shear including 91 women, in producing the country’s fi rst stress in swallowing for infants. The lower immunoreactivity commercial crop of soybeans on a total of approximately will improve the safety of SPI for cow milk allergic babies.” 450 acres. This year, 3,325 Afghan farmers, including 300 Address: State Key Lab. of Food Science and Technology, women, are planting soybeans through SARAI.” School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, China. 1067. INTSOY. 2013. 2013 INTSOY Short Course: Processing and marketing soybeans for meat, dairy, baking 1069. Nordquist, Ted. 2014. Re: Thoughts about the and snack applications, June 2-7: A unique opportunity to Soyfoods Association of North American (SANA). Letter gain hands-on experience & practical knowledge about (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, July 30. 1 p. soybeans (Leafl et). Urbana, Illinois. 8 panels + 1 panel insert • Summary: Devansoy and I tried for many years to design Each panel: 23 x 15.1 cm. Front and back. Glossy color. and implement a Non-GMO Organic category at SANA. As • Summary: Announces a 5-day course ($1,500 for 1 President for a few years and on the Technical Committee attendee). The program now has 24 corporate sponsors throughout our membership, I really pushed this. The result (listed alphabetically with the logo of each): ADM, Clarkson was somewhat of a confrontation with the big donors/ Grain, Clextral Group, Crown, Devansoy, French [Oil Mill members (Dean Foods, Dupont/Solae, United Soybean Machinery Co.], Harvest Innovations, House Foods America Board, etc.) regarding hexane solvent based soyfoods vs. Corporation, Illinois Soybean Association, Insta-Pro, Kays organic soyfoods. In the end both Devansoy and WholeSoy Naturals, NEI–Natural Enrichment Industries, NPI–Natural left SANA because we felt membership actually hurt Products, Inc. ProSoya. SavInd (formerly Bar N.A.). our reputation/integrity rather than helping. Cornucopia The Solae Co., Soyatech, Soyfoods Association of North published information about hexane related issues with America. SunOpta. United Soybean Board. USSEC. Wenger. soyfoods, and we wanted to distance ourselves from these WISHH. World Soy Foundation. companies/products. “That is the story today. We want our Course highlights. Who should attend? Course schedule money to go to labeling GMOs in food and supporting (preliminary agenda). Sponsors. Address: National Soybean organic agriculture, not supporting the perpetrators of Research Lab. (NSRL), 1101 W. Peabody Dr., Urbana, commercial mono-agriculture and GE food. Nancy Chapman Illinois 61801. Phone: (217) 244-1706. always pushed for ‘soyfood’ is good for everybody. I do not support that belief. I believe biotechnology is probably 1068. Li, Hujing; Zhu, K.; Zhou, H.; Peng, W.; Guo, X. the highest risk for human pain and suffering as well as

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 456 destroying the ‘balance’ in nature. Since GE soybeans Manchuria. Bollmann immediately recognized the potential contribute so much to the pain and suffering at 94% of of soybean oil and by 1911 had (presumably with his father’s US agriculture and United Soybean Board, Monsanto and help) constructed the plant Die Hansa Muhle (The Hansa WISHH succeeded in making South Africa 100% GE Mill) in Hamburg. soybeans, I want no part of it!” Address: TAN Industries, “Bollmann was not the fi rst to look into lecithin. Inc., 353 Sacramento St., Suite 1120, San Francisco, Heinrich Buer (1875-1962) began to search for replacements California 94111. for egg yolk as a lecithin source and began research on soybeans in 1909 and received a US Patent in 1912. The 1070. Schroeder, Eric. 2014. Matthias Heinzel to head Buer process consisted of boiling leguminous seeds with DuPont Nutrition & Health (Web article). Food Business alcohol to recover lecithin. However, his interest was not News Dec. 5. to commercialize lecithin for mass production but rather • Summary: “Wilmington, Delaware–Matthias Heinzel to promote its therapeutic benefi ts. Prior to 1910 some 15 has been named president of DuPont Nutrition & Health, medicinal lecithin preparations were marketed in Europe. effective Jan. 1, 2015. He will succeed Craig F. Binetti, who Lecithin sources included egg yolks, brains and bone is retiring following 38 years of service to the company. marrow. (Wendel, Inform, 2000) Many of the products “’Matthias brings global business experience with a contained other ingredients as well (hemoglobin, albumin, proven success record in building competitive advantage, cod liver oil, wine). Buer and his son, Carl received 20 setting strategy and direction and creating profi table growth,’ patents (3 US) and introduced pure lecithin in 1930. The said James C. Borel, executive vice-president. ‘He will help product was made from commercial de-oiled soy lecithin. drive the Nutrition & Health business as a leading food Buer was convinced of the health benefi ts of lecithin and ingredients and food safety solutions provider to the food published a book on the subject. By the end of World War and beverages industries worldwide.’” 2 Buer introduced additional products still known today as Buer Lecithin. The Buer company was taken over by 1071. List, Gary R. 2014. Giants of the past: Hermann Pfi zer and ultimately by Roland Lipoid KG. Although others Bollmann (1880-1934), Bruno Rewald (1882-1947), entered the lecithin pharmaceutical fi eld Buer can claim to be Heinrich Buer (1875-1962), Stroud Jordan (1885-1947), the father of that industry. Percy Julian (1899-1975), Joseph Eichberg (1906- “Bollmann received a number of US and German 1997). http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/History/content. patents on the recovery of lecithin from soybean and other cfm?ItemNumber=41089. 4 p. seed oils (US 1 464 557, 1923; 1 667 767, 1928). The • Summary: “Lecithin is the most important by product of experimental work was carried out in the laboratory with a the oilseed processing industry. In the US alone nearly 100 solvent system containing alcohol, benzene and petroleum million kilograms annually are used in a host of foods and ether. Whereas hexane alone will remove about 50% of non-food applications. the soybean phosphatides, Bollmann’s reagent give nearly “The origins and development of the modern lecithin complete extraction. Knowing that his solvent system could and pharmaceutical industries can be traced back to the work never be adopted commercially, Bollmann designed and of three German technologists beginning over a hundred patented a solvent extraction system based on soybean fl akes years ago. Bollmann and Rewald developed the extraction moving continuously through a solvent bed while contained technology while Buer brought lecithin to the pharmaceutical in baskets. Although the US Patent 1 414 154 ‘Extraction of arena. Not only did the industries thrive in Europe but fat and oil from raw materials’ was issued in 1922, Bollmann eventually in the United States as well. Although many US fi led applications in Germany (1916, 1918), Belgium (1919), chemists and technologists contributed to the growth of the Norway (1919), the Netherlands, (1919), Austria (1919), lecithin industry, three stand out from the 1930-1945 era. Sweden (1919), Switzerland and Czechoslovakia (1919). In (Jordan, Julian, Eichberg). total, Bollmann held 17 US Patents. Bollmann extraction “Hermann Bollmann was born in Hamburg Germany in plants were very popular in the US during the 1930-1950 era. 1880. Bollmann’s parents were wealthy and he was sent to Coconut, peanut, rapeseed, linseed, sunfl ower, and soybeans a private school where he was told to leave school at age 17 could be processed (100 tons/day) with a residual oil of 1% because he had learned everything being taught. or less. In the mid 1930’s a 400 ton/day Bollmann plant “From about 1910 until his death in 1934, his was constructed to process soybeans by solvent extraction. contributions to the fats and oils industry are well Material balance data demonstrated excellent extraction documented. There is no doubt that Bollmann and Bruno effi ciency and solvent recovery (see Kruse et al., Ind. Eng. Rewald were the fathers of the modern lecithin industry. Chem. 40 (1948) 186). This plant was the fi rst to process Although soybeans had been grown for thousands of years in lecithin from soybeans extracted with hexane. After the China, their entrance into Europe and North America did not removal of the solvent the crude oil was treated with water occur until about 1910 when Bollmann imported beans from and steam followed by separation of the coagulated lecithin

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 457 by centrifugation. The process produced lecithin free of bitter lecithin applications arena. Jordan held a number of positions taste. A patent was issued to Sorensen and Beal (US 2 024 including chief chemist for a large candy manufacturer, as 398, 1935) with the rights assigned to ALC. managing director of the Applied Sugar Laboratory and “Bollmann played a major role in the development of established the Stroud Jordan Laboratories in New York the American lecithin industry. About 1928, Joseph Eichberg City. Jordan fi nished his career (1938-1947) as director of (1906-1997) learned of the Hansa Mill and a few years later research for the American Sugar Refi ning Laboratory. Jordan visited the mill and proposed to Bollmann that he would recognized the potential of lecithin in candy. Between 1932 represent Hansa in the US. In 1928 Hansa and Rewald and 1942 he received a number of US patents on water visited the US to discuss the patents held by Hansa. By 1930 dispersible lecithin, viscosity lowering preparations, lecithin- The American Lecithin Company (ALC) was formed with based fl avoring, and bakery products based on lecithin. rights to distribute lecithin in the United States. Prior to 1934 Early in his career Jordan worked on tobacco and received a all imported lecithin came from Hansa and was distributed patent for toasting which was used to produce ‘Lucky Strike’ by ALC and Ross and Rowe. In that year ADM and Glidden cigarettes. The American Candy Technologists presents an constructed plants to produce lecithin and by then Hansa Achievement Award in his name. had gone bankrupt and changed hands. Apparently the US “A considerable amount of lecithin research was producers formed a patent holding licensing agreement with conducted by Percy Julian (1899-1975, a Fellow of the stock in ALC which was eventually terminated by mutual National Academy of Sciences) a chemist and director consent in 1946. of research at the Glidden Co. (1936-1954). Julian held a “Hansa was deeply affected by the great depression of number of lecithin patents including the function of lecithin 1929 and the entrance of other companies into the lecithin in chocolate as a viscosity modifi er. Other discoveries market. Hansa declared bankruptcy and was acquired included granular de-oiled and alcohol-fractionated lecithins. by another company (GmbH). As a result Bollmann was (Davis and Iveson, US 2 910 362, 1959) Julian left Glidden demoted from his position as director and left the Company. in 1954 and a few years later Central Soya leased the Bollmann attempted to start over but his patents were owned Glidden Chemurgy Division and purchased it outright in by others. Ironically Bollmann died in 1934 while visiting 1961. Alcohol fractionated products were discontinued but the patent offi ce in Berlin. the de-oiled product remained on the market trademarked as “Bruno Rewald (1882-1947) played a major role in the ‘Centrolex.’ Eventually Central Soya became Solae and the lecithin industry as an assistant to Bollmann at Hansa and de-oiled lecithin became Solec™ and remains on the market. had worked to form the ALC with Eichberg. Rewald had “Joseph Eichberg along with Bollmann and Rewald promoted the growing of soybeans in the Balkans with little played a central role in bringing the lecithin industry to success. Nonetheless he recognized the potential of soybean the US through the formation of the American Lecithin lecithin in non-food applications. Born in Germany Rewald Company (ALC) in 1930. ALC became the distributor of moved to England in 1933 where he helped build a lecithin lecithin in the US. However, by 1935, several lecithin plants plant. Rewald visited the US a number of times (1928, 1946 were operational under a patent licensing agreement between and 1947) as a consultant to the industry and to promote ALC, Hansa, ADM and Glidden. The Glidden plant was soybeans and lecithin as food ingredients. Rewald died in destroyed by a fi re and explosion from a hexane leak in Minneapolis on his fi nal trip to the US. It is safe to say that October 1935 but was quickly rebuilt. Eichberg held about Rewald had a hand in every known use for lecithin during a dozen patents most of which were directed at industrial his lifetime. As early as 1925, Bollmann found that lecithin uses of lecithin including corrosion inhibitors, metal improved the solubility of cocoa powder. By the end of the oxides in paints, coating compounds, pigment modifi cation 1920s Rewald showed that lecithin could reduce the amount and turpentine. Eichberg patented a unique method for of cocoa butter used in chocolates. ALC commercialized increasing the hydrophilic properties of commercial lecithin the product ‘Alcolec’ in 1929. It was advertised ‘Alcolec by treatment with yeast. These products showed improved saves cocoa butter, time, and power, lowers costs, improves emulsifi cation and anti-spattering properties in margarine working properties and quality, stabilizes viscosity, and (US 2 893 612). extends shelf life.’ Addition of lecithin to chocolate became “Notes and further reading: Much of the information state of the art and remains so today. An excellent review of given here is credited to Armin Wendel who published a lecithin in the chocolate industry is found in INFORM. (A. comprehensive history of the lecithin industries (INFORM Wendel, Vol. 12 pp. 821-823, 2001). 11 (2000) 885-897 and INFORM 12 (2001) 821-823) Wendel “Rewald held a number of US patents on lecithin uses is the managing director of Nattermann Phospholipids in a variety of industrial products including textiles, leather, GmbH, Cologne, Germany. rubber, meat, insecticides, egg yolk substitutes, stable “The patents of Bollmann, Rewald and Buer are matters emulsions, and nutritional foods. of public record and were examined by the author. The “Stroud Jordan (1885-1947) was an early worker in the number of patents (US and Foreign) issued to Bollmann,

Rewald, and Buer number about 65. marginal.” “Percy Julian was the fi rst black American chemist to Note: In Table 1 (p. 373), SPI A = soy protein isolate earn a doctorate in chemistry albeit in Vienna, Austria. He A (Supro XF; Solae); SPI B = soy protein isolate B (Supro was the fi rst to synthesize the alkaloid physostigmine which 670; Solae). Address: 1. Riddet Institute, Massey Univ., is considered a classic research accomplishment. Julian Palmerston North, New Zealand. pioneered work leading to the synthesis of sex hormones. His life story was documented in the ACS sponsored 1073. Zigmont, Randy. 2015. How Central Soya became part program ‘Percy Julian the forgotten genius.’ The program of DuPont Nutrition and Health (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. was aired on the Nova Series on public television [on 6 June 17. Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. Feb. 2007]. Dr. James Kenar wrote an article on Julian’s • Summary: In 2002 Bunge bought Cereol, SA, which remarkable career (See Giants of the Past INFORM, 19 pp. owned two oilseed processors in North America: Central 411-414). A detailed biography of Julian can be found on the Soya in the United States and CanAmera Foods in Canada. NAS Website (B. Witkop, Percy Lavon Julian 1899-1975, In about 2005 Bunge and DuPont created a new company Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, Vol. named Solae. DuPont owned Protein Technologies Inc. 52 pp. 223-266, 1980) which became their main contribution to the new group. “An account of the History of lecithin is given by Bunge contributed Central Soya. In about 2013 DuPont Shurtleff and Aoyagi (http://www.soyinfocenter.com). acquired a big emulsifi er company. At that time they “A biography of Stroud Jordan can be found on http:// separated from Bunge and DuPont created DuPont Nutrition www.ncpedia.org/biography/JordanStroud (William S. and Health. Address: Lipoid LLC. Phone: 203-751-5368. Powell, 1988).” Address: Formerly of–National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, U.S. Dep. of 1074. Gibson City Courier (Gibson City, Illinois). 2015. Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois USA. DuPont Gibson City celebrating 75th anniversary. July 8. p. A1, A2. 1072. Rutherfurd, Shane M.; Fanning, A.C.; Miller, B.J.; • Summary: “The Central Soya corporate name was changed Moughan, P.J. 2015. Protein digestibility-corrected amino to Solae in 2003, when its operation became part of the acid scores and digestible indispensable amino acid scores Bunge-DuPont joint venture. In 2012 DuPont purchased differentially describe protein quality in growing male rats. J. Bunge’s interest in Solae. The plant is now a part of DuPont of Nutrition 145(2):372-79. Feb. [28 ref] Nutrition & Health (N&H), a world leader in the food • Summary: “Background: The FAO has recommended industry,...” replacing the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score Today, DuPont N&H has more than 7,000 employees, (PDCAAS) with the digestible indispensable amino acid 50 manufacturing sites and 20 research and innovation score (DIAAS). centers worldwide. “Objective: The objective of this study was to compare aspects underlying the calculation of the DIAAS 1075. Wendel, Armin. 2015. Re: The largest soybean and PDCAAS, including (1) fecal digestibility vs. ileal crushers in Europe who sell their own lecithin. Letter digestibility, (2) using a single nitrogen digestibility value for (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Sept. 13–in all amino acids, and (3) the effect of truncation. Truncated reply to questions. 1 p. PDCAAS and untruncated DIAAS values calculated as • Summary: In the European market, soy lecithin is no formally defi ned were also compared and DIAAS data longer as popular as it was because of GMO [genetically presented for 14 dietary protein sources. engineered soybeans] and allergy to soy. “Results: True fecal nitrogen digestibility was different The main oilseed crushers in Europe are ADM, Bunge (P < 0.05; 10% difference on average) from true ileal and Cargill. nitrogen digestibility for 11 of the 14 protein sources. True The food industry in Europe now prefers rape- and ileal nitrogen digestibility was different (P < 0.05) from sunfl ower lecithin. Therefore the big oil mills (ADM, Bunge true ileal amino acid digestibility for almost half of the and Cargill) are crushing non-GMO soybeans (mostly indispensable and conditionally indispensable amino acids coming from South America or India), rapeseeds and (differences ranged from 0.9% to 400%). DIAAS values sunfl ower seeds (from Eastern Europe). ranged from 0.01 for a corn-based cereal to 1.18 for milk Companies modifying or fractionating lecithin are protein concentrate. mostly importing lecithin from USA, South America and “Conclusion: Untruncated PDCAAS values were India. generally higher than a DIAAS values, especially for the ADM sells lecithin under the trademarks Yelkin®, poorer quality proteins; therefore, the reported differences Beakin®, Performix™, Thermolec®, Ultralec®, and in the scores are of potential practical importance for Adlec™. populations in which dietary protein intake may be ADM sells deoiled lecithin under the trademark

Ultralec®. determine the fi nal quality of the lecithin.” Bunge sells their lecithin mostly through DuPont Page 5: Manufacturing process: “BungeMaxx lecithins (Danisco, Solae, former Central Soya) under the trademark are manufactured using a multitude of processes which may Solec® (liquid and deoiled lecithin). include fi ltration, standardisation, chemical or enzymatic To explain: Cereol bought Central Soya (CSY) many modifi cation and de-oiling. The molecular structure of years ago. lecithins can be changed by either enzymatic or chemical In July 2002 Bunge bought Cereol of France. means.” A large photo shows a woman about to eat a In 2003 Bunge, together with DuPont, integrated the chocolate bar. business of Cereol into the new company, Solae. Page 6: Application overview: Chocolate, bakery DuPont bought Danisco and integrated the Solae products, margarine and fats, chewing gum, instant products, business into Danisco. nutritional supplements. Cargill (which purchased Lucas Meyer, Degussa) (fl uid Page 7: Table of 15 BungeMaxx lecithin products (8 lecithin, deoiled lecithin, lecithin fractions): Topcithin, soy, 4 sunfl ower, 3 rapeseed) with the product number and Lecigran, Epikuron, Metarin, Emulfl uid, Emulpur, Emultop, applications for each. Chocotop, Lecisoy, Lecimulthin. Page 8: Koninklikje Bunge B.V. (Rotterdam, To explain: In July 1999 Lucas Meyer (which sold Netherlands), Bunge Agribusiness (Singapore), Bunge mostly lecithin) was acquired by the nature products division Argentina S.A. (Buenos Aires). of SKW Trostberg (a specialty chemical company). In 1998 Note 1. Although Bunge is a global company, its Lucas Meyer has almost 250 employees, 140 of them in headquarters in White Plains, New York, USA is not Germany, and generated sales of DM160 million ($83.5 mentioned in this promotional report. million). The business was then integrated into Degussa–a 2. Letter (e-mail) from Armin Wendel, lecithin expert large German company with a long history. Degussa sold the from Germany. Shurtleff asked Wendel: Is Bunge really business to Cargill. Cargill bought the lecithin business from “the world’s largest manufacturer of lecithin”–as they say? Riceland. Wendel replies: Monsanto, with their introduction of GMO soybeans, “Bunge has the most soy processing plants and therefore has had a very negative infl uence in the lecithin business and the possibility to produce the most lecithin. industry. Address: Germany. “But they never where big in selling lecithin by themselves. 1076. Bunge Ltd. 2015. Experience the next level of “In the past they sold their lecithin to Central Soya lecithins! BungeMaxx (Internet resource). Weena 320, 3012 (CSY)–later they bought CSY. NJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 8 p. Dec. 15. www.bunge. “Then they formed an alliance with DuPont, creating com. Solae. But when DuPont bought Danisco [in May 2011, of • Summary: Page 2: Top half is a bowl of granular lecithin. Copenhagen, Denmark] they tried to integrate the lecithin Bottom half: “Starting a new era of lecithins: BungeMaxx business into Danisco. is a globally standardized product line, made from soya, “Bunge was never happy with this relationship; that is rapeseeds, and sunfl ower seeds. “Individual products in the the reason why they now build their lecithin business under assortment of BungeMaxx can be offered in higher purity BungeMaxx (only outside the US; in the US they are still as ‘Transparent and Clear.’ Additional fi ltration ensures that bound to DuPont) these products are amongst the best available on the market “See attachments–that may help you to understand the today.” Get to know more about the next generation quality history.” lecithins–made by Bunge, the world’s largest manufacturer Armin attaches 6 documents. Address: The Netherlands. of lecithin.” Phone: +31 (0) 10 217 66 58. Page 3: Bunge lecithins at a glance: Sustainable raw materials (no mention of genetic engineering). Bunge is 1077. Dow Chemical Co. 2017. DowDuPont merger working with The Nature Conservancy in Brazil to improve successfully completed (Web article). https://corporate. the sustainability of production agriculture, and with Srijan dow.com/en-us/news/press-releases/dowdupont- in India to help smallholders increase their soybean yields merger-successfully-completed.html#:~:text=%2D%20 and improve their businesses. State of the art processing. September%2001%2C%202017%20%2D%20 BungeMaxx–Specialty lecithins for food applications. DowDuPont,31%2C%202017 2 p. Retrieved 9 Sept. 2020. Page 4: Product range. The crude oil “is heated and • Summary: DowDupont today announced the successful mixed with water. The water binds to the phospholipids completion of a merger of equals between The Dow and forms a sludge which is then separated in high- Chemical Company (“Dow”) and E.I. du Pont de Nemours speed centrifuges. The lecithin is subsequently refi ned & Company (“DuPont”), effective Aug. 31, 2017. The and standardised. Filtration steps in this process can help combined company is operating as a holding company under

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 460 the name ‘DowDuPont™’ with three divisions–Agriculture, “Evans Milling Co. Materials Science and Specialty Products. “By: Edw. D. Evans “Lafayette Milling Co. 1078. Seibert, Jeanne. 2019. Re: Founding and early history “By: B.C. Williams of NSPA. Letter (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at Soyinfo “Armstrong Paint & Varnish Works. Center, July 17. 1 p. “By: R.G. Dahlberg • Summary: “Here is the information that I was able to fi nd: “Falk & Co. “Sometime in early 1930, several soy bean crusher “By: D. Lewis manufacturers met in Chicago to discuss the fi rst rules to “Central States Chemical Co. govern the purchase and sale of soy bean oil. “By: Walter C. Flumerfelt “In May 1930 at the fi rst general meeting of the group “List of Witness Signatures: the term “soybean” (one word not two) was adopted. At “Ralston Purina Co.–E.F. Johnson this same meeting, Code of Ethics and Constitution and By- “Standard Soybean Mills–H.R. Schultz Laws were presented by the Chairman of the Organization “Central Soya Co., Inc.–H.D. Egly Committee, Otto Eisenschiml (Scientifi c Oil Compounding “Spencer Kellogg & Sons Sales Corp.–J. Johnson Co.) and adopted. Trading Rules were presented by Trading “Iowa Millings Co.–Joe Sinaiko Rules Committee Chairman, Harry Haze of Harry Haze, Inc. “Illinois Soy Products - and adopted. “The Larrowe Milling Co.–F.W. Thomas “The Articles of Incorporation were granted from the “National Mills Inc.–J.H. Ball State of Illinois in May of 1936. “Plymouth Processing Mills - “I have attached the list of representatives and their “Buckeye Cotton Oil Co.–M. Knapp respective companies to this email. Some of the names “J.B.D. Hauler–Allied Mills Inc. may be misspelled because I had to create them from the “Funk Bros. Seed Co.–E.D. Funk Jr. individual’s handwriting. I cannot provide any copies “A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co.–E.K. Scheiter because what we have in archive are very thin ‘onion skin’ “Archer Daniels Midland Company–Whitney Eastman carbon copies and the high resolution copiers of today cannot “Shellabarger Grain Products Co.–John read them. All you get is a dark shadow on the page. “National Soybean Processors Association “Unfortunately, I was unable to fi nd any information “Members: prior to 1930 nor was I able to fi nd the publication on soy “Allied Mills, Inc. J.B. DeHaven Board of Trade Bldg., fl our. Chicago “I did fi nd a very interesting article on Gene A.E. “American Soya Products Corp. H.O. McCutchan Stanley from American Magazine dated June 1926, which Evansville, Ind. I have attached too. This is a photocopy of a copy, which is “Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. W.H. Eastman Box 603, why parts are cut off. I do not have the original clipping. Milwaukee, Wis. “Good luck with your research and book.” “Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. W. Youtsey Cincinnati, Ohio Attachment 1: “Cairo Meal & Cake Co. A.T. Madra Cairo, Illinois “May 21, 1930 “Central Soya Co., Inc. H.D. Egly Ft. Wayne, Ind. “Underwriting of original By-Laws, Code of Ethics, and “Funk Bros. Seed Co. E.D. Funk Jr. Bloomington, Ill. Trading Rules are established. Firms followed by company “The Glidden Co. W.G. Dickinson 2670 Elston Ave., attendee are listed below. Chicago “Archer-Daniels-Midland Company “Illinois Soy Products Co. I.D. Sinaiko Springfi eld, Ill. “By: W.H. Eastman “Iowa Milling Co. Joe Sinaiko Cedar Rapids, Iowa “Allied Mills Inc. “Larrowe Milling Co. F.W. Thomas Detroit, Mich., Box “By: H.G. Atwood 68, N. End. Station “Staley Sales Corporation “I.F. Laucks, Inc. H.F. Armstrong Portsmouth, Va. “By: H.T. Morris “National Mills, Inc. J.H. Ball Quincy, Ill. “Funk Bros. Seed Co. “Norris Grain Co. E.M. Gallup Board of Trade Bldg., “By: I.C. Bradley Chicago “Scientifi c Oil Company Co. “Old Fort Mills, Inc. G.A. Holland Marion, Ohio “By: Otto Eisenschiml “Plymouth Processing Mills C.J. Simmons Ft. Dodge, “Spencer Kellogg & Sons Sales Corp. Iowa “By: Robt. G. Bennet “Ralston–Purina Co. J.H. Caldwell St. Louis, Missouri “Shellabarger Grain Products Co. “Shellabarger Grain Prod. Co. W.L. Shellabarger “By: W.L. Shellabarger Decatur, Ill.

“Soy Bean Processing Co. W.E. Flumerfelt Waterloo, had “about 370 employees in St. Louis and 2,400 globally.” Iowa “Spencer-Kellogg & Sons Sales J.E. Johnson 105 W. 1080. Dawson, Wayne. 2020. Re: Genealogy: The pedigree Adams St, Chicago, Ill. of William H. Danforth–founder of Ralston Purina Co. Letter “A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. E.K. Scheiter Decatur, Ill. (e-mail) to William Shurtleff at Soyinfo Center, Aug. 30. 2 p. “Standard Soybean Mills H.R. Schultz Centerville, Iowa “Ralph Wells & Co. Ralph Wells Monmouth, Ill. “Clinton Company E.W. Myers Clinton, Iowa “Associate Members: “Barlett Frazier Co. 111 W. Jackson Blvd. “Chicago, Ill. “Cummings & McAlister 30 E. Broad Street Columbus, Ohio “Harry Haze, Inc. 435 N. Michigan Ave. Chicago, Ill. “Procter & Johnson 520 N. Michigan Ave. Chicago, Ill. • Summary: For a genealogy of this family, please see the “H.L. Raclin, Inc. 135 S. LaSalle St. Chicago, Ill. next 3 pages. “Roesling, Monroe & Co. 327 S. LaSalle St. Chicago, “William H. Danforth (the subject of your book) Ill. “was the son of “Scientiﬁ c Oil Compounding Co. 1637 S. Kilbourn Ave. “Albert Hampton Danforth Chicago, Ill. [Scientiﬁ c Oil Compounding Co.] “was the son of “Snow Brokerage Co. 221 N. LaSalle St. Chicago, Ill. “Leander Foster Danforth and his wife, Jane Woodfork “Soy Bean Products Co. 4900 W. Flournoy St. Chicago, Jones, the people in the item I sent you. Ill. Note: As part of this record is a page of birth scanned “Stein, Hall Mfg. Co. 2841 S. Ashland Ave. Chicago, Ill. from a Bible. “Sterne & Sons Co. 332 S. LaSalle St. Chicago, Ill. Also this note by Dorothy Renaud. “William Danforth, “Wilbur-Ellis, Inc. 141 W. Jackson Blvd. Chicago, Ill. founder of Ralston Purina Co. and my grandmother, Byrd “Zimmerman-Alderson-Carr Co. 105 W. Adams St. Danforth were 1st cousins. Byrd’s father, Levi Danforth, Chicago, Ill. and William’s father, Albert Hampton Danforth, were “Special Associate Members: brothers. Levi and Albert were sons of Leander and Jane “Dr. Roger Adams University of Illinois Urbana, Ill. Jones Danforth. The Danforths came to Mississippi County, “Dr. H.E. Barnard Farm Chemurgic Council Dearborn, Missouri, from Henderson County, Kentucky, in the 1850s. Michigan. Leander was in the marble business and both he and Jane are “K.E. Beeson Purdue Experiment Station W. Lafayette, buried here in Mississippi County.” Address: Genealogist, Indiana. Tucson, Arizona. “Dr. W.L. Burlison University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 1081. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2020. Ralston Purina “Dr. A.A. Horvath, P.O. Box 385 Newark, Delaware. (Web article). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralston_Purina 2 “H.W. Irwin Swift & Co., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, p. Retrieved Sept. 1. Illinois. • Summary: “For the Ralston portion of the now defunct “Dr. H.R. Kraybill Purdue University Lafayette, Ind. Ralston Purina Company, see Ralcorp. “Glen H. Pickard United Chemical & 4100 S. Ashland “Ralston Purina Company was a St. Louis, Missouri- Ave. based American animal feed, food and pet food company. “L.M. Tolman Organic Products Co. Chicago, Ill.” On December 12, 2001, it merged with Swiss food-giant Address: Secretary, National Oilseed Processors Assoc., Nestlé’s Friskies division to form Nestlé Purina PetCare 1300 L Street, NW #1020, Washington, DC 20006. Phone: Company. [1] 202-864-4365. “History: Ralston Purina (originally Ralston-Purina) traces its roots to 1894, when founder William H. Danforth 1079. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). 2019. established the animal feed company Purina Mills. Danforth, IFF to buy DuPont’s nutrition unit. Dec. 17. p. A7. formed a partnership with George Robinson; William • Summary: “New York-based International Flavors and Andrews, entered the business of feeding farm animals by Fragrances Inc. said it will buy DuPont Inc.’s nutrition & founding the Robinson-Danforth Commission Company. Its biosciences unit for $26.2 billion in a deal that will create a predominant brand for each animal was generally referred new combined company.” to as “Chow”; hence “Purina Horse Chow”, “Purina Dog In 2012 Solae LLC, a major soy ingredients company, Chow”, “Purina Cat Chow”, “Purina Rabbit Chow”, “Purina

Pig Chow”, and “Purina Monkey Chow”. brands. The company was spun off in 2000. “Later, the company began producing cereal, which “Ralston Purina purchased Continental Baking received endorsement by Webster Edgerly, founder of Company, makers of Wonder bread and Hostess cakes, from Ralstonism, to market Ralston breakfast cereals. Edgerly ITT in 1984. Ralston spun off Continental Baking Company, was at the time promoting the consumption of whole-grain subsequently bought by Interstate Brands Corporation (IBC) cereal. These cereals became so successful that the name of of Irving, Texas. the enterprise was changed in 1902 to the Ralston-Purina “Ralston Purina opened test market pizza stores called Company. [2] [3] Checkerboard Pizza in 1986. The format was similar to “In 1986, Ralston Purina sold Purina Mills, its US Domino’s and Little Caesars. They opened the stores in animal feed business, to British Petroleum. Purina Mills is markets such as Moorhead, Minnesota, to test how the now owned by Land O’Lakes. In 1994, the Ralston “human Midwestern market would accept the concept. They did well, food” operations of the Ralston Purina Company were spun but Ralston Purina decided not to enter the pizza franchise off into a new company called Ralcorp Holdings. In 1998, business and closed all pilots by late 1987. Ralston Purina spun off its international animal feed business “Ralston Purina owned and further developed the as Agribrands, which was acquired by Cargill in 2001. [4] Keystone ski resort in Colorado. “Checkerboard Flats” for The animal feed businesses continue to use the Purina and kids and beginners at Keystone [6] still bears their logo. In Chow brands, which Purina Mills and Cargill license for use 1993, Ralston Purina also bought Breckenridge ski area for in the US and internationally, respectively. an undisclosed amount, from Victoria U.S.A. Inc, a Japanese “Merger with Nestlé: Ralston Purina became the subject sporting goods retailer. [7]. However, both ski resorts were of an acquisition bid by Swiss-based Nestlé, whose Friskies sold in 1997 to Vail Resorts for $331 million. [8] brand was the other leading US brand of pet food. Nestlé “Ralston Purina also owned Jack in the Box fast food S.A. and Ralston Purina announced in January 2001 a restaurants from 1968 to 1985, [9] along with several high- defi nitive merger agreement. [5] Under the agreement, Nestlé end restaurants. [10] [11] acquired all of Ralston Purina’s (NYSE: RAL) outstanding “Ralston Purina owned Van Camp Sea Food Company shares for US$33.50 per share in cash. The offer represented from 1963 to 1988, a tuna cannery with Chicken of the Sea a premium of 36% over the closing price on Friday, January as its main product. [12] 12, 2001. The transaction had an enterprise value of US$10.3 “Ralston Purina owned an animal pharmaceutical billion ($10.0 billion equity plus $1.2 billion of net debt, company in the 1970s and 1980s. minus $0.9 billion of fi nancial investments). “Logo: Ralston Purina’s ‘checkerboard’ trademark was “Both corporations saw this major strategic transaction introduced in 1902. [13] [14] [15] It was inspired by William as the ideal way to benefi t from their combined know-how, Danforth’s childhood memory of a family dressed in clothing complementary strengths, and international presence in the made from the same bolt of checkerboard cloth. [16] The growing pet-care market. [citation needed] Several brands of company’s headquarters was called Checkerboard Square. pet food (e.g., “Meow Mix”) had to be divested separately Danforth used the design as the visualization of a concept put to meet antitrust concerns. Purina brands are now made and forth in his book I Dare You, in which he proposed that four marketed by a division of Nestlé (Nestlé Purina PetCare) key components in life (‘Physical’, ‘Mental’, ‘Social’, and which is still headquartered in St. Louis. ‘Religious’) need to be in balance, and one area was not to “While primarily a pet-food company, Ralston Purina develop at the expense of the others. [17] In 1921, the design also made some other pet-related products, such as Tidy inspired the design of feed that was pressed in cubes, called Cats brand and Yesterday’s News cat litter, which is made ‘checkers’. [18] from recycled newspaper, purchased from Edward Lowe See also: Industries in 1990. Also, Purina has honoured several “Louisville sewer explosions Canadian animals every year since 1968 in their Animal Hall “Ralcorp of Fame. The latest inductees included a police service dog “Purina Mills which “rushed and subdued an armed robber”. “References:” There are 18 references. “Acquisitions and diversifi cations: In 1977, Ralston “External Links:” There are 8 Purina acquired Missouri Arena Corporation and the St. Louis Blues National Hockey League franchise. During the 1082. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2020. Ralcorp (Web company’s ownership of the team, they changed the name article). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralcorp 2 p. Retrieved of the St. Louis Arena to the Checkerdome, refl ecting the Sept. 1. Ralston Purina logo. The franchise was sold to Harry Ornest • Summary: “Ralcorp Holdings is a manufacturer of various on July 27, 1983. food products, including breakfast cereal, cookies, crackers, “Ralston Purina purchased the Eveready Battery chocolate, snack foods, mayonnaise, pasta, and peanut butter. Company in 1986, owner of the Eveready and Energizer The company is based in St. Louis, Missouri. The majority

of the items Ralcorp makes are private-label, store-brand products, were marketed under this name. Ralcorp can trace products. It has over 9,000 employees. [1] Ralcorp has its its ancestry to 1898 when William H. Danforth of Purina headquarters in the Bank of America Plaza in downtown St. Mills, which made animal feeds, began making breakfast Louis. [2] cereal. He sought and received the endorsement of Webster “Native name: TreeHouse Private Brands, Inc. Edgerly (Dr. Ralston) who founded the Ralstonism social “Type: Subsidiary of TreeHouse Foods movement. [3] Ralston cereal became so successful that “Industry: Food production Purina Mills was renamed Ralston Purina in 1902. [4] “Founded 1994; 26 years ago in St. Louis, Missouri Ralston Purina also for many years produced the familiar (spun off from Ralston Purina). line of Chex and Cookie Crisp cold breakfast cereals. The “History and description: Originally part of Ralston animal and human food businesses were seemingly only Purina, the Ralston name was more associated with food tenuously related. In 1994, the human food business was for humans; soda crackers and a farina cereal, among other spun off to Ralcorp Holdings, operating as Ralston Foods,

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 467 which then sold its branded breakfast cereal lineup to Purina in 1902. General Mills and its Continental Baking division (Wonder “1926: Purina establishes the fi rst pet [sic, farm animal] Bread and Twinkies) to Interstate Bakeries. The Purina part nutrition and care center at Purina Farms near Gray Summit, of the company is now split. The pet-food company sold to Missouri, to confi rm the palatability and nutrition of its pet Nestlé is now called Nestlé Purina PetCare. The livestock- [sic] foods. It has since evolved into the Nestle Purina Pet feed company is called Purina Mills, LLC, and is a unit of Care Center in Northwest Missouri. Land O’Lakes. Ralcorp manufactures many store-brand “1933: On a recommendation from Massachusetts foods that are sold in grocery outlets across the United States General Hospital, the dogs on Admiral Richard E. Byrd’s under the retailers’ private labels. In late 2007, Ralcorp Antarctic expedition eat Purina Dog Chow Checkers, and signed an agreement with Kraft Foods to acquire the Post thrive in the harsh conditions.” Cereals brands, thus returning to the major-branded cereal “1986: Ralston sells the Purina Mills animal feed business. The acquisition was completed August 4, 2008. [5] business... Another brand name product Ralcorp makes and markets is “2001 Dec. 12: Nestle acquires Ralston Purina, helping Ry-Krisp crisp bread. to expand the availability of Purina products to pets and pet “Purchase by ConAgra: In 2011, Ralcorp received an owners all over the world.” offer for the company from ConAgra Foods. Ralcorp resisted the attempt. Ralcorp also announced it was spinning off its 1084. Spots at front of book: History of modern soy protein Post Foods unit. [6] The spinoff was completed in 2012. ingredients. 2020. [7] On November 27, 2012, ConAgra offi cials announced • Summary: (a) A container of GNC isolated soy protein. they were purchasing Ralcorp, pending Ralcorp shareholder (b) The Solae logo. (c) Granular textured soy protein. (d) approval, for about $4.95 billion. Stockholders of Ralcorp A soybean crushing plant with many tall silos for storing Holdings Inc. would receive $90 per share. The acquisition soybeans. (e-f) Textured soy protein. (g) TVP brand textured was completed in January 2013. [8] As a result, ConAgra soy fl our. (h) Eighth-Continent soymilk made with Solae® is the largest private-label packaged food business in the isolated soy protein. United States. [9] “Purchase by TreeHouse Foods, Inc: Feb. 1, 2016 1085. Spots at front of book: Ralston Purina and the TreeHouse Foods announced that it completed the Danforth family. 3000. acquisition of ConAgra Foods’ private brands operations. • Summary: Family in which William Henry Danforth was “TreeHouse paid $2.7 billion in cash plus transaction a child (a-d). Family in which William Henry Danforth was expenses for the business and fi nanced the transaction a parent (e-g). Family in which Donald E. Danforth was a through the closing of its previously announced offerings of parent (h-j). Solae logo and company (k-l). Family in which $775 million in aggregate principal senior notes due 2024 Senator John Claggett Danforth was a parent. Portrait of with a 6.0% annual interest rate and common stock issuance William Henry Danforth during World War I from Purina of 13.3 million shares at a price of $65 per share (which website (1880-1971) (m). Ralston Purina letterhead in March includes the exercise, in full, of the overallotment option), 1991 (n). Ralston Purina letterhead in March 1996 (o). aggregating $862.5 million in gross proceeds. The remainder of the purchase price was fi nanced under the Company’s 1086. SoyaScan Notes. 2020. Soyfoods big ventures wish revolving credit facility.” [10] The rumor of the deal was list (Overview). Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo fi rst broke in October 2015. According to a FoodProcessing. Center. com article from 10/23/2015: “TreeHouse Foods is rumored • Summary: The Soyfoods Association should team up to be in advanced talks to purchase the Ralcorp business with other interested parties (such as Protein Technologies from ConAgra Foods in a deal valued at $2.5 to $2.7 billion, International) and petition the FDA to outlaw the use of the according to a report from Reuters.” This was a huge loss term “non-dairy” on the label of (or otherwise in connection from the $5.1 Billion ConAgra paid for Ralcorp two years with) products which contain sodium caseinate or any other earlier. [11]” product derived from cow’s milk. This would open the way Subsidiaries: Many. References: 23. to many new soy-based dairylike products. A joint venture with a Japanese company such as Sendai 1083. Purina through the years (Website printout). 2020. Miso Shoyu to brew Japanese-style shoyu in America in https://www.purina.com/about-purina 2 p. Retrieved 1 Sept. the traditional way. Large amounts are now imported from 2020. Japan. • Summary: 1894: William H. Danforth, partnering with George Robinson and William Andrews, enters the business 1087. SoyaScan Notes. 2020. The visionary work of Henry of feeding farm animals by founding the Robinson-Danforth Ford and his researchers with soyfoods–then and now: Commission Company. The name is changed to Ralston Pioneered soy protein isolates (Overview). Compiled by

William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. dedicated to him in recognition of his years of service and • Summary: Robert Boyer and Bob Smith did extensive, dedication to protein technology. pioneering work on developing soy protein isolates at the In Oct. 1962 Ralston Purina began to introduce a line Ford Motor Co. Both started research in 1938. Boyer used of edible soy protein isolate products made at their plant his isolates to make industrial products, such as spun soy in Louisville: The fi rst three were Edi-Pro A and Edi-Pro protein fi bers and water-based paints. The soy fi bers were N (spray-dried isoelectric and neutral isolated soy proteins produced in a pilot-plant with a capacity of 1,000 pounds respectively) and Textured Edi Pro (an edible spun soy per day of soybean “wool” and soon a fabric containing protein fi ber). Supro 610 was launched in October 1966. 25% soybean wool and 75% sheep’s wool was used in As sales of these products increased, Ralston Purina soon the sidewall upholstery of many Ford cars. Bob Smith found itself a leader in this new fi eld–along with the pioneer, used his isolates to make a good-tasting soymilk, that was Central Soya, which had launched Promine in Oct. 1959. served in Ford cafeterias and schools, and at the Henry Ralston Purina expanded food grade isolate capacity with Ford Hospital, and was also used as the base for most of new facilities at Memphis, Tennessee, beginning production the early commercial soy-based whipped toppings–starting on April 10, 1973; Pryor, Oklahoma, beginning production with Delsoy. In Nov. 1943 The Drackett Co. bought Ford’s on December 1, 1976. By late 1975 the company was soybean fi ber spinning operations; Boyer, Francis (Frank) making about 75 million pounds per year of isolates from its Calvert, and William Atkinson went to Drackett from Ford three plants, and was starting to advertise its isolates in a big as part of the deal. Drackett made and sold their fi bers, way, with full-page color ads. This expansion easily vaulted Soybean Azlon, spun from soy protein isolates, from 2 Dec. Ralston Purina into the position of world leader in food- 1943 to 1949. They were used mainly in felt hats by the grade isolated soy proteins by 1976. On 21 August 1979 the American Hat Corporation. Drackett also commercialized company began producing soy protein isolates at its fi rst other industrial soy proteins, such as Protein 110, 112, and plant located outside the Unites States, in Ieper, Belgium. On 220, Ortho Protein, and plastic molding compounds. Boyer 1 July 1987 Ralston Purina established Protein Technologies left Drackett in 1949 when they shut down their Azlon fi ber International (PTI) as a wholly owned subsidiary focused spinning plant; he focused all his energy on developing food on manufacturing soy protein and fi ber products. In 1993 uses of edible products made from spun soy isolates. In PTI was by far the world’s leading producer of soy protein mid-1957 ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Co.) purchased isolates, controlling about 60% of the U.S. market. PTI’s Drackett’s soy protein business. Bob Boyer began to work sales of consumer soy protein products rose from $221.6 as a full-time consultant for Ralston Purina in the fi eld of million in 1989 to a record $288.1 million in 1992. soy proteins starting in early 1960. Since 13 June 1959 Ralston Purina had been manufacturing industrial soy protein 1088. SoyaScan Notes. 2020. The visionary work of Henry isolates (for use in paper coatings) at a plant in Louisville, Ford and his researchers with soyfoods–then and now: Kentucky, which they purchased from Procter & Gamble Pioneered textured soy fl our and TVP (Overview). Compiled in December 1958. In 1960, after starting consultation by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center. with Boyer, Ralston Purina began its fi rst work with edible • Summary: The world’s most popular textured soy protein soy proteins by establishing a research and pilot plant at product among consumers is TVP; the name is a registered company headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri. In about trademark of ADM, The Archer Daniels Midland Co. of September 1962 Boyer was named technical director of Decatur, Illinois. One of the two main developers of textured protein products sales in the soybean division of the Ralston soy fl our was William Atkinson, a researcher at the Ford Purina Co.; he worked for Ralston until his retirement in Motor Co. since 1935. After doing early work on industrial 1971. Frank Calvert, Boyer’s coworker from the Ford Motor soy protein fi bers, he went to The Drackett Co., then to ADM Co. was hired in November 1962 to head up Ralston Purina’s when Drackett sold their agricultural operations to ADM R&D work on food-grade isolated soy protein in St. Louis. in 1957. “TVP Textured Vegetable Protein” was launched In 1965 Calvert was named director of soybean research, commercially in April 1966, and Atkinson was issued a and in 1967 director of research of the Protein Division. In key patent on the product in Jan. 1970 (No. 3,488,770). 1969 Calvert was promoted to director of research, New The product described in this patent has probably had “the Venture Management, and fi nally in 1971 vice president greatest impact in bringing the low-cost, textured vegetable and research director, New Venture Management. During products into commercialization.” A major breakthrough these years, Calvert developed new soy protein isolation came on 22 Feb. 1971 when USDA’s Food and Nutrition processes, 70 percent soy protein concentrate products, and Service authorized the use of textured vegetable proteins modifi ed soy protein coating compositions for industrial use. (which, in practice meant TVP) as an extender for meat, Calvert is considered a visionary in soy protein research and poultry, or fi sh in National School Lunch Programs and the accomplishments of his career were honored in 1973 Special Food Service Programs for children. Up to 30% when the Ralston Purina plant at Memphis, Tennessee, was on a hydrated basis could be used. By 1975 some 75 to

100 million pounds were being used in these programs May 1966 General Mills was making analogs for ground alone. Starting in March 1973 TVP became a popular beef, diced ham, and diced poultry–all from spun soy protein retail item as an extender for ground beef–whose price had fi bers. So successful were these products (they also won skyrocketed. By 1976 approximately 60% of the soy fl our several prizes) that in June 1969 General Mills broke ground and grit texturizing capacity in the U.S. was licensed under for a multi-million dollar state-of-the-art fi ber spinning plant this Atkinson patent. It dominated the industry from 1970 at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It began making Bontrae products to 1976 when it, in turn, came to be dominated by the Flier in later 1970. By 1975 Cortaulds in England had launched patent assigned to Ralston Purina Co. Wolf (1984) estimated Kesp, based on spun soy protein. that in 1982 approximately 95 million lb of textured soy Today about 15-20% of Worthington’s meat alternatives fl our, worth about $13.8 million at the wholesale level, were contain spun soy protein fi bers. These products have a retail produced in the USA. It continues to be widely used in foods value of about $8.8 million. Worthington’s Morningstar for both people and pets. Farms line of meat alternatives, some of which contain spun soy protein fi bers, is sold in the frozen foods section of about 1089. SoyaScan Notes. 2020. The visionary work of Henry 95% of all supermarkets and grocery stores in America. Ford and his researchers with soyfoods–then and now: Invented meat alternatives based on spun soy protein fi bers 1090. SoyaScan Notes. 2020. Defi nition of the three types (Overview). Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo of soy fi ber: Okara, soy bran, and soy cotyledon fi ber Center. (Overview). Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo • Summary: One day in 1942 at the Ford plant, Robert Center. Boyer, while sampling fi bers of his “soybean wool,” realized • Summary: There are three basic types of soy fi ber: Okara that these same soy protein fi bers, if made tender by omitting (soymilk pulp), soy bran (pulverized or ground soybean hulls the protein denaturation, hardening, and insolubilization, / seed coats), and soy cotyledon fi ber (soy polysaccharides). could be used as a basic ingredient in making meatlike All of these products are sources of high-quality, inexpensive textured soy protein foods. He had already developed an dietary fi ber. analog for the protein fi bers that grow on the outside of a Okara: In the process of making soymilk or tofu, the sheep (wool), why not develop an analog for those on the liquid soymilk is separated by fi ltration from the insoluble inside, a meatless meat or meat analog? In 1949 Boyer left fi ber. This nutritious by-product, called okara (in both his job at The Drackett Co. Japanese and English) or soy pulp, has the consistency and He devoted all his energy to developing food uses of appearance of wet sawdust. It has been used for centuries edible products made from spun soy isolates. His fi rst patent as a source of food, feed, and fertilizer, and is generally for edible soy fi bers was applied for in 1949; It was rewritten available free of charge from most tofu and soymilk and applied for in May 1952 and issued in June 1954 (No. manufacturers. The quality of the protein in okara is higher 2,682,466). In 1956 Worthington Foods purchased a license than that in tofu, soymilk, or whole soybeans. Therefore from Boyer and began to develop the world’s fi rst meatlike adding okara to recipes and dishes (such as baked goods) is meatless products based on these soy protein fi bers. In Oct. an excellent way to add both fi ber and high-quality, low cost 1962 Ralston Purina Co. began to produce the world’s fi rst protein. food-grade spun soy protein fi bers–named Textured Edi Soy bran: Soybean hulls, a by-product of the process of Pro–at its plant in Louisville, Kentucky. Worthington Foods crushing soybeans to make oil and meal, can be ground to a purchased these fi bers and used them as key ingredients in light-colored, high-fi ber fl our generally known as “soy bran.” a new generation of meatlike products. The fi rst of these Soy cotyledon fi ber: In the process of isolating the were on the market by 1963, with names like Worthington protein from defatted soybeans (i.e., of making isolated soy Soyameat–Fried Chicken Style, Chicken Style Roll, Prosage protein), the fi ber is removed by fi ltration. We call this fi ne (like pork sausage), White-Chik, Soya Meat–Beef Like; The white powder “soy cotyledon fi ber”; it differs from okara in Soyameat–Fried Chicken style was canned whereas the other fi ve ways: (1) It does not contain soybean hulls; (2) It has products were frozen. The fl avor and texture were better than been defatted and thus is lower in fat; (3) It has been treated any meatlike product ever made in America. Initially these during processing with mild alkali; (4) It has a much fi ner products were sold in health food stores but in late 1965 texture than okara; and (5) It is almost always sold in dry they started to be sold in supermarkets. In 1966 Worthington form, whereas okara is rarely dried. One well known brand, started to spin its own soy fi bers, and the next year Ralston Fibrim (made by Protein Technologies International) has Purina stopped spinning. been used in many clinical trials. Address: Soyinfo Center. Other companies also licensed the rights to spin soy protein fi bers from Robert Boyer. In December 1965 General 1091. SoyaScan Notes. 2020. Chronology of early isolated Mills introduced its Bontrae line of spun soy protein fi ber soy protein (soy protein isolate) developed for food use. 5 products, starting with Bac-O*s (imitation bacon bits). By June 2011. Compiled by William Shurtleff of Soyinfo Center.

• Summary: 1911–Beltzer develops isolated soy protein others... which may be interpreted to include other things. (ISP) for food use in France. There is a place for just about everything if it is used wisely. 1921–Satow develops isolated soy proteids for food use The few groups criticizing isolated soy proteins are those in Japan. promoting animal products (meat, dairy and eggs); they are 1935–First U.S. patent for soy protein issued to Burruss therefore criticizing the competition–soyfoods and edible soy & Ruth. products. 1932–The Glidden Co. (Chicago) fi rst develops soy protein for food use in the USA but did not yet make a commercial product. An asterisk (*) at the end of the record means that SOYINFO 1939–Albusoy, made by The Glidden Co. in Chicago, is CENTER does not own that document. A plus after eng launched. It takes the place of egg albumen (egg whites) in a (eng+) means that SOYINFO CENTER has done a partial wide variety of products, especially confections. or complete translation into English of that document. An 1942–Central Soya Co. launches a similar whipping asterisk in a listing of number of references [23* ref] means compound named Soy Whip–also meant to replace an animal that most of these references are not about soybeans or product–egg whites. soyfoods. 1945–Rich Products Corp. (Buffalo, New York), during World War II when whipping cream is unavailable, launches Whip Topping, made from “Soy Cream,” based on soy protein. 1946–Borden Co., Whitson Products Div., launches Soyco–a “soy albumen whipping agent.” 1947–Vegetable Products Corp. (Saline, Michigan) launches Wonder Whip–a soy-based non-dairy whip topping. 1948–Rich Products Corp. launches Whip Topping, based on isolated soy protein, in a pressurized aerosol metal can. It is a smash success. 1950–Presto Food Products (of Industry, California) launches Mocha-Mix Coffee Creamer (later renamed Mocha Mix Non-Dairy Creamer)–based on soy protein. 1951–Rich Products Corp. launches Chil-Zert, the fi rst non-dairy frozen dessert (ice cream)–based on soy protein. 1951–Hoffman Products (York, Pennsylvania), Subsidiary of York Barbell Co., launches Bob Hoffman’s Hi- Proteen (powder)–based on soy protein. 1952–Rich Products Corp. launches Sundi Whip, a non- dairy fountain topping in a pressurized can, based on soy protein. 1952–Rich Products Corp. launches Rich’s Chocolate Eclairs (non-dairy and frozen), fi lled with Rich’s Whip Topping. 1959–Central Soya Co. (Chicago, Illinois) launches Promine–food-grade soy protein in two types; D is dispersible, R is regular. 1962–Ralston Purina launches Edi-Pro–spray-dried soy protein. Observations: 1. Using plant proteins to replace animal proteins is generally a good thing for many reasons, and is defi nitely a long term green trend. 2. Many people who are unable (allergies, lactose intolerance, heart condition, etc.) or unwilling (vegan, kosher) to use dairy products are extremely grateful for non- dairy alternatives made from soy protein. 3. One of the Buddhist precepts is not to fi nd fault with

SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECORD Renamed Kenya Protectorate in 1920) 1058 NUMBERS Africa–Malawi (Nyasaland from 1891-1964) 1058 Aarhus Oliefabrik (Aarhus, Denmark) 415, 593, 765, 780, 818, 892, 936, 954, 1017 Africa–Mozambique (Moçambique; Portuguese East Africa before 1975) 1058 Aburagé. See Tofu, Fried Africa–Nigeria, Federal Republic of 285, 337, 347, 373, 388, 643, Acidophilus soymilk or soy acidophilus milk. See Soymilk, 690, 1058 Fermented Africa–Senegal (Part of French West Africa from 1895-1959. Adhesives, Asphalt Sealants and Preservation Agents, Caulking Sénégal & Sudanese Republic from June 20 to August 20, 1960. Compounds, Artiﬁ cial Leather, Foam, Polyols, and Other Minor or Includes Senegambia) 609, 1058 General–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil 76 Africa–South Africa, Republic of (Including four former Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, Building Homelands–Bophuthatswana, Transkei, Venda, and Ciskei). Named Materials, Etc.–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins (Including Soy Union of South Africa from May 1910 to May 1961 347, 373, 1028, Flour) 34, 69, 71, 76, 77, 84, 94, 101, 103, 115, 123, 154, 182, 206, 1031, 1041, 1049, 1058, 1066, 1069 278, 646 Africa–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, ADM. See Archer Daniels Midland Co. and Analyses 690

ADM Agri-Industries Ltd. (Windsor, Ontario, Canada). Formerly Africa–Tanzania, United Republic of (Formed the Bulk of German named Maple Leaf Monarch, and before that Maple Leaf Mills Ltd. East Africa 1895-1946. Tanganyika existed 1920-1961. Created in (Including Maple Leaf Milling). Toronto Elevators Ltd. Merged 1964 by Merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar) 1058 with Maple Leaf Milling in 1962 143, 237, 362, 419, 423, 511, 732, 863, 867, 923 Africa–Tunisia 408, 609

Adventists, Seventh-day. See Seventh-day Adventists Africa–Uganda 285, 1058, 1066

Africa–Angola 1058 Africa–Zambia (Northern Rhodesia from 1899-1964) 690, 1028

Africa Basic Foods. See Harrison, D.W. (M.D.), and Africa Basic Africa–Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia from 1923-1970, Rhodesia Foods (Uganda) from 1970-79) 690, 762, 1058

Africa–Botswana (Bechuanaland until 1966) 1058 Ag Processing Inc a cooperative (AGP) 572, 628, 640, 732, 844, 863, 923 Africa–Burkina Faso (Upper Volta before 4 Aug. 1984) 1058 AGRI Industries, Inc. (Iowa) 502, 511, 640, 732, 863, 923, 1021 Africa–Congo (formerly Zaire). Ofﬁ cially Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC or DR Congo). Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). See United States Named Zaire from Oct. 1971 to May 1997. Named Congo Free Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Adjustment State from 1855-1908, Belgian Congo (Congo Belge in French) Administration from 1908-1960, Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1964, then Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1964-1971 690, 1058 Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering, Bureau. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Agricultural and Africa–Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast until Oct. 1985; Part of French Industrial Chemistry West Africa from 1895-1959) 388, 1031, 1058 Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States 2, 7, 33, 84, Africa–Egypt. Named United Arab Republic (UAR) from 1958- 93, 120, 164, 169, 179, 249, 368, 527, 728 1971 218, 347 Agricultural Research Service of USDA. See United States Africa–Ethiopia (Including Eritrea in Ethiopia PDR from 1952 to Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Research Service May 1993. Formerly Part of Italian East Africa) 1058 (ARS)

Africa (General) 347, 551, 626 Agricultural Service of USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Cooperative Service. Including Africa–Ghana (Gold Coast before 1957) 249, 1058, 1066 Farmer Cooperative Service (1926)

Africa–Kenya (British East Africa Protectorate from 1895. Agronomy, soybean. See Cultural Practices, Soybean Production

Ajinomoto Co. Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) 449, 516, 573 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offi ces, and Infl uence in Africa 1028 Akwarius Almere. See Manna Natural Foods (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offi ces, and Infl uence in Asia 279, 633, 637, 900, 990 Albert’s Tofuhaus (Lautersheim, Germany). Formerly named Albert Hess Tofuhaus Rittersheim, Tofuhaus Tiefenthal, and Das Tofuhaus American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offi ces, and 1006 Infl uence in Europe (Western and Eastern) 233, 332, 555, 593, 847, 944, 1012 Alfa-Laval (Lund, Sweden) 332, 593, 605, 701, 799, 936 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Offi ces, and Alfalfa or Lucerne / Lucern (Medicago sativa) 711 Infl uence in Latin America 729

Allergies. See Nutrition–Biologically Active Phytochemicals– American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities, Ofﬁ ces, and Allergens Inﬂ uence Worldwide (General) 384

Allied Mills, Inc. (Formed 6 Aug. 1929) by the Merger of American American Soybean Association (ASA)–Checkoff Programs Milling Co. (Peoria, Illinois) and McMillen Feed Co. Maker of (Legislated / Mandatory Funding. State Programs Starting in North Wayne Feeds 45, 69, 82, 93, 101, 105, 106, 115, 119, 123, 126, 143, Carolina in Sept. 1966, National Programs–SPARC–Starting in 148, 154, 159, 163, 184, 188, 237, 328, 353, 368, 369, 445, 446 1989-1991), and State Promotion Boards (Research & Promotion Councils) 913, 971, 1003 Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin). Made Farm Equipment (Tractors, Combines) and Soybean Processing American Soybean Association (ASA)–Honorary Life Members Equipment (Driers, Rolling and Flaking Mills, Solvent Extraction 164, 169, 217 Units) 125 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Legislative Activities 189 Almond Milk and Cream. See also: Almonds Used to Flavor Soymilk, Rice Milk, etc.. 768 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Meetings / Conventions (Annual) and Meeting Sites 138, 164, 169, 217 Almond Oil 542 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Ofﬁ cers, Directors (Board), Almonds Used to Flavor Commercial Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream, and Special Committees 164, 169 Soy Cheese, Amazake, Rice Milk, or Other Commercial Non-Dairy Products 803 American Soybean Association (ASA) or United Soybean Board– Activities Related to Food Uses of Soybeans / Soyfoods, or Soy Alpro (Wevelgem, Belgium), Including the Provamel and Belsoy Nutrition, Outside the United States (Not Including Soy Oil) 332, Brands Sold in Health Foods Stores 559, 593, 665, 701, 745, 747, 384, 410, 559, 593, 729, 818, 990, 1003 799, 847, 936, 1006, 1043 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Periodicals, Including Alternative medicine. See Medicine–Alternative Soybean Digest, Proceedings of the American Soybean Assoc., Soybean Blue Book, Soya Bluebook, Late News, etc.. 164, 189, Amazake. See Rice Milk (Non-Dairy)–Amazake 217, 720, 1001

American Lecithin Corp. (Incorporated 1930), American Lecithin American Soybean Association (ASA)–Soybean Council of Company (Re-incorporated 1934-35), and Joseph Eichberg, America (June 1956-1969). Replaced by American Soybean President of Both 76, 629, 1071 Institute (Est. 11 July 1969) 233, 408

American Milling Co. See Allied Mills, Inc. American Soybean Association (ASA)–State Soybean Associations and Boards (Starting with Minnesota in 1962) 791, 802, 827, 842, American Soy Products (Michigan). See Natural Foods Distributors 847, 880, 904, 934, 955, 1009 and Manufacturers in the USA–Eden Foods American Soybean Association (ASA)–State Soybean Associations American Soy Products (Saline, Michigan). Started Nov. 1986 768 and United Soybean Board–Activities Related to Food Uses of Soybeans / Soyfoods, or Soy Nutrition, in the United States (Not American Soybean Association (ASA)–Activities in the United Including Soy Oil or Edible Oil Products) 76, 169, 249, 791, 793, States and Canada, and General Information (Headquarters in 802, 827, 828, 842, 847, 850, 880, 904, 913, 934, 955, 971, 985, St. Louis, Missouri. Established 3 Sept. 1920. Named National 986, 1000, 1009 Soybean Growers’ Association until 1925) 64, 76, 92, 93, 101, 123, 159, 179, 465, 471, 626, 1059 American Soybean Association (ASA)–Strayer. See Strayer Family

American Soybean Association (ASA)–United Soybean Board Arkansas Grain Corp. See Riceland Foods (USB, Established 1991, Chesterﬁ eld, Missouri) 791, 802, 827, 828, 842, 847, 893, 904, 913, 934, 940, 944, 955, 971, 1000, 1009, Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa). Incl. Associated Seed Growers, 1011, 1030, 1052, 1059, 1062, 1067, 1069 Inc. Acquired in Feb. 1997 by Monsanto Co. from Empresas La Moderna, S.A. (ELM) 113, 836, 869, 936 Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition and Content. See also Nutrition–Protein Quality; Soy Sauce, HVP Type 187, 200, 256, Asia, East–China (People’s Republic of China; Zhonghua Renmin 259, 287, 294, 384, 400, 452, 453, 455, 490, 496, 520, 567, 568, Gonghe Guo). See also Hong Kong, Manchuria, and Tibet 76, 105, 609, 663, 676, 690, 700, 711, 728, 769, 834, 843, 954, 1031, 1046, 106, 111, 125, 246, 347, 573, 609, 700, 701, 710, 762, 821, 843, 1061, 1072 846, 887, 900, 954, 963, 1001, 1009, 1017, 1027, 1059, 1068

Anderson International Corp. (Cleveland, Ohio). Manufacturer of Asia, East–China–Shennong / Shên Nung / Shen Nung–The Expellers for Soybean Crushing, Solvent Extraction Equipment, Heavenly Husbandman and Mythical Early Emperor of China 105, and Extrusion Cooking Equipment. Formerly V.D. Anderson Co. 106 and Anderson IBEC 88, 125, 368, 996 Asia, East (General) 245, 332, 346, 347, 593 Andreas Family of Minnesota and Iowa–Incl. Reuben Peter Andreas, and his sons Albert, Glenn, Dwayne (1918-2016), and Asia, East–Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) Lowell Andreas (1922-2009) 101, 123, 148, 163, 188, 224, 237, (British Colony until 1 July 1997, then returned to China) 277, 279, 301, 354, 369, 732, 834, 963, 991 292, 604, 605, 665, 693, 762, 843, 846, 936

Antinutritional Factors (General). See also: Allergens, Estrogens, Asia, East–Japan (Nihon or Nippon) 93, 179, 246, 279, 294, 338, Goitrogens, Hemagglutinins (Lectins), Trypsin / Protease Inhibitors. 339, 340, 347, 350, 354, 376, 389, 396, 404, 406, 407, 408, 412, See also: Phytic Acid 457, 465, 498, 690, 738, 848, 954 422, 449, 500, 510, 516, 530, 533, 546, 565, 573, 604, 605, 606, 609, 611, 626, 629, 631, 637, 639, 643, 644, 665, 693, 700, 762, Antioxidants and Antioxidant / Antioxidative Activity (Especially in 786, 796, 799, 821, 841, 847, 848, 849, 860, 888, 889, 892, 931, Soybeans and Soyfoods) 125, 803, 805, 895 936, 1006, 1022, 1044, 1086, 1091

APV Systems, Soya Technology Division. Named Danish Turnkey Asia, East–Japan–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Dairies Ltd., Soya Technology Division until 1987 (Aarhus, Trends, and Analyses 93 Denmark; DTD / STS) 559, 593, 605, 643, 701, 747 Asia, East–Japanese overseas. See Japanese Overseas, Especially Archaeology and Archaeological Discoveries of Ancient Soybeans Work with Soy or Soyfoods 1056 Asia, East–Korea (North and South; Formerly Also Spelled Corea Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) (Decatur, Illinois; and Called “Chosen” by the Japanese [1907-1945]) 93, 140, 155, Minneapolis, Minnesota until 1969) 45, 68, 69, 71, 76, 77, 84, 93, 366, 408, 622, 762, 843, 887, 906, 941, 1059 101, 102, 105, 106, 111, 115, 123, 125, 126, 143, 148, 154, 159, 163, 179, 184, 188, 189, 200, 206, 218, 227, 237, 243, 244, 245, Asia, East–Koreans overseas. See Koreans Overseas, Especially 246, 249, 255, 265, 266, 269, 270, 272, 275, 277, 280, 283, 284, Work with Soy 285, 288, 289, 291, 293, 294, 297, 299, 301, 304, 305, 306, 311, 315, 318, 320, 321, 322, 328, 332, 334, 344, 346, 347, 349, 353, Asia, East–Manchuria (Called Manchoukuo or Manchukuo by 354, 359, 360, 362, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 384, 387, 408, 415, Japanese 1932-45; The Provinces of Heilongjiang [Heilungkiang], 419, 423, 427, 439, 441, 443, 449, 465, 468, 470, 474, 476, 494, Jilin [Kirin], and Liaoning Were Called Northeast China after 1950) 495, 500, 502, 511, 512, 528, 532, 534, 547, 549, 551, 552, 555, 49, 72, 93, 105, 106, 111, 125 556, 558, 559, 564, 569, 572, 573, 577, 593, 599, 600, 604, 609, 610, 622, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 631, 640, 643, 644, 646, Asia, East–Manchuria–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– 653, 661, 665, 678, 682, 709, 717, 729, 732, 733, 735, 737, 745, Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 93 746, 747, 749, 762, 763, 765, 780, 782, 784, 785, 788, 791, 799, 800, 811, 818, 820, 834, 835, 841, 844, 846, 847, 860, 862, 863, Asia, East–Taiwan (Republic of China. Widely called by its 864, 867, 868, 869, 873, 885, 888, 892, 893, 894, 902, 913, 917, Portuguese name, Formosa, from the 1870s until about 1945) 93, 918, 923, 931, 933, 936, 940, 941, 944, 950, 954, 955, 963, 964, 279, 412, 633, 731, 762, 843 965, 966, 971, 974, 980, 981, 990, 991, 995, 998, 999, 1000, 1002, 1009, 1017, 1019, 1026, 1027, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1043, 1052, Asia, East–Taiwan–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– 1057, 1058, 1062, 1067, 1075, 1078, 1084, 1087, 1088 Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 93

Argentina. See Latin America, South America–Argentina Asia (General, Including East, Southeast, South, Middle East, and Central) 474, 873

Asia, Southeast–Thailand, Kingdom of (Siam before 1939) 294, Asia, Middle East–Afghanistan, Islamic State of 1058, 1066 762, 1048, 1052, 1059

Asia, Middle East–Iran, Islamic Republic of (Jomhori-e-Islami-e- Asia, Southeast–Vietnam / Viet Nam, Socialist Republic of Irân; Persia before 1935) 388, 408 (North and South) (Divided by French into Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchine from 1887-1945) 1021, 1058 Asia, Middle East–Israel and Judaism (State of Israel, Medinat Israel; Established May 1948; Including West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Aspergillus oryzae. See Koji, Miso, or Soy Sauce Golan Heights Since 1967) 294, 368, 892, 954, 1002, 1006, 1011, 1017, 1039 Associated Seed Growers, Inc. See Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa)

Asia, Middle East, Mideast, or Near East (General) 347 Australia. See Oceania–Australia

Asia, Middle East–Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (al-Mamlaka al- Azumaya, Inc. (Started Making Tofu in 1930 in San Francisco, Àrabiya as-Saùdiya) 762 California). Acquired by Vitasoy on 27 May 1993 631, 665, 693, 813, 936 Asia, Middle East–Turkey (Including Anatolia or Asia Minor) 887 Bacon or bacon bits, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Asia, South–Bangladesh, People’s Republic of (East Bengal [See Bacon, Ham, Chorizo and Other Pork-related Products India] from 1700s-1947, and East Pakistan [See Pakistan] from 1947-1971) 1058 Bacteria causing toxicity. See Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria, and that Cause Food Asia, South–India (Bharat, Including Sikkim, and Andaman and Poisoning Nicobar Islands) 76, 294, 337, 347, 573, 900, 990, 1003, 1006, 1021, 1049, 1058 Bacteria in intestines–benefi cial. See Intestinal Flora / Bacteria

Asia, South–Pakistan, Islamic Republic of (Part of British India Barges used to transport soybeans. See Transportation of Mature until 1947. Divided into West Pakistan and East Pakistan 1947- Soybeans to Market, Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to 1971, when East Pakistan Became Independent as Bangladesh) 347, Market by Water Using Barges, Junks, etc 1058 Barricini Foods (Mountain Lakes, New Jersey)–Soy Ice Cream Asia, South–Sri Lanka, Democratic Socialist Republic of (Ceylon Company. Acquired Farm Foods and Ice Bean on 31 May 1985. before 22 May 1972. Serendib was the ancient Arabic name) 521, Sold Farm Foods to 21st Century in 1993 643, 665, 720, 936 573 Bars–Energy Bars or Nutrition Bars Made with Soy (Not Including Asia, Southeast–Cambodia, Kingdom of (Kampuchea from 1979 to Frozen Dessert Bars) 913, 951, 1047 the 1980s; Also Khmer Republic) 1058 Bars–Nutrition Bars or Energy Bars Made with Soy–Industry and Asia, Southeast (General) 369, 828 Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–Larger Companies 951

Asia, Southeast–Indonesia (Netherland(s) Indies, Netherlands East Battle Creek Food Co. See Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.) Indies, or Dutch East Indies before 1945) (Including Islands of Java, Borneo, Celebes, Lesser Sunda, Moluccas, New Guinea [West Bean curd. See Tofu Irian], and Sumatra) 93, 106, 249, 347, 388, 605, 643, 762, 1058, 1059 Bean curd skin. See Yuba

Asia, Southeast–Indonesia–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– Bean paste. See Miso Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 93 Beef alternatives. See Meat Alternatives–Beef Alternatives, Asia, Southeast–Malaysia, Federation of (Including East Malaysia Including Beef Jerky, etc. See also Meatless Burgers Composed of Sarawak and Sabah. British Borneo or North Borneo from about 1881 to 1963). Federation of Malaya before 1963 388, Benni, Benne, Benniseed. See Sesame Seed 762, 1059 Berczeller, Laszlo (1890-1955) 49, 76, 332, 593, 646, 780, 818 Asia, Southeast–Philippines, Republic of the 412, 573, 887, 1002, 1024 Bibliographies and / or Reviews of the Literature (Contains More Than 50 References or Citations) 105, 106, 111, 125, 212, 213, 265, Asia, Southeast–Singapore (Part of the Straits Settlements [British] 289, 332, 349, 370, 410, 448, 449, 457, 474, 476, 631, 648, 649, from 1826 to 1946) 410, 701, 1002, 1048 650, 651, 669, 700, 710, 734, 739, 747, 753, 763, 785, 798, 799, 896, 908, 952, 962, 966, 1010

the Haldane Foods Group 415, 559, 593, 765, 936 Biloxi soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Biloxi British Columbia. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–British Binder for Sand Foundry Cores / Core Oil–Industrial Uses of Soy Columbia Oil as a Drying Oil 50, 66, 71, 103, 106, 117, 206, 626 Brown soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Brown Biographies, Biographical Sketches, and Autobiographies–See also: Obituaries 110, 164, 169, 344, 420, 626, 760, 783, 952, 1017 Bruno Fischer GmbH (Aetorf, Germany). Sold to DE-VAU-GE on 31 Dec. 1998. Fischer Then Started a New Company Named Biotechnology applied to soybeans. See Genetic Engineering, Natumi GmbH 902, 936, 1006 Transgenics, Transgenic Plants and Biotechnology / Biotech Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. See Procter & Gamble Co. Black soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Black Building materials. See Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Black-eyed pea. See Cowpea–Vigna unguiculata Woods, Wallpaper, or Building Materials

Blaw-Knox Co. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Maker of Soybean Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York). Including Lauhoff Grain Crushing Equipment, Especially the Rotocel 150, 162, 166, 198, Co. (Danville, Illinois) since 1979 283, 362, 388, 408, 419, 441, 1022 465, 468, 502, 511, 517, 609, 640, 665, 811, 834, 860, 863, 892, 931, 950, 954, 968, 978, 979, 980, 983, 984, 986, 987, 988, 993, Boca Burger. See Kraft Foods Inc. 997, 998, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1008, 1011, 1017, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1029, 1035, 1042, 1058, 1063, 1073, 1075, 1076 Boca Burger Inc. Founded 1993. Acquired Feb. 2000 by Kraft Foods Inc.. 1013 Burgers, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Patties Boone Valley Cooperative Processing Association (Eagle Grove, Iowa) 123, 143, 154, 163, 188, 419, 502, 511, 640 Burke, Armand. See Soya Corporation of America and Dr. Armand Burke Borden, Inc. (Columbus, Ohio; New York City, New York; Waterloo, Iowa; Elgin and Kankakee, Illinois) 119, 143, 154, 159, Burlison, William Leonidas (1882-1958, Univ. of Illinois) 69, 79, 163, 184, 188, 218, 551, 713, 734, 763, 1091 89, 90, 93, 101, 105, 106, 116, 123, 179, 212, 213

Boyer, Robert. See Ford, Henry Butter made from nuts or seeds. See Nut Butters

Brady Crop Cooker. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cacoja (France). See Sojinal / Biosoja Cost–Brady Crop Cooker Cake or meal, soybean. See Soybean Meal Bran, soy. See Fiber, Soy Calf, Lamb, or Pig Milk Replacer Brassica napus. See Rapeseed Replacers 700, 704, 708, 749, 892, 931, 954

Brazil. See Latin America, South America–Brazil California. See United States–States–California

Brazil, Deforestation in. See Latin America, South America–Brazil, Canada 9, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 49, 76, 142, 143, 185, 198, 209, Deforestation in 237, 241, 274, 347, 352, 360, 362, 367, 412, 419, 423, 498, 511, 555, 604, 605, 627, 628, 629, 631, 671, 693, 732, 757, 777, 798, Breeding of soybeans. See Genetic Engineering, Transgenics, 799, 830, 843, 845, 846, 847, 863, 867, 883, 887, 898, 923, 936, Transgenic Plants and Biotechnology / Biotech, Variety 938, 950, 951, 968, 969, 981, 1001, 1002, 1014, 1025, 1044, 1049, Development and Breeding 1052, 1055, 1057, 1058, 1073

Breeding of Soybeans and Classical Genetics 1018 Canada. See Ontario Soybean Growers (Marketing Board)

Breeding soybeans for food uses. See Variety Development, Canada–Soybean crushers, early. See Soybean Crushers (Canada), Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or Handling of Soybeans Early (Before 1941) for Food Uses Canada–Soybean Crushing–Soy Oil and Meal Production and Brew ﬂ akes, soybean. See Soy Flour or Flakes–Use in Brewing Consumption–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 423

British Arkady Company Ltd. and British Arkady Holdings Ltd. Canada, soyfoods associations in. See Soyfoods Associations in (Manchester, England). Subsidiary of ADM of the USA. Including Canada

964, 965, 966, 971, 974, 991, 994, 995, 998, 1002, 1009, 1013, Canadian Provinces and Territories–British Columbia 883, 968, 1017, 1019, 1022, 1024, 1026, 1027, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1043, 1050, 1055 1051, 1052, 1057, 1058, 1062, 1067, 1075

Canadian Provinces and Territories–Manitoba 627, 938 Caribbean. See Latin America–Caribbean

Canadian Provinces and Territories–Ontario 9, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, Carver, George Washington (ca. 1864-1943, Tuskegee Inst., 31, 49, 143, 185, 198, 209, 237, 352, 362, 419, 423, 498, 511, 628, Alabama)–Work with Soybeans, Soyfoods, Peanuts, or Chemurgy, 671, 693, 732, 830, 847, 863, 867, 923, 936, 969, 981, 1049, 1052, and the Carver Laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan 623, 785 1058 Casein or Caseinates–Problems in So-Called Non-Dairy Products Canadian Provinces and Territories–Québec (Quebec) 49, 142, 629, 665, 1086 757, 777, 950 Catering. See Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering CanAmera Foods (Plant at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada). Includes Maple Leaf Foods. Named Central Soya of Canada Ltd. (May Cattle, Bullocks, Bulls, Steers, or Cows for Beef / Meat or 1991-March 1992). Named Canadian Vegetable Oil Products Unspeciﬁ ed Uses Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake (CVOP; Div. of Canada Packers, Hamilton, Ontario) Before the or Meal as Feed 142 mid-1980s. Named Canadian Vegetable Oil Processing (1942-1984) 423, 511 Cauldron Foods Ltd. (Bristol, England). Founded by Philip Marshall and Peter Fagan. Sold in Sept. 1987 to Rayner Burgess Cancer and diet. See Diet and Cancer. See also–Vegetarian Diets– Ltd. 1993 Oct. Cauldron. part of the Hero Group of companies, Medical Aspects–Cancer builds a big new factory in Bristol 559, 593

Cancer, breast, prevention and diet. See Diet and Breast Cancer Celebrities–vegetarians. See Vegetarian Celebrities–Noted Prevention Personalities and Famous People

Cancer, prostate, prevention and diet. See Diet and Prostate Cancer Cenex. See CHS Cooperatives Prevention Central America. See Latin America–Central America Cannabis sativa. See Hemp Central America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods Movement Carbohydrates–Dietary Fiber (Including Complex Carbohydrates, in Mexico and Central America Bran, Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Fiber) 432, 461, 462, 557, 642, 650, 652, 659, 667, 672, 673, 695, 697, 705, 707, 715, 716, Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne, Indiana). Maker of Master Mix 741, 743, 752, 753, 754, 804, 808, 906, 1090 Feeds. Acquired in Oct. 1987 by the Ferruzzi Group in Ravenna, Italy. In 1991 became part of CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. [a holding Carbohydrates–Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates (Especially Fiber company], operating as a member of the Eridania / Beghin-Say and Saponins) on Blood Lipids (Especially Cholesterol) 461, 557, agro-industrial group, within Ferruzzi-Montedison. Acquired in 642, 650, 652, 667, 672, 673, 707, 715, 716, 743, 752, 753 Oct. 2002 by Bunge 101, 102, 105, 106, 111, 115, 116, 123, 125, 126, 143, 148, 154, 159, 163, 184, 188, 189, 200, 206, 207, 212, Carbohydrates (General). See also: Starch, Dietary Fiber, and 213, 218, 233, 235, 237, 239, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 255, Oligosaccharides (Complex Sugars) 7, 354, 443, 700 265, 268, 269, 274, 280, 283, 285, 297, 299, 311, 315, 318, 321, 328, 332, 334, 344, 347, 349, 353, 354, 357, 359, 360, 362, 366, Cardiovascular Disease and Diet Therapy, Especially Heart Disease 370, 378, 382, 384, 394, 406, 415, 419, 423, 439, 441, 442, 443, and Stroke, But Including Cholesterol Reduction, and Hypertension 445, 446, 449, 468, 474, 476, 494, 495, 500, 502, 504, 508, 511, (High Blood Pressure). Soy Is Not Always Mentioned 777, 791, 534, 547, 549, 551, 577, 600, 609, 610, 622, 624, 625, 626, 627, 802, 827, 840, 847, 872, 884, 904, 921, 940, 942, 971, 1009 628, 629, 630, 631, 640, 643, 646, 661, 665, 682, 690, 700, 709, 711, 732, 735, 737, 749, 763, 765, 780, 782, 784, 790, 791, 811, Cargill. See Lucas Meyer GmbH (Hamburg, Germany) 818, 820, 834, 844, 847, 852, 863, 868, 873, 885, 892, 901, 913, 918, 923, 933, 936, 940, 944, 950, 954, 955, 963, 964, 965, 966, Cargill, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis) 102, 119, 123, 143, 147, 971, 974, 978, 983, 984, 988, 997, 1001, 1008, 1017, 1021, 1022, 148, 154, 159, 163, 184, 188, 200, 218, 237, 246, 283, 293, 297, 1023, 1071, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1078, 1091 299, 318, 321, 327, 328, 332, 334, 344, 347, 353, 354, 359, 360, 362, 369, 370, 373, 384, 388, 408, 415, 419, 423, 439, 441, 445, Cereol. See Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy) 446, 449, 468, 474, 476, 494, 495, 502, 511, 532, 534, 544, 547, 556, 559, 570, 571, 593, 597, 599, 600, 602, 603, 605, 609, 612, Certiﬁ cation of soybean seeds. See Seed Certiﬁ cation (Soybeans) 613, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 628, 629, 631, 632, 640, 643, 644, 646, 665, 709, 723, 732, 735, 737, 763, 765, 780, 784, 798, Ceylon. See Asia, South–Sri Lanka 811, 820, 834, 844, 863, 868, 890, 898, 917, 923, 940, 950, 963,

Checkoff programs (state and national). See American Soybean Claim or Claims of Health Beneﬁ ts–Usually Authorized by the U.S. Association (ASA)–Checkoff Programs Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 895, 896, 897, 901, 902, 903, 907, 908, 909, 910, 913, 916, 925, 926, 927, 928, 930, 934, 935, Cheese. See Soy Cheese, Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives 939, 943, 944, 947, 948, 949, 951, 955, 973

Cheese, cream. See Soy Cream Cheese Cleaning soybean seeds. See Seed Cleaning–Especially for Food or Seed Uses Cheese–Non-Soy Dairy-Based Cheeses 500 Coffee Creamer, Whitener or Lightener (Non-Dairy–Usually Cheesecake or cream pie. See Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie Contains Soy) 269, 372, 386, 425, 431, 469, 615, 623, 675, 768, 883, 1091 Chemical / Nutritional Composition or Analysis of Seeds, Plants, Foods, Feeds, Nutritional Components 2, 7, 36, 125, 256, 468, 739 Coffee, soy. See Soy Coffee

Chemistry and Soils, Bureau. See United States Department Coffee Substitutes or Adulterants, Non-Soy–Usually Made from of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Roasted Cereals, Chicory, and / or Other Legumes 22, 806 Chemistry Cognitive / Brain Function. Including Alzheimer’s Disease 889, Chemurgy, the Farm Chemurgic Movement, and the Farm 893, 902, 939, 941 Chemurgic Council (USA, 1930s to 1950s, Including Wheeler McMillen, William J. Hale, and Francis P. Garvan) 69, 79, 84, 97, Color of soybean seeds. See Soybean Seeds (of different colors) 99, 104, 117, 118, 164, 207, 212, 213, 332, 378, 471, 569, 626, 629, 783, 785 Combines. Also called the Combined Harvester-Thresher in the 1920s and 1930s (Combine) 59, 62, 133 Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT, organized in April 1848) 246 Commercial soy products–earliest. See Historical–Earliest Chicago Heights Oil Co. (Chicago Heights, Illinois; Started by I.C. Commercial Product Bradley and George Brett) 212, 213 Commercial Soy Products–New Products, Mostly Foods 43, 56, 63, Chicken, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Chicken, 74, 75, 108, 128, 162, 181, 182, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 219, 220, Goose, Duck, and Related Poultry Products. See also Meatless 221, 225, 226, 230, 232, 238, 240, 251, 254, 267, 295, 314, 316, Turkey 319, 329, 330, 342, 343, 350, 351, 352, 376, 377, 379, 396, 399, 426, 473, 519, 542, 544, 545, 563, 592, 607, 616, 617, 618, 619, Chickens (esp. Layers & Broilers) Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, 620, 621, 647, 657, 668, 670, 694, 699, 718, 751, 761, 775, 776, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed 76, 96, 186, 368, 446 794, 803, 804, 854, 874, 875, 960, 1004, 1032, 1033, 1053

Chickpea / Chickpeas / Chick-Peas, Garbanzo / Garbanza Beans. Composition of soybeans, soyfoods, or feeds. See Chemical / Cicer arietinum L. Including Hummus / Hummous 35 Nutritional Composition or Analysis

Chico-San Inc. (Chico, California). Maker and Importer of Concentrated soymilk. See Soymilk, Concentrated or Condensed Macrobiotic and Natural Foods. Founded in March 1962 605 (Canned, Bottled, or Bulk)

China. See Asia, East–China Concerns about the Safety, Toxicity, or Health Beneﬁ ts of Soy in Human Diets 792, 819, 826, 848, 891, 908, 939, 1011, 1020, 1030 Cholesterol. See Carbohydrates–Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates (Especially Fiber and Saponins) on Blood Lipids (Especially Condensed soymilk. See Soymilk, Concentrated or Condensed Cholesterol), Protein–Effects on Blood Lipids (Canned, Bottled, or Bulk)

Christian Nagel Tofumanufaktur. See Tofumanufaktur Christian Conservation of soils. See Soil Science–Soil Conservation or Soil Nagel GmbH (Hamburg, Germany) Erosion

Chronology / Timeline 34, 105, 106, 422, 546, 604, 605, 643, 644, Continental Grain Co. See ContiGroup Companies, Inc. 646, 665, 693, 790, 853, 869, 902, 905, 933, 968, 1001, 1012, 1025, 1043, 1052, 1065, 1091 Continental Grain Co. Named ContiGroup Compannies from 1999 until 2008 (New York, New York) 147, 163, 283, 362, 419, 441, CHS Cooperatives, Including Cenex, Inc. and Harvest States 446, 502, 511, 609, 640, 732, 737, 863 Cooperatives (Which Includes Honeymead) 640, 950 Cookbooks, vegetarian. See Vegetarian Cookbooks Cicer arietinum. See Chickpeas or Garbanzo Beans Cookery, Cookbooks, Cooking Videos, and Recipes–Mostly Using

Soy, Mostly Vegetarian. See also: the Subcategories–Vegetarian Cookbooks, Vegan Cookbooks 29, 35, 76, 297, 315, 349, 427, 475, Crown Iron Works Co. (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Maker of 849, 955, 1025, 1028, 1040 Soybean Processing Equipment. Acquired by CPM (Formerly California Pellet Mill, Waterloo, Iowa) on 16 Aug. 2007 154, 1017, Cooperative Enterprises, Ventures, Research, or Experiments, and 1052 Cooperatives / Co-ops, Worldwide. See also: Soybean Crushers (USA)–Cooperative Crushers 94, 169, 212, 213, 294, 297, 299, Crushing, soybean–equipment manufacturers. See Allis-Chalmers, 315, 318, 334, 343, 344, 359, 370, 516, 527, 582, 590, 593, 626, Anderson International Corp., Blaw-Knox Co. and Rotocel, Crown 709, 731, 746, 784, 917 Iron Works Co., French Oil Mill Machinery Co.

Cooperative soybean crushers. See Soybean Crushers (USA), Crushing statistics for soybeans, and soy oil and meal production Cooperative and consumption. See individual geographic regions (such as Asia, Europe, Latin America, United States, World, etc.) and nations Cooperatives. See United States Department of Agriculture within each region (USDA)–Agricultural Cooperative Service CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. See Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne, Corn / Maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays)–Including Corn Oil, Corn Indiana) Germ Oil, Meal, Starch, and Corn Gluten 7, 45, 62, 77, 148, 172, 215, 237, 244, 245, 247, 354, 408, 439, 441, 450, 471, 508, 509, Cultural Practices, Cultivation & Agronomy (Including Crop 517, 521, 527, 623, 626, 675, 806, 834, 890, 918, 1001 Management, Erosion, Planting, Seedbed Preparation, Water Management / Irrigation) 36, 59, 62, 76, 99, 105, 116, 118 Cornell University (Ithaca, New York), and New York State Agric. Experiment Station (Geneva, NY)–Soyfoods Research & Cultures of nitrogen ﬁ xing bacteria for soybeans. See Nitrogen Development 247 Fixing Cultures

Cottage cheese, non-dairy. See Dairylike Non-dairy Soy-based Curds Made from Soymilk (Soft, Unpressed Tofu) as an End Products, Other Product or Food Ingredient. In Japanese: Oboro. In Chinese: Daufu-fa, Doufu-hua, Doufu-hwa, Douhua, Toufu-hwa, Tow-foo- Cotton Cloth, Fabric, Textile, Yarn, Fibers or Raw Cotton in Bales, fah (“Bean Curd Flowers”) or Doufu-nao, Fu-nao (“Bean Curd All from the Boll of the Cotton Plant (Gossypium sp. L.) 71, 470 Brains”). In Filipino: Taho (Often Served as a Dessert with a Sugary Syrup) 615, 818 Cotton Plant and Crop (Gossypium sp. L.). See also Cottonseed Oil, Cake, and Meal 59, 201, 439, 890 Dairy alternatives (soy based). See Coffee Creamer / Whitener or Cream Alternative, Sour Cream Alternatives, Soy Cheese–Non- Cottonseed Meal and Cake (Defatted). Previously Spelled Cotton- Fermented, Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives, Soy Cheesecake Seed Cake 59, 62, 72, 148, 388 or Cream Pie, Soy Cream Cheese, Soy Pudding, Custard, Parfait, or Mousse, Soy Yogurt, Soymilk, Soymilk, Fermented, Tofu (Soy Cottonseed Oil. Previously Spelled Cotton-Seed Oil or Cotton Oil Cheese), Whip Topping 34, 59, 65, 77, 94, 105, 106, 115, 154, 182, 209, 388, 786, 787 Dairylike Non-dairy Soy-based Products, Other (Cottage Cheese, Cottonseeds / Cottonseed. Previously Spelled Cotton Seeds / Seed and Icing). See also Non-dairy Whip Topping, Soy Ice Cream, 79, 127, 154, 890 Soy Yogurt, Soy Cheese, Cream Cheese or Cheesecakes, Coffee Creamer / Whitener or Cream, and Sour Cream 469, 623 Cowpea or Black-Eyed Pea. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Formerly spelled Cow Pea. Also called Blackeye Pea, Cowpeas, Pea Bean, Dannen Mills (St. Joseph, Missouri). Sold (Oct. 1963) to Farmers Yardlong Cowpea. Chinese: Jiangdou. Previous scientiﬁ c names: Union Cooperative Marketing Assoc. (CMA) in Kansas City 87, Vigna sinensis (L.) (1890s-1970s), Vigna catjang (1898-1920), 101, 115, 123, 154, 163 Vigna Katiang (1889) 35 Dansk Sojakagefabrik (Islands Brygge, Copenhagen, Denmark). Cows / Cattle for Dairy Milk and Butter Fed Soybeans, Soybean Owned by the East Asiatic Company 415 Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed 142 Dawson Mills (Dawson, Minnesota) (Tri-County Soy Bean Co- Cream, sour, alternative. See Sour Cream Alternatives operative Association until 1969) and Dawson Food Ingredients (from 1974)–Cooperative 188, 237, 362, 419, 468, 476, 500, 510, Cream, soymilk. See Soymilk Cream 511, 551, 572, 628, 788, 790, 811, 933, 950

Creamer or soy cream for coffee. See Coffee Creamer / Whitener Death certiﬁ cates. See Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certiﬁ cates, and Wills Crop Rotation Using Soybean Plants for Soil Improvement 65, 77, 527 Deceptive or misleading labeling or products. See Unfair Practices–

Including Possible Deceptive / Misleading Labeling, Advertising, Diseases, plant protection from. See Soybean Rust etc. See also: Adulteration District of Columbia. See United States–States–District of Deforestation in Brazil. See Latin America–South America–Brazil, Columbia Deforestation in Documents with More Than 20 Keywords 33, 34, 59, 62, 65, 69, DeKalb Genetics. Including DeKalb-Pﬁ zer Genetics (DeKalb, 71, 76, 77, 79, 84, 93, 101, 103, 105, 106, 111, 113, 115, 123, 125, Illinois) from 1982 to 1990 890 126, 143, 148, 154, 159, 163, 164, 169, 184, 188, 209, 212, 213, 237, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 269, 275, 283, 294, 318, 332, 334, Delphos Grain & Soya Products Co. (Delphos, Ohio) 123, 143, 163, 344, 346, 347, 349, 359, 362, 368, 369, 370, 388, 408, 410, 415, 164, 188, 217, 237, 362, 419, 511, 628, 732, 863, 923 419, 422, 423, 449, 465, 468, 469, 470, 471, 495, 502, 504, 508, 509, 510, 511, 532, 551, 559, 569, 573, 593, 604, 605, 609, 623, Delsoy Products, Inc. (Dearborn, Michigan). Soy Protein Company. 624, 625, 626, 628, 629, 631, 640, 643, 644, 646, 665, 693, 701, Renamed Whitehouse Products in 1963. Purchased by C.J. Christoff 732, 734, 745, 747, 749, 762, 763, 765, 767, 783, 786, 788, 799, & Sons in 1983 (Lowell, Michigan). Renamed Chadalee Farms, 811, 818, 827, 841, 846, 847, 863, 869, 883, 887, 892, 895, 900, Inc.. 469, 615, 623, 625, 1087 902, 913, 917, 923, 933, 936, 950, 952, 955, 963, 968, 971, 1001, 1002, 1006, 1012, 1017, 1022, 1023, 1043, 1052, 1058, 1087, 1089 Demos, Steve. See White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado) Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets / Companion Animals Fed Soybeans, Detection of soy proteins. See Soy Proteins–Detection Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed / Pet Food / Petfood 88, 142, 199, 278, 284, 318, 348, 369, 386, 662, 664, 695, Detergents or soaps made from soy oil. See Soaps or Detergents 871, 905, 967, 968, 996

DE-VAU-GE Gesundkostwerk GmbH (Lueneburg, Germany) 593, Dorsett, Palemon Howard (1862-1943, USDA) 76 643, 701, 747, 902, 936, 1006 Dorsett-Morse Expedition to East Asia (Feb. 1929 to Feb. 1931) 76 Developing nations. See Third World Douchi or doushi or dow see or dowsi. See Fermented Black Diabetes and Diabetic Diets 7, 33, 35, 76, 462, 557, 650, 667, 673, Soybeans 685, 715, 753, 906, 955, 1011 Drackett Co. (The) (Cincinnati and Sharonville [or Evendale], Diamond, Holton W. “Rex” 469, 615, 623, 625 Ohio) 101, 105, 106, 115, 123, 125, 154, 159, 163, 184, 188, 223, 227, 288, 346, 378, 469, 470, 471, 509, 556, 558, 569, 626, 783, Dies, Edward Jerome (1891-1979) 69, 79, 84, 93, 101, 105, 106, 785, 933, 1087, 1088, 1089 111, 116, 123, 135, 169, 369 Dried-frozen tofu. See Tofu, Frozen, Dried-frozen, or Dried Whole Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, Biodiesel, or Artiﬁ cial Petroleum (Made from Methyl Esters of Soybean Oil) 69, 470, 609, 1012, 1034, DTD–Danish Turnkey Dairies. See APV Systems, Soya Technology 1039, 1043, 1059 Division

Diesel, soy. See National Biodiesel Board DuPont (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.) and DuPont Agricultural Enterprise / Products (Wilmington, Delaware). Diet and Breast Cancer Prevention (Soy Is Usually Mentioned) 813, Formerly spelled Du Pont 71, 408, 626, 861, 862, 864, 865, 866, 828, 846, 849, 873, 888, 889, 893, 916 869, 870, 871, 877, 878, 884, 885, 890, 895, 897, 898, 905, 909, 911, 912, 915, 916, 922, 924, 927, 930, 931, 932, 935, 936, 937, Diet and Cancer (Vegetarian Diet Is Not Mentioned; Soy May Not 938, 943, 944, 945, 946, 956, 957, 959, 960, 962, 963, 964, 970, Be Mentioned) 716, 791, 802, 827, 828, 847, 904, 940, 1007, 1009 972, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 986, 987, 988, 989, 993, 998, 999, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1008, 1011, 1014, 1016, Diet and Prostate Cancer Prevention (Soy May Not Be Mentioned) 1021, 1029, 1032, 1035, 1039, 1042, 1054, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 813, 873, 895, 906 1068, 1069, 1070, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1079

Directories–Soybean Processors (Including Soyfoods Dust Suppressants and Dust Control–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Manufacturers), Researchers, Conference Attendees, and Other Non-Drying Oil 693 Names and Addresses Related to Soyfoods, Vegetarianism, Macrobiotics, etc. See also Directories–Japanese American in USA Earliest commercial soy products. See Historical–Earliest 76, 116, 218, 332, 370, 410, 457, 476, 559, 593, 631, 799, 802 Commercial Product

Diseases of Soybeans (Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral / Virus). See Earliest document seen... See Historical–Earliest Document Seen also: Nematode Disease Control 116, 1012 Eastern Foods, Inc. See Mainland Express (Spring Park, Minnesota)

Ecology (“The Mother of All the Sciences”) and Ecosystems 440 Enzymes in the Body of Humans and Other Animals (Including Lactase, Trypsin, Phytase) 680 Economic Research Service of USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Economic Research Service Equipment for making soymilk. See Soymilk Equipment (ERS) Equipment for making tofu. See Tofu Equipment Economics of soybean production and hedging. See Marketing Soybeans Equipment for soybean crushing–manufacturers. See Anderson International Corp., Blaw-Knox Co. and Rotocel, Crown Iron Edamamé. See Green Vegetable Soybeans, Green Vegetable Works Co., French Oil Mill Machinery Co. Soybeans–Edamamé Equol–A Metabolite of Daidzein Derived by the Action of Intestinal Edelsoja Whole (Full-Fat) Soy ﬂ our. Developed by Laszlo Bacteria on Soy Isoﬂ avones 845, 1056, 1060 Berczeller in Austria and Launched in May 1928 332, 593 Erewhon (Boston, Massachusetts). Founded April 1966 by Aveline Eden Foods, Inc. (Clinton, Michigan; Founded 4 Nov. 1969) and and Michio Kushi in Boston. Merged with U.S. Mills in 1986 604 American Soy Products (Saline, Michigan; Founded Aug. 1986) 604, 665, 768, 799, 913, 968 Erosion of soils. See Soil Science–Soil Conservation or Soil Erosion Edible or food-grade soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans– Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Edible Soybeans Estrogens in plants. See Phytoestrogens

Edible Soy Products, makers of Pro-Nuts (Hudson, Iowa). See Etymology. See the speciﬁ c product concerned (e.g. soybeans, tofu, Solnuts B.V. soybean meal, etc.)

Egypt. See Africa–Egypt Etymology of the Word “Soy” and its Cognates / Relatives in English 791, 802, 827, 846, 847, 904 Eichberg, Joseph. See American Lecithin Corp. Etymology of the Word “Soyfoods” and its Cognates / Relatives in El Molino Mills (Los Angeles Area. Founded by Edward Allen Various Languages 631 Vandercook. Began Operations on 1 March 1926 in Alhambra, California) 280 Euronature (Paris, France). See Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint- Martens-Latem, Belgium; and Mezin, France) Elizabeth City Oil and Fertilizer Co. (Elizabeth City, North Carolina; 1915) 105, 106, 327 Europe, Eastern–Bulgaria 93, 106, 384

Embargoes, tariffs, duties. See Trade Policies (International) Europe, Eastern–Czechoslovakia (From 1918 until 1 Jan. 1993; Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, then divided into The Czech Republic [formerly Bohemia and Embargoes, Moratoriums Moravia], and Slovakia [ofﬁ cially “The Slovak Republic”]) 106, 384, 920 Energy bars. See Bars–Energy Bars or Nutrition Bars Made with Soy Europe, Eastern (General) 347, 749, 918, 963, 1021, 1035, 1075

Energy, renewable, from soybeans. See Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, Europe, Eastern–Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság) 49, 347, 384, 555, Biodiesel, or Artiﬁ cial Petroleum 559, 760, 843, 887, 920

England. See Europe, Western–United Kingdom Europe, Eastern–Poland 106, 347, 373, 384, 388, 555, 749, 920

Enzyme active soy ﬂ our. See Soy Flour, Grits, and Flakes–Enzyme Europe, Eastern–Romania (Including Moldavia and Bessarabia until Active 1940-44). Also spelled Rumania 384, 920

Enzymes–Commercial Enzyme Preparations Used in Europe, Eastern–Russian Federation (Russia); Formerly Russian Making Soyfoods by Hydrolyzing or Modifying Soy Protein, SFSR, a Soviet Republic from 30 Dec. 1922 to Dec. 1991) 1059 Carbohydrates, or Lipids (Including Phosphatides) 573, 648, 763 Europe, Eastern–Ukraine (Ukrayina; Formerly Ukranian SSR, a Enzymes in Soybean Seeds–Lipoxygenase (Formerly Called Soviet Republic from 1917 to Dec. 1991) 749 Lipoxidase) and Its Inactivation 468, 626 Europe, Eastern–USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Enzymes in Soybean Seeds–Other 125 Soviet Union; called Russia before 30 Dec. 1922. Ceased to exist

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 481 on 26 Dec. 1991) 93, 106, 271, 347, 384, 388, 412, 555, 609, 734, 749, 920 Europe–Western–Italy–Soy Ingredients Used in Italian-Style Recipes, Food Products, or Dishes Worldwide 604 Europe, Eastern–Yugoslavia. Existed from 1918 to Jan. 1992. Composed of Serbia / Servia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe, Western–Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of (Occasionally Slovenia, Macedonia, and Montenegro. Included Carnaro, Fiume / spelled Luxemburg) 412, 544 Rijeka / Rieka 1947-1992; Formerly Also Spelled Jugoslavia. See also Serbia and Montenegro 93, 106, 384, 555, 920 Europe, Western–Netherlands, Kingdom of the (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden), Including Holland 72, 93, 332, 388, 406, 408, 415, Europe–European Union (EU) or European Economic Community 422, 508, 510, 532, 559, 593, 604, 605, 626, 628, 634, 665, 733, (EEC; also known as the Common Market), renamed the European 734, 745, 746, 765, 780, 799, 818, 892, 933, 936, 954, 968, 971, Community (Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium) 388, 415, 449, 504, 988, 1002, 1006, 1010, 1017 609, 665, 742, 765, 902, 912, 958, 1006, 1044 Europe, Western–Norway, Kingdom of (Kongeriket Norge) 94, 236, Europe, soyfoods associations in. See Soyfoods Associations in 701 Europe Europe, Western–Portugal (República Portuguesa; Including Macao Europe, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods Movement in Europe / Macau {Until 1999} and the Azores) 228, 745, 765, 846, 887

Europe, Western 72, 218, 223, 246, 332, 347, 354, 500, 541, 593, Europe, Western–Scotland (Part of United Kingdom since 1707) 76, 893, 947, 951, 1075 593

Europe, Western–Austria (Österreich) was independent before 8 Europe, Western–Spain, Kingdom of (Reino de España) 228, 347, June 1876 when the dual monarchy was formed. As the Austro- 388, 408, 532, 607, 747, 765, 887, 1006 Hungarian Empire began to break up, the Republic of Austria declared independence on 12 Nov. 1918 106, 285, 555, 559, 847, Europe, Western–Sweden, Kingdom of (Konungariket Sverige) 94, 1006, 1071 236, 332, 593, 701, 710

Europe, Western–Belgium, Kingdom of 72, 264, 332, 333, 374, Europe, Western–Switzerland (Swiss Confederation) 289, 559, 593, 383, 385, 393, 397, 412, 415, 421, 424, 429, 433, 434, 447, 449, 604, 605, 644, 747, 799, 900, 936, 953, 958, 967 508, 510, 530, 532, 559, 593, 604, 605, 611, 634, 644, 665, 700, 701, 721, 745, 747, 755, 772, 786, 796, 798, 799, 838, 847, 851, Europe, Western–United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 860, 892, 904, 918, 936, 944, 968, 1019, 1043, 1087 Ireland (UK–Including England, Scotland, Wales, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Gibraltar) 23, 33, 49, 72, 76, 248, 289, 347, 348, 349, Europe, Western–Denmark (Danmark; Including the Province of 408, 412, 415, 424, 447, 449, 470, 475, 504, 510, 559, 593, 634, Greenland [Kalaallit Nunaat]) 71, 72, 94, 272, 332, 415, 449, 510, 643, 650, 662, 745, 747, 753, 765, 780, 783, 799, 800, 818, 887, 559, 593, 701, 780, 892, 936, 1017, 1064 888, 892, 899, 902, 907, 936, 1011, 1012, 1019, 1043, 1052, 1089

Europe, Western–Finland (Suomen Tasavalta) 422, 701, 847, 941, Exercise. See Physical Fitness, Physical Culture, and Exercise 1017 Expellers. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses and Europe, Western–France (République Française) 72, 291, 347, 412, Expellers 415, 439, 449, 504, 532, 559, 593, 604, 609, 665, 701, 745, 747, 765, 780, 799, 847, 887, 892, 936, 954, 984, 1006, 1008, 1017, Experiment Stations, Ofﬁ ce of. See United States Department of 1019, 1091 Agriculture (USDA)–Ofﬁ ce of Experiment Stations

Europe, Western–Germany (Deutschland; Including East and West Experiment stations (state) in USA. See Agricultural Experiment Germany, Oct. 1949–July 1990) 33, 34, 37, 49, 71, 72, 94, 125, 126, Stations in the United States 148, 164, 209, 235, 332, 347, 349, 366, 369, 373, 384, 388, 408, 412, 415, 419, 439, 442, 449, 495, 504, 511, 544, 551, 559, 573, Explosions or ﬁ res. See Soybean Crushing–Explosions and/or Fires 593, 608, 609, 626, 629, 643, 665, 727, 732, 734, 747, 765, 780, in Soybean Solvent Extraction Plants 799, 818, 843, 863, 902, 920, 936, 1006, 1017, 1022, 1023, 1057, 1071, 1075 Exports. See Trade of Soybeans, Oil & Meal, or see Individual Soyfoods Exported Europe, Western–Ireland, Republic of (Éire; Also Called Irish Republic) 424, 745, 980 Extruder / Extrusion Cooker Manufacturers–Wenger International, Inc. (Kansas City, Missouri; Sabetha, Kansas), Incl. Extru-Tech, Europe, Western–Italy (Repubblica Italiana) 233, 294, 332, 347, Inc.. 284, 311, 406, 410, 465, 512, 593, 624, 784, 809, 950, 996, 349, 449, 470, 504, 559, 573, 604, 629, 665, 745, 747, 765, 841, 1002, 1017, 1037, 1062, 1067 847, 887, 941, 1006, 1057

Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost–Brady Crop Cooker, Thriposha, etc.. 521 Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants or Full-Fat Seeds (Including Forage, Fodder {Green Plants}, or Ground Soybean Seeds) 45 Extruders and Extrusion Cooking: Low Cost Extrusion Cookers (LECs) 465, 690 Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Silage / Ensilage Made in a Silo 527 Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost–Including Triple “F” Inc., Insta-Pro International, Soy Innovations International, and Feeds Made from Soybean Meal (Defatted) 39, 67, 79, 96, 126, Heartland Agri Partners, LLC 1037, 1062, 1067 141, 148, 178, 187, 228, 287, 328, 347, 441, 445, 446, 662, 887

Extruders, Extrusion Cooking, Extrusion Cookers and Expanders. Feeds, Other Types (Okara, Calf Milk Replacers, Soybean Hulls, See also Low Cost Extrusion Cookers (LEC / LECs) 199, 243, 275, etc.) 700, 704 284, 286, 289, 294, 318, 319, 321, 347, 371, 415, 465, 470, 510, 512, 558, 624, 709, 717, 786, 867, 887, 950 Feeds–Soybeans, soybean forage, or soy products fed to various types of animals. See The type of animal–chickens, pigs, cows, Extru-Tech, Inc. See Extruder / Extrusion Cooker Manufacturers– horses, etc. Wenger International, Inc. Feminization. See Reproduction / Reproductive, Fertility, or Family history. See Genealogy and Family History Feminization Problems

FAO. See United Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, Fermented Black Soybeans–Whole Soybeans Fermented with UNESCO, and UNRRA) Work with Soy Salt–Also called Fermented Black Beans, Salted Black Beans, Salty Black Beans, Black Fermented Beans, Black Beans, Black Farm Food Co. (San Rafael, then San Francisco, California), Farm Bean Sauce, Black Bean and Ginger Sauce, Chinese Black Beans, Foods, and Farm Soy Dairy (Summertown, Tennessee). Div. of Preserved Black Beans or Preserved Chinese Black Beans. In Hain Food Group (Uniondale, New York). Merged with Barricini Chinese (Mandarin): Shi, Doushi, or Douchi (pinyin), Tou-shih, Foods on 31 May 1985. Acquired by 21st Century Foods from Toushih, or Tou-ch’ih (Wade-Giles). Cantonese: Dow see, Dow si, Barracini Foods in mid-1993 643, 936 Dow-si, Dowsi, or Do shih. In Japan: Hamanatto, Daitokuji Natto, Shiokara Natto, or Tera Natto. In the Philippines: Tausi or Taosi / Farm machinery. See Tractors Tao-si. In Malaysia or Thailand: Tao si. In Indonesia: Tao dji, Tao- dji, or Tao-djie 738 Farm (The) (Lanark, ONT, Canada). See Plenty Canada Fermented tofu. See Tofu, Fermented Farm (The) (Summertown, Tennessee). See also Soyfoods Companies (USA)–Farm Food Co.. 422, 631, 643 Fermented whole soybeans. See Natto, Dawa-dawa, Kinema, Thua- nao Far-Mar-Co, Inc. (A Cooperative; Hutchinson, Kansas). Created on 1 June 1968 by the merger of four regional grain cooperatives Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy). Purchased Central Soya Co. (USA) in including Farmers Union Cooperative Marketing Assn., which had Oct. 1987. European crushing operations renamed Cereol on 1 Jan. owned the former Dannen soybean crushing plant in St. Joseph, 1990. Cereol acquired by Bunge in April 2003 665, 765, 818, 892, Missouri, since Sept. 1963. Parts later sold to PMS Foods, Inc.. 237, 944, 983, 984, 988, 1008, 1021 283, 294, 297, 299, 315, 318, 334, 344, 359, 360, 362, 370, 511, 582, 590, 626, 709, 737, 746, 784, 811, 917, 950 Fertilizer, soybean meal used as. See Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber (as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as a Fertilizer or Manure for Farmers Union Grain Terminal Association (GTA). Established in the Soil 1938 in St. Paul, Minnesota 362, 419, 476, 502, 511, 834, 991 Fiber. See Carbohydrates–Dietary Fiber Farmland Industries, Inc. Named Consumers Cooperative Association from 1934 to 1 Sept. 1966. Declared Bankruptcy in Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, the Residue Left from Making Soymilk May 2002 143, 154, 163, 283, 362, 419, 445, 468, 502, 511, 640, or Tofu. Also called Bean Curd Residue, Soybean Curd Residue, 950 Dou-fu-zha (Pinyin) 504, 653, 952, 1049, 1090

Fatty Acids for Non-Drying or Drying Applications (As in Hot-Melt Fiber, Soy–Bran (Pulverized Soybean Hulls / Seed Coats) and Other Glues or the Curing Component of Epoxy Glues)–Industrial Uses of Uses of Soybean Hulls 468, 580, 653, 1090 Soy Oil 99, 106, 123, 200 Fiber–Soy Cotyledon Fiber / Polysaccharides (from Making Soy Fearn, Dr. Charles E. (-1949), and Fearn Soya Foods / Fearn Protein Isolates) 314, 316, 432, 461, 462, 557, 642, 650, 652, 653, Natural Foods 76, 280, 643, 646 656, 659, 667, 668, 672, 673, 681, 688, 695, 697, 707, 715, 716, 721, 722, 730, 736, 741, 743, 744, 750, 753, 754, 758, 774, 796, Feed manufacturing companies. See Ralston Purina Company 797, 798, 804, 807, 808, 817, 818, 1090

Administration (WFA) Fiber, Soy–General, for Food Use (Speciﬁ c Type Unknown) 906, 952, 1090 Food uses of soybeans, breeding for. See Variety Development, Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or Handling of Soybeans Fiber, Soy–Okara, Soy Bran (from Pulverized Soybean Hulls, for Food Uses or Isolate Fiber)–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region 716 Foodservice and institutional feeding or catering. See School Lunch Program Fibers (Artiﬁ cial Wool or Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fiber, Including Azlon, Soylon, and Soy Silk / Soysilk)–Industrial Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering, Including Uses of Soy Proteins 92, 288, 346, 469, 470, 471, 508, 509, 556, Quantity or Bulk Recipes 269, 278, 299, 367, 628, 729, 767, 842, 558, 573, 626, 783, 785, 1087, 1088, 1089 846, 917

Fires or explosions. See Soybean Crushing–Explosions and/or Fires Forage, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants, Feeds / in Soybean Solvent Extraction Plants Forage from Soybean Plants or Full-Fat Seeds

Fish, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Fish, Shellfi sh, and Ford, Henry (1863-1947), and His Researchers–Work with Soy– Other Seafood-like Products Robert Boyer, Frank Calvert, William Atkinson, Edsel Ruddiman, Bob Smith, Holton W. “Rex” Diamond, and Jan Willemse 34, 69, Fitness. See Physical Fitness, Physical Culture, and Exercise 71, 76, 84, 92, 105, 106, 111, 115, 125, 154, 163, 201, 212, 213, 222, 223, 225, 227, 229, 239, 241, 245, 250, 253, 260, 261, 262, Flakes, from whole soybeans. See Whole Soy Flakes 263, 284, 288, 289, 290, 292, 305, 306, 346, 371, 378, 427, 469, 470, 471, 507, 508, 509, 510, 556, 558, 569, 573, 615, 623, 625, Flatulence or Intestinal Gas–Caused by Complex Sugars (As the 626, 629, 646, 726, 733, 760, 763, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, Oligosaccharides Raffi nose and Stachyose in Soybeans), by Fiber, 787, 788, 789, 790, 795, 811, 917, 933, 1087, 1088, 1089 or by Lactose in Milk 249, 549, 690, 701, 848 Foreign Agricultural Service of USDA. See United States Flavor / Taste Problems and Ways of Solving Them (Especially Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Foreign Agricultural Service Beany Off-Flavors in Soy Oil, Soymilk, Tofu, Whole Dry (FAS) Soybeans, or Soy Protein Products, and Ways of Masking or Eliminating Them) 184, 200, 254, 259, 302, 448, 510, 651, 846, Foundry cores, binder. See Binder for Sand Foundry Cores 900, 918 Fouts Family of Indiana–Incl. Taylor Fouts (1880-1952), His Flax plant or fl axseed. See Linseed Oil, Linseed Cake / Meal, or the Brothers Noah Fouts (1864-1938) and Finis Fouts (1866-1943), Flax / Flaxseed Plant Their Soyland Farm (1918-1928), and Their Father Solomon Fouts (1826-1907) 169 Flour, soy. See Soy Flour France. See Europe, Western–France Flour, soy–Industrial uses of. See Soy Flour, Industrial Uses of– Other Frankfurters, hot dogs, or wieners–meatless. See Meat Alternatives– Meatless Sausages Foams for Fighting Fires–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins (Foam, Foaming Agents) 34, 182, 629 French Oil Mill Machinery Co. (Piqua, Ohio). Maker of Soybean Crushing Equipment. Also Named French Oil Machinery Co.. 34, Fodder, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants or Full- 87, 110, 125, 137, 172, 209, 1023 Fat Seeds Frozen desserts, non-dairy. See Soy Ice Cream Food and Drug Administration (FDA, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services) 260, 269, 321, 604, 643, 665, 677, 688, 693, 703, Frozen tofu. See Tofu, Frozen, Dried-Frozen, or Dried Whole 735, 758, 779, 833, 893, 895, 896, 897, 901, 902, 903, 907, 908, 910, 913, 916, 925, 926, 928, 934, 939, 943, 947, 948, 949, 951, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), Incl. Fuji Purina Protein Ltd.. 963, 973, 995, 998, 1001, 1007, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1015, 1059, 294, 338, 339, 340, 347, 350, 376, 389, 396, 404, 406, 407, 510, 1086 516, 530, 533, 546, 565, 860, 892, 931, 950, 1002, 1022, 1056, 1060 Food and Nutrition Service of USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Food and Nutrition Service Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals / Nutriceuticals, Designer Foods, (FNS) or Medicinal Foods 810, 833, 841, 847, 862, 868, 906, 914

Food Production and Distribution Administration of USDA. See Funk Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois). Founded in 1901 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–War Food by Eugene D. Funk, Sr. (1867-1944). Started selling soybeans in

1903. Started Crushing Soybeans in 1924. Renamed Funk Seeds International by 1983 45, 69, 71, 76, 79, 113, 115, 154, 172, 212, Goitrogens / Goitrogenic Substances (Which Can Affect Thyroid 213, 368, 369, 529 Function and Cause Goiter) 893, 907, 1011, 1060

Galactina S.A. (Belp, Switzerland) 559, 593, 605, 644, 747 Golbitz, Peter. See Soyatech (Bar Harbor, Maine)

Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. and its Soyco Foods Div. (Orlando, Gold Kist, Inc. (Georgia) 362, 419, 445, 446, 502, 511, 640 Florida) 678, 693, 767, 913, 915, 969 Government policies and programs effecting soybeans. See Policies Ganmodoki. See Tofu, Fried and programs

Garden Protein International (GPI), Maker of Gardein Meat Grades and grading of soybeans. See Seed Quality of Soybeans– Alternatives (Founded by Yves Potvin, 2005, Vancouver, British Condition, Grading, and Grades (Moisture, Foreign Material, Columbia, Canada) 1055 Damage, etc.)

Gardner, Henry A. See Paint Manufacturers’ Association of the U.S. Graham, Sylvester (1794-1851). American Health Reformer and Vegetarian (Actually Vegan) (New York) 7 Gas, intestinal. See Flatulence or Intestinal Gas Grain Farmers of Ontario (GFO). See Ontario Soybean Growers Geese, Ducks, Pheasants, and Other Poultry Fed Soybeans, (Canada) Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed 142 Grain Processing Corporation (GPC–Muscatine, Iowa) 237, 344, Gene banks. See Germplasm Collections and Resources, and Gene 359, 362, 394, 413, 419, 468, 476, 500, 551, 552, 564, 572, 604, Banks 653, 661, 682, 735, 749, 811, 918, 933, 950, 963

Genealogy and Family History. See Also: Obituaries, Biographies Granose Foods Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire [Bucks.], 1, 33, 110, 164, 169, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 217, 324, 344, England). Founded in 1899 under the name The International 420, 783, 1080, 1085 Health Association Ltd. Renamed Granose Foods Ltd. in 1926. Acquired by Haldane Foods Group in Jan. 1991 643, 745 General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis) 123, 126, 143, 148, 154, 159, 163, 184, 188, 237, 239, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 253, Granules, from whole soybeans. See Whole Soy Flakes 255, 260, 266, 269, 270, 275, 276, 280, 289, 292, 294, 315, 318, 320, 332, 334, 344, 347, 349, 359, 360, 362, 370, 378, 415, 443, Great Eastern Sun and Macrobiotic Wholesale Co. (North Carolina) 449, 470, 476, 508, 509, 510, 573, 624, 626, 629, 696, 713, 763, 605, 643, 693 781, 783, 788, 790, 795, 811, 812, 930, 933, 937, 943, 950, 956, 957, 960, 964, 980, 1032, 1033, 1040, 1053, 1089 Green Manure, Use of Soybeans as, by Plowing / Turning In / Under a Crop of Immature / Green Soybean Plants for Soil Genetic Engineering, Transgenics, Recombinant DNA, Transgenic Improvement 527 Plants and Biotechnology / Biotech 644, 856, 857, 861, 864, 866, 870, 890, 895, 898, 899, 900, 902, 907, 912, 928, 983, 984 Green Vegetable Soybeans–Large-Seeded Vegetable-Type or Edible Soybeans, General Information About, Not Including Use As Green Genetics, soybean. See Breeding of Soybeans and Classical Vegetable Soybeans 113, 212, 213 Genetics Green Vegetable Soybeans–The Word Edamame (Japanese-Style, GeniSoy Products Co. (Fairﬁ eld, California). Including MLO and in the Pods), Usually Grown Using Vegetable-Type Soybeans– Mus-L-On 913, 943, 951 Appearance in European-Language Documents 986, 1000

Germany. See Europe, Western–Germany Green Vegetable Soybeans, Usually Grown Using Vegetable-Type Soybeans 33, 76, 77, 105, 106, 111, 155, 346, 471, 495, 952, 955, Germplasm Collections and Resources, Gene Banks, and Seed 986, 1000 Stores 1018 Green Vegetable Soybeans–Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Glidden Co. (The) (Chicago, Illinois, and Cleveland, Ohio). Incl. Edible of Food-Grade Soybeans, General Information About, Durkee Famous Foods. See also: Julian, Percy 69, 71, 77, 88, 93, Including Use As Green Vegetable Soybeans 105, 106 101, 105, 106, 111, 115, 123, 125, 126, 143, 148, 154, 159, 163, 184, 188, 189, 198, 200, 207, 212, 213, 237, 362, 369, 419, 471, Grifﬁ th Laboratories (Chicago and Alsip, Illinois) 243, 269, 274, 508, 511, 573, 623, 625, 627, 629, 646, 781, 784, 917, 933, 1022, 297, 299, 315, 318, 334, 344, 359, 360, 370, 384, 413, 443, 449, 1071, 1078, 1091 465, 468, 495, 534, 573, 625, 627, 643, 646, 661, 734, 763, 811, 950 Gluten. See Wheat Gluten

Grits, roasted soy. See Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark Roasted with Dry Heat, Full-Fat) and Grits Healing arts, alternative. See Medicine–Alternative

Groundnuts. See Peanut, Peanuts Health claims. See Claim or Claims of Health Beneﬁ ts–Usually Authorized by the FDA Gunther Products, Inc. (Galesburg, Illinois. Founded by J.K. Gunter in 1949. Started in 1950. Acquired in April 1995 by Quest Health Food Company of New York (Started in 1875 by Frank International, a Unit of Unilever) 243, 625, 627, 637, 646, 682, 780, Fuller) 7, 33 933, 936, 950 Health Foods Industry–Trade Associations–Natural Products Haberlandt soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA– Association (NPA). Named National Nutritional Foods Association Haberlandt (NNFA) from 1970 until 15 July 2006. Founded in 1937 as the National Health Foods Association by Anthony Berhalter of Hackleman, Jay C. (1888-1970, Extension Agronomist, Univ. of Chicago. Renamed NNFA in 1970 1043 Illinois) 105, 106, 116 Health Foods–Manufacturers 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 33, 76 Hain Celestial Group, Inc. (Uniondale, New York). Hain Food Group, Inc. before 30 May 2000. Hain Pure Food Co. since Nov. Health foods manufacturers. See El Molino Mills, Health Food 1931. Founded in Oct. 1926 by Harold Hain as Hain Health Foods Company of New York, Ralston Health Food Co. 869, 902, 928, 936, 968, 995, 1002, 1006, 1026, 1041, 1043, 1052, 1055 Health foods movement in Los Angeles, California. See El Molino Mills Haldane Foods Group Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, England). Including Regular Tofu Co., Realeat Foods, Direct Foods, Health Foods Stores / Shops (mostly USA)–Early (1877 to 1970s) Haldane Foods, Vegetarian Feasts, Vegetarian Cuisine, Genice, 9, 76, 229, 236 Unisoy, and Granose Foods Ltd. Acquired by The Hain Celestial Group in fall 2006 745, 747, 799, 800, 936, 1043, 1052 Heart disease and diet. See Cardiovascular Disease, Especially Heart Disease and Stroke Hamanatto Fermented Black Soybeans–from Japan. In Japan called Hamanatto or (formerly) Hamananatto 843 Hemagglutinins (Lectins or Soyin) (Proteins Which Agglutinate Red Blood Cells) 954 Hamanatto / Hamananatto. See Hamanatto Fermented Black Soybeans–from Japan Hemp (Cannabis sativa)–Used as a Source of Fiber for Textiles or Paper, Protein (Edestin), or Seeds (Asanomi). Includes Marijuana Hansa Muehle AG. See Oelmuehle Hamburg AG (Hamburg, / Marihuana. See Also Hemp Oil or Hempseed Oil. Does NOT Germany) include Wild Hemp (Sesbania macrocarpa) or Sunn Hemp (Crotolaria juncea) or Manila hemp (Musa textilis, a species of Hansa Muehle / Hansa Mühle (The Hansa Mill) and Hanseatische plantain) 626, 968 Muehlenwerke AG. Incl. the Work of Hermann Bollmann and Bruno Rewald, PhD 34, 71, 125, 1071 Henselwerk GmbH (Magstadt near Stuttgart, Germany) 593

Harrison, D.W. (M.D.) (1921-2011), and Africa Basic Foods Herbicides. See Weeds–Control and Herbicide Use (Uganda) 646 Heuschen-Schrouff B.V. (Landgraaf, Netherlands), Including Its Hartwig, Edgar Emerson (1913-1996, North Carolina and Subsidiary SoFine Foods (The Latter Acquired by Vandemoortele Mississippi). Soybean Breeder for the U.S. South 738 Group on 23 June 2006) 593, 1006

Hartz (Jacob) Seed Co. (Stuttgart, Arkansas). Founded by Jacob Hexane. See Solvents Hartz, Sr. (1888-1963) in 1942. Continued by Jake Hartz, Jr. (1920- ). Acquired by Monsanto in April 1983. Headquarters at Des Hinoichi / Hinode, House Foods & Yamauchi Inc. See House Foods Moines, Iowa, since Jan. 1998 37, 84, 164, 527 America Corporation (Los Angeles, California)

Harvesting and Threshing Soybeans (Including Use of Chemical Historical–Documents on Soybeans or Soyfoods Published from Defoliation and Defoliants to Facilitate Harvesting) 133 1900 to 1923 33, 34, 35, 36

Hawaii. See United States–States–Hawaii Historical–Earliest Commercial Product Seen of a Particular Type or Made in a Particular Geographic Area 56, 74, 219 Hayes Ashdod Ltd. (renamed Solbar Hatzor Ltd. in April 1987) and Hayes General Technology (Israel) 593, 780, 818, 860, 892, 940, Historical–Earliest Document Seen Containing a Particular Word, 954, 971, 1017, 1048, 1056, 1060 Term, or Phrase 10, 59, 72, 76, 93, 115, 174, 187, 215, 229, 235,

236, 239, 247, 263, 294, 310, 311, 364, 365, 369, 431, 449, 466, 470, 972, 975, 979 House Foods America Corporation (Garden Grove, California). Formerly Hinoichi / Hinode, House Foods & Yamauchi Inc.. 631, Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Geographical 644, 693, 869, 936, 1043, 1062, 1067 Area–a Nation / Country, U.S. State, Canadian Province, or Continent 56, 74 Huegli Naehrmittel A.G. (Steinach-Arbon, Switzerland), Yamato Tofuhaus Sojaprodukte GmbH (Tuebingen-Hirschau, Germany), Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Subject 2, 10, Horst Heirler (Gauting bei Muenchen, Germany), Soyastern 37, 45, 59, 69, 79, 101, 105, 106, 115, 123, 126, 143, 163, 164, 201, Naturkost GmbH / Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH (Dorsten, 215, 243, 269, 311, 340, 449, 504, 543, 559, 593, 656, 674, 682, Germany), and KMK (Kurhessische Molkerei Kassel) 593, 799, 692, 841, 951, 975, 979 936, 1006

Historical–Earliest Document Seen on a Particular Subject 45, 69, Hulls, soybean, uses. See Fiber, Soy 79, 101, 115, 126, 154, 269, 314, 504, 559, 593, 841, 979 Human Nutrition–Clinical Trials 218, 333, 402, 452, 454, 456, 457, Historical–Important Documents (Published After 1923) About 458, 463, 505, 523, 538, 561, 562, 567, 568, 610, 642, 650, 656, Soybeans or Soyfoods Before 1900 1056 667, 671, 683, 685, 689, 698, 753, 757, 803, 804, 805, 808

Historically Important Events, Trends, or Publications 65, 111, 284, Hunger, Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality 421, 422, 604, 605, 635, 640, 643, 644, 665, 693, 869, 902, 953, Worldwide 272, 277, 285, 373, 408 968, 1001, 1012, 1043, 1052, 1065 HVP. See Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (Non-Soy), or Soy History–Chronology. See Chronology / Timeline Protein–Hydrolyzed (General)

History of the Soybean–Myths and Early Errors Concerning Its HVP type soy sauce. See Soy Sauce, HVP Type (Non-Fermented or History 105, 106 Semi-Fermented)

History. See also Historical–Earliest..., Biography, Chronology / Hydraulic presses. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Hydraulic Timeline, and Obituaries 34, 105, 106, 111, 116, 138, 141, 148, 149, Presses 164, 169, 179, 189, 196, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 278, 327, 334, 346, 348, 367, 368, 369, 378, 387, 406, 407, 420, 465, 469, Hydrogenated Products (Margarine, Shortening, Soy Oil) Industry 471, 502, 506, 507, 512, 527, 528, 532, 542, 558, 573, 593, 623, and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical 624, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 640, 646, 651, 701, 711, 717, Region 269 720, 726, 731, 734, 735, 747, 760, 763, 773, 783, 784, 785, 786, 788, 789, 790, 795, 798, 799, 800, 801, 806, 807, 833, 841, 853, Hydrogenation. See Margarine, Shortening, Trans Fatty Acids, 856, 869, 883, 902, 905, 906, 933, 963, 966, 968, 991, 997, 1001, Vanaspati, also Margarine and Shortening 1012, 1017, 1023, 1043, 1052, 1057, 1059, 1065, 1078, 1087, 1088 Hydrogenation–General, Early History, and the Process. Soy is Not Hohnen Oil Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Also spelled Hônen or Honen. Mentioned 118 Formerly Suzuki Shoten (Suzuki & Co.) 407 Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil, Soy Fatty Acids, or Soy Lecithin Hoisin / Haisien Sauce 631 76, 125, 303, 532, 690

Holland. See Europe, Western–Netherlands Hydrolyzed soy protein. See Soy Protein–Hydrolyzed and Hydrolysates (General) Honeymead (Mankato, Minnesota)–Cooperative 218, 224, 237, 283, 360, 362, 419, 476, 502, 511, 547, 640, 732, 763, 834, 863, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (HVP)–Not Made from Soybeans. 923, 950, 991 See also: Soy Proteins–Hydrolyzed and Hydrolysates (General) 347

Honeymead Products Co. (Cedar Rapids, Spencer, and Washington, Hymowitz, Theodore (Soybean Historian and Prof. of Plant Iowa, 1938-1945. Then Mankato, Minnesota, 1948-1960). See also Breeding, Univ. of Illinois) 1018 Andreas Family 101, 115, 123, 147, 148, 154, 163, 188, 532, 991 Ice cream, soy. See Soy Ice Cream, Soy Ice Cream (Frozen or Dry Hong Kong. See Asia, East–Hong Kong Mix)–Imports, Exports, International Trade

Hormones from soybeans. See Sterols or Steroid Hormones Icing, non-dairy. See Dairylike Non-dairy Soy-based Products, Other Horvath, Artemy / Arthemy Alexis (1886-1979) and Horvath Laboratories. See also Soya Corporation of America and Dr. Identity Preserved / Preservation 899, 912, 943, 1001 Armand Burke 69, 76, 154

IITA (Nigeria). See International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Rubber Substitutes or Artiﬁ cial / Synthetic Rubber (Factice) (IITA) (Ibadan, Nigeria) Industrial uses of soy oil as a non-drying oil. See Dust Suppressants Illinois. See United States–States–Illinois and Dust Control, Lubricants, Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease for Carts Illinois Center for Soy Foods (University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign). Barbara Klein and Keith Cadwallader, Co-Directors Industrial Uses of Soy Oil (General) 77, 94 465, 1013 Industrial uses of soy proteins. See Fibers (Artiﬁ cial Wool or Illinois, University of (Urbana-Champaign, Illinois). Soyfoods Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fibers, Including Azlon, Research & Development 337, 465, 573, 791, 810, 827, 831, 847, Soylon, and Soy Silk / Soysilk), Foams for Fighting Fires, Paints 859, 895, 904, 914, 942 (Especially Water-Based Latex Paints), Paper Coatings or Sizings, or Textile Sizing, Plastics (Including Molded Plastic Parts, Plastic Illustrations, Not About Soy, Published before 1924. See also Film, Disposable Eating Utensils and Tableware–From Spoons to Photos 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28 Plates, and Packaging Materials)

Illustrations Published after 1923. See also Photographs 67, 73, Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins–General and Minor Uses–Galalith, 105, 106, 114, 125, 131, 134, 142, 284, 286, 296, 364, 374, 375, Sojalith, Celluloid, Cosmetics (Lotions and Soaps), Rubber 438, 806, 839, 875, 900, 902, 960, 986, 1005, 1014, 1025, 1032, Substitutes, Insecticides, etc. See also Culture Media as for 1033, 1053 Antibiotics Industry 76, 208, 240, 273, 317, 542, 670, 676, 758, 787

Imagine Foods, Inc. (Palo Alto & San Carlos, California). Rice Industrial uses of soy proteins (including soy ﬂ our). See Adhesives Dream / Beverage Manufactured by California Natural Products or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, or Building (CNP, Manteca, California) 902, 964 Materials

Implements, agricultural. See Machinery (Agricultural), Industrial uses of soybeans. See Chemurgy, the Farm Chemurgic Implements, Equipment and Mechanization Movement, and the Farm Chemurgic Council (USA, 1930s to 1950s) Including, Lecithin, Soy–Industrial Uses, Soy Flour, Important Documents #1–The Very Most Important 10, 37, 40, 45, Industrial Uses of–Other, Soy Protein Isolates, Industrial Uses of, 52, 69, 79, 101, 105, 106, 111, 115, 125, 126, 154, 201, 212, 213, Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber (as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as 215, 218, 229, 247, 269, 311, 314, 332, 340, 370, 388, 410, 452, a Fertilizer or Manure for the Soil 457, 458, 504, 532, 559, 593, 650, 656, 663, 674, 692, 705, 747, 806, 813, 829, 834, 840, 849, 865, 873, 888, 889, 892, 893, 951, Industrial Uses of Soybeans (General Non-Food, Non-Feed) 125, 975, 979, 994, 1001, 1012, 1043, 1052, 1057, 1065 138, 212, 213, 763

Important Documents #2–The Next Most Important 59, 76, 149, Industrial Uses of Soybeans (Non-Food, Non-Feed)–Industry and 217, 236, 243, 327, 346, 347, 431, 448, 468, 510, 556, 631, 696, Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region 701, 710, 734, 745, 749, 763, 785, 799, 847, 908 69, 71, 79, 97, 103

Imports. See Trade of Soybeans, Oil & Meal, or see Individual Industrial Uses of Soybeans (Non-Food, Non-Feed)–Industry and Soyfoods Imported Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–Larger Companies (Ford Motor Co., I.F. Laucks, O’Brien Varnish Co., The Drackett Co., INARI, Ltd. See Sycamore Creek Co. ADM, General Mills, etc.) 69, 470, 508

India. See Asia, South–India Industry and Market Analyses and Statistics–Market Studies 269, 328, 423, 631, 747, 770, 799 Indiana. See United States–States–Indiana Infant Foods and Infant Feeding, Soy-based. See Also Infant Indiana Soy Pioneers. See Central Soya Co., Fouts Family, Meharry Formulas, Soy-based 282, 333

Indonesia. See Asia, Southeast–Indonesia Infant Formula / Formulas, Soy-based, Including Effects on Infant Health (Alternatives to Milk. Usually Fortiﬁ ed and Regulated. Industrial uses of soy oil. See Fatty Acids for Non-Drying or Drying Since 1963 Usually Made from Soy Protein Isolates) 76, 250, 425, Applications (As in Hot-Melt Glues or the Curing Component of 455, 469, 569, 649, 696, 701, 703, 749, 819, 845, 847, 856, 862, Epoxy Glues), Steroids, Steroid Hormones, and Sterols 864, 908, 1068

Industrial uses of soy oil as a drying oil. See Adhesives, Asphalt Information. See Libraries with a Signiﬁ cant Interest in Soy, Preservation Agents, Caulking Compounds, Artiﬁ cial Leather, and Reference Books and Other Reference Resources Other Minor or General Uses, Ink for Printing, Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Lacquers, and Other Protective / Decorative Coatings, Information, computerized. See Websites or Information on the

World Wide Web or Internet Isoﬂ avones. See Estrogens (in Plants–Phytoestrogens, Especially Ink for Printing–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil 71, 117, in Soybeans and Soyfoods), Including Isoﬂ avones (Including 206 Genistein, Daidzein, Glycetein, Coumestrol, Genistin, and Daidzin)

Innoval / Sojalpe (Afﬁ liate of Les Silos de Valence–Valence, Isoﬂ avones in soybeans and soyfoods. See Estrogens, Incl. France) 747, 799 Genistein, Daidzein, etc.

Inoculum / inocula of nitrogen ﬁ xing bacteria for soybeans. See Isoﬂ avones (Soy) Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Nitrogen Fixing Cultures Analyses–Individual Companies 841, 862, 868, 869, 873, 895, 918

Insects–Pest Control. See also: Integrated Pest Management 59, 77, Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Proteins–Isolates 738 Israel. See Asia, Middle East–Israel and Judaism Institutional feeding. See Foodservice and Institutional Feeding or Catering Italian recipes, soyfoods used in. See Europe–Western–Italy

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (Ibadan, Itona (Wigan, Lancashire, England). Maker of Soymilk, Soymilk Nigeria) 643, 690 Products, Soynuts, and Meat Alternatives 593, 745, 747

International Nutrition Laboratory. See Miller, Harry W. (M.D.) Ivory Coast. See Africa–Côte d’Ivoire (1879-1977) Japan. See Asia, East–Japan International soybean programs. See INTSOY–International Soybean Program (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois), International Japan Oilseed Processors Association (JOPA) 1022 Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (Ibadan, Nigeria), United Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, and Japanese Overseas, Especially Work with Soy or Macrobiotics 410, UNRRA) Work with Soy 422, 559, 631, 761, 793, 794, 799, 869

International Vegetarian Union (IVU. Founded 1908; and its British Jerky, tofu. See Tofu, Flavored / Seasoned and Baked, Broiled, Predecessor the Vegetarian Federal Union, founded 1889), and Grilled, Braised or Roasted Other International Vegetarian Societies, Conferences, Congresses, and Unions 809 Johnson Family of Stryker, Williams County, Ohio. Including (1) Edward Franklin “E.F. Soybean” Johnson (1889-1961) of Johnson Internet. See Websites or Information on the World Wide Web Seed Farms (Stryker, Ohio), Delphos Grain and Soya Processing Co. (Ohio), and Ralston Purina Company (Missouri); (2) Elmer Intestinal Flora / Bacteria and Toxemia–Incl. Changing and Solomon Johnson (1879-1920); (3) Perhaps E.C. Johnson and Hon. Reforming (L. Acidophilus, Biﬁ dus, L. Bulgaricus etc.) 813, 845 Solomon Johnson (1850-1918) 36, 59, 62, 65, 69, 72, 77, 79, 82, 83, 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 104, 113, 127, 130, 136, 144, 157, 159, 164, INTSOY–International Soybean Program (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 217, 786 Illinois). Founded July 1973. Initially (from 1971) named Program for International Research, Improvement and Development of Jonathan P.V.B.A. (Kapellen, Belgium) 559, 936 Soybeans (PIRIDS) 465, 690, 1037, 1062, 1067 Julian, Percy (African-American Organic Chemist). See also Iodine number. See Soy Oil Constants–Iodine Number Glidden Company 629, 1071

Iowa. See United States–States–Iowa Kanjang / Ganjang–Korean-Style Fermented Soy Sauce. Also spelled Kan Jang / Gan Jang 155 Iowa State University / College (Ames, Iowa), and Univ. of Iowa (Iowa City) 124, 763 Kellogg Co. (breakfast cereals; Battle Creek, Michigan). See Kellogg, Will Keith,... Kellogg Company Iron Availability, Absorption, and Content of Soybean Foods and Feeds 414, 580 Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.) (1852-1943), Sanitas Food Co., Sanitas Nut Food Co., Battle Creek Sanitarium Health Food Co., Island Spring, Inc. (Vashon, Washington). Founded by Luke and Battle Creek Food Co. (Battle Creek, Michigan). Battle Creek Lukoskie and Sylvia Nogaki 422, 631, 665, 701, 799 Foods Was Acquired by Worthington Foods in 1960 6, 7, 33, 76, 289, 378, 507, 573, 626, 650, 789, 1026 Isoﬂ avone or Phytoestrogen Content of Soyfoods, Soy-based Products, Soy Ingredients, and Soybean Varieties (Esp. Genistein, Kellogg, Will Keith (1860-1951), Kellogg’s Toasted Corn Flake Co. Daidzein, and Glycitein) 579, 813 Later Kellogg Company (of breakfast cereal fame; Battle Creek,

Michigan) 626, 713, 806, 930, 936, 964, 995, 1026 Latin America–Central America (General). Includes Mexico and Mesoamerica.. 216 Kerry Ingredients (Formerly the Kerry Group). Purchased Plants from Solnuts B.V. (Tilburg, The Netherlands; and Hudson, Iowa) Latin America–Central America–Guatemala 454, 887, 1058 in Jan. 2002. Name Changed to Nutriant (Jan. 2002 to 2006), Then Changed Back to Kerry 968, 980, 1013, 1039 Latin America–Central America–Honduras 1058

Kesp. See Meat Alternatives–Kesp (Based on Spun Soy Protein Latin America–Central America–Mexico 347, 365, 521, 533, 573, Fibers) 625, 710, 729, 869, 887, 961, 1002

Kibun. See Soymilk Companies (Asia) Latin America–Central America–Mexico–Soy Ingredients Used in Mexican-Style Recipes, Food Products, or Dishes Worldwide 370, Kidney / Renal Function 400, 453, 841 511, 749

Kikkoman Corporation (Tokyo, Walworth, Wisconsin; and Latin America (General) 332, 347, 474, 851 Worldwide). Incl. Noda Shoyu Co. and Kikkoman International Inc., and Kikkoman Shoyu Co.. 410, 793, 799, 813, 818, 950, 1037 Latin America–South America–Argentina (Argentine Republic) 347, 412, 502, 609, 968, 1021, 1022 Kinako. See Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark Roasted with Dry Heat, Full-Fat) and Grits Latin America–South America–Brazil, Deforestation in Amazon Basin 1001 King, Paul and Gail. See Soy Daily (The) Latin America–South America–Brazil, Federative Republic of 272, Kloss, Jethro (1863-1946) and his Book Back to Eden 76 277, 292, 294, 347, 388, 408, 419, 439, 474, 511, 532, 533, 609, 784, 860, 887, 892, 931, 954, 965, 968, 984, 992, 1001, 1008, 1017, Koji (Cereal Grains {Especially Rice or Barley} and / or Soybeans 1021, 1024 Fermented with a Mold, Especially Aspergillus oryzae) or Koji Starter. Chinese Qu / Pinyin or Ch’ü / Wade-Giles 422 Latin America–South America–Brazil–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 388, 474 Korea. See Asia, East–Korea Latin America–South America–Chile (Including Easter Island) 347 Koreans Overseas, Especially Work with Soy 1006, 1012 Latin America–South America–Colombia 347, 573, 887 Korean-style fermented soy sauce. See Kanjang–Korean-Style Fermented Soy Sauce Latin America–South America–Ecuador (Including the Galapagos Islands. Formerly also called Equator, the English translation of the Kosher Products (Commercial) 794 Spanish “Ecuador”) 347

Kraft Foods Inc. (Work with Soy). Including Anderson Clayton, Latin America–South America (General) 216, 983, 988 Boca Burger, and Balance Bar 163, 188, 237, 362, 370, 465, 476, 624, 713, 749, 950, 964, 1013 Latin America–South America–Guyana (British Guiana before 1966) 277, 292 La Sierra Industries (La Sierra, California). See Van Gundy, Theodore A., and La Sierra Industries Latin America–South America–Paraguay 347, 609, 762

Lactose Intolerance or Lactase Deﬁ ciency 680 Latin America–South America–Peru 347, 388, 887

Land O’Lakes, Inc.. 362, 419, 445, 446, 468, 494, 500, 502, 511, Latin America–South America–Suriname (Also Surinam before 532, 551, 552, 572, 640, 950 1978; Dutch Guiana before 1975) 533

Large-seeded soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans–Large- Latin America–South America–Uruguay, Oriental Republic of 347, Seeded Vegetable-Type or Edible Soybeans 412

Latin America–Caribbean–Cuba 36, 83 Latin America–South America–Venezuela 751, 776, 887

Latin America–Caribbean–Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of (A Self- Laucks (I.F.) Co. (Seattle, Washington). Founded by Irving Fink Governing Part of the USA; Named Porto Rico until 1932) 915 Laucks (3 July 1882 to 9 March 1981) 69, 71, 76, 77, 84, 101, 115, 123, 154, 212, 213, 646 Latin America–Central America–Costa Rica 1002 Lauhoff Grain Co. See Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York)

Lauhoff Grain Co. (Danville, Illinois). Afﬁ liate of Bunge Corp. Linoleum, Floor Coverings, Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods– since June 1979 188, 237, 318, 334, 344, 359, 362, 370, 419, 465, Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil 71, 79, 103, 106, 117, 468, 517, 811, 950 118, 206

Lecithin companies. See American Lecithin Corp., Lucas Meyer Linseed Oil, Linseed Cake / Meal, Lintseed, or the Flax / Flaxseed GmbH (Hamburg, Germany), Ross & Rowe (Yelkin Lecithin, New Plant (Linum usitatissimum L.) 59, 65, 77, 354, 369, 532, 626 York City) Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Soybeans (Seeds or Plant), Lecithin Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By or Soybean Products (Including Soy Oil), and Lipids in the Human Geographical Region 1075 Diet 36, 743

Lecithin, Soy 49, 71, 76, 77, 102, 106, 125, 126, 163, 188, 237, Lipolytic enzymes in the soybean. See Enzymes in the Soybean– 251, 283, 362, 382, 419, 448, 468, 495, 504, 511, 519, 563, 564, Lipoxygenase and Its Inactivation 629, 646, 703, 711, 732, 737, 786, 818, 863, 902, 923, 944, 984, 1057, 1071, 1073, 1075, 1076 Lipoxygenase. See Enzymes in the Soybean–Lipoxygenase and Its Inactivation Lecithin, Soy–Industrial Uses 71, 125, 1071 Llama Toucan & Crow. See Stow Mills, Inc. Lectins. See Hemagglutinins (Lectins or Soyin) Loma Linda Foods (Riverside, California). Named La Loma Foods Legislative activities. See American Soybean Association (ASA)– from Feb. 1989 to Jan. 1990. Acquired by Worthington Foods in Legislative Activities Jan. 1990 260, 269, 280, 510, 551, 569, 763, 788, 790, 795, 799, 936, 950 Legume, Inc. (Fairﬁ eld, New Jersey) 604, 605, 643, 644, 693 Loma Linda University (Loma Linda, California). Including Loma Lend-Lease (Program and Administration). U.S. Program to Send Linda Hospital (Formerly named Loma Linda Sanitarium and Key Supplies to Overseas Allies During World War II 126, 623 College of Medical Evangelists) 809

Lens culinaris or L. esculenta. See Lentils Los Angeles–City and County–Work with Soyfoods, Natural / Health Foods, and / or Vegetarianism 148, 169, 369, 749, 761, 794, Lentils. Lens culinaris. Formerly: Lens esculenta and Ervum lens 869, 874, 875, 880, 883, 918, 939, 1015 900 Low cost extrusion cookers. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking: Lever Brothers Co. See Unilever Corp. Low Cost Extrusion Cookers (LECs)

Leviton, Richard. See Soyfoods Association of North America Low-cost extrusion cookers. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, (SANA) Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Low Cost

Li Yü-ying (Li Yu-ying; Courtesy Name: Li Shizeng (pinyin), Li Lubricants, Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease for Carts– Shih-tseng (W.-G.); Chinese Soyfoods Pioneer in France; born Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Oil 71 1881 in Peking, died 1973 in Taipei, Taiwan) and Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne (Les Vallées, Colombes (near Asnières), a few miles Lucas Meyer GmbH (Hamburg, Germany). Founded 1973. northwest of Paris, and China) 646 Acquired Oct. 2000 by Degussa AG of Germany. Acquired in 2006 by Cargill 332, 349, 551, 593, 765, 780, 818, 1075 Libraries with a Signiﬁ cant Interest in Soy 5 Lucerne / lucern. See Alfalfa or Lucerne Life Food GmbH / Taifun-Tofuprodukte (Freiburg, Germany) 1006 Lukoskie, Luke. See Island Spring, Inc. (Vashon, Washington) Lightlife Foods, Inc. (Turners Falls, Massachusetts). Started as The Tempeh Works in Sept. 1979 by Michael Cohen in Greenﬁ eld, Lupins or Lupin (Also spelled Lupine, Lupines, Lupinseed; Lupinus Massachusetts. Then renamed Tempehworks, Inc. in Sept. 1985. albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L. mutabilis) 1017 Acquired by ConAgra, Inc. (Omaha, Nebraska) on 14 July 2000. Acquired by Maple Leaf Foods (Ontario, Canada) on 10 March Lysinoalanine (LAL)–An Unusual, Toxic Amino Acid Created by 2017 643, 644, 693, 846, 1002 Severe Alkali Processing of Food Proteins (As in Spun Protein Fibers) 400, 453, 490 Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium; and Mezin, France). Owns Jonathan P.V.B.A. Owned by Euronature of Machinery (Agricultural), Implements, Equipment, and Paris, France, since 1989. Owned by the Hain-Celestial Group since Mechanization (Binders, Cultivators, Cutters, Harvesters, Mowers, 10 Dec. 2001 701, 936, 968, 1006 Pickers, Planters, Reapers, Separators, Thrashers, or Threshers). See

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 491 also: Combines and Tractors 99, 346 Marketing of soyfoods. See Individual foods, e.g., Tofu–Marketing of Machinery, farm. See Combines Marketing soybeans. See Chicago Board of Trade Macrobiotics. See also: George Ohsawa, Michio and Aveline Kushi, Herman and Cornellia Aihara 605, 644, 646, 936, 968, 1006 Marketing Soybeans, Market Development, and Economics (Including Futures Markets, Hedging, and Mathematical Models) Madison Foods and Madison College (Madison, Tennessee). 73, 77, 81, 116, 130, 147, 244, 246, 265, 439, 723, 834 Madison Foods (Then a Subsidiary of Nutritional Corp.) Was Acquired by Worthington Foods in Aug. 1964 76, 507 Marketing–Soyfoods and Soy Products 270, 370, 412, 428, 635

Mainland Express (Spring Park, Minnesota). Div. of Goods, Inc. Marusan-Ai. See Soymilk Companies (Asia) Named Tofu, Inc. and Eastern Foods, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, from 1978 to March 1989 643 Massachusetts. See United States–States–Massachusetts

Maize. See Corn / Maize Meal or cake, soybean. See Soybean Meal

Malnutrition, hunger, famine, and food shortages. See Hunger, Meals for Millions Foundation (Los Angeles, California), Multi- Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality Purpose Food (MPF), and Freedom from Hunger 255, 950

Malnutrition Matters (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). Non-Proﬁ t Meals, vegetarian or vegan, served at institutions. See Organization. Founded in 2000 by Frank Daller and Brian Herrigan Vegetarianism–Vegetarian or Vegan Meals Served at Institutions 1002, 1028, 1049, 1058 Meat Alternatives–Beef Alternatives, Including Meatless Beef Mammoth Yellow soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA– Jerky, Chili Con Carne, Goulash, Lasagna, Meat Balls, Mince, Mammoth Yellow Mincemeat, Sloppy Joes, Spaghetti Sauce, Steak, Veal, etc. See also Meatless Burgers 248, 592, 726, 1055 Manchu soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Manchu Meat alternatives companies. See Tofurky Company (Hood River, Manchuria. See Asia, East–Manchuria Oregon. Maker of Tofurky and Tempeh), Yves Veggie Cuisine (Vancouver, BC, Canada) Manna Natural Foods (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Named Stichting Natuurvoeding Amsterdam until 1982. Absorbed by Meat Alternatives–Documents About (Meatlike Meatless Meat, Akwarius Almere in 1987 559 Poultry, or Fish / Seafood Analogs. See Also Meat Extenders) 253, 284, 294, 347, 429, 471, 507, 661, 710, 770 Map / Maps 59, 62, 105, 106, 142, 762 Meat Alternatives–General and Other Meatless Meatlike Products. Maple Leaf Foods. See CanAmera Foods (Hamilton, Ontario, See Also Meat Extenders 236, 276, 284, 291, 320, 347, 512, 798, Canada) 986

Maple Leaf Monarch or Maple Leaf Mills. See ADM Agri- Meat Alternatives–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Industries Ltd. (Windsor, Ontario, Canada) Analyses–By Geographical Region 269

Margarine 94, 106, 118, 125, 269, 354, 465, 646, 698, 701, 705, Meat Alternatives–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and 713, 832 Analyses–Individual Companies 726, 832

Margarine Made with Soy 71, 103, 117, 123, 189, 206, 408, 546, Meat Alternatives–Kesp (Based on Spun Soy Protein Fibers). See 609, 644, 1071 Also Meat Extenders 415, 1089

Market statistics. See the speciﬁ c product concerned, e.g. Tofu Meat alternatives makers. See Garden Protein International (GPI), Industry and Market Statistics Tivall (Tivol)

Market statistics on soybean production. See Soybean Production Meat Alternatives–Meatless Bacon, Bacon Bits, Ham, Chorizo, and and Trade–Industry and Market Statistics, Other Pork-related Products. See also Meatless Sausages 229, 232, 236, 243, 245, 247, 248, 255, 260, 266, 268, 275, 288, 315, 318, Market studies. See Industry and Market Analyses 320, 349, 470, 509, 510, 573, 624, 626, 726, 734, 763, 788, 790, 933, 1089 Marketing Association, Soybean. See Soybean Marketing Association (1929-1932) Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Patties. See Also Meat Extenders 507, 644, 665, 703, 726, 762, 770, 788, 846, 852, 864,

894, 902, 913, 936, 1000, 1006, 1031 Messina, Mark (PhD) and Virginia (MPH, RD) (Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, Washington state; moved to Pittsﬁ eld, Meat Alternatives–Meatless Chicken, Goose, Duck, and Related Massachusetts in early 2016). Mark is one of the world’s leading Poultry Products. See also Meatless Turkey 219, 220, 221, 229, experts on soy nutrition 791, 802, 810, 827, 842, 846, 847, 848, 230, 236, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 269, 275, 726, 788, 790, 795, 873, 888, 889, 893, 902, 904, 906, 924, 934, 939, 940, 968, 971, 1014, 1052, 1055, 1089 1002, 1009, 1013, 1019, 1030, 1038, 1043, 1048, 1056, 1060

Meat Alternatives–Meatless Fish, Shellﬁ sh, and Other Seafood-like Mexican-style recipes, soyfoods used in. See Latin America, Central Products 243, 247, 269, 395 America–Mexico

Meat Alternatives–Meatless Sausages (Including Frankfurters, Hot Mexico. See Latin America, Central America–Mexico Dogs, Wieners, Salami, Pepperoni, Breakfast Pork Sausage, etc.). See Also Meat Extenders 236, 243, 244, 643, 693, 726, 788, 1000, Mexico and Central America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods 1036, 1089 Movement in Mexico and Central America

Meat Alternatives–Meatless Turkey 245, 790 Michigan. See United States–States–Michigan

Meat Alternatives or Substitutes, Meatless or Meatlike Products– Microalgae. See Single Cell Proteins (Non-Photosynthetic) Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages 247 Microbial Proteins (Non-Photosynthetic Single-Cell Proteins, Including Fungi [Mycoproteins such as Quorn], Yeast, and Bacteria) Meat Alternatives–Quorn (Based on Mycoprotein). See Also Meat 765 Extenders 1006 MicroSoy Corporation (Jefferson, Iowa; Osaka, Japan). Formerly Meat Products Extended with Soy Protein, or Meat Extenders Nichii Co. and MYCAL Corp.. 762, 794, 1037, 1062, 1067 (Marketed as Such) 235, 245, 275, 308, 320, 321, 322, 343, 344, 347, 349, 361, 370, 394, 398, 406, 407, 412, 413, 416, 464, 472, Middle America. See Latin America–Central America; and Latin 491, 510, 549, 553, 565, 592, 598, 601, 635, 657, 661, 664, 674, America–Caribbean or West Indies 695, 702, 740, 749, 756, 759, 949, 1044, 1088 Migros & Conserves Estavayer (Estavayer-le-Lac, Switzerland) Media, Popular Articles on Soyfoods in the USA, Canada, or 559, 604, 644 Related to North Americans in Asia 244, 275, 320, 322, 373, 498, 840, 849 Miles Laboratories. See Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, Ohio) Medical aspects of soybeans. See Cognitive / Brain Function. Including Alzheimer’s Disease, Diabetes and Diabetic Diets, Milk, almond. See Almond Milk and Cream. Also–Almonds Used Kidney / Renal Function, Menopause–Relief of Unpleasant to Flavor Soymilk, Rice Milk, etc. Menopausal Symptoms, Osteoporosis, Bone and Skeletal Health Milk, Non-Dairy, Non-Soy Milks and Creams Made from Nuts, Medical / Medicinal-Therapeutic Uses / Effects / Aspects (General) Grains, Seeds, or Legumes, Such as Brazil Nuts, Cashews, 707, 716, 841, 906, 1003 Coconuts, Filberts, Hazelnuts, Hemp Seeds, Pecans, Pine Nuts, Pumpkin Seeds, Sunfl ower Seeds, Walnuts, etc. See also: Almond Medicine–Alternative–Incl. Acupuncture, Chiropractic, Drugless Milk, Amazake / Rice Milk, Peanut / Groundnut Milk, Sesame Milk Doctors, Herbal Therapy, Holistic / Wholistic Medicine, 768 Homeopathy, Natural Hygiene, Natural Medicine, Naturopathy, Preventive / Preventative Medicine, 538, 841 Milk–Problems with Cow’s Milk as a Food, Incl. Use of Bovine Growth Hormone, Price Regulation, etc. (See also: Soymilk) 680 Mei Dou Za / Mei-Tou-Cha / Meitauza. See Tempeh, Okara Milk, rice. See Rice Milk (Non-Dairy) Membrane Technology Processes–Microfi ltration (MF), Ultrafi ltration (UF, including Diafi ltration), Reverse Osmosis Milk, soy. See Soymilk (RO–also known as hyperfi ltration, HF), Electrodialysis (ED), and Nanofi ltration (NF) 311, 701 Miller, Harry W. (M.D.) (1879-1977) and International Nutrition Laboratory (Mt. Vernon, Ohio) 105, 106, 111, 113, 292, 507, 573, Menopause–Relief of Unpleasant Menopausal Symptoms, Such as 646, 726, 763 “Hot Flashes” and “Night Sweats” 813, 846, 847, 849, 852, 862, 873, 900, 924, 932, 941, 951, 952 Minerals. See Calcium Availability, Absorption, and Content of Soy

Mesoamerica. See Latin America–Central America Minerals (General) 457, 696, 703

Mink, Foxes and Other Fur-Bearing Animals Fed Soybeans, Morse, W.J., on expedition to East Asia. See Tofu Dorsett-Morse Soybean Cake or Meal, or Soy Protein Products as Feed to Make Expedition to East Asia (1929-1931) Fur 892 MSG (Monosodium Glutamate, the Sodium Salt of Glutamic Acid) Minnesota. See United States–States–Minnesota 395, 406, 516

Miso companies (USA). See South River Miso Co. (Conway, Mull-Soy. See Borden Inc. Massachusetts) Mung Bean / Mungbean and Mung Bean Sprouts. Vigna radiata Miso Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By L. Formerly Phaseolus aureus. Also called Green Gram. Chinese Geographical Region 631, 767, 799 (Mandarin)–Lüdou. Chinese (Cantonese)–Dau Ngah / Dow Ngaah. Japanese–Moyashi. Indonesian: Kacang / katjang + hijau / ijo / Miso Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– hidjau. German–Buschbohne. French–Haricot Mungo 703 Individual Companies 631, 799 Muso Shokuhin–Natural Foods Exporter and Distributor (Osaka, Miso (Japanese-style Soybean Paste). See also: Jiang–for Chinese- Japan) 604, 665 style Miso. Jang–for Korean-style Miso. And Taucho, Tauceo, Tau Chiow, Taoco, Tao-Tjo, Taotjo, Taocho, or Taoetjo for Indonesian- Mycoprotein used in meal alternatives. See Meat Alternatives– style Miso (Soybean Chiang, or Jiang [pinyin]) 76, 406, 422, 427, Quorn (Based on Mycoprotein) 504, 516, 604, 605, 609, 631, 643, 644, 646, 698, 705, 738, 767, 799, 843, 952, 955, 968, 986 Myths of soybean history–debunking / dispelling. See History of the Soybean–Myths and Early Errors Concerning Its History Miso Soup–Mainly Japanese 665 Nashville Agricultural and Normal Institute (NANI). See Madison Missouri. See United States–States–Missouri Foods and Madison College

Missouri Farmers Association (MFA), Mexico and Columbia, Nasoya Foods, Inc. (Leominster, Massachusetts). Subsidiary of Missouri–Cooperative Soybean Crushers 143, 154, 237, 362, 419, Vitasoy Since Aug. 1990 422, 631, 661, 665, 678, 813, 869, 936 502, 511 National Biodiesel Board (NBB). Formerly named National Soy Mitoku–Natural Foods Exporter and Distributor (Tokyo, Japan) 665 Fuels Advisory Committee (NSFAC) (May 1992–Dec. 1992) and National SoyDiesel Development Board (NSDB) (Dec. 1992–Sept. Mizono family. See Azumaya, Inc. (San Francisco, California) 1994). See also Soy Diesel Fuel, SoyDiesel, or Biodiesel 1039

Molasses, soy. See Soy Molasses or Soy Solubles National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) (USDA-ARS) (Peoria, Illinois). Named Northern Regional Monosodium glutamate. See MSG Research Laboratory prior to July 1976. Named Northern Regional Research Center prior to 28 Dec. 1991 89, 90, 105, 106, 111, 115, Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri) and its HybriTech Seed 125, 154, 159, 184, 200, 218, 242, 243, 249, 263, 278, 285, 311, International subsidiary. Acquired Jacob Hartz Seed Co. in April 316, 370, 443, 516, 534, 571, 572, 577, 627, 738, 950, 1071 1983. Acquired Asgrow in April Feb. 1997. Merged with Pharmacia & Upjohn on 31 March 2000 and was renamed Pharmacia Corp National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA). See Health 143, 218, 272, 277, 292, 847, 856, 857, 861, 862, 864, 866, 869, Foods Industry–Trade Associations–National Nutritional Foods 890, 895, 898, 901, 902, 917, 936, 940, 971, 1026, 1034, 1038, Association (NNFA) 1039, 1043, 1069, 1075 National Oilseed Processors Assoc. (NOPA) (National Soybean Monticello Co-operative Soybean Products Co. (Monticello, Piatt Oil Manufacturers Association from May 1930 to 1935; National Co., Illinois). Later also called Piatt County Soybean Cooperative Soybean Processors Assoc. (NSPA) from June 1936 to July 1989. Co., and Viobin (Maker of Wheat Germ Oil) 1023 Washington, DC. Including Soy Flour Assoc. [1936-1949], Soya Food Research Council [1936+], and Soybean Nutritional Research Moorman Manufacturing Co. See Quincy Soybean Products Co. Council [1937+]) 69, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86, 89, 93, 101, 102, 105, 106, (Quincy, Illinois) 111, 112, 116, 119, 123, 125, 135, 159, 163, 164, 169, 184, 188, 200, 212, 213, 237, 283, 293, 299, 320, 362, 368, 369, 419, 511, Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc., and Morinaga Nyûgyô (Torrance, 646, 732, 735, 737, 863, 923, 998, 1022, 1023, 1059, 1078 California, and Tokyo, Japan) 422, 643, 665, 693, 761, 794, 799, 847, 869, 913, 1014 National Soybean Crop Improvement Council. Organized March 1948 179, 188, 218, 224, 237, 362, 419, 511 Morse, William Joseph (1884-1959, USDA Soybean Expert) 76, 105, 106, 111, 465, 626 National Soybean Research Laboratory (NSRL, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois) 921

New Zealand. See Oceania–New Zealand National SoyDiesel Development Board or National Soy Fuels Advisory Committee. See National Biodiesel Board Nichii Company. See Whole Dry Soybean Flakes

Natto, Hamana. See Hamanatto Fermented Black Soybeans–from Nigeria. See Africa–Nigeria Japan Nisshin Oil Mills, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) 294, 510, 516 Natto Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region 631, 799 Nitragin Inoculant and The Nitragin Company 189

Natto (Whole Soybeans Fermented with Bacillus natto) 504, 516, Nitrogen Fixation, Inoculum, Inoculation, and Nodulation by 631, 738, 799, 836, 952, 955 Rhizobium Bacteria 36, 59, 62, 99, 189, 527

Natural and Health Foods Retail Chains or Supermarkets: Alfalfa’s Nitrogen Fixing Cultures / Inoculants (Commercial and (Mark Retzloff, Boulder, CO), Bread & Circus (Tony Harnett, Noncommercial from government), of Rhizobium Bacteria for MA), Frazier Farms (Bill Frazier, Southern Calif.), Fresh Fields Soybeans (Culture / Inoculant / Inoculum / Inocula) 189 (Rockville, MD), GNC = General Nutrition Corp. (Pittsburgh, PA), Mrs. Gooch’s (Los Angeles, CA), Nature Foods Centres Nodulation. See Nitrogen Fixation, Inoculum, Inoculation, and (Wilmington, MA; Ronald Rossetti), Trader Joe’s, Wild Oats 883, Nodulation by Rhizobium Bacteria 951, 1006 Non-dairy, non-soy milk. See Milk, Non-Dairy, Non-Soy Milks and Natural Foods Distributors and Master Distributors (USA). Creams Made from Nuts, Grains, Seeds, or Legumes See Eden Foods, Inc. (Clinton, Michigan). Founded 4 Nov. 1969, Erewhon (Boston, Massachusetts), Great Eastern Sun Non-dairy products (so-called) made from casein or caseinates. See and Macrobiotic Wholesale Co. (North Carolina), Stow Mills, Casein or Caseinates–Problems in So-Called Non-Dairy Products Inc. (Brattleboro, Vermont) Lama Trading Co., Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida), United Natural Foods, Inc. (UNFI), Well Nordquist, Ted. See WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN (The), Pure & Simple, and New Age Distributing Co. (San Jose, Industries, Inc., California) California), Wessanen, Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc. (Berkeley, California) North America. See United States of America, and Canada. For Mexico, see Latin America, Central America Natural Foods Exporter and Distributor (Japan). See Mitoku (Tokyo, Japan) North Carolina. See United States–States–North Carolina

Natural Foods Exporters and Distributors (Japan). See Muso North Iowa Cooperative Processing Association, (Manly, Iowa). Shokuhin (Osaka, Japan) Opened Sept. 1944. Renamed North Iowa Soybean Cooperative in 1962. See also Glenn Pogeler 123, 143, 154, 163, 188, 237 Natural Foods Movement and Industry in the United States (Started in the Mid-1950s) 422, 604, 605, 643, 644, 665, 693 Northern Regional Research Center (NRRC) (Peoria, Illinois). See National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) Natural Products Association (NPA). See Health Foods Industry– (USDA-ARS) Trade Associations–National Products Association Northern Soy, Inc. (Rochester, New York) 422, 631 Natural / Vegetarian Food Products Companies. See American Natural Snacks, Boca Burger, Fantastic Foods, Gardenburger Northrup King Co. A subsidiary of Sandoz (1995), then Novartis (1996), then Syngenta (2001) 148, 869 Near East. See Asia, Middle East Noted personalities–vegetarians. See Vegetarian Celebrities–Noted Nestlé (Nestle–The World’s Biggest Food Group) 360, 593, 690, Personalities and Famous People 729, 765, 811, 900, 953, 958, 967, 968 Novartis, Including Novartis Seeds. Novartis was formed in March Netherlands. See Europe, Western–Netherlands 1996 by the Merger of Sandoz AG and Ciba-Geigy (both based in Basel, Switzerland) 864, 869, 895 New England Soy Dairy. See Tomsun Foods, Inc. Nut Butters, Non-Soy. Including Butter Made from Nuts or Seeds, New York. See United States–States–New York Such as Brazil Nuts, Cashews, Coconuts, Filberts, Hazelnuts, Hickory Nuts, Hemp Seeds, Macadamia Nuts, Pecans, Pignolias, New York State Agric. Experiment Station (Geneva, NY). See Pine Nuts, Pistachios, Pumpkin Seeds, Sunﬂ ower Seeds, Walnuts, Cornell University (Ithaca, New York) etc. See also: Almond Butter (from 1373), Peanut Butter (from 1896), Sesame Butter, Soynut Butter 20, 32, 33

Nut milk or cream. See Milk–Non-Dairy Milks and Creams Made Nutrition–Medical Aspects. See Cancer Preventing Substances from Nuts in Soy, Cardiovascular Disease, Especially Heart Disease and Stroke, Cognitive / Brain Function. Including Alzheimer’s Disease, Nutraceuticals. See Functional Foods or Nutraceuticals Diabetes and Diabetic Diets, Kidney / Renal Function, Medical / Medicinal-Therapeutic Uses / Aspects (General), Menopause– Nutrition. See Carbohydrates (General). See also Starch, Dietary Relief of Unpleasant Menopausal Symptoms, Osteoporosis, Bone Fiber, and Oligosaccharides (Complex Sugars), Carbohydrates– and Skeletal Health Dietary Fiber, Carbohydrates–Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates (Especially Fiber and Saponins) on Blood Lipids (Especially Nutrition–Minerals. See Calcium Availability, Absorption, and Cholesterol), Chemical / Nutritional Composition or Analysis, Content of Soy Claim or Claims of Health Benefi ts–Usually Authorized by the FDA, Concerns about the Safety, Toxicity, or Health Benefi ts of Nutrition–Protein. See Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition Soy in Human Diets, Diet and Breast Cancer Prevention, Diet and Content and Cancer. See also–Vegetarian Diets–Medical Aspects–Cancer, Diet and Prostate Cancer Prevention, Flatulence or Intestinal Gas, Nutrition–Protein–Early and basic research. See Protein–Early and Functional Foods or Nutraceuticals, Human Nutrition–Clinical Basic Research Trials, Intestinal Flora / Bacteria, Isofl avone or Phytoestrogen Content of Soyfoods, Soy-based Products,, Lactose Intolerance, Nuts made from roasted soybeans. See Soynuts Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Soy, Lysinoalanine (LAL)– An Unusual Toxic Amino Acid, Minerals (General), Protein– Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certifi cates, and Wills. See Also: Effects on Blood Lipids, Protein Quality, Protein Quality, and Biographies, Biographical Sketches and Autobiographies 190, 191, Supplementation, Protein Resources and Shortages, and the 192, 193, 196, 197, 217, 324 “World Protein Crisis / Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979, Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria Oceania–Australia, Commonwealth of (Including Tasmania, Cocos that Cause Food Poisoning, Vitamin E (Tocopherol), Vitamins (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, Coral Sea Islands Territory, (General), Vitamins K (Coagulant) Norfolk Island, Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, and Australian Antarctic Territory) 347, 412, 532, 626, 762, 819, 846, Nutrition bars. See Bars–Energy Bars or Nutrition Bars Made with 856, 873, 912, 922, 924, 951, 1006 Soy Oceania–New Zealand–Including Stewart Island, Chatham Islands, Nutrition–Biologically active phytochemicals. See Antioxidants, Snares Islands, Bounty Islands, and Tokelau (formerly Union Phytic Acid, Phytates, and Phytin, Reproductive / Fertility Islands) 347, 412, 792, 819, 826, 856, 857, 891, 908, 912, 1011, Problems, Saponins, Trypsin / Protease / Proteinase Growth 1020, 1072 Inhibitors Oelmuehle Hamburg AG (Hamburg, Germany). Founded in 1965 Nutrition–Biologically Active Phytochemicals–Allergens, Allergy by incorporating Stettiner Oelwerke AG (founded 1910), Toeppfer’s / Allergies, and Allergic Reactions Caused (or Remedied) by Oelwerke GmbH (founded 1915), and Hansa-Muehle AG (founded Soybeans, Soyfoods, Peanuts, or Animal Milks 333, 500, 892, 955, 1916 as Hanseatische Muehlenwerke AG) 34, 125, 419, 511, 732, 1018 863, 1022

Nutrition–Biologically active substances. See Antinutritional Off ﬂ avors. See Flavor Taste Problems Factors (General), Goitrogens and Thyroid Function, Hemagglutinins (Lectins or Soyin) Ohio. See United States–States–Ohio

Nutrition–Carbohydrates. See Oligosaccharides Ohio Miso Co. (Founded in 1979 by Thom Leonard and Richard Kluding). See South River Miso Co. (Conway, Massachusetts) Nutrition Education (Or Lack Thereof in Medical Schools), Food Groups, and Food Pyramids 767 Ohio Valley Soybean Cooperative (Henderson, Kentucky). Started June 1941 115, 143, 154, 163, 188 Nutrition et Nature (Revel near Toulouse, France). Founded in June 1982 as SOY (Cerny, France). Named Nutrition et Soja, Div. Oil, soy. See Soy Oil of Nutrition et Santé from 1 Aug. 1994 until 1 Jan. 2011 559, 593, 747, 799, 847, 936 Oil, soy, constants. See Soy Oil Constants

Nutrition (General) 76, 80, 318, 332, 373, 410, 430, 449, 451, 457, Oil, soy–industrial uses. See Industrial Uses of Soy Oil 458, 489, 498, 659, 690, 697, 706, 707, 729, 809, 843, 921, 941, 944, 962, 964, 1019, 1038, 1068 Oil, soy–industrial uses of. See Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, Paint Manufacturers’ Association of the U.S., Incl. Henry A. Gardner, Nutrition–Lipids. See Sterols or Steroid Hormones L.P. Nemzek and Industrial Uses of Soybeans, Steroids, Steroid

Hormones, and Sterols Paper Coatings or Sizings, or Textile Sizing–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, soy, industrial uses of, as a drying oil. See Industrial Uses of Proteins 34, 77, 206, 264, 273, 278, 312, 540, 608, 615, 625, 626, Soy Oil 695, 722, 736, 781, 786, 787, 798, 1087

Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a drying oil. See Binder for Sand Patents 88, 241, 284, 286, 302, 303, 307, 371, 382, 442, 581 Foundry Cores, Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, Linoleum, Floor Coverings, Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods, Resins, Plastics, and Patents–References to a Patent in Non-Patent Documents 34, 209, Plasticizers (Such as Epoxidized Soy Oil–ESO), Rubber Substitutes 223, 225, 236, 239, 243, 245, 253, 288, 289, 304, 305, 306, 311, or Artiﬁ cial / Synthetic Rubber (Factice) 321, 354, 470, 471, 508, 509, 510, 556, 558, 564, 573, 582, 623, 624, 626, 629, 709, 711, 717, 733, 734, 746, 781, 783, 784, 785, Oil, soy–industrial uses of, as a non-drying oil. See Diesel Fuel, 789, 790, 811, 818, 834, 841, 873, 917, 924, 1088, 1089 SoyDiesel, Biodiesel or Artiﬁ cial Petroleum, Dust Suppressants and Dust Control, Lubricants, Lubricating Agents, and Axle Grease for Patties, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Burgers and Carts, Soaps or Detergents Patties

Okara. See Fiber–Okara or Soy Pulp, Fiber, Soy Peanut Butter 20, 32, 33, 239, 245, 247, 275, 933, 1027

Okara tempeh. See Tempeh, Okara Peanut Butter–Seventh-day Adventist Writings or Products (Especially Early) Related to Peanut Butter 33 Oligosaccharides (The Complex Sugars Rafﬁ nose, Stachyose, and Verbascose) 690, 701, 848, 892 Peanut Meal or Cake (Defatted) 72

Olive Oil 408, 1027 Peanut Oil 439

Ontario. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–Ontario Peanut / Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea or A. hypogœa)–Also Called Groundnut, Earthnut, Monkey Nut, Goober / Gouber Pea, Ground Ontario Soybean Growers (Canada: Name Changes–Ontario Pea, or Pindar Pea / Pindars 20, 29, 32, 33, 35, 239, 245, 247, 275, Soybean Growers Association, Nov. 1946 to 1949. Ontario Soya- 349, 388, 422, 439, 509, 510, 609, 626, 648, 738, 933, 1014, 1027 Bean Growers’ Marketing Board, 1949 to 1989. Ontario Soybean Growers’ Marketing Board, 1989 to 1 Dec. 1999). Merged into Peking / Pekin soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA– Grain Farmers of Ontario 2010 Jan 1 847, 867, 969, 981 Mammoth Yellow

Organic Soybean Production (Commercial). See also: Soybean Pellets Made from Soybean Meal or Cake. Also Called Soybean Production: Organically Grown Soybeans or Soybean Products in Pellets 369, 900, 996 Commercial Food Products 731 Peoria Plan of 1928-29 for Growing, Selling, and Processing Organoleptic evaluation. See Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Soybeans. Initiated in Illinois by American Milling Co., Funk Bros. Sensory / Organoleptic Evaluation Co., and Grange League Federation (GLF) Exchange, New York 179, 212, 213 Oriental Show-You Company. Purchased in 1963 by Beatrice / La Choy 76 Periodicals–American Soybean Association. See American Soybean Association (ASA)–Periodicals Osteoporosis, Bone and Skeletal Health 842, 846, 847, 849, 852, 859, 862, 873, 879, 889, 895, 906, 941, 952, 1010 Periodicals–Soyfoods Movement. See Soyfoods Movement– Periodicals Pacifi c Foods of Oregon, Inc. (Tualatin, Oregon) 869 Pesticides–their Use and Safety (General) 387, 665 Paint Manufacturers’ Association of the U.S., Incl. Henry A. Gardner, L.P. Nemzek and Industrial Uses of Soybeans 69, 79 Pet food. See Dogs, Cats, and Other Pets / Companion Animals Fed Soy Paints (Especially Water-Based Latex Paints)–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins 34, 97, 182, 240, 278, 625, 1087 Pfi zer, Inc. Including DeKalb-Pfi zer Genetics (DeKalb, Illinois) from 1982 to 1990 360 Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Lacquers, and Other Protective / Decorative Coatings–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil 69, Philippines. See Asia, Southeast–Philippines 71, 76, 79, 84, 93, 97, 99, 103, 105, 106, 117, 118, 206, 471, 532, 783, 785 Photographs, Not About Soy, Published after 1923. See also Illustrations 215, 524 Pakistan. See Asia, South–Pakistan

Photographs, Not About Soy, Published before 1924. See also Illustrations 24, 31 Plastics (Including Molded Plastic Parts, Plastic Film, Disposable Eating Utensils and Tableware–From Spoons to Plates, and Photographs Published after 1923. See also Illustrations 45, 59, 62, Packaging Materials)–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins 69, 71, 77, 65, 66, 69, 77, 93, 103, 104, 108, 110, 124, 125, 126, 130, 136, 137, 92, 94, 99, 103, 278, 288, 290, 346, 469, 470, 471, 508, 558, 569, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 149, 155, 160, 162, 164, 165, 166, 626, 783, 785, 1087 168, 169, 172, 174, 177, 178, 187, 189, 196, 198, 199, 200, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 225, 229, 230, 232, 234, 236, Plastics, plasticizers and resins. See Resins, Plastics, and 239, 243, 247, 248, 250, 253, 257, 266, 272, 273, 276, 277, 279, Plasticizers (Such as Epoxidized Soy Oil–ESO) 285, 287, 288, 290, 295, 296, 297, 337, 344, 378, 398, 413, 418, 424, 428, 430, 431, 435, 436, 438, 447, 464, 479, 495, 496, 517, Plenty Canada and The Farm in Canada (Lanark, Ontario, Canada) 543, 546, 556, 586, 598, 601, 607, 632, 641, 654, 678, 726, 758, 605, 693 768, 774, 783, 797, 801, 806, 807, 819, 846, 847, 851, 867, 879, 894, 913, 929, 942, 975, 976, 977, 982, 986, 995, 997, 1002, 1018, PMS Foods, Inc. See Far-Mar-Co., Inc. 1022, 1025, 1049, 1058, 1065, 1076 Pogeler, Glenn Henry (1915-1995). Soybean Pioneer. Iowa Physical Fitness, Physical Culture, Exercise, Endurance, Athletics, Cooperatives, Soybean Council of America (SCA), National and Bodybuilding 767, 806 Soybean Processors Association (NSPA) 123, 163, 188

Phytic Acid (Inositol Hexaphosphate), Phytates / Phytate, and Policies and Programs, Government, Effecting Soybean Production, Phytin 650, 696, 703, 848 Marketing, Prices, Price Support Programs, Subsidies, Support Prices, or Trade 439 Phytochemicals in soybeans and soyfoods. See Cancer Preventing Substances in Soybeans and Soyfoods Population Growth (Human) and Related Problems (Including Poverty) Worldwide 408, 900 Phytoestrogen content. See Isoﬂ avone or Phytoestrogen Content of Soyfoods, Soy Ingredients, and Soybean Varieties Pork, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Bacon, Ham, Chorizo and Other Pork-related Products Phytoestrogens (Estrogens in Plants, Especially in Soybeans and Soyfoods), Including Isoﬂ avones (Including Genistein, Daidzein, Potvin, Yves. See Garden Protein International (GPI) and Yves Fine Glycetein, Coumestrol, Genistin, and Daidzin), Lignans, and Foods Coumestans 125, 534, 579, 791, 803, 804, 805, 808, 813, 815, 819, 827, 828, 829, 833, 841, 842, 843, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 852, Poultry fed soybeans. See Chickens, or Turkeys, or Geese & Ducks, 855, 856, 862, 868, 869, 873, 883, 884, 888, 889, 891, 893, 894, Chickens, or Turkeys, or Geese, Ducks, Pheasants, etc. 895, 902, 904, 906, 907, 908, 912, 918, 922, 924, 929, 930, 931, 932, 939, 941, 952, 954, 955, 965, 971, 974, 1009, 1010, 1011, Poultry, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–- Meatless Chicken, 1017, 1019 Goose, Duck, and Related Poultry Products. See also Meatless Turkey Piatt County Soybean Cooperative Co. See Monticello Co-operative Soybean Products Co. Poverty, world. See Population Growth (Human) and Related Problems (Including Poverty) Pigs, Hogs, Swine, Sows, Boars, Gilts, or Shoats / Shotes Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal as Feed to Price of Soybeans, Soybean Seeds, and Soybean Products–Except Make Pork 36, 45, 432 Sauces (Which See) 65, 212, 213

Pillsbury Feed Mills and Pillsbury Co. (Minneapolis, Minnesota) Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Including the Buckeye 126, 148, 558, 625 Cotton Oil Co.. 34, 45, 71, 101, 105, 106, 115, 123, 126, 143, 154, 159, 163, 182, 184, 188, 201, 209, 212, 213, 237, 344, 362, 419, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (Des Moines, Iowa) 836, 861, 476, 511, 569, 625, 626, 732, 786, 787, 863, 923, 973, 1021, 1087 862, 864, 866, 869, 870, 877, 890, 895, 898, 912, 1021, 1035 Production of soybeans. See Soybean Production Piper, Charles Vancouver (1867-1926, USDA) 105, 106 Products, soy, commercial (mostly foods). See Commercial Soy Plamil Foods Ltd. (Folkestone, Kent, England) and The Plantmilk Products–New Products Society. Named Plantmilk Ltd. until 1972 745, 747 ProSoya–Including ProSoya Inc. (Ontario, Canada), and ProSoya Plant Industry, Bureau of. See United States Department of Corporation (Heuvelton, New York. No longer in Business), Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of Plant Industry ProSoya UK Ltd. (ProSoya PLC) (Livingston, Scotland). Paciﬁ c ProSoya Foods, International ProSoya Corp. (IPC–British Plantmilk Ltd. See Plamil Foods Ltd. Columbia) 830, 883, 1039, 1049, 1052, 1062, 1067

U.S.A., Inc. (founded Jan. 1991, South Gate, California). The Latter Protease inhibitors. See Trypsin / Protease Merged with Wildwood Harvest Foods, Inc. in July 2004 to form Proteinase Growth Inhibitors POM Wildwood, which was soon renamed Pulmuone Wildwood, Inc. Brands include Soga, Azumaya, and Nasoya 1006, 1012 Protection of soybeans. See Insects–Pest Control. See also: Integrated Pest Management, Pesticides (General) Pure & Simple. See Well (The), Pure & Simple

Protection of soybeans from diseases. See Diseases of soybeans Quality and grades of soybean seed. See Seed Quality of Soybeans– Condition, Grading, and Grades (Moisture, Foreign Material, Protein–Early and Basic Research 457, 521, 685, 710 Damage, etc.)

Protein–Effects of Dietary Protein (Especially Soy Protein) on Quincy Soybean Products Co. (Quincy, Illinois). Purchased by Blood Lipids (Especially Cholesterol) 505, 538, 645, 652, 671, 672, Moorman Manufacturing Co. in 1961 and Renamed Quincy 685, 689, 757, 831 Soybean Company. Purchased by ADM in 1998 101, 115, 123, 143, 163, 188, 237, 362, 368, 369, 419, 423, 502, 511, 640, 732, 863, Protein products, soy. See Soy Protein Products 923, 1022, 1023

Protein Quality, and Supplementation / Complementarity to Quong Hop & Co. (San Francisco, California) 631 Increase Protein Quality of Mixed Foods or Feeds. See also Nutrition–Protein Amino Acids and Amino Acid Composition 187, Quorn. See Meat Alternatives–Quorn (Based on Mycoprotein) 256, 259, 294, 365, 402, 452, 454, 496, 523, 526, 561, 562, 567, 568, 653, 663, 677, 690, 711, 727, 734, 758, 843, 962, 966, 1046, Québec. See Canadian Provinces and Territories–Québec 1061, 1072 Railroad / railway / rail used to transport soybeans. See Protein Quality–Etymology of These Terms and Their Cognates / Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Railroad Relatives in Various Languages 187 Railroads / Railways and Special Trains and/or Exhibit Cars Used Protein Resources and Shortages, and the “World Protein Crisis / to Promote Soybeans and Soybean Production 164 Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979 218, 285, 523 Ralston Health Food Co. Owned by Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Protein sources, alternative, from plants. See Lupins or Lupin, Missouri 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, Microbial Proteins (Non-Photosynthetic), Peanut & Peanut 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 38, 215, 278, 296, 348, 524, 806, 824, Butter, Peanuts & Peanut Butter, Single Cell Proteins (Non- 839, 1045 Photosynthetic), Sunﬂ ower Seeds, Wheat Gluten & Seitan Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri). Maker of Purina Chows. Protein supplementation / complementarity to increase protein Including Protein Technologies International, a Wholly Owned quality. See Nutrition–Protein Quality Subsidiary from 1 July 1987 to 3 Dec. 1997 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, Protein Technologies International (PTI) (St. Louis, Missouri. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, Established on 1 July 1987 as a Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Ralston Purina Co.) Sold to DuPont on 3 Dec. 1997 861, 862, 864, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 865, 866, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 918, 920, 921, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 922, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 949, 951, 952, 955, 956, 957, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 966, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 980, 981, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 982, 983, 984, 990, 994, 1001, 1004, 1008, 1014, 1016, 1020, 1030, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 1032, 1059, 1073, 1086, 1087, 1090 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, Public Law 480 (Food for Peace Program. Formally–Agricultural 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954) 408, 474, 609, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 1059 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, Pudding. See Soy Pudding, Custard, Parfait, or Mousse (Usually 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, made from Soymilk or Tofu) 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, Pulmuone Co., Ltd. (founded May 1984 in Korea). Incl. Pulmuone 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333,

334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, labeling). See Kosher Products (Commercial) 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, Regulations or Laws Concerning Foods (Use, Processing, or 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, Labeling), Especially Soyfoods and Food Uses of Soybeans 435, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 449, 451, 463, 488, 573, 610, 677, 686, 688, 896 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, Rella Good Cheese Co. (Santa Rosa, California). Named 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, Brightsong Tofu from June 1978 to June 1980; Redwood Valley 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, Soyfoods Unlimited from June 1980 to June 1982; Brightsong 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, Light Foods from June 1982 to June 1987; Rose International until 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 1990; Sharon’s Finest until Oct. 1997 678, 799, 968 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, Reproduction / Reproductive, Fertility, or Feminization Problems 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, in Animals Caused by Phytoestrogens, Isoﬂ avones, or Unknown 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, Causes 792, 891 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, Republic of China (ROC). See Asia, East–Taiwan 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, Research & Development Centers. See Cornell University (Ithaca, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, New York), and New York State Agric. Exp. Station, Illinois, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, University of (Urbana-Champaign, Illinois). Soyfoods, Iowa State 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, University / College (Ames, Iowa), and Univ. of Iowa (Iowa City), 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR) 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, (USDA-ARS) (Peoria, Illinois), U.S. Regional Soybean Industrial 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, Products Laboratory (Urbana, Illinois). Founded April 1936) 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, Research on Soybeans 93 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, Resins, Plastics, and Plasticizers (Such as Epoxidized Soy Oil– 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, ESO)–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil 106, 118, 200, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 206, 532 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, Restaurants or delis, soyfoods. See Soyfoods Movement–Soyfoods 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, Restaurants 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, Reverse osmosis. See Membrane Technology Processes 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, Reviews of the literature. See Bibliographies and / or Reviews of 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, the Literature 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, Rewald, Bruno (1883-1947) and Relatives. Lecithin Pioneer in 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 876, 877, 878, 886, 887, 895, 905, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom 71, 1071 906, 909, 911, 917, 919, 923, 933, 936, 950, 953, 958, 963, 967, 968, 991, 996, 1018, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1031, 1045, 1078, 1080, Rhizobium bacteria. See Soybean Production–Nitrogen Fixation 1081, 1082, 1083, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091 Rice koji. See Koji Rapeseed Meal 72 Rice Milk (Non-Dairy)–Amazake, Made with Rice Koji in the Rapeseed, the Rape Plant (Brassica napus), or Colza. See also Traditional Way (Without Adding Commercial Enzymes). Also Canola 349, 648 called Rice Milk or Rice Drink 422, 768

Recipes. See Cookery Rice Syrup and Yinnies (Called Mizuamé or Amé in Japan) 768

Reference Books and Other Reference Resources 504 Rice-Based Foods–Rice Cakes (Round Western-Style Cakes of Puffed Rice, About 4 Inches in Diameter and ½ Inch Thick) 951 Regional Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory (Urbana, Illinois). See U.S. Regional Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory (Urbana, Riceland Foods (Named Arkansas Grain Corp. before Sept. 1970) Illinois). Founded April 1936) 237, 360, 362, 419, 502, 511, 640, 732, 811, 863, 923

Regulations or laws concerning foods (Use, processing, or Rich Products Corporation (Buffalo, New York) 469, 615, 623, 625,

646, 734, 763, 785, 1091 Seaweeds, edible. See Sea Vegetables Roasted Whole Soy Flour (Kinako–Dark Roasted with Dry Heat, Full-Fat) and Grits 76, 843 Second Generation Soyfood Products 767

Rodale Press (Emmaus, Pennsylvania) 604, 646, 849 Seed Certiﬁ cation and Certiﬁ ed Seeds (Soybeans) 164

Rosewood Products Inc. and Tofu International Ltd. (Ann Arbor, Seed Cleaning–Especially for Food or Seed Planting Uses 164 Michigan, from 1987). Founded as The Soy Plant in Ann Arbor. Started in Jan. 1977. An Early Tofu Cooperative, Worker Owned Seed Companies and Seedsmen, Early Soybean, Worldwide and Operated 422, 693 (Especially Before 1925)–Including Siebold & Co., Vilmorin- Andrieux, Wood & Sons, Haage & Schmidt, Dammann & Co., Ross & Rowe (Yelkin Lecithin, New York City) 495, 1071, 1075 Peter Henderson, Thorburn & Co., Mark W. Johnson, Johnson & Stokes, Harry N. Hammond, Burpee, E.E. Evans, Funk Bros. Seed Royal Wessanen, NV. See Wessanen (Royal) NV Co.. 113, 164, 212, 213

Royal Wessanen NV Co. See Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida) Seed companies, soybean. See Asgrow (Des Moines, Iowa), DeKalb Genetics. Including DeKalb-Pﬁ zer Genetics (DeKalb, Illinois), Rubber Substitutes or Artiﬁ cial / Synthetic Rubber (Factice)– DuPont (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.) (Wilmington, Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil 71 Delaware), Funk Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois), Hartz (Jacob) Seed Co. (Stuttgart, Arkansas), Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd. (RSIL; Indore, Madhya Pradesh, and Missouri), Northrup King Co., Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Mumbai, India) 990 (Des Moines, Iowa)

Russian Federation (Russia). See Europe, Eastern–Russian Seed companies–Thompson. See Thompson (W.G.) & Sons Federation Limited, Blenheim, Ontario, Canada

Rust, soybean. See Rust, Soybean Seed Quality of Soybeans–Condition, Grading, and Grades (Moisture, Foreign Material, Damage, etc.) 125 Safety concerns about soy in human diets. See Concerns about the Safety, Toxicity, or Health Beneﬁ ts of Soy in Human Diets Seeds, soybean–Variety development and breeding of soybeans. See Variety Development and Breeding San Jirushi Corp., and San-J International (Kuwana, Japan; and Richmond, Virginia). Purchased in Nov. 2005 by Yamasa Seitan. See Wheat Gluten Made into Seitan Corporation 793 Sensory evaluation. See Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Sensory / Sandoz AG (Basel, Switzerland). Merged with Ciba-Geigy in Organoleptic Evaluation March 1996 to Become Novartis 289, 799, 869, 895, 936 Sesame Oil 542 Sanitarium Health Food Company (Wahroonga, NSW, Australia). In 2002 they acquired SoyaWorld of British Columbia, Canada.. 809, Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum, formerly Sesamum orientale). 819, 856 (Also Called Ajonjoli, Benne, Benni, Benniseed, Gingelly, Gingely, Gingelie, Jinjili, Sesamum, Simsim, Teel, Til). Including Sesame as Saponins (Bitter Carbohydrates / Glucosides That Cause Foaming) an Oilseed, Sesame Flour, Sesame Tofu (Goma-dofu), and Sesame 125, 954, 1017 Salt / Gomashio. See also Sesame Butter / Tahini, Sesame Cake or Meal, Sesame Milk, and Sesame Oil 542, 604, 648 Sausages, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Sausages Sesamum indicum. See Sesame Seed School Lunch Program 284, 297, 308, 321, 349, 370, 573, 720, 735, 749, 763, 769, 776, 796, 842, 1088 Seventh-day Adventist work with vegetarianism. See Vegetarianism–Seventh-day Adventist Work with Scotland. See Europe, Western–Scotland (Part of United Kingdom) Seventh-day Adventist writings or products (especially early) Screw presses. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses related to peanut butter. See Peanut Butter–Seventh-day Adventist and Expellers Writings or Products

Sea Vegetables or Edible Seaweeds, Often Used with Soyfoods 422 Seventh-day Adventists. See Harrison, D.W. (M.D.), and Africa Basic Foods (Uganda), Kellogg, John Harvey (M.D.) (1852-1943), Seafood, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Fish, Shellﬁ sh, Sanitas Nut Food Co. and Battle Creek Food Co., Kellogg, Will and Other Seafood-like Products Keith,... Kellogg Co., Kloss, Jethro (1863-1946) and his Book

Back to Eden, Loma Linda Foods (Riverside, California), Loma Such as Spirulina, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus) 408, 765 Linda University (Loma Linda, California), Madison Foods and Madison College (Madison, Tennessee), Miller, Harry W. (M.D.) Sizings for paper or textiles. See Paper Coatings or Sizings, or (1879-1977), Van Gundy, Theodore A., and La Sierra Industries (La Textile Sizing Sierra, California), Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, Ohio) Skin Health 542 Seventh-day Adventists–Inﬂ uence Today of Seventh-day Adventist Afﬁ liated Organizations in the Fields of Vegetarianism, Health, and Smoothie–Made with Dairy Milk, Ice Cream, or Dairy Ingredients. Soyfoods (Not Including Original Medical Research on Adventists) Also spelled Smoothies or Smoothees 1012 747, 749 Smoothie–Made with Soymilk, Tofu, Soy Yogurt, Soy Protein Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods Isolate, Rice Milk, or Other Non-Dairy Smoothie Ingredients. Also (Europe). See DE-VAU-GE Gesundkostwerk GmbH (Lueneburg, spelled Smoothies or Smoothees 955, 977, 1006, 1014, 1031, 1053 Germany), Granose Foods Ltd. (Bucks., England) Soaps or Detergents–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non-Drying Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods Oil–Soap, Detergent 34, 71, 76, 99, 103, 106, 117, 118, 188, 237, (Europe, Asia, and Latin America). Other, Including Alimentos 283, 362, 368, 419, 511, 732 Colpac, Nutana, Saniku / San-iku Foods, Spicer Memorial College, Superbom 510, 605 Societe Soy (Saint-Chamond, France). See Soyfoods Companies (Europe)–Nutrition et Soja Seventh-day Adventists–Overseas Companies Making Soyfoods (Oceania). See Sanitarium Health Food Company (Wahroonga, Society for Acclimatization (Société d’Acclimatation, France) 646 Australia) Soil Science–Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation 834 Shakes–Made with Soymilk, Tofu, Amazake, Soy Protein, etc. Usually non-dairy 691 Sojadoc (Clermond-Ferrand, France) 593

Sharon’s Finest. See Rella Good Cheese Co. Sojinal / Biosoja (Formerly Cacoja; Afﬁ liate of Coopérative Agricole de Colmar–Issenheim & Colmar, France). Acquired by Shellabarger Grain Co. / Shellabarger Soybean Mills (Decatur, B & K Holdings, of Switzerland, in mid-1993. Acquired by Alpro Illinois) 45, 76, 105, 106, 123, 143, 154, 159, 163, 171, 173, 174, (Belgium) on 22 April 1996 701, 747, 780, 818, 847, 936 175, 176, 180, 206, 368, 369, 387, 1078 Solae Co. (The) (St. Louis, Missouri. Joint Venture Between Shennong / Shen Nung. See Asia, East–China–Shennong / Shên DuPont and Bunge Ltd., Merging PTI and Central Soya’s Specialty Nung / Shen Nung Process Division (formerly Chemurgy Div.)) 954, 959, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 992, Shortening (Usually Hydrogenated) 34, 103, 106, 117, 118, 125, 993, 995, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1005, 1006, 1007, 126, 623, 646, 832 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, Shoyu. See Soy Sauce 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, Shurtleff, William. See Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California) 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1079, 1084 Silage, soybean. See Feeds / Forage from Soybean Plants–Forage Used for Silage / Ensilage Solbar Hatzor Ltd. (Israel). See Hayes Ashdod Ltd. (renamed Solbar Hatzor Ltd. in April 1987) and Hayes General Technology (Israel) Simply Natural, Inc. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Founded by Christine Pirello 643 Solnuts B.V. (Tilburg, The Netherlands; and Hudson, Iowa). Including Edible Soy Products, makers of Pro-Nuts, founded Sinaiko Family of Madison, Wisconsin–Incl. Joe Sinaiko of Iowa in 1970. Acquired by Specialty Food Ingredients Europe BV in Milling Co. and Decatur Soy Products Co. (1891-1988), His Dec. 1991. Acquired by the Kerry Group in Jan. 2000 and Name Brother Ike Sinaiko of Illinois Soy Products Co. (1897-1977), and Changed to Nutriant (Jan. 2002 to 2006) 593, 665, 765, 818, 936, His Brothers-in-Law Max Albert of Galesburg Soy Products Co. 1001 (1893-1966) and Irving Rosen of Quincy Soybean Products Co. (1907-1964) 101, 105, 106, 115, 123, 154, 159, 163, 188, 237, 283, Solvent extraction equipment. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment– 368, 369, 423, 502, 511, 532, 640 Solvent extraction

Single cell proteins. See Microbial Proteins (Non-Photosynthetic) Solvents. See Soybean Crushing–Solvents

Single Cell Proteins (Photosynthetic, Including Algae / Microalgae Solvents–Hexane–Used Mainly for Soy Oil Extraction 172, 181,

209, 274, 485, 497, 517, 518, 534, 626, 682, 917, 999, 1022, 1023, 1027, 1069, 1071 Soy Flour, Grits, and Flakes–Use in Brewing Beer, Such as ADM Pro-zyme Flakes and Soybean Brew Flakes 77, 966 Solvents–Trichloroethylene (Trichlorethylene, Trichlor) 125 Soy Flour, Grits, Meal, Powder, or Flakes–For Food Use (Usually Solvents Used for Extraction of the Oil from Soybeans (General, Defatted or Low-Fat). See also Soy Flour–Whole or Full-fat 33, 35, Type of Solvent, Unspeciﬁ ed, or Other). See also Ethanol, Hexane, 62, 76, 77, 79, 86, 99, 101, 103, 105, 111, 123, 125, 126, 135, 169, and Trichloroethylene Solvents 34, 88, 166, 184, 252, 284, 369, 189, 206, 212, 213, 218, 243, 249, 261, 269, 270, 271, 274, 285, 480, 502, 784, 841, 965, 991, 1017, 1024 292, 293, 318, 329, 332, 334, 347, 349, 354, 356, 359, 361, 366, 370, 384, 388, 410, 415, 427, 437, 443, 449, 455, 457, 465, 468, Soup, miso. See Miso Soup 471, 495, 500, 504, 520, 521, 522, 526, 534, 544, 577, 610, 627, 629, 631, 637, 646, 690, 696, 700, 738, 763, 765, 786, 799, 820, Sour Cream Alternatives (Non-Dairy–Usually Contains Soy) 455 829, 831, 835, 844, 852, 868, 892, 893, 917, 950, 952, 954, 955, 965, 966, 974, 986, 990, 1017, 1037, 1046, 1062, 1066, 1067 South Africa. See Africa–South Africa Soy Flour, Industrial Uses of–Other. See also: Adhesives or Glues South America. See Latin America–South America for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, Building Materials, Etc.. 76, 77, 101, 123, 212, 213, 646 South River Miso Co. (Conway, Massachusetts). Including Ohio Miso Co.. 968 Soy Flour Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region 79, 94, 243, 318, 361, 577, 631, 700, 799, Soy and Cancer Prevention; Cancer Preventing Substances in 892, 965 Soybeans and Soyfoods (Such as the Isoﬂ avones Genistein and Daidzein) 514, 803, 804, 805, 808, 813, 815, 827, 828, 846, 847, Soy Flour Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– 904, 906, 940, 1009 Individual Companies or Products 799, 965

Soy Cheese Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Soy Flour or Defatted Soybean Meal in Cereal-Soy Blends, with Individual Companies 767 Emphasis on Dry Products Used in Third World Countries, Often Used as Weaning Foods (such as CSM, WSB, etc.) 272, 277, 489, Soy Cheese–Non-Fermented, Western Style, That Melts. Typically 521, 631, 646, 690, 763, 799, 900 Made with Tofu or Isolated Soy Proteins. Usually Contains Casein (A Protein from Cow’s Milk) 678, 767, 915 Soy Flour, Textured (Including TVP, Textured Vegetable Protein) 88, 243, 255, 266, 272, 277, 284, 286, 289, 293, 294, 297, 305, 306, Soy Cheese or Cheese Alternatives–General, Western Style, That 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 334, 341, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, Melts. Often Contains Casein (Cow’s Milk Protein) 455, 495, 569, 354, 359, 361, 364, 370, 371, 373, 408, 415, 427, 443, 466, 470, 693, 913, 968, 1006 495, 510, 512, 530, 534, 549, 551, 555, 556, 558, 571, 573, 577, 582, 590, 624, 637, 674, 700, 709, 717, 733, 734, 749, 763, 784, Soy Cheesecake or Cream Pie, Usually Made with Tofu 665 786, 788, 811, 818, 820, 835, 892, 917, 963, 965, 966, 986, 990, 996, 1044, 1047, 1084, 1088 Soy Coffee–Made from Roasted Soy Flour or Ground Roasted Soybeans 62, 76, 106 Soy Flour–Whole or Full-fat 33, 49, 76, 106, 261, 272, 277, 318, 332, 359, 415, 468, 495, 521, 551, 577, 593, 820, 892, 990 Soy cotyledon fi ber / polysaccharides (from making soy protein isolates). See Fiber Soy ice cream companies (USA). See Barricini Foods (Mountain Lakes, New Jersey), Tofutti Brands, Inc. (Cranford, New Jersey) Soy Cream Cheese, Usually Made of Tofu or Soy Yogurt 643 Soy Ice Cream (Frozen or Dry Mix)–Imports, Exports, International Soy Daily (The)–Online E-zine published by Paul & Gail King Trade 643, 665 (Nov. 2000 -) 1002 Soy Ice Cream (General–Usually Non-Dairy) 71, 244, 245, 269, Soy, etymology of the word. See Etymology of the Word “Soy” and 346, 406, 425, 455, 569, 605, 609, 615, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, its Cognates / Relatives in English 631, 633, 643, 646, 660, 661, 665, 698, 745, 763, 783, 799, 800, 856, 894, 936, 1091 Soy fi ber. See Fiber Soy Ice Cream Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Soy fl our companies (Europe). See Spillers Premier Products Ltd. Analyses–By Geographical Region 799 (Puckeridge, Ware, Hertfordshire, England) Soy Ice Cream Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Soy Flour, Grits, and Flakes–Enzyme Active (Whole / Full-Fat, Analyses–Individual Companies 622, 799 Unheated) 468

Soy infant formula. See Infant Formula, Soy-based 835, 840, 850, 860, 868, 892, 931, 933, 936, 954, 963, 965, 966, 1087, 1088 Soy is NOT Mentioned in the Document 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, Soy Protein Isolates, Concentrates, or Textured Soy Protein 32, 37, 38, 46, 215, 417, 478, 524, 680, 752, 753, 824, 839, 1015 Products–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Individual Companies 245, 257, 323, 326, 347, 352, 375, 386, 389, Soy lecithin. See Lecithin, Soy 421, 424, 447, 500, 507, 564, 622, 631, 656, 662, 684, 695, 709, 721, 722, 725, 726, 734, 736, 742, 744, 749, 755, 758, 766, 774, Soy Molasses or Soy Solubles–A By-Product of Making Soy 779, 786, 796, 797, 798, 799, 823, 838, 851, 856, 858, 860, 862, Protein Concentrate Using the Aqueous Alcohol Wash Process. 869, 871, 895, 905, 912, 931, 951, 965, 974, 1087, 1089 Rich in Isofl avones 892, 1017 Soy Protein Isolates, Industrial Uses of 525 Soy Oil as a Commodity, Product, or Ingredient for Food Use (in Cookery or Foods). Its Manufacture, Refi ning, Trade, and Use. See Soy Protein Isolates, Textured (For Food Use Only, Including Spun Also: Industrial Uses of Soy Oil, and Nutrition: Lipids 34, 43, 44, Soy Protein Fibers or Soy Isolate Gels). See also: Industrial Uses of 56, 59, 62, 63, 65, 67, 72, 73, 74, 79, 84, 85, 91, 93, 95, 101, 103, Soy Proteins–Fibers (Artifi cial Wool Made from Spun Soy Protein 105, 106, 108, 111, 112, 115, 119, 123, 126, 127, 128, 138, 154, Fibers) 219, 220, 221, 223, 225, 229, 230, 232, 236, 238, 239, 241, 159, 162, 172, 181, 184, 188, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 255, 260, 263, 266, 268, 212, 213, 231, 237, 244, 283, 288, 388, 406, 407, 415, 422, 448, 270, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 281, 288, 289, 291, 292, 294, 455, 457, 532, 569, 609, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 628, 631, 307, 308, 309, 310, 315, 318, 321, 343, 346, 347, 349, 350, 359, 651, 665, 690, 695, 698, 701, 705, 722, 736, 867, 902, 961, 978, 361, 370, 376, 396, 406, 407, 415, 436, 464, 466, 470, 471, 495, 988, 990, 1008, 1021, 1034, 1037 507, 508, 509, 510, 519, 530, 551, 573, 574, 577, 605, 626, 637, 649, 695, 726, 734, 763, 769, 781, 783, 786, 788, 790, 795, 798, Soy Oil Constants. Includes Index of Refreaction, Refreactive 933, 966, 1044, 1087, 1089 Index, Solidifi cation Point (Erstarrungspunkt), Specifi c Gravity. See also Iodine Number 123, 125, 163, 448 Soy Protein Products (General, or Modern Products). See also: Nutrition–Protein, Protein Quality, and Amino Acid Composition Soy Oil Constants–Iodine Number / Value 98, 117, 118, 123, 125, 218, 255, 271, 277, 280, 292, 293, 299, 315, 318, 331, 332, 334, 163, 863, 923 335, 347, 359, 361, 366, 370, 373, 378, 384, 400, 410, 433, 435, 436, 449, 450, 451, 453, 455, 456, 457, 463, 476, 488, 489, 490, Soy Oil–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in 491, 495, 504, 516, 520, 546, 547, 559, 577, 583, 587, 610, 631, Various Languages 72 635, 648, 669, 698, 705, 729, 734, 772, 786, 799, 834, 894, 950, 952, 966, 980, 998, 1041, 1058 Soy oil–industry and market statistics. See Soybean Crushing Soy Proteins–Concentrates 230, 243, 249, 261, 269, 270, 271, 272, Soy Plant (The) (Ann Arbor, Michigan). See Rosewood Products 274, 277, 292, 293, 311, 315, 318, 321, 334, 346, 349, 354, 359, Inc. (Ann Arbor) 361, 370, 384, 413, 415, 437, 443, 449, 452, 455, 465, 468, 495, 498, 500, 534, 551, 571, 573, 577, 610, 624, 625, 627, 629, 630, Soy protein companies (Israel). See Hayes Ashdod Ltd. and Hayes 637, 644, 661, 665, 674, 690, 700, 704, 734, 738, 749, 763, 765, General Technology 780, 786, 818, 829, 835, 842, 846, 852, 859, 860, 868, 892, 950, 954, 963, 965, 966, 974, 984, 1017, 1046, 1061, 1087 Soy protein companies (USA). See Borden, Inc., Delsoy Products, Inc., Drackett Co. (The), Glidden Co. (The), Grain Processing Soy Proteins–Concentrates–Etymology of These Terms and Their Corporation, Griffi th Laboratories, Gunther Products, Inc., Laucks Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages 449 (I.F.) Co., Protein Technologies International (PTI), Rich Products Corporation, Solae Co. (The) Soy Proteins–Detection When Added to Other Food Products (Such as Meat or Dairy Products, Wheat Flour or Baked Goods) 537, 604, Soy Protein Concentrates, Textured 230, 415, 495, 534, 549, 551, 634, 963 571, 573, 577, 629, 630, 637, 665, 696, 717, 734, 780, 788, 818, 835, 963, 966, 1017, 1044, 1047 Soy Proteins–Hydrolyzed and Hydrolysates (General), as in Flavourings, HVP, Cosmetics, Personal Care Products, Predigested Soy Protein Council (Food Protein Council from 1971 to Dec. Milk Replacers, etc.. 542 1981) 297, 299, 344, 360, 362, 384, 419, 427, 440, 476, 495, 547, 610, 686, 734, 735, 820, 955, 966, 998 Soy Proteins–Isolates–Enzyme-Modifi ed Soy Protein with Whipping / Foaming Properties Used to Replace Egg Albumen, and Soy Protein Isolates, Concentrates, or Textured Soy Protein Early Related Whipping / Aerating Agents or Products 243, 318, Products–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By 384, 431, 495, 571, 573, 627, 637, 682, 711, 734, 763, 769, 780, Geographical Region 243, 269, 275, 292, 317, 318, 320, 349, 361, 933, 950, 1091 373, 415, 522, 547, 549, 551, 552, 564, 572, 573, 577, 631, 637, 682, 700, 705, 707, 709, 734, 735, 749, 765, 782, 786, 799, 818, Soy Proteins–Isolates–Etymology of These Terms and Their

Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages 235, 365 Soy Pudding, Custard, Parfait, or Mousse (Usually made from Soymilk. Non-Dairy Milk, or Tofu). See also Soy Yogurt–Not Soy Proteins–Isolates, for Food Use. See also: Isolates, for Fermented 76, 352, 747, 928, 1000 Industrial (Non-Food) Use 209, 223, 226, 227, 235, 240, 242, 243, 247, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 261, 267, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, Soy sauce. See Hoisin / Haisien Sauce, Tamari, Teriyaki Sauce and 277, 278, 282, 293, 295, 298, 300, 302, 303, 311, 316, 317, 318, Teriyaki (Soy Sauce is the Main Sauce Ingredient) 323, 325, 326, 330, 333, 334, 336, 338, 339, 341, 345, 346, 349, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 361, 363, 364, 365, 372, 373, 374, Soy sauce companies (Asia & USA). See San Jirushi Corp., and 375, 377, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 389, 390, 391, 393, San-J International (Kuwana, Japan; and Richmond, Virginia) 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 409, 411, 413, 414, 415, 416, 418, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 431, 434, 437, Soy sauce companies (international). See Kikkoman Corporation 438, 442, 443, 444, 447, 449, 452, 454, 455, 457, 465, 466, 467, (Tokyo, Walworth, Wisconsin; and Worldwide) 468, 471, 472, 473, 477, 495, 496, 498, 500, 501, 504, 505, 507, 508, 513, 514, 515, 516, 519, 522, 533, 534, 537, 538, 543, 545, Soy sauce companies or brands (USA). See Oriental Show-You Co 546, 549, 551, 552, 553, 558, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 567, 568, 569, 571, 572, 573, 577, 578, 579, 581, 585, 589, 592, 594, Soy Sauce, HVP Type (Non-Fermented or Semi-Fermented, Made 595, 596, 598, 601, 602, 604, 606, 607, 610, 611, 614, 615, 622, with Acid-Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein; an Amino Acid Seasoning 623, 624, 625, 627, 629, 630, 633, 637, 639, 641, 644, 645, 647, Solution Rich in Glutamic Acid). Also Called Pejoratively Chemical 649, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 659, 660, 661, 664, 666, 668, Soy Sauce 347 671, 672, 674, 675, 677, 679, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 698, 699, 700, 701, Soy Sauce (Including Shoyu and Worcestershire Sauce)–Imports, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 710, 712, 714, 718, 719, 721, Exports, International Trade 1086 722, 724, 725, 727, 728, 731, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 740, 742, 744, 745, 748, 749, 750, 751, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 761, Soy Sauce (Including Shoyu). See Also Tamari, Teriyaki Sauce, and 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 774, 775, Traditional Worcestershire Sauce 62, 76, 106, 155, 406, 410, 422, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 786, 787, 788, 791, 792, 794, 427, 504, 604, 605, 609, 631, 665, 693, 698, 705, 738, 767, 780, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 803, 804, 805, 806, 808, 813, 815, 816, 799, 818, 843, 900, 955, 1011, 1086 817, 819, 821, 823, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 835, 837, 838, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, Soy Sauce Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 864, 865, 866, 868, Geographical Region 631, 767, 799 869, 870, 871, 872, 874, 875, 876, 877, 880, 882, 884, 886, 890, 891, 892, 895, 897, 898, 899, 900, 902, 903, 905, 906, 909, 911, Soy Sauce Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– 912, 915, 916, 918, 920, 921, 922, 926, 929, 931, 932, 933, 935, Individual Companies 631, 799 936, 937, 945, 946, 947, 949, 950, 951, 952, 954, 955, 956, 957, 960, 962, 963, 965, 966, 970, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 982, Soy sauce–Korean-style. See Kanjang–Korean-Style Fermented 984, 986, 990, 999, 1004, 1005, 1010, 1014, 1027, 1031, 1032, Soy Sauce 1033, 1046, 1047, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1061, 1066, 1068, 1072, 1084, 1087, 1089, 1091 Soy Sprouts–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages 76 Soy Proteins–Properties (Including Types {Globulins, Glycinin, Beta- and Gamma-Conglycinin}, 7S & 11S Protein Fractions and Soy Sprouts (Sprouted or Germinated Soybeans) for Food Use 62, Subunits, Sedimentation Coefﬁ cients, Nitrogen Solubility, and 76, 155, 690, 738, 873, 952, 955 Rheology) 274, 380, 468, 627, 676, 734, 763, 954, 963, 1023, 1027, 1046 Soy whip topping. See Whip Topping

Soy Proteins, Textured (General) 243, 247, 260, 268, 269, 270, 275, Soy Yogurt–Fermented / Cultured 431, 465, 643, 800, 875, 1006, 289, 292, 294, 297, 304, 311, 315, 320, 340, 349, 361, 366, 385, 1049 404, 412, 449, 452, 465, 475, 504, 544, 588, 594, 734, 765, 767, 784, 849, 850, 917, 950, 952, 955, 990, 1031, 1044, 1066, 1084 Soy Yogurt (Generally Non-Dairy) 425, 455, 516, 799, 833, 852, 879, 880, 882 Soy Proteins–Textured, in Dry Cereal-Soy Blends 275 Soy Yogurt Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Soy Proteins–Textured Isolates–Etymology of These Terms and By Geographical Region 799 Their Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages 229, 247, 294, 466, 470 Soy Yogurt Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Individual Companies 799 Soy Proteins–Used as an Ingredient in or for Early Second Generation Commercial Food or Beverage Products 219, 220, 221, Soy Yogurt–Not Fermented. Typically Made with Tofu (Includes 225, 226, 230, 232, 295 varieties “with active cultures” that are not actually cultured / fermented) 665, 678, 693, 701, 731, 886

Soya Corporation of America and Dr. Armand Burke. See Also Dr. Soybean crushers (Europe). See Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy), Hansa Artemy A. Horvath 154 Muehle (Hamburg, Germany), Oelmuehle Hamburg AG (Hamburg, Germany), Vandemoortele N.V. (Izegem, Netherlands) Soya Foods Ltd [Named Soya Flour Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (1929- 42), and Soya Foods Ltd. (1933)]. See Spillers Premier Products Soybean crushers (USA). See Allied Mills, Inc., Archer Daniels Ltd. Midland Co. (ADM) (Decatur, Illinois), Bunge Corp. (White Plains, New York), Cargill, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minneapolis), Soya Health Foods Ltd. (Manchester, England). Including Michael Central Soya Co. (Fort Wayne, Indiana), Chicago Heights Oil Co. Cole and his Soya International Ltd.. 745, 747, 800 (Chicago Heights, Illinois), Continental Grain Co. (New York, New York), Dannen Mills (St. Joseph, Missouri), Delphos Grain Soya Kaas Inc. See Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas Inc. & Soya Products Co. (Delphos, Ohio), Honeymead Products Co., Lauhoff Grain Co. (Danville, Illinois), Pillsbury Feed Mills and Soya–Soybean Production and Soy Products 609 Pillsbury Co. (Minneapolis, Minnesota), Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Including the Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Quincy Soyana (Zurich, Switzerland) 559, 747 Soybean Products Co. (Quincy, Illinois), Ralston Purina Co. (St. Louis, Missouri), Shellabarger Grain Co. / Shellabarger Soybean Soyastern Naturkost GmbH / Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH Mills (Decatur, Illinois), Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. (Buffalo, (Dorsten, Germany). Acquired by Huegli in April 1991 593, 936 New York), Staley (A.E.) Manufacturing Co. (Decatur,, Swift & Co. (Illinois) Soyatech (Publisher of Soya Bluebook and Soya Newsletter, Bar Harbor, Maine. Note: In March 1980 Peter Golbitz and Sharyn Soybean Crushers (USA). See Seed Companies, Soybean–Funk Kingma started Island Tofu Works, a tofu manufacturing company, Brothers Seed Co. (Bloomington, Illinois)–After 1924, Sinaiko in Bar Harbor, Maine) 678, 682, 693, 705, 720, 729, 762, 767, 768, Family and Iowa Milling Co. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa) 770, 793, 846, 870, 885, 898, 901, 903, 928, 930, 971, 985, 986, 992, 1000, 1002, 1009, 1028, 1039, 1041, 1043, 1049, 1062, 1067 Soybean crushers (USA), Cooperative. See AGRI Industries, Inc. (Iowa), Ag Processing Inc a cooperative (AGP), Boone SoyaWorld Inc. See ProSoya Valley Cooperative Processing Association (Eagle Grove, Iowa), CHS Cooperatives, Including Cenex, Inc. and Harvest States SoyaWorld, Inc. (Near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). Cooperatives (Which Includes Honeymead), Dawson Mills Started 1997. Acquired in 2002 by Sanitarium Foods of Australia (Dawson, Minnesota), Far-Mar-Co, Inc., Farmers Union Grain 969, 981 Terminal Association (GTA), Farmland Industries, Inc., Gold Kist, Honeymead (Mankato, Minnesota), Land O’Lakes, Inc., Soybean archaeology. See Archaeology Missouri Farmers Association (MFA), Monticello Co-operative Soybean Products Co. (Monticello, Piatt Co., Illinois), North Iowa Soybean Council of America. See American Soybean Association Cooperative Processing Association, (Manly, Iowa), Ohio Valley (ASA)–Soybean Council of America Soybean Cooperative (Henderson, Kentucky), Riceland Foods (Named Arkansas Grain Corp. before Sept. 1970) Soybean crushers (Asia). See Ajinomoto Co. Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), Incl. Fuji Purina Protein Ltd., Soybean Crushers (USA), Cooperative–General and Other 154, Hohnen Oil Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), Nisshin Oil Mills, Ltd. 188, 423, 445, 446, 502, 640 (Tokyo, Japan), Ruchi Soya Industries Ltd. (India), Yoshihara Oil Mill, Ltd. (Kobe, Japan) Soybean crushers (USA), Early. See Elizabeth City Oil and Fertilizer Co. (Elizabeth City, North Carolina; 1915) Soybean crushers (Canada). See ADM Agri-Industries Ltd. (Windsor, Ontario, Canada), CanAmera Foods (Hamilton, Ontario, Soybean Crushers (USA), Early–Paciﬁ c Oil Mills and Albers Canada), Victory Soya Mills Ltd. (Toronto, Ontario) Brothers Milling Co. (Seattle, Washington; 1911), Elizabeth City Oil and Fertilizer Co. (Elizabeth City, North Carolina; 1915. By Soybean Crushers (Canada), Early (Started Before 1941)–Milton 1917 six other North Carolina oil mills were crushing soybeans), Oil Reﬁ neries Ltd. (Milton, Ontario; March 1930–Renamed Chicago Heights Oil Mfg. Co. (Chicago Heights, Illinois; 1920), Canadian Soyabeans Ltd. by Nov. 1932), Dominion Linseed Oil A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. (Decatur, Illinois; 1922), Piatt County Co. (Baden, ONT; 1932), Soy Bean Oil and Meal Co-operative Cooperative Soy Bean Co. (Monticello, Illinois; 1923–batch Company of Canada, Ltd. (Chatham, ONT; 1932), Dominion Soya solvent), Blish Milling Co. (Seymour and Crothersville, Indiana; Industries / Dominion Soya Products Co. (Montreal, Quebec; spring 1923), Eastern Cotton Oil Co. (Norfolk, Virginia; 1924–continuous 1935), Soya Mills Limited (Stratford, ONT; Jan. 1936), Edgar solvent) 105, 106, 111, 115, 125, 154, 327 Soya Products (Belle River, Ontario; 1936), Toronto Elevators Ltd. (Toronto, ONT; 1938) 143 Soybean Crushers (USA), Small Crushers–Arkansas Grain Corp. (Helena & Stuttgart, Arkansas), Hemphill Soy Products (Kennett, Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unilever Corp., Lever Brothers Missouri), Old Fort Mills (Marion, Ohio), Sioux Soya Mills Co., Unimills B.V. (Netherlands) (Sioux City, Iowa), Soy Bean Processing Co. (Waterloo, Iowa),

Soybean Products, Inc. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa), Southern Soya Corp. Beancake, Soybean Cake, Oilmeal, or Presscake 36, 39, 43, 45, (Cameron, South Carolina), Soy-Rich Products (Wichita, Kansas), 56, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 84, 85, Toledo Soybean Products (Toledo, Ohio) Western Soybean Mills 86, 87, 88, 91, 95, 96, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 115, 125, (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), etc.. 101, 105, 106, 115, 154, 157 126, 127, 128, 130, 136, 138, 141, 144, 148, 154, 155, 159, 162, 172, 178, 181, 184, 187, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209, Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Hydraulic Presses 125, 127, 154, 210, 212, 213, 228, 233, 244, 246, 247, 261, 283, 286, 287, 328, 209, 369 334, 354, 362, 368, 369, 384, 388, 406, 408, 415, 419, 430, 441, 511, 532, 534, 555, 564, 602, 609, 613, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Screw Presses and Expellers 621, 624, 629, 643, 644, 646, 693, 695, 722, 732, 736, 737, 738, (Continuous, Mechanical) 34, 65, 81, 88, 105, 106, 115, 125, 126, 783, 798, 841, 863, 867, 892, 923, 968, 988, 991, 1008, 1021, 1023, 127, 128, 129, 137, 154, 163, 166, 184, 206, 209, 212, 213, 368, 1035, 1059, 1066 369, 532, 665, 690, 798, 867 Soybean oil. See Soy Oil Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Solvent Extraction 34, 72, 88, 108, 115, 119, 125, 126, 150, 153, 154, 162, 166, 172, 181, 184, 187, Soybean oil constants. See Soy Oil Constants 198, 206, 209, 212, 213, 252, 369, 469, 480, 485, 497, 502, 517, 518, 532, 534, 626, 629, 632, 783, 841, 991, 1022, 1023, 1024 Soybean paste. See Miso

Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Wedge Press and Hand-Turned Soybean pellets. See Pellets Made from Soybean Meal Screw Press (Early Technology from China and Manchuria) 125 Soybean processing. See Soybean Crushing Soybean Crushing–Explosions and/or Fires in Soybean Solvent Extraction Plants (Making Soy Oil and Soybean Meal) 159, 206, Soybean production. See Crop Rotation of Soybean Plants for 212, 213, 252, 348, 480, 485, 497, 515, 517, 518, 543, 560, 632, Soil Improvement, Cultural Practices, Green Manure, Harvesting 1022, 1023, 1024 and Threshing, Identity Preserved / Preservation, Peoria Plan of 1928-29 for Growing, Selling, and Processing Soybeans, Price of Soybean Crushing (General: Soy / Soybean Oil and Soybean Meal) Soybeans, Soybean Seeds and Soybean Products–Except Sauces 100, 116, 120, 124, 129, 131, 134, 135, 137, 139, 142, 143, 149, (Which See), Soybean Variety Development and Breeding–New 150, 153, 160, 166, 196, 218, 233, 332, 353, 386, 410, 423, 439, Soybean Varieties in the USA, Yield Statistics, Soybean 465, 469, 472, 502, 527, 529, 539, 570, 599, 600, 626, 632, 640, 641, 723, 787, 912, 1022, 1023, 1024 Soybean production–Farm equipment. See Machinery (Agricultural), Implements, Equipment, and Mechanization Soybean Crushing, Including Production and Trade of Soybean Oil, Meal or Cake, Margarine, or Shortening–Industry and Market Soybean production–Farm machinery. See Combines Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–65, 73, 79, 85, 91, 93, 95, 103, 105, 106, 111, 125, 169, 328, 368, 386, 439, 441, 472, 474, 502, Soybean production–Farm Machinery. See Tractors 532, 564, 597, 613, 628, 631, 640, 662, 664, 695, 735, 799, 823, 832 Soybean Production–General, and Amount Produced 59, 62, 93, 94, 103, 106, 111, 117, 130, 218, 388, 410, 430, 439, 450, 457, 474, Soybean Crushing–New Soybean Crusher 43, 56, 63, 74, 108, 128, 555, 631, 799 162, 181, 202, 203, 204, 205, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621 Soybean Production–Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Soybean crushing–solvents. See Solvents Analyses 572, 631, 799

Soybean–General Comprehensive and Basic Important Publications Soybean production–Marketing. See Chicago Board of Trade about Soybeans 738 (CBOT), Marketing Soybeans, Railroads / Railways and Special Trains and/or Exhibit Cars Used to Promote Soybeans and Soybean Soybean Marketing Association (1929-1932). Organized at Decatur, Production, Soybean Marketing Association (1929-1932) Illinois on 16 Oct. 1929 212, 213 Soybean production–Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation. See Soybean Meal / Cake, Fiber (as from Okara), or Shoyu Presscake as Nitragin Inoculant and The Nitragin Company, Urbana Laboratories a Fertilizer or Manure for the Soil or for Fish Ponds–Industrial Uses 103, 362, 419, 511 Soybean production, organic. See Organic Soybean Production

Soybean Meal–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Soybean production–Plant protection. See Diseases (Bacterial, Relatives in Various Languages 369 Fungal, and Viral / Virus), Insects–Pest Control. See also: Integrated Pest Management, Pesticides (General), Weeds–Control and Soybean meal pellets. See Pellets Made from Soybean Meal Herbicide Use

Soybean Meal (SBM) (Defatted). Formerly Called Bean Cake, Soybean production–Research. See Research on Soybeans

Type 113 Soybean Rust (Fungal Disease) 1012 Soybean Varieties USA–Jogun–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Seeds–Black in Color. Food Use is Not Mentioned 36, 59, Type 113 62, 164, 527 Soybean Varieties USA–Kanro–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Seeds–Brown in Color. Especially Early Records 36, 527 Type 113

Soybean Seeds–Yellow in Color. Including Yellowish White, Cream Soybean Varieties USA–Kanum–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Colored, and Pale (Pallida). Especially Early Records. See also: Type 113 Soybean Seeds–White 98, 105, 106 Soybean Varieties USA–Laredo–Early Introduction 164, 527 Soybean Varieties USA–Aoda–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Mammoth Brown–Early Introduction 527

Soybean Varieties USA–Arlington–Early Introduction 36 Soybean Varieties USA–Mammoth Yellow–Early Introduction 105, 106, 111 Soybean Varieties USA–Bansei–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type 113, 212, 213 Soybean Varieties USA–Manchu–Early Introduction 59, 62, 212, 213 Soybean Varieties USA–Biloxi–Early Introduction 36, 527 Soybean Varieties USA–Manchuria–Early Introduction 62 Soybean Varieties USA–Black Eyebrow–Early Introduction 36 Soybean Varieties USA–Peking / Pekin–Early Selection (1907) 36, Soybean Varieties USA–Dunﬁ eld–Early Introduction 59, 62 59

Soybean Varieties USA–Early Brown–Early Introduction 36 Soybean Varieties USA–Rokusun–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Easycook / Easy Cook–Early Introduction. Large-Seeded and/or Vegetable-Type 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Sac–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-Type 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Ebony–Early Introduction 62 Soybean Varieties USA–Sousei–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Emperor–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type 113 Type 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Toku–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Etum or Eatum–Large-Seeded and / or Type 113 Vegetable-Type 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Virginia–Early Selection (1907) 36, 59, 62, Soybean Varieties USA–Funk Delicious–Large-Seeded and / or 527 Vegetable-Type 113 Soybean Varieties USA–Willomi–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soybean Varieties USA–Giant Green–Large-Seeded and / or Type 113 Vegetable-Type 113, 212, 213 Soybean Varieties USA–Wilson–Early Introduction 59, 62 Soybean Varieties USA–Habaro–Early Introduction. Also spelled “Habara” in Canada 106 Soybean Varieties USA–Wilson-Five / Wilson Five / Wilson 5 / Wilson-5 / Wilson V–Early Selection (1912) 36 Soybean Varieties USA–Haberlandt–Early Introduction 106 Soybean Variety Development and Breeding–New Soybean Soybean Varieties USA–Hahto–Early Introduction. Large-Seeded Varieties in the USA 98 and / or Vegetable-Type 36 Soybeans, ground (used as food). See Whole Dry Soybeans Soybean Varieties USA–Higan–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Type 83, 113 Soybeans, whole dry (used unprocessed as food). See Whole Dry Soybeans Soybean Varieties USA–Hokkaido–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable-Type 113, 212, 213 Soyco Foods. See Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. (Orlando, Florida)

Soybean Varieties USA–Imperial–Large-Seeded and / or Vegetable- Soyfood products, commercial. See Commercial Soy Products–New

Products Soyfoods Movement in Mexico and Central America 729 Soyfoods Association of North America (SANA). Founded 30 June 1978 in Ann Arbor, Michigan 440, 465, 714, 720, 793, 885, 901, Soyfoods Movement in North America (USA & Canada, General) 903, 928, 985, 995, 1025, 1026, 1069 614, 665, 794, 833, 869, 874, 875, 936, 955, 957, 999, 1015, 1052

Soyfoods Associations in Canada (Soyfoods Canada) 969, 981 Soyfoods Movement–Periodicals, Including Soycraft, Soyfoods, Soya Foods, Soya Newsletter, Soya International, Soyfoods Canada Soyfoods Associations in Europe 847 Newsletter, etc 440, 604, 643, 644, 693, 901

Soyfoods Center. See Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California) Soyfoods Movement–Soyfoods Restaurants or Delis 631, 799

Soyfoods companies (Canada). See Yves Veggie Cuisine Soyfoods restaurants or delis. See Soyfoods Movement–Soyfoods (Vancouver, BC, Canada) Restaurants or Delis

Soyfoods companies (England). See Itona Soyinfo Center (Lafayette, California). Named Soyfoods Center until 1 Jan. 2007. Founded by William and Akiko Shurtleff 422, Soyfoods companies (Europe). See Albert’s Tofuhaus (Lautersheim, 440, 465, 471, 506, 507, 573, 604, 605, 630, 631, 643, 644, 646, Germany), British Arkady Company Ltd. (Manchester, England), 665, 714, 734, 747, 785, 798, 799, 906, 933, 950, 1001, 1012, 1030, Bruno Fischer GmbH (Aetorf, Germany), Galactina S.A. (Belp, 1052, 1065, 1090 Switzerland), Haldane Foods Group Ltd. (Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, England), Henselwerk GmbH (Magstadt near Soyland Farm. See Fouts Family of Indiana Stuttgart, Germany), Huegli Naehrmittel A.G. (Steinach-Arbon, Switzerland), Innoval / Sojalpe, Jonathan P.V.B.A. (Kapellen, Soymilk. See Calf, Lamb, or Pig Milk Replacers Belgium), Life Food GmbH (Freiburg, Germany). Taifun brand, Lima N.V. / Lima Foods (Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium; Soymilk Companies (Asia)–Kibun, Marusan-Ai, Mitsubishi, Meiji, and Mezin, France), Manna Natural Foods (Amsterdam, The and Saniku Shokuhin in Japan 465, 516, 604, 605, 665 Netherlands), Migros & Conserves Estavayer (Estavayer-le-Lac, Switzerland), Nutrition et Nature (Revel near Toulouse, France) Soymilk companies (Canada). See Malnutrition Matters, ProSoya, Toulouse, France). Founded in June, Sojinal / Biosoja (Formerly SoyaWorld, Inc. (Near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) Cacoja), Soya Health Foods Ltd. (Manchester, England), Soyana (Zurich, Switzerland), Tofutown.com (Wiesbaum / Vulkaneifel, Soymilk companies (England). See Itona Germany), Triballat (Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France). Makers of Sojasun Soymilk companies (Europe). See Alpro (Wevelgem, Belgium), Soyfoods companies (USA). See Farm Food Co. (San Rafael, then Plamil Foods Ltd. (Folkestone, Kent, England) and The Plantmilk San Francisco, California), Farm Foods, and Farm Soy Dairy, Society, Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products (Stockport, Cheshire, Galaxy Nutritional Foods, Inc. and its Soyco Foods Div. (Orlando, England) Florida), GeniSoy Products Co. (Fairﬁ eld, California), Hain Celestial Group, Inc. (Uniondale, New York), Lightlife Foods, Soymilk companies (USA). See American Soy Products (Saline, Inc. (Turners Falls, Massachusetts), Rella Good Cheese Co. (Santa Michigan), Paciﬁ c Foods of Oregon, Inc. (Tualatin, Oregon), Rosa, California). Previously Brightsong Tofu, SunRich Food Vitasoy, WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN Industries, Inc., Group (Hope, Minnesota), White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado) California)

Soyfoods (General Food Uses of Soybeans) 200, 255, 332, 410, Soymilk, Concentrated or Condensed (Canned, Bottled, or Bulk). 422, 495, 504, 593, 604, 605, 631, 643, 644, 665, 693, 767, 780, Also Called Soybase or Soy Base 701, 830, 883 843, 928, 955, 969, 986, 992, 1002, 1013, 1028, 1039, 1048, 1056, 1060, 1086 Soymilk Cream (Rich, Thick Soymilk to Be Used Like Cream). See also: Non-Dairy Creamer 623 Soyfoods Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region. Includes per capita consumption of soybeans Soymilk curds. See Curds Made from Soymilk 705, 762, 770, 930, 948, 985, 1002 Soymilk Equipment 701, 830, 990 Soyfoods movement. See Farm (The) (Summertown, Tennessee), Plenty Canada and The Farm in Canada (Lanark, Ontario, Canada), Soymilk Equipment Companies (Europe). See APV Systems, Soya Rodale Press (Emmaus, Pennsylvania), Soy Daily (The), Soyatech Technology Division. Formerly named Danish Turnkey Dairies (Bar Harbor, Maine), Soyfoods Association of North America Ltd., Alfa-Laval (Lund, Sweden), Tetra Pak International (Lund, (SANA) Sweden)

Soyfoods Movement in Europe 559, 593, 701, 747, 780, 847, 883, Soymilk, Fermented, in Liquid or Viscous Form (Basic Research, 1006 Acidophilus Soymilk or Soy Acidophilus Milk, Soy Viili,

Buttermilk, Koumiss, Lassi, Piima, etc.). See also: Soy Yogurt, Soy Cheese, and Soy Kefi r 422, 425, 646, 665, 1006 Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. (Buffalo, New York) 101, 105, 106, 115, 119, 123, 124, 126, 143, 154, 159, 163, 184, 188, 200, 206, Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By 218, 237, 246, 419, 511, 532, 625, 997 Geographical Region 631, 644, 745, 747, 749, 751, 762, 767, 768, 799, 846, 915, 930, 1046 Spillers Premier Products Ltd. (Puckeridge, Ware, Hertfordshire, England). Including Soya Foods Ltd [Named Soya Flour Soymilk Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (1929-42), and Soya Foods Ltd. (1933)]. Larger Companies 631, 701, 747, 799, 883, 936 And incorporating British Soya Products (1932) 76, 179, 415, 765, 818 Soymilk–Marketing of 879 Sprouts. See Soy Sprouts Soymilk shakes. See Shakes Spun soy protein fi bers. See Soy Proteins–Textured Soy Protein Soymilk, Soy Drinks / Beverages, Soy-Based Infant Formulas, and Isolates Nogs (Liquid, Non-Fermented). Note–For Soymilk Products See Tofu, Yuba, Shakes, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Yogurt, and Soy Cheese Spun soy protein fi bers used in meat alternatives. See Meat or Cheese Alternatives 76, 105, 106, 111, 218, 244, 245, 250, 272, Alternatives–Kesp (Spun Soy Protein Fibers) 277, 281, 292, 302, 303, 332, 333, 346, 354, 388, 422, 425, 427, 431, 455, 465, 468, 469, 471, 473, 504, 516, 533, 559, 569, 593, Sri Lanka. See Asia, South–Sri Lanka 604, 605, 607, 615, 623, 626, 631, 643, 644, 645, 649, 665, 690, 691, 693, 695, 696, 698, 699, 701, 703, 705, 745, 747, 757, 762, Staley (A.E.) Manufacturing Co. (Decatur, Illinois; Acquired by 763, 767, 768, 775, 776, 777, 783, 785, 793, 799, 805, 813, 819, Tate & Lyle PLC in June 1988) 45, 71, 76, 101, 102, 105, 106, 111, 828, 830, 831, 833, 845, 846, 849, 856, 862, 864, 869, 873, 874, 115, 123, 125, 126, 143, 154, 189, 200, 206, 212, 213, 218, 237, 879, 880, 882, 883, 894, 900, 902, 903, 908, 913, 925, 926, 928, 243, 246, 280, 283, 293, 297, 299, 315, 318, 321, 322, 328, 332, 939, 942, 951, 952, 955, 956, 957, 960, 964, 968, 969, 972, 976, 334, 344, 347, 349, 353, 354, 359, 360, 362, 368, 369, 370, 371, 980, 982, 986, 990, 1000, 1002, 1005, 1006, 1013, 1014, 1017, 384, 387, 413, 419, 423, 439, 441, 449, 465, 468, 474, 476, 494, 1028, 1032, 1033, 1037, 1040, 1046, 1048, 1049, 1052, 1053, 1056, 495, 502, 511, 534, 555, 556, 572, 593, 599, 600, 605, 609, 624, 1058, 1060, 1062, 1067, 1087 627, 628, 631, 643, 644, 646, 661, 665, 682, 709, 711, 717, 732, 733, 737, 746, 763, 780, 784, 811, 834, 863, 917, 923, 936, 950, Soymilk, Spray-Dried or Powdered 218, 624, 708, 712, 751, 803, 991 818, 854, 900, 915 Standards, Applied to Soybeans or Soy Products 101, 102, 123, 159, Soymilk, Spray-Dried or Powdered, Used as an Ingredient in Non- 163, 188, 237, 283, 362, 419, 511, 631, 732, 737, 799, 863, 923 Beverage Commercial Products Such as Ice Creams, Yogurts, Cheeses, Desserts, or Entrees 800 Standards for soyfoods. See Individual foods, e.g., Tofu Standards

Soymilk Standards or Standard of Identity 793 Statistics. See Industry and Market Analyses and Statistics, the speciﬁ c product concerned, e.g. Tofu Industry and Market Statistics Soynut Butter (Soynuts / Roasted Soybeans Ground to a Paste Resembling Peanut Butter; May Also Be Made from (Roasted) Soy Statistics on crushing of soybeans, soy oil and meal production Flour Mixed with a Little Oil) 846, 936, 1000 and consumption. See individual geographic regions (such as Asia, Europe, Latin America, United States, World, etc.) and nations Soynut companies (Europe & USA). See Solnuts B.V. (Tilburg, The within each region Netherlands; and Hudson, Iowa). Including Edible Soy Products Statistics on soybean production. See Soybean Production and Soynut companies (USA). See Sycamore Creek Co. (Mason, Trade–Industry and Market Statistics, Michigan). Before 1993, INARI, Ltd. Statistics on soybean production, area and stocks. See individual Soynuts Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By geographic regions (such as Asia, Europe, Latin America, United Geographical Region 631, 799 States, etc.) and nations within each region

Soynuts Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Statistics on soybean yields. See Yield Statistics, Soybean Individual Companies 631, 799 Steroids, Steroid Hormones, and Sterols–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil Soynuts (Oil Roasted or Dry Roasted / Toasted). See Also Irimame 629, 1071 Used in Bean-Scattering (Mame-Maki) Ceremony at Setsubun (Lunar New Year) in Japan and Parched Soybeans 62, 76, 275, 320, Sterols or Steroid Hormones in Soybeans (Phytosterols–Including 427, 465, 469, 569, 631, 665, 698, 705, 767, 799, 849, 951, 955, Beta-Sitosterol, Campesterol, and Stigmasterol from Which 990 Steroids Such as Progesterone, Hydrocortisone, and Cortisone Can

Be Made) 125, 557, 629, 685 Taifun-Produkte (Freiburg, Germany). See Life Food GmbH Stow Mills, Inc. Including Llama Toucan & Crow (Brattleboro, Vermont), and Lama Trading Co.. 731 Taiwan. See Asia, East–Taiwan

Strayer Family of Iowa–Incl. George Strayer (1910-1981; executive Tamari, Including Real Tamari (Soy Sauce Which Contains Little ofﬁ cer of the American Soybean Association 1940-1967), His or No Wheat) or the Macrobiotic Word Tamari Meaning Traditional Father Bert Strayer (1880-1941), and His Nephew Dennis Strayer Shoyu 955 (born 1938) 101, 113, 123, 159, 179, 189 Tariffs, duties, embargoes. See Trade Policies (International) Subsidies or support prices for soybeans. See Policies and Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, Programs, Government Embargoes, Moratoriums, and Other Trade Barriers or Subsidies

Sufu. See Tofu, Fermented Taste Panel, Taste Test Results, or Sensory / Organoleptic Evaluation of the Quality of Foods and Beverages 465 Sugars, complex, such as rafﬁ nose, stachyose, and verbacose. See Oligosaccharides Taste Problems. See Flavor / Taste Problems

Sunfl ower Seeds and Sunfl owers (Helianthus annuus)–Including Tempeh companies. See Tofurky Company (Hood River, Oregon. Sunfl owerseed Oil, Cake, and Meal. Once called the Heliotrope, Maker of Tofurky and Tempeh) Heliotropion, and Heliotropium 72, 349, 374, 438, 532, 648, 732, 863, 923 Tempeh Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Geographical Region 631, 799, 930 SunOpta, Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Formerly SunRich Food Group (Hope, Minnesota). Formerly Minnesota Waxy Corn Tempeh Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses– Growers Export Inc., Minnesota Edamame, Jameson-Williams Co. Larger Companies 631, 799 Acquired by Stake Technology Ltd. (Norval, Ontario, Canada) in July 1999, Stake changes its name to SunOpta on 31 Oct. 2003 901, Tempeh, Okara (Okara Tempeh), Incl. Mei Dou Za, Mei-Tou- 964, 968, 995, 1001, 1013, 1026, 1039, 1052 Cha, Meitauza from China, and Tempe Gembus (from Central and Eastern Java) 843 SunRich Food Group (Hope, Minnesota). See SunOpta, Inc. Tempeh (Spelled Témpé in Malay-Indonesian) 427, 498, 504, 604, Sunrise Markets Inc. (Vancouver, BC, Canada) 969, 981 605, 609, 631, 643, 644, 665, 693, 738, 767, 799, 843, 849, 903, 925, 942, 952, 955, 968, 986, 1052 Sunsoy Products Ltd. See Victory Soya Mills Ltd. Tempehworks. See Lightlife Foods, Inc. Suzuki Shoten (Suzuki & Co.). See Hohnen Oil Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) Teriyaki Sauce and Teriyaki (Soy Sauce is the Main Sauce Ingredient) 955 Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya Kaas Inc. (St. Ignatius, Montana; Atlanta, Georgia). Founded by Richard and Jocelyn McIntyre 665 Tetra Pak International (Lund, Sweden) 422, 665, 693, 701, 747, 793, 799, 883, 936, 995, 1002, 1048 Swift & Co. (Chicago, Champaign, and Oak Brook, Illinois) 93, 101, 105, 106, 115, 119, 123, 126, 143, 154, 159, 163, 179, 184, Textiles made from spun soy protein fi bers. See Fibers (Artifi cial 188, 212, 213, 218, 237, 243, 246, 253, 255, 260, 266, 269, 270, Wool or Textiles Made from Spun Soy Protein Fibers, Including 272, 275, 277, 280, 284, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 297, 299, Azlon, Soylon, and Soy Silk / Soysilk) 304, 305, 306, 311, 315, 321, 322, 334, 344, 347, 349, 353, 359, 360, 362, 370, 378, 407, 443, 446, 470, 471, 508, 509, 510, 512, Textured soy fl ours. See Soy Flours, Textured (Including TVP, 534, 558, 624, 626, 717, 783, 784, 917, 950, 1023 Textured Vegetable Protein)

Sycamore Creek Co. (Mason, Michigan). Before 1993, INARI, Textured soy protein concentrates. See Soy Protein Concentrates, Ltd.–International Nutrition and Resources Inc. Purchased by W.G. Textured Thompson & Sons Ltd. of Canada, Jan. 1999 936, 969 Textured soy protein isolates. See Soy Protein Isolates, Textured Syngenta AG (based in Basel, Switzerland)–Formed in Nov. 2000 (For Food Use Only). Including Spun Fibers by the Merger of Novartis Agribusiness (formed in March 1996 by the Merger of Sandoz AG and Ciba-Geigy; both based in Basel, Textured soy proteins. See Soy Proteins, Textured Switzerland) and Zeneca Agrochemicals 864, 869, 895 Therapeutic uses / aspects of soybeans, general. See Medical / Table / Tables in Document 35 Medicinal-Therapeutic Uses / Aspects, General

and Arcata, California) and Tofu Shop Specialty Foods Inc., Thesaurus or Thesauri 504 Tomsun Foods, Inc. (Greenﬁ eld, Massachusetts; Port Washington, New York, Wildwood Harvest, Inc. Third World / Developing Nations 277, 573 Tofu, Criticism of, Making Fun of, or Image Problems 665 Thompsons Limited. Before Jan. 2004 named Thompson (W.G.) & Sons Limited, Blenheim, Ontario, Canada. Before 1963 W.G. Tofu curds. See Curds Made from Soymilk Thompson. Founded in 1924 by Wesley G. “Tommy” Thompson 936, 969, 981 Tofu Equipment 701

Thyroid function. See Goitrogens and Thyroid Function Tofu–Etymology of This Term and Its Cognates / Relatives in Various Languages 701 Timeline. See Chronology / Timeline Tofu, Fermented (Also Called Doufu-ru, Toufu-ru, Furu, Fuyu, Tivall (Tivol), Maker of Meat Alternatives (Ashrat, Israel) 1002, Tahuri, Tahuli, Tajure, Tao-hu-yi, or Sufu). See also Tofu-yo 76, 1006, 1039 504, 631, 646, 738, 799

TKW (Germany). See Tofukost-Werk GmbH Tofu, Flavored / Seasoned / Marinated and Baked, Broiled, Grilled, Braised, or Roasted. Including Tofu Jerky and Savory Baked Tofu Tocopherol. See Vitamin E (Tocopherol) 957, 1052

Tofu (Also Called Soybean Curd or Bean Curd until about 1975- Tofu, Fried (Especially Deep-Fried Tofu Pouches, Puffs, Cutlets, or 1985). See also Tofu–Fermented, Soy Ice Creams, Soy Yogurts, and Burgers; Agé or Aburagé, Aburaagé, Usu-agé, Atsu-agé or Nama- Cheesecake, Which Often Use Tofu as a Major Ingredient 62, 76, agé, Ganmodoki or Ganmo, Hiryôzu / Hiryozu) 703, 888 155, 378, 406, 422, 427, 440, 516, 559, 569, 573, 581, 593, 604, 605, 631, 643, 644, 646, 661, 665, 678, 693, 698, 701, 703, 705, Tofu, Frozen, Dried-frozen, or Dried Whole (Not Powdered) 604, 712, 714, 720, 731, 767, 799, 813, 831, 833, 836, 845, 846, 848, 1002 849, 856, 857, 869, 873, 888, 891, 895, 900, 902, 903, 913, 921, 925, 928, 939, 942, 950, 952, 955, 986, 990, 1000, 1006, 1012, Tofu in Second Generation Products, Documents About 678 1014, 1043, 1049, 1052 Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–By Tofu, baked or broiled at ﬂ avored / seasoned/marinated. See Tofu, Geographical Region 631, 767, 799, 846, 930 Flavored/Seasoned/Marinated and Baked, Broiled, Grilled, Braised, or Roasted Tofu Industry and Market Statistics, Trends, and Analyses–Larger Companies 631, 701, 799, 936 Tofu companies (Canada). See Sunrise Markets Inc. (Vancouver, BC, Canada), Victor Food Products, Ltd. (Scarborough, Ontario, Tofu, Pressed, Chinese-Style (Toufukan / Doufugan / Dougan) 1049 Canada) Tofu Shop (The) (Telluride, Colorado, and Arcata, California) and Tofu companies (Europe). See Cauldron Foods Ltd. (Bristol, Tofu Shop Specialty Foods Inc. Founded by Matthew Schmit 422 England), Heuschen-Schrouff B.V. (Landgraaf, Netherlands), Sojadoc (Clermond-Ferrand, France), Soyastern Naturkost GmbH / Tofu, Silken (Kinugoshi). Made without Separation of Curds and Dorstener Tofu Produktions GmbH (Dorsten, Germany), Tofukost- Whey 643, 665, 693, 761, 794, 813 Werk TKW GmbH (Wadersloh, Germany), Tofumanufaktur Christian Nagel GmbH (Hamburg, Germany), Tofurei Svadesha Tofu, Spray-dried or Powdered 661, 678 Naturkost Produkte GmbH (Munich, Germany). Including Byodo Naturkost Tofu Standards or Standard of Identity 678, 712, 714, 720

Tofu companies (USA). See Azumaya, Inc. (San Francisco, Tofukost-Werk TKW GmbH (Wadersloh, Germany) 1006 California), House Foods America Corporation (Los Angeles, California), Island Spring, Inc. (Vashon, Washington), Legume, Tofumanufaktur Christian Nagel GmbH (Hamburg, Germany). Inc. (Fairﬁ eld, New Jersey), Mainland Express (Spring Park, Previously Christian Nagel Tofumanufaktur from 1984 to 1 Jan. Minnesota), Morinaga Nutritional Foods, Inc., and Morinaga 1989 1006 Nyûgyô (Torrance, California, and Tokyo, Japan), Nasoya Foods, Inc. (Leominster, Massachusetts). Subsidiary of Vitasoy, Northern Tofurei Svadesha Naturkost Produkte GmbH (Munich, Germany). Soy, Inc. (Rochester, New York), Pulmuone U.S.A., Inc. (South Including Byodo Naturkost 1006 Gate, California), Quong Hop & Co. (San Francisco, California), Rosewood Products Inc. (Ann Arbor, Michigan), Simply Natural, Tofurky Company (The) (Hood River, Oregon. Maker of Tofurky Inc. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Swan Gardens Inc. and Soya and Tempeh). Started by Seth Tibbott in Dec. 1980. Named Turtle Kaas Inc. (Atlanta, Georgia), Tofu Shop (The) (Telluride, Colorado, Island Soy Dairy until Nov. 1991. Named Turtle Island Foods, Inc.

© Copyright Soyinfo Center 2020 Ralston Purina, Danforth & Soy (1894-2020) 512 until 2 Sept. 2013 1002, 1006 Triballat (Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France). Makers of Sojasun; and its Affi liate Bonneterre (Rungis Cedex, France) 559, 747, 847, 944, Tofutown.com (formerly Viana Naturkost GmbH) and Bernd 1006 Drosihn (Wiesbaum / Vulkaneifel, Germany) 593, 1006 Trichloroethylene. See Solvents–Trichlorethylene Tofutti Brands, Inc. (Cranford, New Jersey)–Soy Ice Cream Company. Mintz’s Buffet Until Jan. 1982 604, 605, 622, 643, 644, Tri-County Soy Bean Co-operative Association. See Dawson Mills 665, 693, 698, 763, 969 Triple “F” and Insta-Pro. See Extruders and Extrusion Cooking, Tomsun Foods, Inc. (Greenfi eld, Massachusetts; Port Washington, Low Cost–Including Triple “F” New York. Named New England Soy Dairy from 1978-1983) 422, 604, 631, 643, 665, 678, 701, 731 Trypsin / Protease / Proteinase Growth Inhibitors 498, 512, 514, 690, 738, 848, 954 Touchi or tou ch’i. See Fermented Black Soybeans Turkey. See Asia, Middle East–Turkey Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Microorganisms, Especially Bacteria (Such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Turkey, meatless. See Meat Alternatives–Meatless Turkey Clostridium botulinum), that Cause Food Poisoning. See also: Afl atoxins (produced by molds) and Bongkrek Poisoning (produced Turkeys Fed Soybeans, Soybean Forage, or Soybean Cake or Meal in coconut by bacteria) 712 as Feed 76, 142, 186, 368, 446

Tractors 69, 93, 117, 133, 471, 626 TVP. See Soy Flours, Textured (Including TVP, Textured Vegetable Protein) Trade (International–Imports, Exports) of Soybeans, Soy Oil, and / or Soybean Meal. See also Trade–Tariffs and Duties 65, 72, 76, 79, Ultraﬁ ltration. See Membrane Technology Processes 105, 106, 111, 155, 233, 244, 246, 261, 366, 388, 408, 419, 439, 474, 502, 609, 701, 968, 1021, 1059 Unfair Practices–Including Possible Deceptive / Misleading Labeling, Advertising, etc. See also: Adulteration 733, 746, 811 Trade of Soyfoods (Import and Export, not Including Soy Oil or Soybean Meal, but Including Lecithin and Margarine) or Soyfoods Unilever Corp., Lever Brothers Co., Unimills B.V. (Netherlands), Manufacturing Equipment. See also: Soy Sauce–Imports, Exports. and Margarine Union 76, 163, 188, 212, 213, 237, 243, 245, 248, Miso–Imports, Exports 572, 747, 800, 1086 253, 289, 347, 362, 378, 415, 419, 439, 470, 471, 510, 511, 593, 626, 634, 732, 765, 783, 818, 936, 950, 1011 Trade Policies (International) Concerning Soybeans, Soy Products, or Soyfoods–Tariffs, Duties, Embargoes, Moratoriums, and Other Unisoy Milk ‘n’ By-Products (Stockport, Cheshire, England) 745, Trade Barriers or Subsidies 408, 609 747, 936

Trains, special. See Railroads / Railways and Special Trains and/or United Kingdom. See Europe, Western–United Kingdom Exhibit Cars Used to Promote Soybeans and Soybean Production United Nations (Including UNICEF, FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, and Trains used to transport soybeans. See Transportation of Mature UNRRA) Work with Soy 278, 285, 294, 311, 349, 663, 762, 950 Soybeans to Market United Natural Foods, Inc. (UNFI, Auburn, Washington state). Trans Fatty Acids 1001, 1013, 1021 Formed in 1995. Includes Mountain People’s Warehouse (Nevada City, California), Cornucopia Natural Foods (Connecticut) and Transportation of Mature Soybeans to Market within a Particular Stow Mills (Vermont and New Hampshire), Rainbow Natural Country or Region–General and Other 163, 237 Foods, Albert’s Organics, and Hershey Imports Co.. 731

Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Railroad United Soybean Board. See American Soybean Association (ASA)– / Railway / Rail within a Particular Country or Region. See also United Soybean Board Railroads / Railways and Special Trains Used to Promote Soybeans and Soybean Production 100, 125, 172, 209, 369, 527 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA, 1933-1942) and Agricultural Transportation of Soybeans or Soy Products to Market by Water Adjustment Agency (1942-1945) 89 (Rivers, Lakes) Using Junks, Barges, etc. within a Particular Country or Region 441, 511 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural Cooperative Service. Including Farmer Cooperative Service (FCS, Tree of Life (St. Augustine, Florida). Purchased in Dec. 1985 by 1926) 370, 502, 640 Netherlands-based Royal Wessanen NV Co.. 761, 794, 968 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Agricultural

Research Service (ARS, Established 1953). Including Agricultural United States of America, soyfoods movement in. See Soyfoods Research Administration (1942-1953) 218, 263, 270, 271, 285, 577, Movement in North America 669, 1034, 1071 United States of America (USA) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry (1943-1953). Including 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering (1938-1943), 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils (1927-1938), and Bureau of 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, Chemistry (1901-1927). Transferred to the Agricultural Research 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, Service (ARS) in 1953 76, 89, 115, 154 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Bureau of 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering (1943-1953). 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, Including Bureau of Plant Industry (1901-1943), Offi ce of Plant 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, Industry (1900-1901), and Division of Agrostology (1895-1901). 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, Transferred to Agricultural Research Service in 1953 76, 105, 106, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 111, 124, 626 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Economic 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, Research Service (ERS) (1961-) 218 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Food and 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, Nutrition Service (FNS) 308, 370, 735, 1088 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Foreign 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, Agricultural Service (FAS, Est. 1953) Including Offi ce of Foreign 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336, Agricultural Relations (1939-1953). Foreign Agricultural Service 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, (1938-1939) 218, 233, 249, 384, 421, 847 351, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA; Including Federal 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, Grain Inspection Service [FGIS], and War Food Administration 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, [WFA]). See also: Agricultural Marketing Service, Agricultural 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, Research Service (ARS), Bureau of Plant Industry, Economic 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, Research Service, Food and Nutrition Service, Foreign Agricultural 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, Service, and Section of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction 6, 76, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 455, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 119, 125, 169, 199, 200, 212, 213, 245, 269, 272, 277, 297, 311, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 475, 476, 320, 321, 332, 353, 368, 408, 427, 474, 512, 516, 521, 523, 555, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 573, 594, 665, 690, 693, 700, 703, 720, 734, 735, 738, 749, 758, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 763, 842, 933, 949, 963, 995, 998, 1011, 1012, 1018, 1021, 1030, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 1039, 1059, 1066 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–Offi ce of 543, 545, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 556, 557, 558, Experiment Stations (1888-1955). Transferred to the Cooperative 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, State Experiment Station Service in 1961 93 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)–War Food 601, 602, 603, 605, 606, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, Administration (WFA), Including the Food Production and 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, Distribution Administration 623 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, United States of America–Activities and Infl uence Overseas / 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, Abroad 76, 83, 155, 233, 279, 332, 410, 559, 593, 729, 818, 847, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 920, 990, 992 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, United States of America–Soybean Crushing–Soy Oil and Meal 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, Production and Consumption–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 126, 726, 727, 728, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 353, 423 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 746, 748, 749, 750, 752, 754, 755, 756, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, United States of America–Soybean Production, Area and Stocks– 773, 774, 775, 777, 778, 779, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 65, 93, 95, 103, 105, 106, 244 788, 789, 790, 791, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815,

816, 817, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 844, 845, United States–States–Georgia 34, 76, 154, 201, 209, 237, 283, 323, 846, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 857, 858, 859, 860, 362, 419, 511, 532, 533, 605, 632, 665, 732, 843, 863, 923, 955, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 1022, 1023, 1024 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 900, 901, 902, United States–States–Hawaii 422, 644, 893, 902, 939 903, 904, 905, 906, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, United States–States–Illinois 37, 45, 59, 62, 65, 68, 69, 71, 76, 79, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 82, 84, 88, 89, 90, 93, 99, 101, 103, 105, 106, 111, 113, 115, 116, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 118, 119, 123, 125, 126, 135, 143, 147, 148, 152, 153, 154, 156, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 970, 971, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 982, 983, 984, 985, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 188, 189, 190, 196, 198, 200, 206, 986, 987, 988, 989, 991, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 207, 210, 212, 213, 218, 224, 234, 237, 242, 244, 245, 246, 249, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1011, 1012, 1013, 252, 258, 266, 269, 274, 283, 285, 287, 292, 293, 294, 301, 304, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 305, 306, 311, 318, 322, 327, 334, 337, 343, 344, 347, 352, 354, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1039, 362, 366, 368, 369, 371, 378, 381, 384, 387, 410, 413, 419, 423, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 442, 443, 465, 494, 498, 510, 511, 516, 517, 528, 532, 534, 556, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1058, 1059, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 558, 564, 569, 571, 572, 573, 599, 600, 605, 616, 622, 623, 624, 1066, 1067, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1073, 1074, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 643, 678, 682, 693, 713, 717, 726, 732, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 733, 746, 762, 782, 783, 788, 810, 811, 827, 831, 834, 835, 846, 1091 847, 859, 863, 883, 895, 898, 902, 904, 912, 913, 914, 917, 918, 921, 923, 928, 929, 933, 934, 936, 940, 941, 942, 950, 955, 963, United States–States–Alabama 154, 188, 209, 237, 362, 419, 511, 971, 978, 984, 991, 996, 997, 1009, 1013, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1023, 732, 791, 828, 863, 923, 955, 971, 1002, 1009 1024, 1037, 1046, 1062, 1067, 1071, 1074, 1078, 1088, 1091

United States–States–Arizona 237, 282, 362, 419, 511, 624, 791, United States–States–Indiana 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 802, 817, 827, 863, 971 53, 54, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 73, 76, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, 93, 95, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 113, 114, 115, 118, 123, 125, 126, 131, United States–States–Arkansas 34, 37, 70, 73, 74, 81, 84, 85, 91, 134, 138, 139, 143, 148, 154, 157, 160, 163, 164, 169, 170, 177, 95, 98, 99, 115, 120, 127, 140, 143, 144, 154, 164, 169, 186, 188, 184, 188, 189, 196, 198, 206, 210, 212, 213, 217, 218, 237, 246, 209, 237, 362, 384, 419, 423, 441, 511, 527, 532, 628, 732, 845, 258, 349, 362, 378, 419, 423, 442, 494, 507, 511, 512, 580, 617, 863, 923, 936, 955, 996, 1023, 1034 628, 629, 630, 661, 700, 723, 732, 762, 784, 791, 798, 827, 847, 863, 904, 923, 933, 940, 955, 966, 971, 978, 984, 997, 1007, 1022, United States–States–California 38, 115, 125, 143, 148, 154, 163, 1078 188, 218, 237, 255, 269, 308, 362, 366, 369, 382, 419, 422, 440, 465, 471, 506, 507, 510, 511, 549, 551, 564, 573, 604, 605, 630, United States–States–Iowa 65, 68, 84, 93, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 631, 643, 646, 665, 693, 711, 732, 734, 747, 749, 761, 790, 794, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 798, 799, 809, 828, 839, 863, 869, 874, 875, 880, 883, 894, 902, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154, 156, 159, 160, 908, 914, 918, 923, 936, 939, 951, 955, 968, 971, 999, 1002, 1006, 163, 165, 166, 167, 184, 188, 189, 196, 198, 206, 210, 218, 224, 1012, 1015, 1027, 1030, 1036, 1043, 1069, 1091 237, 249, 258, 275, 283, 332, 359, 362, 366, 368, 384, 410, 413, 419, 422, 423, 510, 511, 532, 605, 618, 628, 629, 640, 646, 653, United States–States–Colorado 255, 422, 457, 458, 665, 812, 822, 665, 669, 682, 732, 763, 784, 790, 798, 802, 820, 827, 836, 842, 833, 883, 957, 996 847, 862, 863, 880, 885, 898, 904, 917, 923, 933, 936, 950, 955, 968, 980, 989, 991, 996, 1003, 1013, 1021, 1038, 1043, 1052, 1066, United States–States–Connecticut 33, 71, 76, 113, 239, 419, 470, 1078, 1089 509, 511, 626, 732, 863, 889, 922, 923, 924, 996 United States–States–Kansas 115, 119, 123, 125, 143, 148, 154, United States–States–Delaware 69, 71, 154, 237, 362, 368, 419, 163, 188, 198, 237, 294, 362, 410, 419, 468, 511, 524, 532, 582, 511, 628, 732, 863, 864, 890, 923, 927, 937, 955, 984, 989, 1042, 590, 709, 717, 732, 806, 811, 839, 863, 917, 923, 955 1070, 1077, 1078 United States–States–Kentucky 34, 45, 115, 123, 125, 143, 144, United States–States–District of Columbia (Washington, DC) 6, 69, 154, 159, 163, 182, 188, 201, 202, 208, 209, 210, 214, 217, 225, 76, 89, 90, 135, 147, 169, 189, 215, 218, 237, 266, 293, 299, 344, 226, 234, 237, 240, 254, 258, 283, 312, 313, 317, 362, 378, 389, 362, 368, 384, 419, 427, 433, 476, 495, 502, 520, 521, 523, 547, 419, 469, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 492, 493, 497, 604, 623, 626, 640, 643, 648, 669, 693, 696, 703, 710, 732, 735, 503, 508, 511, 515, 517, 518, 552, 569, 572, 574, 576, 612, 615, 810, 842, 863, 896, 901, 903, 923, 941, 985, 998, 1000, 1025, 1026, 620, 626, 628, 630, 632, 688, 696, 732, 752, 786, 787, 788, 790, 1058, 1059 796, 841, 842, 863, 874, 875, 923, 933, 940, 971, 1022, 1023, 1081, 1087, 1089 United States–States–Florida 154, 469, 470, 508, 509, 510, 615, 626, 665, 732, 767, 783, 863, 873, 915, 923, 955, 991, 1001, 1013 United States–States–Louisiana 84, 125, 143, 154, 215, 218, 237,

362, 703, 717, 732, 806, 863, 923, 1012 681, 682, 684, 687, 688, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 697, 698, 699, 704, 705, 707, 708, 715, 718, 719, 722, 724, 725, 727, 728, 730, United States–States–Maine 7, 693, 747, 770, 960, 1032, 1039, 732, 733, 736, 737, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 746, 748, 750, 752, 1049 754, 755, 756, 758, 759, 760, 762, 764, 766, 767, 768, 769, 771, 773, 774, 775, 777, 778, 779, 783, 786, 796, 797, 798, 801, 802, United States–States–Maryland 35, 76, 154, 163, 188, 237, 249, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 811, 812, 813, 814, 816, 817, 822, 266, 276, 283, 362, 419, 511, 628, 669, 732, 738, 791, 802, 827, 823, 824, 825, 827, 828, 829, 830, 837, 838, 839, 840, 851, 853, 863, 923, 925, 928, 955 854, 855, 857, 858, 862, 863, 869, 871, 872, 874, 875, 876, 878, 879, 881, 886, 887, 890, 903, 905, 909, 911, 912, 916, 919, 923, United States–States–Massachusetts 7, 29, 33, 76, 163, 188, 265, 931, 932, 935, 937, 941, 945, 947, 948, 949, 955, 960, 961, 962, 346, 388, 422, 440, 452, 561, 562, 567, 568, 626, 631, 643, 665, 967, 968, 970, 978, 980, 983, 984, 996, 997, 1002, 1014, 1016, 678, 693, 731, 783, 799, 813, 849, 869, 936, 1035, 1043 1018, 1022, 1023, 1032, 1036, 1038, 1039, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1050, 1051, 1054, 1058, 1059, 1061, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, United States–States–Michigan 6, 7, 33, 34, 69, 71, 76, 84, 92, 103, 1085, 1087 105, 106, 115, 117, 118, 123, 125, 143, 154, 163, 212, 213, 250, 262, 290, 346, 378, 422, 462, 469, 470, 471, 508, 509, 510, 556, United States–States–Montana 732, 863, 923 569, 604, 615, 623, 626, 629, 665, 693, 760, 783, 785, 786, 789, 793, 815, 846, 847, 863, 869, 895, 936, 940, 955, 995, 1077, 1087, United States–States–Nebraska 84, 101, 115, 119, 123, 143, 148, 1088, 1089, 1091 154, 163, 188, 206, 237, 320, 362, 419, 511, 628, 640, 728, 732, 791, 802, 827, 842, 847, 850, 854, 863, 904, 923, 940, 955, 1089 United States–States–Minnesota 84, 101, 113, 115, 119, 123, 135, 142, 143, 147, 148, 154, 163, 184, 188, 206, 218, 237, 239, 246, United States–States–New Jersey 71, 76, 332, 362, 384, 419, 511, 247, 253, 255, 266, 269, 270, 283, 284, 293, 301, 320, 332, 359, 626, 627, 693, 732, 810, 863, 895, 906, 923, 955, 993, 1013, 1043 362, 366, 384, 419, 423, 494, 510, 511, 532, 551, 597, 603, 613, 625, 628, 637, 643, 678, 723, 732, 762, 763, 806, 820, 834, 847, United States–States–New York 6, 7, 11, 19, 24, 33, 35, 69, 76, 84, 863, 868, 869, 888, 914, 923, 933, 940, 950, 955, 960, 980, 991, 101, 115, 123, 126, 143, 148, 149, 154, 163, 184, 188, 206, 212, 994, 1002, 1004, 1017, 1024, 1026, 1032, 1033, 1040, 1051, 1052, 213, 218, 237, 247, 255, 266, 275, 288, 347, 348, 362, 366, 395, 1053 419, 422, 469, 470, 508, 511, 546, 571, 573, 605, 615, 623, 626, 644, 665, 693, 732, 765, 841, 853, 863, 906, 923, 973, 984, 987, United States–States–Mississippi 34, 154, 163, 188, 201, 209, 237, 988, 1000, 1006, 1008, 1021, 1035, 1043, 1052, 1071, 1076, 1079, 362, 419, 423, 502, 511, 732, 863, 923, 955, 1022, 1023 1091

United States–States–Missouri 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, United States–States–North Carolina 34, 65, 101, 105, 106, 111, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 40, 42, 123, 143, 154, 163, 164, 188, 201, 205, 209, 210, 237, 258, 283, 46, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 327, 362, 387, 419, 511, 532, 599, 603, 621, 628, 732, 849, 863, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 884, 923, 955 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, United States–States–North Dakota 143, 154, 728 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 154, 157, 158, 160, 163, 165, 166, 169, United States–States–Ohio 34, 45, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 173, 174, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 71, 73, 76, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 196, 197, 199, 201, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 110, 113, 114, 115, 123, 126, 131, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 148, 218, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 234, 237, 240, 242, 154, 157, 160, 163, 164, 184, 188, 189, 201, 206, 209, 217, 219, 246, 251, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262, 263, 267, 273, 278, 279, 220, 221, 223, 227, 229, 230, 236, 237, 238, 248, 250, 266, 268, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 302, 303, 269, 276, 281, 285, 288, 294, 347, 362, 368, 419, 423, 425, 507, 306, 307, 308, 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 319, 324, 325, 328, 329, 509, 511, 532, 556, 576, 626, 628, 726, 732, 774, 783, 786, 788, 330, 331, 335, 336, 340, 342, 343, 345, 346, 348, 351, 357, 358, 789, 790, 795, 798, 813, 832, 847, 863, 923, 936, 940, 941, 974, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 371, 372, 374, 377, 379, 997, 1066 385, 386, 390, 392, 394, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 404, 405, 409, 410, 413, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 428, 429, United States–States–Oklahoma 101, 123, 143, 154, 198, 355, 375, 430, 431, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 441, 444, 447, 457, 458, 459, 389, 391, 403, 405, 552, 572, 721, 786, 796, 1087 460, 462, 463, 466, 467, 472, 473, 477, 478, 479, 481, 485, 488, 489, 490, 491, 494, 496, 497, 499, 501, 502, 503, 506, 511, 512, United States–States–Oregon 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 148, 869, 1006 513, 515, 518, 519, 520, 522, 524, 525, 526, 527, 530, 531, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 541, 542, 543, 545, 548, 550, 554, 560, 563, United States–States–Pennsylvania 30, 33, 71, 76, 105, 106, 115, 565, 566, 569, 570, 574, 575, 576, 578, 580, 582, 583, 584, 585, 143, 148, 150, 154, 163, 188, 198, 218, 232, 643, 678, 728, 732, 586, 588, 589, 591, 592, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 600, 601, 602, 863, 923, 941, 955, 1091 605, 608, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 619, 628, 630, 632, 633, 635, 636, 638, 639, 640, 641, 647, 648, 649, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, United States–States–Rhode Island 997 659, 660, 662, 664, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 672, 675, 677, 679,

United States–States–South Carolina 154, 163, 188, 237, 283, 362, 419, 511, 532, 579, 732, 842, 863, 923 Variety Development and Breeding of Soybeans (General, Including Varieties and Seeds) 105, 106, 111, 116, 124, 127, 169, United States–States–South Dakota 123, 143, 154, 163, 188, 863, 224, 569, 899 940, 955, 971, 1002 Variety Development, Breeding, Selection, Evaluation, Growing, or United States–States–Tennessee 33, 34, 76, 102, 113, 115, 123, 133, Handling of Soybeans for Food Uses 836 143, 148, 154, 163, 188, 201, 203, 209, 210, 218, 237, 258, 283, 312, 313, 317, 323, 326, 362, 389, 419, 422, 423, 511, 532, 552, Variety development of soybeans. See Breeding of Soybeans and 570, 572, 597, 604, 613, 628, 641, 643, 654, 655, 660, 721, 732, Classical Genetics, Germplasm Collections and Resources, and 737, 744, 755, 766, 786, 796, 798, 837, 838, 851, 863, 917, 923, Gene Banks 936, 945, 955, 1023, 1031, 1087 Veganism. See Vegetarianism–Veganism United States–States–Texas 39, 142, 154, 163, 188, 198, 209, 237, 283, 362, 419, 505, 511, 514, 604, 642, 732, 791, 802, 827, 863, Vegetable soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans 883, 923, 933, 952, 955, 1002 Vegetable-type or edible soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans– United States–States–Utah 883 Large-Seeded Vegetable-Type or Edible Soybeans, General Information About, Not Including Use As Green Vegetable United States–States–Virginia 71, 84, 101, 103, 105, 106, 113, 115, Soybeans 123, 143, 148, 154, 163, 206, 237, 362, 419, 511, 532, 605, 693, 732, 809, 863, 923, 955, 1012, 1043, 1052 Vegetable-type soybeans. See Green Vegetable Soybeans– Vegetable-Type, Garden-Type, or Edible or Food-Grade Soybeans United States–States–Washington state 71, 76, 105, 106, 111, 123, 148, 218, 422, 665, 848, 873, 888, 889, 893, 902, 939, 947, 1019, Vegetarian Celebrities–Noted or Prominent Personalities and 1038 Famous People 767

United States–States–Wisconsin 37, 68, 69, 71, 76, 106, 113, 115, Vegetarian Cookbooks. See also: Vegan Cookbooks 475 123, 143, 154, 163, 188, 249, 323, 362, 368, 478, 552, 588, 643, 955, 968 Vegetarian Federal Union (Britain). See Vegetarianism– International Vegetarian Union (IVU. Founded 1908; and its British United States–States–Wyoming 2, 968 Predecessor the Vegetarian Federal Union

Upjohn, Inc. Named Pharmacia & Upjohn since 2 Nov. 1995 869 Vegetarian / Natural Foods Products Companies. See Imagine Foods, Inc. (California) Urbana Laboratories (Urbana, Illinois), Maker of Legume Inoculants. Founded by Albert Lemuel Whiting in 1919 189 Vegetarian pioneers. See Graham, Sylvester (1794-1851)

U.S. Regional Soybean Industrial Products Laboratory (Urbana, Vegetarianism, Athletics / Sports, and Athletes 767 Illinois). Founded April 1936. Analytical Section Merged into Northern Regional Research Lab. (Peoria) 1 July 1942 69, 71, 84, Vegetarianism–Concerning a Diet and Lifestyle Free of Flesh 89, 90, 101, 105, 106, 111, 113, 116, 123, 125, 163, 164, 179, 218, Foods, But Which May Include Dairy Products or Eggs. See also: 627, 646 Veganism 20, 23, 35, 236, 244, 248, 250, 269, 275, 281, 294, 469, 475, 507, 509, 510, 783, 809, 1055 U.S. Soybean Export Council (USSEC) 1062, 1067 Vegetarianism–International Vegetarian Union. See Vegetarianism– USA. See United States of America International Vegetarian Union (IVU. Founded 1908; and its British Predecessor the Vegetarian Federal Union USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture Vegetarianism: Meat / Flesh Food Consumption–Statistics, USSR. See Europe, Eastern–USSR Problems (Such as Diseases in or Caused by Flesh Foods), or Trends in Documents Not About Vegetarianism. See Also: Van Gundy, Theodore A. (1874-1935), and La Sierra Industries (La Vegetarianism–Spongiform Encephalopathies /Diseases 412 Sierra, California) 646 Vegetarianism–Seventh-day Adventist Work with 236, 244, 248, Vandemoortele N.V. (Izegem, Netherlands). Including Alpro (Early 250, 269, 275, 281, 507, 509, 510, 693, 726, 745, 747, 783, 809 Years Only) and Vamo 415, 449, 559, 593, 701, 1043 Vegetarianism–Statistics and Analyses on the Number of Varieties, soybean. See Soybean Varieties, Soybean Varieties USA– Vegetarians or the Size of the Vegetarian Products Market 726, 852 Large-Seeded Vegetable-Type

Vegetarianism–Veganism–Concerning a Plant-Based or Vegan Well (The), Pure & Simple, and New Age Distributing Co. (San Diet and Lifestyle Free of All Animal Products, Including Dairy Jose, California) 604 Products, Eggs, and in Some Cases Honey and Leather 35, 745, 747, 767 Wenger International Inc. See Extruder / Extrusion Cooker Manufacturers–Wenger International Inc. Vegetarianism–Vegetarian or Vegan Meals Served at Institutions (Colleges, Main-Stream Restaurants, Cafeterias, Fast Food Outlets, Wessanen (Royal), NV Co. (Based in the Netherlands). Acquired Hospitals, etc.). See also Vegetarian Restaurants 275 Tree of Life in Dec. 1985 and Balanced Foods in Dec. 1986 593

Vestro Foods, Inc. See Westbrae Natural Foods Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc. (Berkeley, California). Founded in Feb. 1971 by Bob Gerner. Later in Carson. Subsidiary of Vestro Viana Naturkost GmbH. See Tofutown.com Foods, Inc. Acquired by the Hain Food Group of Uniondale, New York, 14 Oct. 1997 422, 605, 643, 665, 693, 720, 768, 799, 869, Victor Food Products, Ltd. (Scarborough, Ontario, Canada). 902, 928, 936 Founded by Stephen Yu in 1978 604, 693 Wheat Gluten. Chinese–Pinyin: Mianjin / Mian-jin. Wade-Giles: Victory Soya Mills Ltd. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Started in Nov. Mienchin / Mien-chin 7, 16, 33, 35, 250, 294, 356, 378, 415, 470, 1944 as Victory Mills Ltd. Named Sunsoy Products Ltd. from 1936 509, 626, 765, 788, 1006 to 1945. Renamed Victory Mills, Ltd. from 1945 to 1954. Owned by (Subsidiary of) Canadian Breweries Ltd., then by Procter & Wheat Gluten–Historical Documents Published before 1900 7 Gamble from 1954, then by Central Soya Co. from 1985) 143, 423, 628 Wheat Gluten Made into Seitan (Including Wheatmeat, Tan Pups, and Tan Pops) 1052 Videotapes or References to Video Tapes 794, 807, 947 Whip Topping (Non-Dairy–Resembles Whipped Cream but Vigna unguiculata or V. sinensis. See Cowpea or Black-Eyed Pea Contains No Soy Protein) 269, 623

Vitamin E (Eight Forms of Tocopherol, Natural Powerful Whip Topping (Non-Dairy–Resembles Whipped Cream or Antioxidants) 86, 961, 994 Whipping Cream and Contains Soy Protein) 425, 431, 469, 495, 615, 623, 625, 713, 734, 763, 785, 955, 1087, 1091 Vitamins (General) 86, 125, 745 Whipping or foaming in soy proteins. See Soy Proteins–Isolates– Vitamins K (Coagulant, Needed for Normal Clotting of the Blood; Enzyme-Modiﬁ ed Soy Protein Isolates with Whipping / Foaming Fat Soluble) 86 Properties Used to Replace Egg Albumen

Vitasoy International Holdings Ltd. (Hong Kong Soya Bean White Wave, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado). Founded in Sept. 1977 by Products Co. Ltd. before 24 Sept. 1990), and Vitasoy (USA) Inc., Steve Demos. Including Soyfoods Unlimited. Owned by Dean (Brisbane, California–south of San Francisco). Including Nasoya Foods Co. since 8 May 2002 422, 631, 644, 665, 794, 799, 833, Foods (from Aug. 1990) and Azumaya Inc. (from May 1993). 874, 875, 883, 928, 936, 957, 964, 968, 985, 986, 995, 1000, 1001, Founded by K.S. Lo (Lived 1910 to 1995), in Hong Kong. Started 1013, 1015, 1025, 1026, 1038, 1043, 1052 in March 1940 272, 277, 292, 604, 646, 665, 693, 763, 768, 799, 846, 869, 901, 936, 995, 1013, 1025, 1026 Whitehouse Products, Inc. See Delsoy Products, Inc.

War Food Administration of USDA. See United States Department Whiting, Albert Lemuel. See Urbana Laboratories of Agriculture (USDA)–War Food Administration (WFA) Whole Dry Soybean Flakes. See Microsoy Corp., Formerly Nichii War, world. See World War I–Soybeans and Soyfoods, World War Company II–Soybeans and Soyfoods Whole Dry Soybeans, Ground or Mashed to a Paste After Boiling, Waterproof goods or cloth. See Linoleum, Floor Coverings, or Ground Raw with Water to a Fresh Puree or Slurry (Including Oilcloth, and Waterproof Goods Japanese Gô) 105, 106

Websites or Information on the World Wide Web or Internet 833, Whole Dry Soybeans (Used Boiled but Otherwise Unprocessed as 883, 884, 902, 929, 932, 944, 955, 992, 1002, 1004, 1006, 1011, Food) 337, 504, 900, 952, 955 1012, 1014, 1020, 1023, 1025, 1028, 1032, 1040, 1043 Whole Soy Flakes (Flaked Soybeans), Grits, Granules, or Textured Wedge press. See Soybean Crushing–Equipment–Wedge Press Products, Made from Whole Dry Soybeans (Not Defatted). See Also: Soy Flour: Whole or Full-fat 794 Weeds–Control and Herbicide Use 62, 99, 898, 1042 WholeSoy & Co. (subsidiary of TAN Industries, Inc.), Modesto

WholeSoy Co. (California), and Aros Sojaprodukter (Örsundsbro, Yellow soybeans. See Soybean Seeds–Yellow then Enkoeping, Sweden; Founded by Ted Nordquist. Started Feb. 1981) 593, 701, 883, 999, 1002, 1006, 1069 Yield Statistics, Soybean 59, 62, 65, 93, 246, 408

Wildwood Harvest Foods, Inc. Formed on 24 Aug. 2001 by the Yogurt, soy. See Soy Yogurt merger of Wildwood Natural Foods, Inc. (Santa Cruz and Fairfax, California; started Nov. 1977) and Midwest Harvest, Inc. (Grinnell, Yoshihara Oil Mill, Ltd. (Kobe, Japan) 449 Iowa; started Jan. 1999) 968, 1006, 1012 Yuba (The Film That Forms Atop Soymilk When It Is Heated). In Wildwood Natural Foods, Inc. See Wildwood Harvest, Inc. Chinese (Mandarin): Doufu Pi (“Tofu Skin”) or Doufu Yi (“Tofu Robes,” pinyin), Toufu P’i or Toufu I (Wade-Giles). English- Wilson soybean variety. See Soybean Varieties USA–Mammoth Language Chinese Cookbooks and Restaurants: “Bean Curd Skin” Yellow 504, 573, 626

WISHH (World Initiative for Soy in Human Health), and World Soy Yugoslavia. See Europe, Eastern–Serbia and Montenegro Foundation (WSF). Projects of the American Soybean Association (ASA) 1003, 1028, 1031, 1039, 1041, 1049, 1058, 1066 Yves Fine Foods (Founded by Yves Potvin, Feb. 1985, Vancouver, BC, Canada). Renamed Yves Veggie Cuisine in 1992. Acquired by Woodworth, Clyde M. (1888-1960, Plant Breeder, Univ. of Illinois) Hain Celestial Group in June 2001 968, 981, 1014, 1025, 1052 116 Zaire. See Africa–Congo (formerly Zaire). Ofﬁ cially Democratic World 249, 332, 347, 410, 430, 450, 451, 609, 700, 860, 892, 1035, Republic of the Congo (DR Congo). Also known as Congo- 1041, 1048, 1056, 1058, 1060 Kinshasa

World Initiative for Soy in Human Health. See WISHH Zea mays. See Corn / Maize

World problems. See Hunger, Malnutrition, Famine, Food Shortages, and Mortality, Population Growth (Human) and Related Problems (Including Poverty), Protein Resources and Shortages, and the “World Protein Crisis / Gap / Problem” of 1950-1979

World Soy Foundation (WSF). See WISHH (World Initiative for Soy in Human Health)

World–Soybean Crushing–Soy Oil and Meal Production and Consumption–Statistics, Trends, and Analyses 1021

World War I–Soybeans and Soyfoods. Also known as the “First World War” and “The Great War” 348, 626

World War II–Soybeans and Soyfoods. Also Called the “Second World War” 34, 94, 97, 114, 119, 123, 126, 133, 139, 140, 209, 244, 288, 369, 408, 441, 469, 509, 510, 556, 609, 615, 623, 626, 629, 991

Worthington Foods, Inc. (Worthington, Ohio). Including Battle Creek Foods (Michigan) from 1960, and Madison Foods (Tennessee) from 1964. A subsidiary of Miles Laboratories from March 1970 to Oct. 1982. Including Loma Linda Foods from Jan. 1990 219, 220, 221, 225, 229, 230, 236, 238, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 253, 255, 260, 266, 268, 269, 275, 276, 280, 281, 288, 289, 292, 294, 297, 299, 315, 318, 320, 321, 332, 334, 344, 347, 349, 359, 360, 370, 373, 378, 415, 470, 471, 476, 507, 508, 509, 510, 569, 573, 626, 643, 726, 734, 763, 781, 783, 785, 788, 789, 790, 795, 798, 799, 809, 811, 832, 846, 902, 913, 936, 950, 995, 1000, 1025, 1026, 1089

Yamato Tofuhaus Sojaprodukte GmbH. See Huegli Naehrmittel A.G. (Steinach-Arbon, Switzerland)