city on water city on water city on water

edited by Günter warsewa 1 CONCEPTS AND ISSUES OF EUSS 2015 3 CASE STUDIES

8 Introduction - About the European 100 Planning outside the box of planning Urban Summer School cultures. The virtue of designing urban Izabela Mironowicz landscapes in Bremen Blumenthal and Hemelingen within the European Urban 12 Introduction - Planning for waterfronts Summer School Günter Warsewa Verena Andreas

104 ReconnACT Blumenthal to the water Britta Restemeyer, Giulia Motta Zanin, 2 LECTURES AND STUDIES Marie Kötterheinrich, Patricia Chan Lok Hei

18 The Culture of the Port City 114 From grey to green - Regeneration of the Günter Warsewa Aller-Harbour Area in Bremen-Hemelingen Katarzyna Rembarz, Heewan Shin, Mrudhula 36 Temporalities of the Port, Waterfront and Koshy, Evelina Knyzelite, Olivia O’Connor Port City Carola Hein 124 Waterfront for All Summary of the EUSS 2015 46 Space and the city: relecting the signiicance Piotr Lorens, Izabela Mironowicz of spatial categories in urban studies Julia Lossau

50 Metropolitan dimension of Tri-City: Development of the new harbor structures 4 TEAM Piotr Lorens 128 Participants 58 Green Creative Cities. On Contemporary Urban Developments in European Port Cities 132 Teaching Staf Anna-Lisa Müller

76 Yacht harbour as a part of city public space Katarzyna Rembarz

82 Planning for the redevelopment of the Imperial Shipyard – a key element of the Gdańsk waterfront Piotr Lorens

90 Interspace – a space between the disciplines Ulrike Mansfeld 1 Izabela Mironowicz issues of euss2015 and concepts Summer SChool urbAn europeAn the About - IntroduCtIon

© flickr.com, Steffi Lange | https://www.flickr.com/photos/steffilangehobbyphotographie/15376444184/ T 2010 in the city located at the shapes our perception of city. the andit barriers creates. about Also perception waterof the andway wa the the prese water,its about was studied topic the School, European research6th andUrbanthe interests the ofplace head the ofSummer a pleasure as of to ahead act EUSS. this document book a produce to managed we UN-Habitat of Wrocław. in 2010, in then, teaching wereactive han fr and colleagues Especially EURA. and ISOCARP tions: of cooperation as for my invitation positively answe the topic of urban transformation. his summer school irst European Urban Summer School co-organised by t here is a bit of history already in this annual AESOP event, which started in professionals took place in Bremen. Following both sp both Following Bremen. in place took professionals Bremen/Chamber of Labour, the summerWa school for younGünter Dr of the of Economy and Labour Institute the of Director commitment the to thanks time, This one is diferent; one each has its lavour speciic and dynamics. his was already 6th AESOP European Urban Summer Sch Odra River Odra on the onthe in 2010. It was her commitment in 2012 to invite young planners to the city sitting collaboration of planning associations. of tool important an as EUSS the promoted (ECTP-CEU), event.JoãoTeixeira, president then European Spatialof the ofPlanners Council Again, partner planning organisations,o ISOCARP,quality EURA between relationship the on focus to ners UniversityLusófona Humanidadesde Technologiease encouraged young plan Mário and EUSS the of head the Mateus, Diogo where BalticSea Schools of Planning (this happenedHelsinki,ofPlanning in (this Schools stretched along Also in 2010 I was elected as new Secretary General Olympics deprived neighbourhoods were crying for regeneration and social incl work,the sharing knowledge the and and experience disseminating ideas. new to be studied. Also I was very much interested in producing a book documenting of the EUSS and colleagues who would challenge young planners with a problem time. his is why I was extremely keen to ind good l com be would oice of myterms when activity AESOP new planning with young professionals. I believed that I might leave nicely develope lavour eventofandshare local this host tomembers the AESOP versities being sion. his was our study case to understand how to plan of times inthe scarcity. Deljana Iossifova from the University of Westminste his wish took us to the hames River hames , in Poland. here, in Wrocław, the very ) andmy) intention continuetoinviting wasschools summer uni the red AESOP partner organisa nce in the city, its potential potential city,its the in nce ks to the generoussupport the to ks , to London, where next to the site being developed being site the to next where London, to , he UN-Habitat focused on was also a good laboratory iends from ISOCARP ISOCARP from iends ing our work. I had had I work. our ing estuary estuary of the Tagus River University of University eciicity the the eciicity ool… each g planning rsewa, rsewa, ter - of the Association of European ocation for the second edition , to the magic city of Lisbon, f space and quality of life. life. of quality and space f r was teaching in Wrocław City onWater Moutinho, rector of the the of rector Moutinho, and IFHP, endorsed the the trans-European trans-European the pleted in four years four in pleted

the coast of the the of coast the for the the for u d 9 - - - 10 Concepts and Issues of EUSS 2015 City on Water 11

he publication of the book documenting our London summer school was supported by the grant which AESOP allocated to this project in belief, that this possible thanks to the integration of the Young Planning Professionals Award would be of beneit of wider planning community. Cooperation with ISOCARP (YPPA) into the 3rd EUSS. he YPPA was an annual international competition helped us to deliver not only excellent tutors and papers, but also to find an for three years (2012-2014) funded by the Directorate responsible for spatial outstanding host — Institute Labour and Economy of the University of Bremen planning at the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment (mI&M). Its / Chamber of Labour and last, but not least — head of EUSS 2015, Günter primary aim was to stimulate thinking and promote innovative ideas amongst Warsewa. Without their efort and dedication, the 6th European Urban Summer young planning practitioners on how spatial planning in Europe can deal with School would not have happened. important present-day challenges and transformations facing our human settle- Here I would like to express my word of gratitude to the communities of both ments and surrounding areas. he underlying thinking was that it is largely the AESOP and ISCARP for their trust and support. younger generation (< 35) of planning professionals who will have to come up Ladies and gentlemen, let’s set sail… with the answers, as it is they who will have the responsibility to plan and develop our cities and regions in the future. his is very much in line with the aims of the EUSS. Secondary aims were to bring young practitioners and academics in working contact with each other and to encourage a better cooperation between the international planning organisations and try and reduce the fragmentation of their eforts regarding young planning professionals. he integration of the YPPA into the EUSS was on all three accounts therefore very logical, and mI&M

was ready to expand its sponsorship of YPPA into an integrated publication of the Gorges |https://www.flickr.com/photos/petergorges/15513540022/ Peter © flickr.com, combined proceedings. he YPPA winners got free participation at the EUSS and presented their papers at a special YPPA session. his grant was a good opportu- nity to develop closer collaboration between AESOP, IFHP and ISOCARP. Within this framework in 2013 we met in the city, which had just re- discovered its river - Manzanares, on which one of the iconic urban projects of the city -Madrid Rio- is located. his however was not the main interest of the 4th European Urban Summer School… Under the guidance of Teresa Franchini and Juan Arana young planning professionals were studying the topic of strategies for the post-speculative cities. Our host was San Pablo CEU University. From the banks of forgotten river we travelled in 2014 to one of the most famous not only in Europe, but also in the world. Our destination was city of Tours located at the riverbanks of the Loire River, famous of its wines and castles. here, Laura Verdelli from the École Polytechnique de l’Université de Tours was challenging young professionals with the topic of heritage and sustainability. And inally, now in 2015, we managed to meet and discuss on the riverbanks of the River Weser this very topic of the city and its existence — water. hanks to excellent collaboration with the city of Bremen, young planning professionals were able to propose how to re-discover forgotten places along the river, how to low them back to the city. Meanwhile, my duty as AESOP Secretary General has been terminated, however I was made responsible (by AESOP Council of Representatives) for the continuation of the European Urban Summer School. his time, unfortunately, we did not have generous sponsorship of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment and production of this book was City on Water 13

Günter Warsewa the end of September 2015 the annual European Urban Summer IntroduCtIon School (EUSS) was organised by the Institute Labour and Economy (IAW) of the University of Bremen in cooperation with AESOP (Association of European Schools of Planning) - plAnnIng for and ISOCARP (International Society of City and Regional IN Planners). This year’s summer school for young planning professionals took place at the University of Bremen and addressed one of the WAterfrontS most challenging tasks for urban planning: The design and arrangement of the urban interface between land and water raises many questions, which are always and everywhere closely connected to spatial and societal development, political discussions, local cultures, global fashion cycles of building styles and architecture. One of the particular challenges of waterfront development results from the special function of water expanses in cities and towns. Even if we are fascinated by highly artiicial environments, for example the much-admired skylines built up of iconic skyscrapers, in most of the cases the aesthetic and emotional impression occurs to us from the contrast to the corresponding horizontal and natural water expanses. So, water (as well as mountains, too) is a crucial element for our under- standing of the attractiveness of urban structures and the beauty of cities. Besides the appealing contrasts of vertical and horizontal structures another speciic feature is important for urban planning in waterfront areas: he landscape of port areas, water related industries, riverside promenades, seaside resorts etc. is composed of typical immobile infrastructures and superstructures as well as of steadily moving and changing elements oten giving an impression of liveliness and bustling activity. Finally the history and tradition of coastal regions, big river- and seaports are represented in many diferent kinds of symbolic forms, customs and habits related to the particular place. his is the source of local culture which not at least relects economic and social structures and as such impact on the particular contents as well as on the procedures of urban planning. Hence, we can conirm that cities are “crystallized time”, as Manuel Castells stated1 and planning always has in many respects to cope with the legacies of the past, even if, for example in the case of brownield regeneration, the physical fabric had lost its function long ago and was cleared away. At the same time planning is necessarily future oriented, working as a method of time binding, or in other words: a process of programming future decisions (Niklas Luhmann)2. So, urban planning, when it goes for reasonable and acceptable solutions for urban development, always has to relect the tension between both sides, the require- ments of the past and the demands of the future. hat was the general background idea for the working programme of this year’s summer school and the City of Bremen seemed to be an excellent ield for 1 conceptsconcepts andand issues instruction about planning problems and exemplary case studies. As the City of issues of euss of 2015euss 2015 © flickr.com, Peter Gorges | https://www.flickr.com/photos/petergorges/13039039634/ Peter © flickr.com, 14 Concepts and Issues of EUSS 2015 City on Water 15

Bremen extends over 50 kilometers along the River Weser and is also crossed by several other water courses, it provides the whole range of problems and chal- lenges urban planning is confronted with in respect to waterfront development - from economic regeneration to resilience, environmental and climate protec- tion, to questions of public access and exclusiveness of waterfront spaces, citizens’ participation, brownield regeneration or conlicting options for land use. Hence, the summer school participants were able to perceive and learn about methods to solve or at least minimize those problems in various constellations. Practical project works referred to planning for “forgotten/hidden places” on the river, and had to cope with neighbourhood revitalisation, inner city lood protection, accessibility of old industrial areas and other questions. All of these aspects (and many more) were brought together in two selected practical exercises, which were accompanied by lectures from experienced academic scholars and researchers. herefore, lots of thanks go to my colleagues who gave presentations on various aspects of urban planning and development and intensely discussed their insights with the young urban planners. he range of presentations reaches from sociology to geography, to urban planning history and architecture. It is documented in this volume and gathers contributions from Verena Andreas, University of Bremen, Carola Hein, Technical University Delt; Julia Lossau, University of Bremen; Ulrike Mansfeld, University of Applied Sciences Bremen; Anna-Lisa Müller, University of Bremen and Günter Warsewa, University of Bremen. he practical exercises and planning projects, located in very diferent parts of the City of Bremen, could not have been realized – such as the entire summer school – without the support of many other helpful persons. Particular gratitude is owed to the experts from the planning department of the city administration in Bremen, Tom Lecke-Lopatta, Klaus Koch and Ronald Risch. hey were ready to acquaint participants on site visits, provided details and professional expertise about the selected project areas and discussed ideas and results. Big support for me came from the organization team that was built at the IAW by Christiana Steib-Golles, Verena Andreas, Patrick Chojnowski. Special thanks go to Izabella Mironowicz and Piotr Lorens as representatives of AESOP and ISOCARP for their collaboration and interventions during the summer school. Finally a ton of thanks is given to the very motivated and creative group of young urban planners coming from diferent Asian and European countries. It was a pleasure to work with them in this summer school.

1. Castells, M. 1994: Space of Flows – Raum der Ströme. Eine heorie des Raums in der Informationsgesellschat. In: Noller/Prigge/ Ronneberger (Hrsg.): Über die Globalisierung städtischer Milieus. Die Zukunt des Städtischen. Frankfurt/M., S. 120-134 2. Luhmann, N. 1966: Politische Planung. In: Ronge/Schmieg (Hrsg.) Politische Planung in heorie und Praxis. München, S. 57–80 LECTUR ES AND STUDIES City on Water 19

Günter Warsewa When talking or thinking about culture, and decline. At the same time had not previously been recognised: the close especially local culture, it is oten about those port-cities themselves had linkage existing between the various institu- obvious symbols, artefacts and behaviours we lost a part of their former tions, local economic and social structures and can perceive directly on the surface: Specialised signiicance to the country local cultures. hese elements mutually support architecture, regional dishes, traditional festivi- as a whole, no longer the and reinforce one another in a way that leads to, the Culture of ties, typical dialects etc. But, all this is nothing sole major gateway between not only the typical specialisation of the port- more than an expression of collectively shared the national economy and city, but they also produce a highly stable and meanings, expectations, norms and values international markets or durable development path. In this regard the characterising a certain locality or community. the source of economic and characteristically stable development of most the port CIty In this sense urban culture is much more than marine military power. port-cities over the centuries is not simply a just the ensemble of symbols around us; it is Likewise traditional function of economic potential and appropri- an extremely important determinant of our institutional arrangements ate institutional arrangements, but in historic thinking, understanding and decision making. (specific administrative reality the special character of the port-city is In twofold respect this fact is of high relevance structures and political based on the coherence of its economic and for urban planning: (1) Planning and a certain powers, location for spe- institutional structures and the particular local planning culture are without any doubt operat- cialist institutions such as ensemble of ”culture, informal rules and his- ing in the framework of a wider local culture port authorities, harbour tory“ (Hall/Soskice 2001:12/13). and therefore they can transcend the cultural police, customs offices and “Local culture“ in this sense represents peculiarity of a given place only in a limited their functions, facilities the ensemble of common practices, attitudes, way; (2) planners as well as most of the other for developing skills and symbols and the use of language and mean- actors in urban development and local policy training in the marine indus- ings, which express and collectively reproduce are not only specialised professionals but also tries), which had previously shared expectations, norms and conventions. residents of a certain place and as such they are contributed to building and Hence local culture covers a wide range of afected by that framework and contribute to 1. Modern container ports need no city any underpinning the port-cities’ specialist niche, material artefacts – such as, for instance, typical produce and reproduce local culture. Meaning longer: Jade-Weser-Port at Wilhelmshaven had been progressively eroded and made par- arts, objects, buildings or clothing – as well as and relevance of the local culture in this sense tially redundant; in any case their transformation collective values and shared basic assumptions, will be analysed in the case of European port and modernisation had become essential. which are reflected in typical daily routines, cities in the following. While undergoing these processes, port- particular customs or manners (Schein 1984, cities were seized by a deep sense of uncertainty 1992:16ff; Kluckhohn/Strodtbeck 1961). In 1. structural chanGe and about their own identity and a loss of collec- this way, local culture works as a steering and the role of local culture tive self-conidence, both of which had grown coordinating mechanism which forms a com- Since the 1970s port-cities were forced to out of centuries of tradition and local culture. monly accepted and locally deined framework reinvent themselves because the typical devel- Since there was a lack of clear alternatives to the for decision-making and shapes the actions of opment path that had once guaranteed wealth former specialist maritime industrial structure both individual and collective players. Being and prestige appeared to be leading to a dead- and the options for further development were embedded in this framework means that end. In many cases port operations had ceased, extremely unclear, it was diicult to reach an – a sense of ailiation is established and leads the port itself had been relocated and traditional understanding or make a decision as to which to reciprocal trust and reliability, maritime industries had been lost or reduced to elements and areas of local culture and tradi- – cooperation can build on shared orienta- a mere shadow of their former self. Numerous tion could be relied upon to help build a new tions and conventions, and other activities had lost their economic viabil- future and which would be obstructive to future – individual decisions on economically or ity, job numbers and tax incomes had decreased development. However, the crisis of the 1980s politically relevant alternatives are generally dramatically and whole districts had fallen into and 1990s exposed a fundamental reality which taken in a collectively accepted framework. 20 Lectures and Studies City on Water 21

To be really effective, such a steering and framework of locally shared or regional development processes. And there- (Wegner 2008); the inhabitants of Liverpool co-ordinating mechanism must make a clear norms and conventions was to fore – depending on speciic local conditions are called ”Scousers“ ater their seafarers dish distinction between inclusion and exclusion. a certain extent replaced by a – local culture can work as a barrier against the ”and Scouse is everything that constitutes a his explains why at the same time local culture regime of diference, in which thoughtless adaptive modernisation of urban Liverpudlian soul, in no matter which corner is also a major distinction to anything ”outside“ the distinct cultural codes of structures while also enhancing its adaptation of the world its origins lie. Scouse is the barely or ”non-ailiated“. he particular character of different social milieus and and a far-reaching change of orientation. In this understandable dialect, the merciless sarcastic local culture therefore is also the basis and the classes seemed increasingly to way the impact of local culture can either lead humour or the deliberate refusal of London’s expression of a particular collective identiica- diverge and lose their former to an erosion of the speciic type of “port-city” dominance - all widely distributed across the tion and local identity. common point of convergence. or contribute to its renewal and stabilization. motley population of Liverpool.“1 From the 1970s this pattern no longer As a result, since local culture Both tendencies are combined in the reality Within the context of globalised rela- reproduced itself. As it became less possible partially reproduces global of the revitalisation and reinvention of this tions this kind of expression is often seen as to inluence economic decisions locally, local trends while also promoting the particular type of European City and contribute a folkloric remnant of local culture, without institutions lost their drive and regulatory adaptation to those trends, its to the mix of patterns we are able to identify any inluence on current social and economic efficiency and an increasing number of local efects are doubly contradictory: empirically in diferent port cities. processes and, moreover, doomed to steadily elites identified more with a global culture Firstly, the traditional elements fade away (Hauck 2008). But this is only one rather than with the framework of local rules of local culture and identity 2. local culture as factor of side of the coin: as a direct result of increasing and norms. At exactly the same rate, the former work as a conservative force for stability and driver of competition between regions and cities, local coherence and stability of the traditional devel- permanence, supporting the transformation culture is being rediscovered and put on stage opment path also disappeared. A change of location’s resistance to change As long as the dominant expectations, norms as an indicator of uniqueness in the course of direction, or at least a serious deviation from and protecting its specialisation and conventions remained coherent with the regeneration strategies and image campaigns. the traditional pattern of development, not only and traditional character against local economic and institutional conditions of Additionally, it is the nature of this frame- became possible but proved to be inevitable those global and unifying forces seafaring and long-distance trade, they were work of shared norms, values, attitudes and because the social and economic costs of main- of acculturation. But, at the expressions of a collective identity, which was meanings to consolidate itself over the cen- taining coherence and continuity would far same time the local culture undergoes a process 2. Typical use of symbolic forms: Spinnaker able to bridge the different interests of class turies in the collective memory. herefore the exceed the anticipated beneits (North 2002). of self-change while undergoing modernisation Tower at Portsmouth and milieu. Different cultural codes repre- framework of local culture remains an active For this reason port-cities across the west- and diversiication, acting as a carrier of future- sented the obvious social distinction between mechanism for driving and co-ordinating the ern world sought to diversify their economic orientated trends. Secondly, culture and identity the ”aristocracy of merchants“, dock-workers development of this subtype of European City structure. Depending on their individual local are not only a creative force afecting social and and shipbuilders, seafarers, port authority oi- in many diferent ways. As key characteristics circumstances, modern service industries, such economic development; at the same time they cials and administrators, customs bureaucracies of the particular local culture we can iden- as culture, leisure, history or creative indus- are a socially created force, which can itself be etc. or local politicians, and likewise it can be tify four typical qualities, which - in various tries, special consumer attractions for cruise shaped, modiied and modernised, taking on an assumed that the essential components of local shapes and forms – play an essential role in the and ferry passengers or other tourists and important, and occasionally innovative role in cultures were dominated by the interests of these thinking and behaviour of port-cities and of temporary city-users, institutions for maritime the process. local elites and ruling milieus. Nevertheless, relevant actors found there: education or marine sciences, were developed So, while local culture, common values and those diferences were generally embedded in a – Port-cities as focus of shared meanings and and in many port-cities innovative structures collective identity are increasingly (i) released framework, which was built on a common inter- understanding; for material production (e.g. ofshore or wind- from the ties that bind them to the existing est. his overarching framework established the – Port-cities as risk sharing communities: power technologies) as well as related facilities institutional system and traditional economic foundations for a common identiication – both Co-operation, public spirit and maritime for information, research and development forms and are (ii) disaggregated by the loss of in the local self-image as well as how this was consensus; emerged – all of which in various ways perpe- the framework that held the various forms of viewed from outside: he residents of the north – Port-cities as hubs of lows: Foreignness as tuated former structures and traditions. cultural production and reproduction in dif- German Hanseatic cities are still seen today as normality; During this process of reinvention the ferent social milieus together, local culture “Hanseatics“– even if neither they nor anyone – Port-cities as centre and periphery: stabilizing and homogenising function of the becomes an independent dimension of local else can precisely deine a Hanseatic personality Autonomy and self-conidence. 22 Lectures and Studies City on Water 23

2.1 port-cities as focus of shared specialisation lost their original meaning with culture leads to increasing social distinction culture production, which appears critical or meaninGs and understandinG contemporary development – possibly due to and thus to a steady expansion in the distance at least indiferent or reserved to speciic local, In each port-city many material objects and the erosion of their economic base, or through between the normally deployed and accepted social and economic relationships. In particu- symbols related to seafaring and long-distance the disappearance of certain social milieus with cultural codes of differently ”globalised“ and lar, during periods of far-reaching upheaval, trade are to be found in the cityscape and in their supporting cultural practices or meanings ”modernised“ milieus (Robertson 1995; when perceptions of deprivation and pres- urban structures. As a visual expression of the or possibly because of the destruction of the Featherstone/Lash 1995). sure dominate, critical or even provocative emergence and consolidation of a maritime- framework of shared expectations, conventions Both of these processes – disembedding interventions can initiate new discourse about oriented local culture, they are constantly and practices brought about by new cultural and heterogenisation – result in a paradoxi- potential future perspectives and reasonable shaping the face of the port-city and relecting inluences and dynamics. Indeed, there are many cal situation: on the one hand, many of those options for development. In many port-cities its specialist functions. In each historic period causes which seem to conirm the hypothesis of images, symbols or material objects which pro- participants in the local cultural scene gener- a typical picture was composed of architectural a more and more disembedded local culture. duce and reproduce the sense and spirit of a ate such innovative initiatives, for example, forms, technical features, circulatory infra- ‘Disembedding’ in this sense means that the particular place, and which are decoded as an young artists ind new work opportunities in structure, etc. which until the present day can appearance and characteristics of local culture expression of particularity and common iden- old buildings or use former port facilities for still be recognized and reconstructed. Typically, in the port-city lose their individuality through tity, are continuously present in the urban form. their individual productive output. Occupying directly adjacent to the port facilities we ind their dissolution from the social relationships On the other hand, the same expressions lose and redeining traditional places, old symbols the markets, warehouses, pubs and nightclubs in a given place in the course of globalisation 3. New meaning for a traditional symbol: their original meaning in this process of disem- and their meanings – such as the young artists he iron gate of the former seafarers home of the port district and also the quarters where (Giddens 1990). The global convergence of at Liverpool at the entrance of the shopping bedding of the local culture; thus becoming a who set up a viable centre for contemporary dockers and shipyard workers lived; the struc- living conditions and lifestyles inds its expres- mall “Liverpool One” matter of reinterpretation and a new attribution art, architecture and urban planning at the ture of streets and traic axes, and in particular sion in a steadily growing identity of material of sense. he typical outlines former Lenin-shipyard in Gdansk – they pro- the special railway infrastructure dictated by and functional elements in all cities as well as of sheds and warehouses for voke disputes about traditional meanings and the port function. In many port-cities special- in the adaptation of social relations, communi- example once symbolized the conventional attitudes related to the history ist buildings were developed to optimise the cation and cultural practices. In this way far exuberant wealth of manifold of the place, which in other social groups or combination of housing with business and distant townscapes and living areas develop a goods, but also the hard physi- milieus are unquestioned. While, for instance, storage of certain kinds of goods. In this way similar appearance. cal work needed to handle the history of the Solidarnosc-movement is spatial and socio-spatial structures are largely his kind of adaptation is mainly brought those goods; these days they celebrated in Gdansk by an impressive ex- shaped by the functional requirements of the about by the middle classes whose lifestyle and mainly represent a particular hibition entitled ”Road to Freedom“, the port-city. Finally this expression of a particular afections currently derive more from a global look-and-feel-quality associ- young artists at the Lenin-shipyard put their urban character is reinforced by a large number than a local and traditional cultural frame- ated with the use of all kinds of newly-acquired freedom to use in a variety of of diferent and widespread symbols - from all work. At least, in those parts of towns and consumer ofers. Nevertheless, productions that tackle the sometimes mythi- kinds of representations of ships and other regions where their lifestyle and attitudes are all these objects, artefacts, cal transiguration of the more recent history of maritime equipment to the architectural forms dominant, international uniformity replaces symbols and signs demon- the location and question the societal treatment of storehouses and sheds or the typical skyline traditional independent identity, locally shared strate by their very survival of those ideals which guided the pathways to of funnels, cranes and masts. All these maritime conventions, language, norms, etc.; in short: and adaptability to new uses freedom in the early 80s. motifs are used to design and decorate the pub- replaces local culture. But, since these urban a certain durability of local But the case of the former Lenin-shipyard in lic and private space – both the inside and the middle classes always form certain, mainly culture - even when it is dis- Gdansk also demonstrates, as with many other outside of merchants’ and ship-owners’ man- well-educated milieus, the worldwide emer- entangled from its social and examples, the coexistence of provocation and sions or seafarers’ houses as well as the gardens gence of a global culture results not only in local economic base. uncertainty on the one hand and a very careful and backyards of ishermen or dock-workers. culture being disembedded, but also leads to For port-cities, as for many and airmative handling of symbols and arte- Just as the Manuelinian Gothic Style at its disintegration (for the connection between other towns, growing cultural facts which still convey traditional meanings Lisbon provided an impressive symbol of the social integration and cultural differentia- plurality and ”international- on the other. In every port-city we can ind the rise of Portugal as a global seafaring power, tion; see Müller/Dröge 2005: 79f). Ailiation ity“ means the emergence of inevitable port or maritime museum, historic many of the cultural expressions of functional to or identification with, a “global” kind of an extending potential of local workshops, maritime heritage trails, shipyards 24 Lectures and Studies City on Water 25

open to the public, etc. continuing old tradi- strategies in port-cities as it does in other types tions, for example by maintaining traditional of city. Maritime artefacts and ambience help working techniques and crats. Most of these to add a certain character and ‘personality’ institutions have been set up by and operate to new forms of consumption, tourism and with the involvement of former employees of leisure opportunities; in this way such refer- the maritime industries and thus contribute to ences to maritime history, tradition and culture, a certain reconciliation between modern devel- as well as their re-use and redeinition, always opments and the considerable number of losers constitute a major element in modernisation of structural change.2 Nonetheless, by their processes. explicit reference to the traditional elements of Many examples refer to the fact that the local culture in contemporary architecture – as process of place-making (i.e. of constructing a in the example of the Euskalduna-Concert Hall place with a typical shape, ofering the oppor- and Congress Centre in Bilbao, whose mate- tunity for identiication and a typical quality of rials and shape are a reminder of one of the experience) as well as processes of image-build- largest shipyards in the world which was pre- ing (i.e. of the construction, exposure, branding 6. Traditional urban infrastructures in use to experience a rich and thoroughly maritime a typical quality of experience and ambience viously located on the same site – this practice and commercialisation of the particularity of for postmodern events: Arsenale at Venice culture, while at the same time being able to is given to the emerging mix of marinas, oice 7. New mixture of postindustrial functions at is an expression of respect and appreciation the location) are dependent on the appropria- Port Vell, Barcelona experience elements of its remarkable cultural buildings, lots and high quality housing estates, for services once rendered and may help to tion of the local culture (Bürkner 2005, Jivèn/ heritage which remain hardly visible behind shopping malls, multiplex-cinemas, food- reduce the depression caused by deprivation Larkham 2003, Richardson/Jensen 2003). the giant advertisements of global brands. It is courts, congress-centres, museums, aquariums and uncertainty. he most obvious example of the inherent nevertheless possible that the mere existence etc. only through the use of local and maritime As well as contributing to the collective man- ambivalence of this connection is to be seen of these symbols of an unspeciied global cul- symbols. Finally, not even Bilbao, where the agement of deprivation and decay and helping in the historic City of Venice, which has very ture is decoded by many visitors as proof of the ‘Guggenheim-efect’ is seen as an impulse for to stabilise social identities, local culture plays successfully presented itself as a city on show value and signiicance of the surrounding local a radical change of direction in local develop- an important role in contributing to processes since the decline of its political and economic 4. Small shipyard preserving old crats culture. ment and as the starting point for a totally new and techniques at Malaga th of place-making and image-building, consti- power in the 18 century. Venice as a city on 5. Waterfront regeneration for the knowledge In the same way that Venice presents itself city identity, does without a local maritime tuting a prominent part of post-fordist renewal show means on the one hand having the chance society: National library at Kopenhagen as a homogeneous urban ensemble, so, in most museum, which, with its silhouette of old ship- other port-cities, many bigger or smaller devel- yard facilities, is integrated into the new inner opment projects represent current processes urban development axis. of modernisation, relecting both the durabil- So, regardless of the development of new ity of local culture as well as its changes. Huge culture, knowledge or leisure businesses, of projects like Darling Harbour in Sydney, the service- or goods-production, local culture may London or Dublin Docklands, the Port Vell in serve as inspiration and provocative incentive Barcelona or the Porto Antico in Genoa, the for innovation, as a moderator of social stabi- Overseas-City in Bremen or the Hafen-City in lisation, as a façade, potential or resource for Hamburg are producing a new sense of place place-making and image-building. his means on the site of the city’s former economic base irstly that local culture is reproducing itself or where its identity was coined. Establishing is being reproduced, as these processes take a new economic base in these places, adapted place and secondly, that the diversiication of to the globalised information and knowledge economic structures, far from taking a discre- society, all of these numerous revitalisation tionary form, is to a certain extent bound to the projects, are primarily symbols of modernity individual local culture. and future orientation. But, polarisation and 26 Lectures and Studies City on Water 27

2.2 port-cities as risk sharinG among the towns involved the mechanisms for winter break, more than 300 participants gather the confrontations that took place between those communities: cooperation, public the regulation and coordination of behaviour for a farewell dinner, for which both the menu in favour of maintaining existing port functions spirit and maritime consensus were, in addition to hierarchical power and and rules have remained unchanged since 1545. (the ‘working port’) and those advocating large Historically, seafaring and long-distance trade market-oriented competition, characterised During the event the pension register was (and renewal projects aimed at establishing a new were always characterised by extraordinary risk by a strong element of cooperation. Merchants is still today) completed by ship-owners and “living port”4. ‘Working port’ and ‘living port’ and uncertainty for humans and materials, for and towns formed an extraordinarily mod- merchants. not only represent diferent functional, archi- investment, for the physical existence and social ern, flexible network which over centuries here are many other examples of this kind tectural and spatial concepts, they also stand for status of the people involved. he consequences was able to play a powerful political role in of ‘culture of cooperation’ in port-cities, one diferent socio-economic coalitions of interests of risk materialising – potential loss of cargo Europe. Simultaneously, mutual relationships that is deeply-rooted in collective risk manage- and urban regimes struggling for dominance in and ships, depreciation through the volatility among relevant actors constantly fluctuated ment and mutual dependencies. To this day this local and regional development (Stoker 1995; of markets or political intervention, illness or and permanently changed from cooperation speciic element of local culture inds expres- Stone 1993). Today these conlicts have been even death or social deprivation – were con- to competition and vice versa and this is the sion in various forms of political, economic resolved virtually everywhere and the protago- centrated in port-cities as much as the potential reason why the towns involved never allowed and civil institution. Traditional institutions nists of the emerging new mix of post-industrial for proit. None of these uncertainties were ever the Hanseatic League to establish itself as like the “Schaffermahlzeit“ in Bremen - or functions, such as real estate business, tour- completely controllable, but over the centuries a durable or statutory political institution the “Sposalizio col Mare“, which every year ist and leisure industry, have evolved into the manifold strategies were developed in port- (Picchierri 2000). celebrates and renews the symbolic marriage renewed maritime consensus. cities to provide a rational and calculable way As for the need to reduce risk by coop- between the Venetian Republic and the sea3 - A particularly telling example of the efec- of handling the highly speculative character of eration and collective behaviour, it was not still play an important role in building a sense tiveness of this typical mix of a readiness to overseas trade and seafaring. he objectives of by chance that modern forms of banking and of confidence among elites in the port-city embrace risk and cooperative risk management these strategies were (and still are) on the one insurance were in part invented and to a sub- and in its communications with key elements is the radical change of direction undertaken hand the maintenance and optimisation of the stantial degree developed in port-cities (Evers/ of the outside world. In this way, these insti- very successfully by the City of Bilbao during ability to take action in the face of uncertainty Nowotny 1987). For example, the potential for tutions not only symbolise the former ruling the 1990s and early 2000s - transforming an and on the other hand the reduction of risk and innovation inherent in the intense interplay of maritime consensus and its underlying values, old industrial town into a service and cultural the minimisation of costs for risk-avoidance. trade and seafaring, local institutional arrange- but also bring about its gradual reproduction location of international character. he deliv- It is one of the fundamental elements in the ments and cultural practices is evident in the in many contemporary forms - i.e. of civil ery of the Guggenheim Museum as a starting stock of collective experiences in port-cities that development of the banking system in 17th cen- engagement, sponsorship and patronage. his point for regeneration of the city turned out to strategies to reduce uncertainty, for example by tury Amsterdam, which by operating rapidly is especially true of decision-making and eco- be a highly risky and speculative investment avoiding travel over the risky winter months and eiciently, thus contributed to the success nomic and political developments, but both in the continuation and expansion of global or by political coverage of trading privileges, of the Netherlands as a seafaring and trading create a strong and lasting incentive for self- arts, culture and tourism markets and could and strategies for the rational management of power (Girouard 1987:158 f). identiication among large parts of the resident only be achieved by the collaboration of a net- inevitable risk, for example, by insurance or by Despite a prevailing culture of strong com- population. For this reason the maritime con- work of highly conident local players, external distributing risk among a number of diferent petition in business and the use of hierarchical sensus is deeply embedded in local culture and professional experts from the global arts parties, need collective action. herefore numer- power, the management of huge economic works as a mechanism for establishing a politi- market (he Guggenheim Foundation) and city- ous forms of risk-sharing and collective risk and social risk led in due course to a culture of cal direction which implements and reproduces planners and architects with a major interna- assurance were developed and this tradition has cooperation in the interior structures of port- a certain commonality of interests. tional reputation (Gehry, Calatrava, Foster) led to the formation of a common base of values cities which was also relected in the number of This becomes even more important with (Zulaika 2000:265). While the Guggenheim which reveal a pronounced spirit of co-operation diferent solidary forms of joint risk-sharing. A the decline of industry in the maritime sector Foundation wished through its involvement and a calculated willingness to take risk. typical expression of this culture of cooperation and the intense eforts that have taken place to in Bilbao to accelerate its transformation from he establishment of the Hanseatic League is for instance the annual ”Schafermahlzeit“ in rebuild productive capacity, which have led to a a traditional cultural foundation to the role of with its regionally distributed association of Bremen, originally devoted to helping ship- reinforcement and continuation in the diferen- global player in arts markets, or to a ‘Disney merchants and towns can be seen as such owners and merchants care for sailors and their tiation of interests, orientations and preferences world of high culture’, representatives of the City a mechanism for risk-sharing. Within and families. Before the ships set sail again ater the inside port-cities. Typical examples of this were of Bilbao described its risky change of direction, 28 Lectures and Studies City on Water 29

not as an exhausting effort, but as “buying a or the common practice among merchants of this understanding into practical public and new identity”. In this sense, the entrance of sending their sons for apprenticeship to the private relations is cultivated more strongly in Bilbao into the global casino of arts and cultural oices of other merchants in foreign countries. those places where dealing with diversity is the markets could just as well have been headed up Combined with collective strategies for risk fundamental basis of business and an important by the traditional slogan of the Hanseatic mer- management, these arrangements also con- source of income. chants of Bremen: “Buten un binnen - wagen un tributed to creating cosmopolitan attitudes and Meanwhile, however, port-cities have lost winnen” (engl.: Outside and inside – venturing at the same time extensive connection with the the exclusiveness of their function as univer- and winning). place of origin and its functionality. One of the sal hubs and this means that in part they have here are many prominent examples which most important consequences of this tradition also lost the economic basis for pragmatism in suggest that taking recourse to traditional was the rather slow and hesitant development dealing with diversity and foreignness. During elements of local culture eases the process of of universities in later decades in many of these the period of industrialisation port-cities had overcoming internal controversies and helps to towns. Just like travelling or simply confronting already been forced into growing competition mobilise the energy needed to respond to the foreign cultures, higher education was judged by the railway, trucks and airplanes. Later on, challenges of structural change. herefore, in purely on the basis of its usefulness to the port the enormous flexibility and acceleration of periods of high uncertainty and reduced capac- and its trade functions, and for this reason in communications contributed to the decoupling ity to act, local culture – in particular common many port-cities only specialist higher educa- of worldwide flows of goods, capital, people, values, such as a sense of public spirit, a culture lows. Functions such as the appraisal and qual- 8. Marseille presented itself as the centrepoint tion institutions such as schools for seafaring information. As a result, these lows no longer of Mediterranean cultures when it was of cooperation, and a willingness to take risks ity assessment of exotic goods, the specialist European Cultural Capital in 2013 and other ‘useful’ sciences like economics or met in the port-city or intermingled as a matter arising from the historical need to manage mul- expertise of port-doctors or quarantine oices, law had been set up prior to the 20th century. of course. Compared with their former unique tiple risks - prove to be an important resource and a variety of more trivial ofers in the port In inverse proportion to the extent of foreign position, port-cities are now in stif competi- for coping with the crisis. Even where the so- near red-light districts, all dealt with diversity as relations in port-cities the constant processes tion with every other (big) city. That which cietal consensus, previously completely focused a normal part of everyday business in the port. of arriving and departing also characterized throughout history was true for port-cities only on the functioning of the port, now integrates Perceived elsewhere as an exception, a perma- internal social and cultural practices with the has now become a general principle: the needs new functions with their social representatives, nent process of arriving and departing and the result that dealing with foreigners and foreign- and interests of the resident population cannot it has retained its character of steering mecha- constant presence of many diferent foreigners ness became an everyday norm. Contact with be the only self-evident and undisputed norm nism. As such, the renewed maritime consensus was a normal feature of the port-city, inluenc- diverse groups of temporary city users as well for the shaping of local circumstances. For contributes to the ability of the port-city to ing urban life and the attitudes of residents. he as the fact that a considerable proportion of economic prosperity, each of the bigger retain control over its actions and to the preser- capacity for cultural exchange and profitable the resident population itself was also ’at home’ cities now has to adapt the range and quality vation of a maritime direction to development dealings with foreigners and their culture were on a temporary basis only shaped the func- of infrastructure, services and other ofers to even in a time of crisis. vital ingredients to securing successful seafaring tions of the town and its social life. Many of the an increasing number of temporary users and and long-distance trade as well as the successful references to a port and sailing romanticism, their interests instead (Martinotti 1996). 2.3 port-cities as hubs of flows: functioning of the port as the hub of lows. along with frequently idealised descriptions So, those who in former times had been foreiGnness as normality In foreign relations this was relected in the of tolerance and open-mindedness, convey an pilgrims, merchants, immigrants, emigrants, As long as sea transport remained the fastest, creation of a certain ‘exile-ability’, i.e. the qualii- impression of the intense social and cultural soldiers or seafarers in port-cities, are now and at times the only, way to convey heavy loads cation for ‘leaving’ and ‘functioning’ home- and linkages within the port-city. Whether it is a festival- and culture-goers, commuters, over great distances, its outstanding function as interest-related, even when far from home and result of local culture that port-cities are more migrants, business-people, students, Ryan Air the hub of diferent lows was a major charac- working for long periods of time in unfamiliar open-minded and tolerant in their dealings customers, football fans, congress-attenders and teristic of the port-city. his was the place where conditions (Sloterdijk 2000). with foreigners, minorities or subcultures than science nomads in every town. And, as a result, all kinds of lows - goods, capital, information, A typical example of this practice was the towns elsewhere needs to be examined empiri- inland cities like Brussels, Paris or Warsaw no people or cultural inluences - met together and establishment of Hanseatic Offices in me- cally in more detail. But it can be assumed longer lag behind port-cities like Antwerp, speciic skills and competences were developed dieval times as the home-like base of merchants’ that the ability to understand ‘strangeness’ as a Marseilles or Gdansk in the heterogeneity and as a result of the process of dealing with these communities in their principal destinations normal part of everyday life and to transform dynamics of all kinds of residents and user 30 Lectures and Studies City on Water 31

groups. But in inland places differences and outstanding role for the devel- 2.4 port-cities as centre this – highly diferentiated functional systems diversity in people are still not yet, as they are in opment of pop music and and periphery: autonomy like construction in water and hydraulic engi- port-cities, perceivable as part of a background becoming an internationally and self-confidence neering, maintaining the safety and security of of common and shared experiences. he local recognized trademark when Another fundamental reason that contributed shipping, ship-building, the careful handling culture of the port-city has traditionally been it was European Capital of to the local culture of the port-city was fre- of various kinds of goods and transport tech- a ‘globalised’ culture for centuries and it includes Culture in 2008. This could quently one of self-confident independence nologies right up to the sovereign regulation a widespread familiarity with the change of roles only be accomplished on the relating to the long-standing existential signii- of tax and customs afairs or the resolution of 10. he Roland- Statue, the symbol for and perspectives. herefore it is a typical feature back of a speciic local culture. republican spirit and freedom in the cance of the sea-port in relation to the national the complex legal and contractual problems of of the local culture of port-cities to facilitate the Barcelona, Bilbao or Genoa market square of Bremen state. he sea-port’s function as the most sig- international sea trade – had been assembled in integration of immigrants and foreigners and present themselves as con- nificant gateway between the port-city and only in such places was it pos- to enable them to contribute to the creation of temporary centres for global the national market and the sible to organise the luent interplay of all these a culture that is typical of the place. culture-, congress- and city outside world was assured by functions and responsibilities. Contrary to the indiferent and ‘blasé atti- tourism; in Hamburg, the coordinating and combining a Over the centuries awareness of the particu- tude’ of the city-dweller when confronted by district of St. Pauli has devel- variety of competences, skills lar signiicance of the port and the particular cultural and social diversity, which was already oped into an internationally and capacities and this was function of the port-city as a ‘centre of com- characterised by Georg Simmel as constituting recognised thriving location the fundamental purpose of petence’ for the smooth operation of the port the urban way of life in recent times (Simmel for entertainment and culture, the port-city. So, throughout was one of the essential elements of the identity 1903), the port-city still ofers a more efective by publicising both its former history, the primary purpose of the port-city. heir actual function allowed opportunity for identiication and integration. image of a notorious red-light and reason for existence of many port-cities to insist forcibly - and suc- This might be the reason why the notorious district while at the same time the port-city was always to cessfully - on relative autonomy and maintain city of Marseilles was spared the youth riots offering leisure and cultural deliver, maintain and guaran- their right to self-regulate internal and even of 2005 when cars burned in the suburbs of attractions for every social tee accessibility, i.e. a physical foreign afairs. As long as the interplay of local Strasbourg, Paris and Lyon. here is a suspicion milieu and entertainment connection to and communi- culture, economy and institutional structures that, despite social deicits, the traditions of the need. cation with distant partners. operated satisfactorily and ensured material port-city still cause a stronger attachment to the Indeed, since the 1980s, So, as soon as globalisation prosperity and social welfare, there was a good town than is the case elsewhere - even among almost all European port-cit- set in, that which had been a reason for particular self-reliance and self-con- those groups of teenagers with few opportuni- ies have tried to enhance their attractiveness to 9. Regeneration through culture: Liverpool reality for port-cities for centu- idence. Most obvious expressions of this are ties or perspective on life. “Marseilles does no new target groups and transient visitors by link- as European Cultural Capital in 2008 ries became a reality for other those titles given to the formerly independent better than other towns with deprived workers’ ing into experiences, practices and traditions cities too: physical accessibility Mediterranean town republics of Venice (“La residential areas. But I feel a very strong identity which are embedded in the local culture. Even and informational connectiv- Sereni¬ssi¬ma”, abbreviated from the oicial and a mixed culture. What is most important is if the speciic form in which this local culture is ity were determining variables state name „La Serenissima Repubblica di San undoubtedly a certain sense of belonging” (Le expressed appears in many cases as a nostalgic for the quality and pace of Marco“) and Genoa (“La Superba”) which are Monde 1-14-2006; see also: Parodi 2002). and romantic symbol of a distant past (such as local development (Fishman still in use today. And it is an expression of a Moreover, it would seem as though port- for instance in shanty choirs or pirate festivals), 1991). People in port-cities very similar attitude that the formal titles of cities learnt very quickly to make use of the often replaced by modern forms of cultural had always been aware of this both the German town republics - the “Free particular combination of diversity and strong activity, port-cities for the main part succeed correlation and thus a major Hanseatic City of Bremen and the “Free and self-identification which proved to be an in making use of their traditional ability to deal part of their local identity was Hanseatic City of Hamburg” - are a reminder important prerequisite for successful economic with diversity and with transient visitors. In based on the existential sig- of their continuing special status in the national development in response to the depression such cases local culture serves as a resource for niicance of this safeguarding context. An analogous status was claimed for arising from this structural crisis and in new or modernized services and economically of accessibility and connec- example by the formerly exceptionally wealthy dealing with the developing global culture: successful regeneration. tivity. All of the competences Hanseatic City of Gdansk over long periods in Liverpool succeeded in demonstrating its and capacities required for its history. 32 Lectures and Studies City on Water 33

In current times the embeddedness of the concept of the Second City see Umbach 2005). of modernization and structural change. here port-city within its respective national multi- Acting in self-conident independence did are many examples which demonstrate that one level systems of politics and administration not only correspond to the attitudes of local of these resources is the concentration of the and their prevailing institutional arrangements elites, it is also led back to the specific and energies of relevant protagonists and residents relects only by way of exception this historic class-encompassing quality of the place. The on a common purpose - such as presenting particularity. Nevertheless it was oten in these free ‘spirit of an old, and for a long time inde- themselves to the world as a suitable host for the places that a certain mixture of pronounced pendent and self-reliant Hanseatic town’ (Röhl Olympic Games or as an attractive European self-conidence, a republican attitude and ‘free 2004) is, for example, seen as a reason for the Capital of Culture. And it can be shown that spirit’ developed and lourished. And this mix fact, that the Polish Solidarnosc-Movement had such major eforts can be achieved by (re)acti- was, and still is, recognised by others as well as her origins in Gdansk only: “Here these move- vating the local culture of co-operation and in self-perception, as an outstanding element of ments of the Solidarnosc have their roots - not public spirit. Another extremely important the speciic local culture of the port-city, which in Szezcin, Wroclaw or Warsaw. here is a spirit resource for the Second City in times of crisis is still manifests its impact today: Although, of liberty in Gdansk which expresses itself in a inancial support from multiple donors, which for instance, the active competition between traditional deep distrust to those who rule and can be mobilised and concentrated more easily London and Liverpool in the 19th century was this spirit of liberty has been alive in Gdansk for in the framework of a ‘festivalisation’ strategy. inally determined long ago, the dominance of many centuries” (Adamowicz, in: Röhl 2004). By raising inancial support from national gov- the capital has never been totally accepted and Even today we can find numerous pieces ernment, foundations and private investors or is still caricatured in Liverpool to this day. of evidence for the cultural particularity of the 12. Leisure and touristic attractions at the ‘least Basque town of the Basque region’, only by tapping into European programmes, the The relationship between Liverpool and Second City and for its antagonistic relation- Porto Antico at Genoa about 8% of the population speaking Basque as longer-term modernisation objectives can be London refers to another, and in many cases ship to the national framework: In this way, opposed to about 40% in other Basque cities advanced at the same time as short-term aims. typical, condition for the development of big Bilbao in Spain for example, appears - surely (Zulaika 2000:263). At the same time, how- In this way port-cities regain a certain degree

European port-cities. Since the rise of the as a result of its traditional ‘internationality’ as 11. Exhibiton”Roads to Freedom” celebrating ever, the Athletic Bilbao sports club employs of action and control and are able to imple- nation-state, in the large territorial countries of an important port and trading centre - as the the history of the Solidarnosc at Gdansk a unique counter-model to usual practice in a ment their own renewal strategies in relative Europe, port-cities have been and still remain globalised soccer market by appointing native independence from single sponsors and sup- both centre and periphery at the same time. Basque players exclusively. A very special self- porters. A particularly clear-cut example of this While they perform a central function as hub of consciousness of place is further indicated by procedure, which is based on the simultaneous diferent lows, they represent in the framework the fact, that Bilbao set itself up as ‘second use and enhancement of relative independence of the national state the specialist edge, obliged city’ when, during a very difficult period of and the capacity to control its own activities, to hold its ground against the predominant structural decline, it declared its intention to is the development of Genoa. The ‘Genoa claims of the nation-state, principally em- “challenge the country” (Zulaika 2000:267) model’symbolises the strategic grouping of bodied in ‘the capital’. he diference oten was, with its renewal strategy. regional, national and international resources and is true today, that the inland capital as a Since the 1980s, many port-cities have con- on sequential occasions (Football World Cup rule covered a larger number of diferent politi- sistently sought to host special events, such as 1990, Columbus Year 1992, G8-Summit in 2001, cal, administrative and productive functions the Olympics, world exhibitions or be declared European Culture Capital 2004), all capable of and thus showed a more diversiied economic European Capital of Culture, although port- being managed and organised on the spot and structure and better conditions for develop- cities had previously been rather remote from by local authorities. Just as in the case of port- ment. herefore port-cities, such as Antwerp, such events, concentrating on their everyday business the combination of local management Barcelona, Gdansk, Hamburg, Liverpool, business. But recently they have understood and supra-regional, national or international Marseilles are sometimes described as ‘second that the expected beneits of image- and brand- signiicance and attractiveness allows the port- city’ whose particular ‘spirit loci’ emerges ‘inter ing campaigns were primarily an opportunity city to use such events to carry out self-deined alia’ as a result of its quality as national periph- to mobilise new resources to enhance their own urban development strategies, even in opposi- ery and counter-pole to the capital (for the capacity to act and for an autonomous strategy tion to outside authorities. 34 Lectures and Studies City on Water 35

So, as long as economic success and out- both material and symbolic forms and expres- 1. http://www.welt.de/reise/article1516954/Eine_Stadt_im_Ohr_der_ Martinotti G. (1996): Four Populations. Human Settlements and Social standing national significance guaranteed a sions of local culture and their contribution ganzen_Welt.html (last access 9.6.09) Morphology in Contemporary Metropolis. In: European Review, Vol. 4, certain degree of relative independence as to the ‘aestheticisation’ of urban structures, 2. A typical example is the extraordinarily profound and informative Number 1, S. 3-23 work of Southampton City Council’s Oral History Unit; Müller M., Dröge F. (2005): Die ausgestellte Stadt. Basel / Boston / Berlin well as the ability for action to be taken locally, to place-making and image-building largely http://www.newepocexhibition.org/presentacion.php?cod=54 North D. C. (2002): Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic republican attitudes and self-conident attempts relects those collective norms and orientations, (last access 19.5.2009) Performance. Cambridge. 3. Formerly combined with a fair attended by merchants from across Europe Parodi P. (2002): Citoyenneté et intégration: Marseille, modèle d`intégration? to achieve relative political autonomy could which formerly emerged from the speciic ten- and culminating in Venice with a banquet dinner for diplomats and foreign In: Cultures & conlits, Saint Quen representatives. Picchierri A. (2000): Die Hanse – Staat der Städte. Opladen arise as a key element of local culture across all sions of risk and safety (section 2.2), ailiation 4. he increasingly complicated relationship between port and city was and social milieus. With the decline of port func- and a sense of ‘the other’ (section 2.3) as well as remains for a number of years one of the major issues being debated across Richardson T., Jensen O. B. (2003): Linking Discourse and Space: Towards the maritime world; see for example: “Charter for a sustainable develop- a Cultural Sociology of Space in Analysing Spatial Policy Discourses. tions, the political and economic basis of this of centre and periphery (section 2.4). ment of port cities”; approved by the General Assembly of the International In: Urban Studies, Vol. 40, Nr.1, S. 7-22 mechanism was eroded, but this key element Hence, the sustainability of local culture Association of Cities and Ports, Sydney 2006 (http://www.aivp.org/charte_ Robertson R. (1995): Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity- sydney/charte_en.pdf , last access 9.6.09) or the implementation of a good Heterogeneity. In: Featherstone, Mike / Lash, Scott / Robertson, Roland (Hg.): of local culture survives as an independent proves itself as the particular dimension of local practice award “ON THE SOCIETAL INTEGRATION OF PORTS” by Global Modernities. London, S. 5-68. ESPO; (http://www.espo.be/pages/events.aspx?EventID=88242; European orientation for decisions and strategies directly development, both limiting deviation from the Sea Ports Organisation; last access 9.6.09) Röhl B. (2004): „Es gibt Ressentiments gegenüber Deutschland“; Interview mit Pawel Adamowicz, in: Cicero 11/2004 afecting the reinvention of the port-city. here path, as well as carrying forward path-depen- Schein E. H. (1984): Coming to a New Awareness of Organizational Culture. are many examples to demonstrate that the dency during the process of reinvention of the REFERENCES In: Sloan Management Review 25(1984) Nr. 2, S. 3-16 Bürkner H.-J. (2005): Placemaking und Milieuentwicklungen. Schein E. H. (1992): Organizational Culture and Leadership. 2nd ed., coping strategies of port-cities in times of crisis port-city. Nevertheless, the extent to which In: IRS-aktuell, Nr.46, S. 5 San Francisco are aimed at maintaining this key element of path deviation or even a change of direction Evers A., Nowotny H. (1987): Über den Umgang mit Unsicherheit: Simmel G. (1903): Die Großstadt und das Geistesleben. In: Gesamtausgabe. Die Entdeckung der Gestaltbarkeit von Gesellschat. Frankfurt/M. Bd.7: Aufsätze und Abhandlungen 1901-1908; herausgegeben von Otthein their local culture in a modernised form, which gains acceptance is primarily determined by Featherstone M., Lash S. (1995): Globalization, Modernity and the Spatializa- Rammstedt; Frankfurt/M. 1995; S.116-131 at the same time can be successfully deployed as the degree to which local culture and identity tion Socialheory: An Introduction. In: Featherstone, Mike / Lash, Scott / Sloterdijk P. (2000): Philosophische Aspekte der Globalisierung. In: Deutsche Robertson, Roland (eds.): Global Modernities. London Fragen. Wohin führt der globale Wettbewerb? Herausgegeben vom Bundes- a resource for substantial regeneration. themselves dissolve into diferent ‘globalised’ Fishman R. L. (1991): Die befreite Megalopolis: Amerikas neue Stadt. verband deutscher Banken, o.O., S.50-71 (http://www.bankenverband.de/pic/ parts and subcultures. So, in no way is local In: ARCH+, Het 109/110, S. 73-83 artikelpic/112001/df_03.pdf) Giddens A. (1990): he Consequences of Modernity. Oxford Stoker G. (1995): Regime heory and Urban Politics. In: Judge,D./Stoker,G./ 3. the port-city without a port culture and identity diluted or removed by Wolman,H. 1995: heories of Urban Politics. London u.a., S.54-71 Girouard M. (1987): Die Stadt. Frankfurt/M./New York hrough globalisation trends and an irreversible globalisation processes, on the contrary it Stone C. N. (1993): Urban Regimes and the Capacity to Govern: Hall P. A., Soskice D. (2001): Varieties of Capitalism: he Institutional A Political Economy Approach. In: Journal of Urban Afairs, 15.Jg., S.1-28 separation of lows, the comparative advantage proves to be the strongest force for stability and Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford Umbach M. (2005): A Tale of Second Cities. Autonomy, Culture, and the Law of the specialist port-city was largely lost and coniguration in the interplay of local economic Hauck G. (2008): Das Lokale als Widerpart destruktiver Globalisierung? in Hamburg and Barcelona in the Late Nineteenth Century. In: Leviathan 4/2008, S. 576-589 In: he American Historical Review 110 (2005) 3, S.659-692 therefore for the first time in history port- and social structures, institutional arrange- Jivén G., Lackham P. (2005): Sense of Place, Authenticity and Character: Wegner M. (2008): Hanseaten. München A Commentary. In: Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 8, Nr.1, S. 67-81 cities started to take a divergent path: Barcelona, ments and culture. Even when the economy Zulaika J. (2000): “Miracle in Bilbao”: Basques in the Casino of Globalism. Kluckhohn F. R., Strodtbeck F. L. (1961): Variations of Value Orientations. In: Douglass, William A./Urza, Carmelo /White, Linda/Zulaika, Joseba (eds.) Bilbao, or Bremen, as for London, Liverpool or and institutions lose their functions, local cul- Evanston 2000: Basque Cultural Studies. Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Lisbon and many others, either completely lost ture takes over as a steering mechanism and a Le Monde 2, Sondernummer „100 raisons d’être optimiste”; 14.1.2006; cit. Reno; S. 262–274 from: Khouri-Dag-her, Nadia (2008): „Marseille-Espérance: Alle verschieden, their port function or their ‘working port’ was reservoir for important resources that make a alle Marseiller“. In: France Di-plomatie (http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/de/ moved to a distant location and lost its once considerable contribution to deining the direc- article_imprim.php3?id_article=2292; last ccess 3.5. 2010) dominant signiicance. tion of local development. Instead of continuing their traditional So, the renewal of the port-city does not in development path of specialization, all of these any way follow a purely adaptive logic, which places now seek to carry out a future-oriented makes the impact of global dynamics the cru- modernisation of their economic and institu- cial determining factor in local development. tional structures. But, despite every effort to Instead, there are many examples which demon- diversify, the maritime character of the port- strate that the development of port-cities over city not only survives, it is actually essential, recent decades is an expression of a certain reinforced and manifested in many ways. Port- autonomy and individuality, which, in the pro- cities are renewing themselves so to speak as cess of renewal and reinvention, also reproduces port-cities without a port. The rediscovery, typical diferences with inland town as well as restoration, redeinition and re-exploitation of the typical commonalities of port-cities. City on Water 37

Carola Hein introduction a port working have long-term rhythms that for studying the intersection between economic Ports are the pulse of port cities.1 Looking difer from those of the groups who recuperate times and citizen times and their changing rela- outward, ports and port cities together give and adapt historic waterfronts (with remnants tionship over time. Following a brief overview rhythm to the constant daily flows of goods of port infrastructure and historic buildings) of temporalities in historic port cities, the article and people around the globe. With repeti- into heritage attractions, sites for everyday life explores the temporalities of ports, waterfronts temporAlItIeS tion, these flows and times write themselves and work, or places for leisure activities geared and cruise ships before ending with a call for into the urban environment. But within these to citizens and tourists as well as rhythms very a renewed integration in view of sea-level rise flows, economic time and citizen time com- diferent from the original working port. and other collective changes that coastlines face pete. First, in the daily and seasonal rhythm These diverse actors and their diverging despite their diferent times. of the port, of the port, humans and of machines work at interests render planning, decision-making, Urban planning can play a major role in different speeds while also interacting; and and urban transformation in port cities for linking and balancing the diferent speeds of that relationship changed dramatically in the daily rhythms and long-term adaptation very port and city redevelopment as conlicts occur WAterfront 20th century. During the many the centuries complex. hat port, waterfront, and city work both between public and private actors as well as that ports and cities were integrated, shipping and change in diferent time regimes only com- citizens on the organization, use and transfor- depended both on the availability of man- plicates planning further. Whereas networks mation of the built environment. Citizens oten And port CIty power and good climatic conditions. With the of actors in shipping can change rapidly and protest top-down changes to the port and city, increased use of technology since the 19th cen- require quick physical and social adaptations of that make the port faster. Changes like expand- tury, and especially since the containerization port infrastructure, physical structures change ing and (re)developing the port, constructing that started in 1960s, ports and cities started at a slower pace, and the social, economic and new infrastructure, and dredging waterways to move apart, machines took over more jobs, particular physical structures of associated (to name just a few examples) raise questions and weather mattered less. Even though ports port cities take even more time to transform. among all stakeholders about the appropri- and cities are no longer spatially intertwined, Each city has its own rhythms of change, as ate balance between economic and citizen ports now reach into their neighboring cities Dietrich Henckel with Susanne homaier have time and about how new times will be written and hinterlands, competing daily and season- argued.2 Some port cities actors can change the into physical form. To answer such questions ally for space and infrastructure and interfering built environment faster than others and grow; about temporalities in space, we can examine with the slower rhythms of cities, where human others react more slowly to external demands the respective lengths that goods and people time still plays a role. And the local actors who and lose a working port or fail to revive a water- must travel within cities and how long it takes run ports — from port authorities to shipping front. Whether or not a port and a port city to change the built environment in response companies — have diferent daily and seasonal adapts quickly, depends largely on the relation to changing port needs. A better understand- temporal interests than workers in the port, between the diferent groups of people within ing of these evolving interactions and the role people living next to it, local municipalities, the city and how they negotiate the times of the of planning within them can promote citizen regional or other authorities, or citizens more port. he various players are in constant dia- understanding of the relationship between port generally. Second, the port - city relationship logue (or struggle) over spaces in and around and city over time and facilitate cities’ integra- also has a long-term dimension: a port inter- the port, dialogues that often continue over tion of buildings and the heritage of the past acts with and transforms the structure and decades or centuries and that are written into into the present. Urban planning can also help form of its related city as the spatial and func- local institutions and processes as well as built promote integrated ways of planning in view of tional needs of the port changes, as it expands, form. In many cases, these long-term histories climate change and raising sea-water levels. A shrinks, or integrates new technologies, as it and experiences allow port cities to adjust to rapid implementation of planning for the port develops new infrastructural needs, and adapts changing maritime times and the needs of the in response to these new challenges risks leav- to changing work patterns. Buildings and built city as they prioritize, distribute, and organize ing citizens out. But slow change risks delaying form can even enable or restrict port develop- their businesses. Port cities, part of global net- economic development. If all stakeholders ments. And local actors involved in keeping works and commodity lows, are an ideal site could acknowledge the role that temporalities 38 Lectures and Studies City on Water 39

play in cities, in historical analysis, and in plan- speed of storing goods and ning, we can improve the local climate and port administrating them. Ship culture, and therewith the actual functioning owners, charters, traders, of the port in relation to its surroundings and and dock workers did not competitors.3 know the whereabouts of Water transportation is an important ships and could not eas- foundation for economic development and ily prepare their arrival. globalization. It connects distant places and Shipping crews might facilitates the movement of goods and people spend weeks on shore wait- within countries and around the world. Ports ing for ships to be unloaded provide the necessary facilities to connect sea and reloaded, and entire and land and impose their time on sea-land districts catered to these connectors, such as wharfs or quays, piers or temporary workers. In jetties, docks and numerous specialized struc- many medieval European tures that allow for the transfer of goods and cities, smaller ships brought people. Port and city activity occurs in a speciic the goods into the city locality and requires infrastructure. hese have center to integrated warehouse/oice/housing 1. Historic Amsterdam with multifunctional buildings 2. he Tokyo Ginza, a Western style boulevard in Tokyo and the hinterland. he temporal development modes of transportation, and the forms of the and ships entering the city highlighting the Japanese attempt to catch up with the West their own daily and long-term temporalities; buildings in the core of the city. he times of the source: Woodcut admitted to Guicciardini, 1567 ater woodcut of Cornelius source: https://www.library.metro.tokyo.jp/Portals/0/edo/tokyo_library/english/ of the empire, its growth (and decay) similarly buildings. he street’s model character, as a high- they change slowly and oten have been built at port were inscribed both in every day rhythms Anthonisz, 1544 | Project of the Historic Cities Center | database/index.html?page=6&ky=&ca= registered in the built environment throughout end shopping area, continues to be visible today diferent times, for other speeds and purposes and the built environment. http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/netherlands/amsterdam/amsterdam.html 3. he telegraph connected multiple parts of the globe and the colonies. in luxury department stores, restaurants, and allowed shippers to plan for the arrival of their goods. Eastern and with diferent preferences. Port cities also Even in the era of sailing ships, global ship- Telegraph Company system with chart of submarine cable routes Private companies imposed their times on cofee shops. serve as site for trading headquarters and the ping transmitted temporal changes to ports. at the beginning of the 20th century treaty ports in China and Japan, raising their he industrial revolution, the expansion of source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/1901_Eastern_ place for living and leisure spaces for traders Between 1400 and 1750, as European nation- Telegraph_cables.png, Public Domain flags above the waterfront that was the icon, European colonialism, and new technologies and other people associated with shipping. states built their colonial empires, they also the business card of their foreign presence. required profound changes in the organisa- These functions are part of the daily speeds imposed their speciic objectives and colonial he port cities of the East became the entrance tion of ports and their technical equipment of the city. Increasing daily speed for the port times on far away places, while also speeding gates for companies such as Jardine Matheson, as well as in changes in the times of port and has been a major feature in (re) designing the up the development of some places and liting which brought their daily routines, work and city. By the mid-19th century the telegraph relationship between port and city over time them out of their respective local contexts.4 he life habits, and other practices. Colonization also made possible the rapid exchange of infor- and for long-term urban transformation. Caribbean was at the forefront of such devel- interfered with the spaces of cities, transforming mation. It connected the various parts of the opment; Havana, for example, served as the them at diferent speeds. In the case of Tokyo, British Empire and was deployed across the US, evolvinG temporalities metropolis of the new world. he city that would we can observe how a new time regime altered giving shipping companies advance knowl- in the built environment imprint its times on large part of an empire is the traditional city step by step. As the Japanese edge on the locations of their ships and thus of historic port cities London, the paradigm of a great port city that government decided ater the Meiji Restauration facilitating preparation on shore. hese changes Ports and their adjacent cities have long facili- “ruled the waves.” Trading companies worked in 1868 to catch up with the West and even also brought an enormous increase in trade tated the speedy transfer, storage and retail of with the British government to accumulate overtake it, factories and infrastructures, public and cargo transfer. Shipping companies even goods, but in the era of sailing ships, or until the wealth, build networks, and inluence the form buildings, and rich people’s residences changed reshaped global geographies to improve their mid-19th century, the travel time between ports of port cities around the world. British ships irst; housing for ordinary citizens maintained business. The new Suez and Panama canals was diicult to control. he form and size of a linked the port and city of London with sea- its Japanese character for many more decades, shortened global shipping times from Europe ship could inluence its speed, and weather, the ports from the Paciic to the Indian Ocean up with only a few foreign objects trickling in. to Asia and from Europe to the American West seasons, and the movements of the tides were to the earliest twentieth century, bringing colo- Shifts in every day practices, symbolic mean- coast, generating the creation of new cities all factors as well. Speed in shipping included nial ports into the times of the capital, and oten ings, and power relationships registered in the alongs the shores and leading to the abandon- not only the movement of ships, but also the separating waterfronts from the rest of the city Tokyo Ginza street in the clothes of the people, ment of others. he desire for speed similarly 40 Lectures and Studies City on Water 41

led to the construction of the Nieuwe Waterweg a warehouse district, the Speicherstadt, opened and workers still needed to get to the port, example – but nothing rivaled the scale of the in 1872 from Rotterdam to the sea; it was essen- in 1888, to speed up shipping and unloading Hamburg built new worker housing and new changes wrought by containerization. Indeed, tial in promoting the growth of Rotterdam. and storing. (It privileged the times of the port railway lines for public transportation to con- in the efects of containerization we can see just he introduction of steam ships in the early over the rhythms of everyday life, its construc- nect ports and workers. he irst ran to from the how much ports had shaped the time and space 19th century made travel times easier to calculate. tion displacing almost 24000 inhabitants, both town hall and central station to new housing patterns of port cities. Bigger ships could carry he growing number of steamships triggered rich and poor.) Built with the newest technology in Barmbek and Rothenburgsort between 1912 more containers, but required deeper harbors, yet another round of urban construction: By - electrical lighting and hydraulically powered and 1915.6 Workers thus had to travel further to so companies and governments came together 1830, the new Brunswick Wharf in London pro- winches - it improved and sped up the chain of the center, while decision-makers had moved to build new ports away from cities. At the same vided a berth where steam ships could cast of shipping, storing, and connection to the hinter- closer to their jobs. time, containerization threw most port workers at will, no longer having to wait for the tide to land and established port temporalities in the out of jobs: machines could load and unload enter the dock. Shipping companies built more urban space of the city for decades to come. containerization and the times standardized containers without opening them, new docks: Victoria Dock (1855) was directly Innovation for port and shipping was not of the modern port and transfer them between ships and rail or connected to train lines, and the Royal Albert limited to the port; port cities were also oten a For many centuries, shipping relied heavily road. So ships and workers left the old port Dock (1880) served steamboat lines trading in leader in introducing new architectural typolo- on human labor and depended on the natu- areas, which stilled. The few remaining port the Southern hemisphere. Docks and wharves gies or urban forms. Following the construction ral rhythms of day and night. In the port, men workers had to work shits on a 24-hour sched- became the heart of economic development in of mono-functional docks throughout the 19th carried the bulk goods on wagons into and out ule; the new port had conquered the night. London. The newly fused East & West India century, administration and housing also sepa- of the ships. Turnaround times were extremely Time plays an important role in port design Dock Company built a dock in Tilbury, at the rated. he construction of shipping company long, but the workers were often only called and functioning and has done so for a long time. mouth of the Thames River (1882), the first headquarters also established Hamburg as an in when ships arrived, as weather and seasons Turn Around Time is one of the important move in a new trend of detaching the harbor innovative place. The Dovenhof office build- permitted, and some worked as day workers. factors in port assessment and it is intimately from the city. As the turnover of goods sped up, ing built by Heinrich Ohlendorff, who made Their longterm presence created entire port linked to the number of ships that can be served shipping lines directly connected to railways to his fortune with guano shipping, was the irst landscapes within cities. he invention of the in a port. Avoiding waiting times and stream- speed things up even further; administrative on the continent to feature a paternoster/eleva- container in the 1960s sped up shipping traic lining ship handling is a key issue for leading oices claimed large areas of the urban center, tor and the irst to ofer oice spaces for rent. It dramatically and making a similarly dramatic ports.7 he recent prominence of Chinese ports while workers housing had to move away had a light court that gave access to the rooms, effect on port cities. Changes in vessels had on port city rankings is closely related to time, according to the needs of the port. and it also contained a post oice. Overall it set shaped shipping at various moments - the shit as César Ducruet has demonstrated. he proile 4.Yangshan Container Terminal Harbor improvement was a major theme the standard for the next generation of oice source: Panorama Yangshan | By Bigg(g)er | to bulk tankers from barrels for oil is just one of Chinese cities has completely changed: in many port cities, with time a key target. In buildings in Hamburg and beyond, establishing GFDL or CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Hamburg, for example, planners made sev- the city beyond the port as a leader in innova- eral proposals ater 1836 for a dock harbor on tion. More largely, the administrative district the English model to protect the city against (Kontorhaus area) showcased the success of loods and allow for easier transshipment.5 But Hamburg companies. Located next to the ware- docks would have strangled harbor traic and house district and the Elbe River, it includes Hamburg’s administrators instead proposed buildings acknowledged world-wide, such as a tidal harbor. This led to the creation of the the Chilehaus commissioned by the shipping Sandtorkai (1866), a quay adequate for larger magnate Henry B. Sloman and inished in 1924. ships with walls high enough for unloading, he new oice district located in the heart of the equipped with cranes and railway connec- city displaced working class housing. Workers tions. hese decisions became the foundation traditionally lived close to their jobs as they had for port development in Hamburg in the long to walk to work, oten renting beds in working term. he city also adapted the port for other class districts. As the oice district replaced tra- temporalities: Next to this harbor, the city built ditional housing with horrible living conditions, 42 Lectures and Studies City on Water 43

By 2011, the country had a high rank for dramatically shortened trips. New cities became to develop new strategies for the large number Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia, Quatar, and the number of vessels, and a quick turnaround dominant; others lost their prominence. The of people who had lost their jobs in packag- Manama (Fig. 5). he palm islands in Dubai, of 0.96 days compared with 5.8 days in both creation of the Suez Canal, for example, went ing, transportation and storage and for areas for example, continue the tradition of artiicial 2006 and 1996. Hong Kong is faster (0.72 hand in hand with the development of three illed with industrial structures for once-daily islands, such as the ones in Kobe, where Port days), Taiwan (0.71 days), and South Korea new planned port cities - Port Said, Ismailia on rhythms and former urban temporalities. Island and Rokko Island have been built since (0.68 days), but it has outpaced Singapore the Suez canal, and Suez - that would introduce While the new ports bustle with activ- the 1960s to host new port functions as well as (1.16 days) and the United States (1.02 days).8 new rhythms to Egypt.10 Shipping continues ity, cities have sought to reclaim abandoned housing, an amusement park, and sport facili- Today the location of each container is known to reshape global geographies, making trans- waterfronts for new temporalities, as spaces ties marketed to the modern urban populations and shipping speed is controlled. Information port times shorter; and transforming urban for everyday rhythms of work, housing, and who have extended leisure time.12 is available instantly and even for bystanders spaces to win more time continues as well. To especially leisure. Waterfront revitalization While the working port has moved further through tracking sites online. beneit from economies of scale, traders keep around the world is trying to and further away of the city and disconnects The speed of transshipment in working ordering bigger ships, pushing the deepen- match the times of the con- from the actual lives of the citizens, its memory ports is an important effect of the new tech- ing of ports and waterways - even the Panama temporary city, its rhythms and temporality remains and is celebrated. he nologies, but just as important is the availability Canal - and the raising of bridges in Miami, of work and leisure, to those careful construction of heritage through ilms of hinterland connections: road and rail lines New York, Seattle, and other cities around the of the landscapes let over by and books and tourist events, and branding and that are not cluttered by local transport of peo- world. With the Panama Canal expansion to be the port. It does so in part by cultural promotion of historic places and times ple and goods, speedy access to administration completed in 2016, even bigger ships, the so- constructing reminders of the on the waterfront are key elements in attract- and decision-making, and to consumer centers called Super-Panamax ships, will require many past gone by and the tempo- ing workers and citizens as well as tourists to and cities. he Rotterdam train connection to cities to rework their ports; discussions about ralities of sail-time shipping. the revived waterfronts. And this celebration Duisburg also illustrates the importance of fast the changes required are already underway in A large number of former of port culture is extremely important for gain- and undisturbed inland rail transport to the hin- port cities on the American East coast such as seaports have redeveloped ing local backing for new ports even if they terland.9 he Betuwe route between Maasvlakte Savannah, Georgia.11 their inner-city waterfronts, move away from the city. Projects like dredging II and Duisburg established the Rotterdam port including Baltimore, New the Elbe River require support from the local as the primary gateway to continental Europe temporalities of urban life York, Vancouver, Boston, citizens and can’t be handled just by the port (1998 construction started, 2007 completed). and heritaGe on the post- Portland, Seattle, Miami, authority. To engage the citizen and entice them industrial waterfronts 5. A new waterfront in Quatar hat it was a dedicated train line was a major source: Steven Byles | CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons L o n d o n , H a m b u r g , to support port development, there appears to factor in this development; the Netherlands are for locals and tourists: Barcelona, Genova, Lisbon, be a political desire to create the sense that a already densely used by passenger trains and temporalities of remembrance Sevilla, Helsinki, Bilbao, city like Hamburg cannot exist without a port. there is little time available for cargo trains. he Over the last ive decades, public and private Liverpool, and Dublin. In he cultures of the past are thus linked to those new route of 160 km traverses major population decision-makers around the world responded Asia, the restored waterfronts of the future. centers and uses tunnels to avoid competition to similar challenges and opportunities and of Shanghai, Sydney, Osaka, on the tracks. his railway is an example of the speciically to changing ship sizes, new contain- and Melbourne stand out. waterfront revitalization and unique European port structure, where much if ers, and new commodity lows: they built new Examples also occur occa- water as leisure and identity not most inland transportation via rail or road. ports and facilities for the faster transshipment sionally in port cities on other he recent increase in cruise shipping has intro- Shanghai and Singapore have now captured of goods and people, developed new ports, continents that faced similar duced a new temporal dimension to revitalized the number 1 and 2 ranking in terms of bulk dredged waterways, and transformed storage. challenges of revitalization. waterfronts, as they provide the necessary shipping and container transfer, pushing aside In short, they transformed water at an indus- Entirely new waterfronts attractions for tourism. hese ships bring the the long-time leader Rotterdam. Hamburg, trial scale. Meanwhile, the old waterfronts in focused on upscale housing, working port back to the formerly abandoned still Europe’s number two, has fallen behind in New York, Hamburg, Amsterdam, Philadelphia tourism, culture and leisure central city sites with all the environmental and world rankings. To improve speed and rank- or Sydney, lost their leadership function as activities, are being imagined social challenges that this reuse of historical ings, politicians and engineers also conceived global ports. hey became ghost districts, chal- 6. Cruise ships in Venice tower over the city. heir presence is highly contested. and built on land reclaimed water areas entails. Scholars have started to raise of changing the waterways. New thoroughfares lenges to urban development. Many cities had source: Cunard in front of Venice | By June Cairns | © Airn | Dreamstime.com - Cruise Ship In Venice Photo freshly for this purpose in questions of gentriication and inequality due 44 Lectures and Studies City on Water 45

to the change from working ports with diverse Cruise shipping goes beyond industrial for port authorities and municipalities have have imposed their times on those parts of the 1. Commentary in newspaper suggests this role of the 17. AIVP (2015): Plan the City With the Port: Guide of populations to housing, parks, leisure, travel for shipping of commodities, as the quality of the port, i.e.: “Hafen bleibt Pulsgeber für Hamburg”. Good Practices. AIVP., RETE, Publicaciones, http:// treated their water-related properties sepa- cities that host them, while the times of ship- https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/hamburg/hafen/ retedigital.com/publicaciones/portus/ the relatively wealthy. Cruise shipping has its site of arrival, its urban or rural aspects, are the verstehen/Hafen-bleibt-Pulsgeber-fuer-Hamburg- (accessed 4 August 2015) rately, respectively for industrial and shipping pers, workers, tourists, and citizens all exist next own temporality. It creates new artiicial times reasons for shipping. he link between cruise ,straubhaar109.html 18. Museum of Modern Art (2011): Rising Currents: purposes and for urban leisure activities. A to each other and shape the city in diferent (not 2. Henckel D., homaier S. (2013): Eiciency, Tem- Projects for New York’s Waterfront, New York, both for people on and off the boat. Tourists shipping and water quality and the environ- poral Justice and the Rhythm of Cities. In: Henckel Museum of Modern Art. few scholars and organizations are honing always democratic) ways and creating intersec- D., homaier S., Könecke B., Zedda R., Stabilini escape their daily lives for short periods of vaca- ment is evident, even though it has yet to fully S. (eds.) Space–Time Design of the Public City. in on the missing relationship between port tions between specialized and ordinary lives. tion time, during which they are extracted from enter into planning practice. Activists criticize Dordrecht: Springer. REFERENCES and city planning.16 The AIVP (Association Diverse political and economic structures are 3. See also: HEIN C. (2015): Temporalities of the Port, AIVP (2015): Plan the City With the Port: Guide of everyday rhythms on land and on sea. hey eat the cruise-shipping industry’s use of heavy oil the Waterfront and the Port City. Portus, 29. Good Practices. AIVP. Internationale Ville et Port) and he Asociación necessary to facilitate the adaptation of urban and sleep on a ship that carries them from one and unfiltered sulphurous gasoline, both of 4. Scammell G. V. (1989): he First Imperial Age: Carmona M., ed. (2003): Globalization & City Ports: para la Colaboración entre Puertos y Ciudades/ areas and places to the need of the port, even to European Overseas Expansion 1500-1715, London, he Response Of City Ports In he Northern Hemi- destination to another. During the cruise, their them environmentally disastrous and danger- New York, Routledge. sphere Delt: TU Delt. Association for the Collaboration between select the areas in the port, city and metropolitan time is carefully assigned to pleasure activi- ous to the health of urban inhabitants. Several 5. Maass D. (1990): Der Ausbau des Hamburger Ducruet C., Merk, O.: Examining container vessel Ports and Cities (RETE) promote the com- area that need to adapt. he rapid adaptation of Hafens 1840 bis 1910: Entscheidung und Verwirklic- turnaround times across the world. Port Technology ties, allowing distinct periods for shopping and bills have been brought before the US Senate to hung, Hamburg, Schifahrts-Verl. Hansa. International, 59, 18-20. prehensive planning of port and city through port activities to new needs has a spatial dimen- 17 sight-seeing at each destination. enact national standards, requiring that waste- 6. Heinsohn R. (2006): Schnellbahnen in Hamburg: Frémaux C. (2011): Town planning, architecture and publications and conferences. The need to sion that transforms parts of the city at diferent die Geschichte von S-Bahn und U-Bahn; 1907 migrations in Suez Canal port cities: exchanges and On land, new temporalities arise that are water generated by cruise ships be treated, but - 2007, Norderstedt, Books on Demand GmbH, resistances. In: Hein C. (ed.) Port Cities: Dynamic respond to issues of rising water levels has also speeds. Even as ports have disconnected from connected to the arrival and departure times none have actually been passed.13 Catering to PAHL E. 1980. Die Zerstörung des Gängeviertel - Landscapes and Global Networks. London: Routledge. attracted interest from the Museum of Modern traditional cities, they still need the support of ein Versuch, Hamburger Hafenarbeiter über ihre Hein C. (2015): Temporalities of the Port, the Water- of the big ships, from the celebration of their the cruise ship industry and ignoring ecologi- Wohnungen zu kontrollieren. In: REDAKTION- front and the Port City. Portus, 29. Art in New York, which examined it in regard the larger metropolitan area and its citizens. SKOLLEKTIV (ed.) Autonomie - Materialien gegen 18 arrival that occasionally has drawn thousands cal damage may backire in the long run. For die Fabrikgesellschat Neue Folge Nr. 3: Die zweite Hein C., Hillmann F. (2013): he Missing Link: to New York. Nonetheless, a broad global Common respect of temporalities is a key in a Zerstörung Deutschlands. Hamburg/Tübingen: Redevelopment of the Urban Waterfront as a Function of people to the port, to the time that tourists example, the loss of ice in Hudson Bay might Autonomie 3. of Cruise Tourism. Portus, 26. investigation of economic, social, cultural, eco- healthy and just development and a condition and the ship workers can spend on land. Cruise curtail cruise shipping: many tourists are taking 7. Port of Rotterdam, Focus on Vessels in the Port of Heinsohn R. (2006): Schnellbahnen in Hamburg: die logical, and environmental aspects as well as of for planned adapting to climate change. Rotterdam Geschichte von S-Bahn und U-Bahn; 1907 - 2007, ships and their tourists are handled like other the ship to the bay to look for ice-based wild- http://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/shipping/ Norderstedt, Books on Demand GmbH. temporal ones is missing. tightly time-controlled logistic lows, such as life; if the ice retreats (because of climate change documents/het-schip-centraal-eng-juli13.pdf Henckel D., homaier S. (2013): Eiciency, Temporal (accessed 14. March 2015) Justice and the Rhythm of Cities. In: Henckel D., ho- bulk goods or containers. heir ports must have caused in part by the ships themselves) the wild- 8. Ducruet C., Merk O. Examining container vessel maier S., Könecke B., Zedda R., Stabilini S. (eds.) Space– conclusion access to sea and land, and in particular easy life may move further north and cruise ships turnaround times across the world. Port Technology Time Design of the Public City. Dordrecht: Springer. A range of factors have historically afected the International, 59, 18-20. Lafrenz J., ed. (2001): Hamburg und seine Partnerstädte. 14 access to tourist sites. Cruise ship tourists only may ignore the port. Similarly, the impact of 9. Port of Rotterdam, Direct train Euromax DeCeTe Sankt Petersburg-Marseille-Shanghai-Dresden-Osaka- speed of transport and transshipment, includ- have a few hours, at most a day, in a single place cruise ships on cities such as Venice is highly Duisburg, 3.13.2014, http://www.portofrotterdam. Léon-Prag-Chicago, Hamburg: Institut für Geographie ing the time that the ship spends in port, the com/en/News/pressreleases-news/Pages/direct- der Universität Hamburg. (unless it is the starting or ending point) and contested, though the exact impact of the cruise train-euromax-decete-duisburg.aspx (accessed 14 Maass D. (1990): Der Ausbau des Hamburger Hafens time it takes to unload, and the proximity of prefer to be able to step of the ship and experi- tourists and the facilities erected from them is March 2015) 1840 bis 1910: Entscheidung und Verwirklichung, ship, shore, storage, and the hinterland. One 10. Frémaux C. (2011): Town planning, architecture Hamburg, Schifahrts-Verl. Hansa. ence a city as they step of the ship. Carefully yet to be fully studied. and migrations in Suez Canal port cities: exchanges Museum of Modern Art (2011): Rising Currents: by one, diferent time elements of the logistics and resistances. In: HEIN, C. (ed.) Port Cities: Dy- Projects for New York’s Waterfront, New York, Museum orchestrated itineraries and schedules make Culture and nature are largely commodi- namic Landscapes and Global Networks. London: of Modern Art. chain bearing goods from the original factory Routledge. unscheduled urban explorations of the beaten fied as part of the cruising experience, but Pahl E. (1980): Die Zerstörung des Gängeviertel - ein to the consumer have changed in ports and port 11. Ramos S. J. (2014): Planning for Competitive Port Versuch, Hamburger Hafenarbeiter über ihre Wohnun- paths impossible. Cruise tourists become part questions of social justice and ecology related Expansion on the U.S Eastern Seaboard: he Case of gen zu kontrollieren. In: REDAKTIONSKOLLEKTIV city lows - ship to shore movements, terminal the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project. Journal of (ed.) Autonomie - Materialien gegen die Fabrikgesells- of land-side planning for waterfronts like the to cruising have yet to be fully discussed in the Transport Geography, 36, 32-41. chat Neue Folge Nr. 3: Die zweite Zerstörung Deutsch- operations, other port functions, and urban 15 HafenCity where local interests in multifunc- literature. 12. Lafrenz J., ed. (2001): Hamburg und seine Partner- lands. Hamburg/Tübingen: Autonomie 3. infrastructure. Natural cycles and human times städte. Sankt Petersburg-Marseille-Shanghai-Dres- Ramos S. J. (2014): Planning for Competitive Port tional development are combined with those of he creation of ports on waterways is a key den-Osaka-Léon-Prag-Chicago, Hamburg: Expansion on the U.S Eastern Seaboard: he Case of have largely been lost. he port has created an the tourists, who ill the large amounts of res- element of globalization and economic growth, Institut für Geographie der Universität Hamburg. the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project. Journal of on-time urbanism, with diferent times relevant 13. US Government (2013): ‘Clean Cruise Ship Act of Transport Geography, 36, 32-41. taurants and cofee shops and buy luxury goods as it supports the international distribution 2013’, 113th Congress, 2013–2015. Scammell G. V. (1989): he First Imperial Age: Euro- to the translation of needs into spaces. in expensive boutiques. But tourists go, while of commodities and energy, and therewith 14. Stewart E. J., Tivy A., Howell S. E. L., Dawson J., pean Overseas Expansion 1500-1715, London, New Port, waterfront, and city exist in diferent Draper D. (2009): Cruise Tourism and Sea Ice in York, Routledge. locals stay. hese difering temporalities are a closely linked to time. Global economies and Canada’s Hudson Bay Region. Arctic, 63, 57-66. Stewart E. J., Tivy A., Howell S. E. L., Dawson J., Draper time regimes and are in a constant dialogue (or challenge for planners. Generally, the times of consumption patterns also contribute to glo- 15. Hein C., Hillmann F. (2013): he Missing Link: D. (2009): Cruise Tourism and Sea Ice in Canada’s struggle) over spaces in and around the port. Redevelopment of the Urban Waterfront as a Func- Hudson Bay Region. Arctic, 63, 57-66. the port are disconnected from those of city bal climate change and rising water levels, thus tion of Cruise Tourism. Portus, 26. Time is a major site of competition: the rela- residents, coinciding only in special events like creating a singular challenge to many if not 16. Carmona M., ed. (2003): Globalization & City tion between economic time and citizen time Ports: he Response Of City Ports In he Northern festivals or harbor birthdays. all ports and their cities. So far, the planners Hemisphere Delt: TU Delt. is explicitly shaping built form. Shipping elites City on Water 47

Julia Lossau introduction delimitinG the subject and indiference. he city is for Simmel, as he In recent decades “space” has become a cen- The question of the significance of “space” writes in an essay on the “sociology of space” tral concept in both the social sciences and the in urban studies is as well rehearsed as it is (1903: 35; transl. JL), “not a spatial fact with humanities. In line with a much-quoted remark answered inconsistently. The field of urban sociological efects, but a sociological fact that by Michel Foucault, alleging that the “present sociology, for instance, is said to be “confronted forms in space”. SpACe And epoch will perhaps be above all the epoch of with the problematic of space when it comes A similar blending of the spatial and the space” (Foucault 1986: 23), many disciplines – to the question of whether and how to deine sociological imagination of the city can be from sociology and political science to cultural its subject matter – the city” (Steets 2008: 391, found in a later approach that was adopted, in and literary studies – have witnessed a revitali- transl. JL). The starting point of the related the German-speaking context, by urban sociol- the CIty: zation of spatial categories: notions like “space”, discussions is the question of whether the study ogists Hartmut Häußermann and Walter Siebel “place”, “topography” or “topology” have been subject, i.e. the city, is constituted mainly by its (Häußermann/Siebel 1978). In a counter-move- taken up again in disciplines that have previ- spatial dimension or whether it is not rather an ment to the Gemeindesoziologie (municipal refleCtIng the ously been characterized by a certain “oblivion object to be grounded sociologically. In other sociology) as “an older sociology of the city” of space” (Werlen 2000). words: are cities more or less large, more or less (ibid.: 484) and in contrast to the seeming dual- Despite the fact that questions of space clearly deined, more or less fragmented enti- ity in Simmel’s classical essay, they postulate SIgnIfICAnCe have been discussed for quite some time now, ties which are, ater all, geographically locatable that the contrast between city and country- the contours of what is actually under debate on the surface of the earth? Or are cities rather side had dissolved “into a more-or-less of the have remained surprisingly blurred. his may defined by their social qualities, i.e. by their same” (ibid.: 486; trans. JL). As a consequence, of SpAtIAl on the one hand be due to the large number of particular urban ways of life that have, in the Häußermann and Siebel dismiss the idea of the disciplines involved which, despite all rhetoric course of urbanization, apparently become city as a spatially delimited sociological entity. of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary, have ubiquitous at least in the countries of the Global As their focus is on the polarizing dynamics CAtegorIeS In pursued their own interests in and with spa- North (for the more radical idea of a “planetary economic process, they are rather interested in tial categories. On the other hand, “space” has urbanization” see Brenner/Schmid 2015) and the role the city plays in the context of capi- remained a word with almost magic power, capa- have turned the European city into what has talist socialization: “In short”, they write, “the urbAn StudIeS ble of “conjuring up exactly what is supposed to been called a “laboratory of modernity”? question is not: what does urban life mean com- be said” (Nassehi 1998: 152, transl. JL). In the majority of contributions to the ield pared to rural life, but rather: what does urban Against such a background, the purpose elements of both ideas can be traced. As early development mean for the development of class of the present paper is twofold. First, it aims as in Georg Simmel’s classical essay on “The relations” (ibid.: 469, transl. JL)? at reconstructing the performative power of Metropolis and Mental Life” (Simmel 1984), his question is central to an urban soci- “space” in urban studies, discussing in particu- the spatial (or geographical) and the sociologi- ology preoccupied with questions of political lar the signiicance of spatial categories in the cal imagination of the city go hand in hand with economy that, borrowing from the works of conceptual background of German-speaking each other in a very speciic way. In Simmel’s Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, has inlu- urban sociology. Secondly, it records the reac- sociological reflections on the nature of the enced the mainstream of (non-applied or tions which the so-called spatial turn has urban dweller, the metropolis merely igures as merely descriptive) urban sociology for sev- efected in the interdisciplinary ield of urban the spatial backdrop , i.e. Simmel’s main interest eral decades (see Steets 2008; Löw 2008). he studies. Again, a special focus is on the ield of is not in the multiple ways in which urban space basic assumption of the so-called “New Urban German-speaking urban sociology, highlight- is constituted. He rather presupposes the city as Sociology” (Häußermann/Kemper 2005), ing an approach preoccupied with the “intrinsic a given entity, separated from the countryside. according to which any attempt to delimit the logic of cities” (Löw 2012). his focus on the social that leaves the spatial city as a subject has become suspicious after unchallenged allows him to represent the city as the end of the urban-rural dichotomy, is put a setting or laboratory of modern life, which is in a nutshell in Peter Saunder’s standard work characterized by “the blasé attitude”, by reserve on “Social Theory and the Urban Question” 48 Lectures and Studies City on Water 49

(Saunders 1981) (see Steets 2008). In 1992, structural composition of these diferent ways is, praxeologically abridged, already included” the risk of confusing stereotypes with reality by German sociologist Thomas Krämer-Badoni of operating and about how the elements that (Lindner, 2005: 64, transl. JL). In an empirical presenting images of the cities as properties of inally argues “that any attempt to deine of the make up the diferent ways of operating can be analysis of the “biographical” characteristics of the cities themselves. his is not to deny that city in sociological terms (...) must fail because grasped conceptually”(ibid., trans. JL)? cities, semantic diferentials served as matrices the images “ordinary people” have of individual in that the city can be deined neither physi- hese questions are answered by the scholars of potential properties from which typical pro- cities may be unambiguous. What is interest- cally nor socially and cannot be distinguished of the “intrinsic logic” approach with refer- iles of given cities were to be derived (Lindner ing from a researcher’s perspective, however, is from society as a whole” (Krämer-Badoni ence to the supposed orthodoxy of New Urban 2003). Representing well-established method- to explore how such unambiguity is produced 1992: 2, transl. JL). he concomitant rejection Sociology which is said to have departed from ological tools, semantic differentials usually within society. Which are the political, cul- of a geographical notion of the city, however, the city as a category of analysis and to have consist of lists of selected adjectives – such as tural or social strategies of identiication and does not imply a rejection of spatial catego- directed its interest instead to the social con- “mundane, vulgar, arrogant, dynamic, aloof, essentialization by which widespread images ries as such. An analysis of the performance of ditions in cities and on the functional logic of alternative, cosmopolitan, industrial, open, or stereotypes come into being in the first “space” in the works of New Urban Sociology cities in the context of capitalist development. conservative, cultured and hard-working” place? What can be researched, subsequently, (e.g. Häußermann/Siebel 1987) reveals that the In a corrective counter-movement to the col- (Lindner, 2003: 49, transl. JL). The lists were are the social impacts and efects that are con- idea of the city as spatial entity is nonetheless of lateral “subsumption of the city under society” submitted to ninety students of social anthro- nected with these images in order to show why, great signiicance. he same is true for spatial (ibid.: 32), a theory of the city is established pology which participated in the study. What to repeat Martina Löw’s question, “some cities, entities on a smaller scale, namely urban dis- which is meant to underline the signiicance of came out is “that the appearance of a given city despite comparable structural starting condi- tricts, areas or neighborhoods. the (speciic) city and to pay particular atten- is not composed of discrete properties but is tions, come to terms with the challenges of the tion to both the idiosyncrasy of cities and the based on a particular, distinct combination of social change easier and more successfully than “the intrinsic loGic of cities” differences between them: “In the planning properties which becomes apparent in com- other cities” (Löw, 2008: 16, transl. JL)? A surprising turn in the debate on “space” in sciences, in historical studies, in local political parison with others” (Lindner, 2003: 49, transl. urban studies took place only recently with research, but particularly in everyday non- JL). In detail, the following characteristics have conclusion an approach that has become popular under scientific discourse there is wide knowledge been identiied: “he city of Essen is (...) indus- According to Martina Löw and Helmuth Berking, the heading of the “intrinsic logic of cities” of the diferences between Cologne, Munich, trial and hard-working, but deinitely not classy, the “intrinsic logic of cities” approach developed (Berking/Löw 2005; 2008; Löw 2008; Löw 2012). Berlin, Hamburg and Frankfurt am Main or of Frankfurt is dynamic and hard-working, but by “against the background of the assumptions of his approach is based on the observation that the distinction between Cologne, Dusseldorf, no means conservative, Stuttgart is conservative space theory” (Löw 2008, transl. JL) and in the urban studies – and urban sociology in particu- Duisburg and Dortmund; also the cities of and hard-working, but deinitely not alterna- context of “modern concepts of space” (Berking/ lar – are characterized by a peculiar blind spot Bensheim and Heppenheim are compared, only tive” (ibid., transl. JL). Löw 2005, transl. JL). This emphasis on space in that the city, i.e. the individual city as such, sociology has not found a theoretical place for Although these results may be instructive at leads back to the starting point of this paper. is usually not considered as a distinct object of the consideration of these diferences” (ibid .: irst sight, it is obvious that “property surveys” of “Space”, it has been argued at the beginning, is a knowledge: “Why is there no cognitive interest 38-39, transl. JL). cities do not disclose the characteristics or styles magic word that conjures up exactly what is sup- in the city as a speciic object”, asks Martina Löw A related efort to take seriously the indi- of the cities themselves, but rather the images posed to be said. During the paper’s excursion (2008: 16; transl. JL) in her book “Soziologie der vidual nature of cities and thus to put the city and ideas that the participants have of these into the history of urban sociology, it became Städte”? “Why is so little attention paid to the as such in the center of the research agenda cities. Similar to the “intrinsic logic” approach obvious that urban studies have been endowed phenomenon that some cities, despite compa- has been developed in urban anthropology of urban sociology, urban anthropology inter- with certain spatial ideas from their institutional rable structural starting conditions, come to (Lindner 2003; 2005). In an attempt to concep- ested in the habitus of cities predominantly beginning. Against such a background, the asser- REFERENCES terms with the challenges of the social change tually understand the speciic nature of diferent Foucault M. (1986): Of other spaces. Diacritics 16, 22-27. delivers image or stereotype research. Although tion that “space” had been underprivileged prior easier and more successfully than other cities? cities, Pierre Bourdieu’s habitus concept is Saunders P. (1981): Social heory and the Urban Question. research about spatial images and stereotypes to the spatial turn is not convincing. It can be Why is nobody (in academia, JL) systematizing applied to the city: “To speak of a habitus of a London: Hutchinson. (Hamburg as the “cool beauty”, Berlin as “poor argued instead that the claim of a new signii- Brenner N., Schmid C. (2012): Planetary Urbanization. the knowledge that planners have – and apply city (...) is to argue that cities, due to ’biographi- In: Gandy, Matthew (ed.): Urban Constellations. Berlin: Jovis, 10-13. but sexy”, Frankfurt as “Mainhattan” etc.) gen- cance of “space” is based on a cognitive shift. for quite some time – of the diferent ways in cal’ solidiication, are closer to certain lines of Löw M. (2012): he intrinsic logic of cities: towards a new theory erates interesting results (see, e.g., the study of Indeed, the debate of the signiicance of “space” on urbanism. Urban Research and Practice 5 (3), 303-315. which cities operate? Why do scientists hardly development while other lines are more distant; Simmel G. (1903): Soziologie des Raums. Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Eisenhüttenstadt in Weichhart/Weiske/Werlen can be regarded primarily as the debate of the try to start and formulate hypotheses about the in the idea of ‘path dependence’ this argument Verwaltung und Volkswirtschat 27, 21-71. 2006), the “intrinsic logic” approach runs into new signiicance of “space” (Lossau 2012). City on Water 51

Piotr Lorens 1. introduction redevelopment projects of different size and For the irst of these changes, i.e. the increase Economic and political transformation after nature. Both of these have become a starting in the signiicance of maritime transport during 1989 brought entirely new situation to Polish point for reinventing the older part of harbor the industrial revolution, appears to have been cities, which include also the harbor ones. In structures. his process has followed the path the most important because there appeared specific, the existing Baltic Sea ports had to of evolution of port structures, as described the need for the transport of signiicant quan- metropolItAn face signiicant changes. hey were associated previously for the west-European and north- tities of goods. Water transport proved the both with new development opportunities and American cities. most convenient and cheapest means for that, threats, emerging – among others – from the while railway was not developed suiciently at new geography of logistics links. These were 2. evolution of the port that time. Moreover, port cities were also the dImenSIon based on the fact that both north-south and structure – emerGence and most convenient location for industrial expan- east-west transportation corridors were made typoloGy of the waterfront sion and, also signiicantly, the acquisition of available, which brought new development As the evidence of the port cities undergoing colonies by European countries and the need of trI-CIty: conditions to our cities. massive transformation in last decades prove, for en eicient transport system counts among Among others, the large share of cargo was the history of the development of port cities development-fostering factors. At that time, the redirected from mainland Poland and other is inseparable from technological evolution of average size of a commercial ship was larger development former socialistic countries to the German, sea transport, including the methods for goods than that of the vessels from pre-industrial Dutch, French and Mediterranean ports. his reloading and their processing. This evolu- era, both in size and capacity, which was from – to large extend – diminished the economic tion has had a great inluence over the shape, 200% to 300% of the former quality; while the of the neW situation of the existing ports. At the same time development and, finally, the degradation of largest trans-Atlantic passenger ships reached connections to Scandinavian countries were waterfronts in cities, including old and present even 600% larger dimensions, compared to re-opened, which efected in large increase of the port structures.1 he changes in the interrela- those from the beginning of the 19th century.4 hArbor cargo shipment in this direction. Besides these, tion between port and urban structures can However, the 2nd generation of ports could the Polish seaports had to face rapid changes in be described in different ways; such a model no longer meet the requirements of developing the structure of cargo – which includes emer- study of the issue, widely accepted and quoted maritime transport technologies. This espe- StruCtureS gence of the new type of goods and vanishing in literature, has been prepared by B. Hoyle. It cially relates to the development of container traditional type of cargo – including coal i.e. illustrates the historical evolution of the city – transport, ro-ro technology and new technolo- In order to secure the position and devel- port interrelation as is shown in table 1. gies of bulk cargo handling. hese technologies opment of the Polish harbor cities, the massive The above process can also be described required large storage areas, linked to relatively capital improvements program was prepared, in relation to the evolution of port structures, short quays, and feasible access for large- based on infrastructure development. It creates resulting in the appearance of various types of draught vessels. Therefore, structures suited new investment opportunities for other part- former-port areas, i.e. waterfronts. Using this to these requirements, called the 3rd genera- ners, associated with maritime transportation method, one can indicate three stages of the tion ports, were located far from existing port and industries. In practice, the new terminals development of city-port structure3 (see table 2). areas, in the river deltas or on the open sea. were developed or are under way, which will he above speciication takes into account Consequently, the ports of the 3rd generation significantly change the position of the har- the two chief revolutionary changes in the have entirely lost their romantic ambience with bors in the regional and global market. hese mode of transport and storage of goods, result- picturesque canals and docks, instead, they are improvements have created also the new situa- ing in the development of the 2nd and the modern, specialized terminals, where large, tion of the harbor cities. 3rd generations of ports, and – as a side efect self-propelled portal cranes reload contain- In result, the next phase of the evolution of – the abandonment of former port areas, i.e. ers, where general-cargo processing is almost harbor structures emerged. This was accom- waterfronts. non-existent, and bulk cargo is transported via panied with the relocation of cargo handling pipelines and conveyor belts directly to process- activities as well as launch of waterfront ing plants or storage yards. 52 Lectures and Studies City on Water 53

The development of the 3rd-generation genesis, including “A” and “B” waterfronts, con- Stage of development Period Description of ports has also caused a new phenomenon ditions of the location of a port city, such as the Primitive urban and Until 19th which has trespassed the boundaries of a single spatial layout of the waterfront area (the result I Close functional inter-relation of the port and city port structures century city, namely the appearance “harbor regions”. of former technological soultions), and inally – Rapid development of industrial and commercial functions separates his name denotes the area serviced by a given the placement of a waterfront in relation to the 19th – early II Developing port city the port from the city spatially, which permits the development of 20th c. port. In the time of the 1st and the 2nd genera- original shore line. All these elements determine modern wharfs, along with industrial and storage area. tion of ports, a civen city/ town with its direct the possibility of the revitalization of a former Industrial and commercial development, (including oil industry) background was its “harbor region”; only excep- port area, including the adapted functional and th III Modern port-city Mid 20 c. along with the introduction of container and ro-ro technologies tionally, catchment areas sometimes including spatial solutions. entirely separates the port from the urban area. industrial centers located within them were Depending on the time each former-port area he abandonment of Technological changes in maritime transport compel the develop- IV 1960 – 1980 related to a given sea port, thus becoming a form appeared, these spaces can be divided into two waterfront ment of port-industrial structures independent of a city. of the “harbor region”. However, the appear- main categories, resulting from the gradual split Large-sized maritime terminals have consumed vast areas of land; Revitalization of V 1970 – 1980 parallel to it the re-development of the waterfront for urban purposes ance of the 3rd generation of ports has radically between development processes of spatial and waterfronts has been done. changed the situation. Now, the whole country port structures throughout centuries, as discussed Reconstruction of Globalization requires changes in the modes of the functioning of the and, even, a group of countries can form the in the chapter before. hese categories are: VI 1980 – 2000+ city-port interrelation port and the re-establishment of its links with the city. background for a modern fuel terminal. This – A-type waterfronts, of ancient or (more oten) means that contrary to the 2nd generation of Mediaeval origins, which are the remains of Table 1. Evolutionary stages of the city – port interrelation ports, which were prevalently built in exist- the port structures of the 1st generation. ing port cities, the 3rd generation of ports have Their basic features are: small area strictly Stage Level of the city – port integration Type of port structure Type of waterfront appeared only in a few of old ports. A classical linked to a city (its historic centre), a small 1st generation of port structures example for this is the Gdańsk – Gdynia com- number of large-volume warehouses, and Full integration. Urban and port – located in natural sea or river plex of ports where a modern 3rd-generation a small number of old re-loading devices. structures are strictly interrelated. quays, or on piers – adjusted to Waterfront used as the re-loading I port Port Północny (Northern Port) serves both Due to their location, these areas are usually From ancient time to the early small vessels. area. 20th century Organic and spontaneous develop- cities as much as its reloading capacity permits attractive as prospective marinas, commer- ment of port structures. to do so. hus, many cities can be located within cial, service and accommodation program, A-type waterfront. a single “harbor region”, embracing ports of the along with recreational functions. 2nd generation of port structures th he transfer of the main cargo 1st and 2nd generations; usually, however, there – B-type waterfronts, created in the 19 (or – located in natural or artiicial to the ports of 2nd generation th quays, suitable for various new is a single port of the 3rd generation while dif- early 20 ) century, which are the remains of Separation of port and industrial caused the abandonment of the types of vessels – steam ships. ferent cities have separate terminals of various port structures of the 2nd generation. heir II from purely urban structures. 1st-generation ports, derived from Port development planned by he early 19th to mid 20th century the Middle-Ages, and opened specialization. basic features are: vast area, loosely linked individual (rarely -co-operating) possibilities for the adaptation of he appearance of the 2nd and the 3rd gen- with the historic centre of a city, the lack of entreprises which build complex the area let by the 1st-generation wharfs, warehouses, docks, etc. erations of ports, along with “harbor regions”, the uniformity of the area (mixed port and ports for diferent purposes. fostered the abandonment of old structures, industrial area, including shipyards), a rela- 3rd generation of port struc- B-type waterfront now useless for the new technologies of reload- tively large number of remaining structures tures – developed as specialized Complete separation of port and he shit in cargo processing and ing and transport. These areas – the former and objects, including technical devices, re-loading bases, bulk-cargo and urban structures with an ac- the development of modern types container terminals, linked to port and related post-industrial areas, including warehouses etc. Therefore, these areas are companying return of some port of industry causes the abandon- distribution-logistics centers and former shipyards, – are now being restructured attractive as prospective housing and com- III functions onto the waterfront of ment of the ports of 2nd genera- specialized industry (e.g. reiner- type A (marine tourism, passenger tion. he area freed by abandoned and revitalized. mercial areas (however, they rarely have the ies), economically linked with ships, yachting, etc.) ports can be adapted to new Historically shaped waterfronts, despite simi- city-center character), as well as recreational areas outside the city or region. From the mid 20th c. on functions. he appearance of “harbor larities in their formation in various cities, have or industrial zones. regions”. diferent characteristics which stem from many Both types of waterfronts can be usually found Table 2. Stages of the development of city – port structures factors. First, one should mention their historical within the structure of single harbor city. 54 Lectures and Studies City on Water 55

3. polish harbor cities – alia: the building of new terminals, the develop- Notwithstanding economic issues, includ- the post-socialist transfor- ment of existing structures, etc, are no longer ing regional ones, there is another reason why mations and contemporary the domain of urban planning but, oten, eco- waterfronts have become important for cities. tendencies in the develop- nomic calculation only. he end of the 20th century, has noted a very ment of city and – relation. hus, the relations between a port city and strong tendency to heal the situation of cities he current spatial re-arrangement of port cit- the port itself, have gained new signiicance on with regard to the environment. The created ies results from the decrease in signiicance of the background of the spreading metropolitan concept for sustainable development of cit- mass production based on the so called “fordist character. This particularly pertains to those ies, assumes, among others, the limitation in model”. herefore, the new types of industrial canters whose economic development pre- the expansion of urban developments onto production are not necessarily linked to the viously relied on the sea transport of goods. open spaces and a parallel re-use of already close spatial vicinity to particular factories and Here, one can distinguish three groups of port urbanized areas. At the same time, the neces- are oten carried-out in small and medium-size cities:7 sity for the “recycled” use – the revitalization 1. Structure of Gdańsk harbor in XVIII century. Authors: Piotr Lorens, Barbara Zgórska enterprises using the most advanced tech- – the city as a territorial port – the centre of former urban areas, now derelict. his cat- satellite picture source: www.googlemaps.com nologies.5 As a result, we obtain a progressing of developed industry, using services and egory also embraces waterfronts. hey are also phenomenon of competition between cities and organically linked to port structures; an important element of the new models for the regions, including fight for capital and work – the port city as techno polis – the centre comprehensive coastal management, the main places. his competition reaches now even fur- hosting high technology industry, along task of which is to ensure the conditions for ther – to the level of not only particular cities but with housing and service functions; economic development with the simultaneous “functional regions” which have now become a – the “protective port city” – the centre protection of environmental values. natural module of development.6 Oten, there where the conversion of port-related eco- In result, shaping of contemporary relations is still some competition inside such a module, nomic system failed, hence it lost is previous between a port city and its port is not a simple yet this is a deadly threat to the unity of the economic signiicance. task. Numerous conditions of this process make whole structure, including its position on the Whether a given port city manages to adapt to the scale of possible solutions large; more- world market. its new role and conditions created by interna- over, speciic groups of issues can be variously The processes of metropolitan spreading tional competition depends on many factors. emphasized. Yet, whatever model is adapted, and diferentiation of cities, from the interna- he so called “organizing capacity”, is one of the the problem of shaping (or rather – revitaliza- 2. Structure of Gdańsk harbor in the mid of XXth century. tional to regional scale, has certainly inluenced most important, being deined as “... the ability tion) of the waterfront in a port city remains Authors: Piotr Lorens, Barbara Zgórska the position of port cities and their “harbor to react to changes in external and internal con- one of the chief tasks, instigated by both eco- satellite picture source: www.googlemaps.com regions”. Many of them have been losing their ditions which inluence the position of the entire nomic and environmental urges. signiicance, because of such reasons as: metropolis...”8 One of the manifestations of such – quality changes in the technology of sea ability is the level of being ready to accept and 4. Gdańsk and Gdynia as key transport, realize the projects for the revitalization of the case studies – the decrease in capital turnover related to urban structure, including the waterfront. In he most interesting of these is the case of the the turnover of goods and commodities, many cases, e.g. in Rotterdam, these projects Tri-City Metropolitan Area, including two – the reduction in the functions of ports to are the new impulse for city development and major seaports (Gdańsk and Gdynia) as well as that of cargo re-loading. enhance the city’s attractiveness on the interna- a number of other municipalities. Development Simultaneously, the chief role of the modern tional market of cities and regions. Consequently, of the new infrastructure and logistics connec- sea port has changed in comparison to the the relations between the port and its city, as tions in this area allows further deliberations on structures of the II generation. Now, it is to well as between the city and its waterfont, have the strategies of urban development. hese are safeguard conditions for convenient, quick and become an important factor, oten decisive for associated with substantial urban regeneration safe reloading of goods. Consequently, the spa- the competitiveness of the whole structure, in opportunities as well as with further expansion 3. Developing structure of Gdańsk harbor in XXIst century. Authors: Piotr Lorens, Barbara Zgórska tial and economic decisions related to it, inter the time of spreading metropolis. of the port and transportation structures. satellite picture source: www.googlemaps.com 56 Lectures and Studies City on Water 57

8. Structure of Gdynia harbor in the end of the interwar period. Authors: Piotr Lorens, Barbara Zgórska; satellite picture source: www.googlemaps.com

4. Granary Island redevelopment concept (as per 2006). 5. Aura Park complex (2015). 7. Mixing historic and contemporary structures. New architecture on the waterfront (2015). Authors: Stanisław Fisher et al. Source: author’s own archives Picture credit: Piotr Lorens Picture credit: Piotr Lorens

First projects are already completed, which planned and executed. hese was originally planned as major “waterfront 1. Hall, 1993, p. 12 allows speculation on the potential future of include redevelopment of the 2. Ater: Hoyle, 1998, p. 32 forum”. At the beginning of XXIst century the the other transformation areas. hese specu- Granary Island along with 3. Kochanowski, 1999, p. 285 – 287 idea to use the waterfront of the city as key part lations include possible reversal of the entire banks of the Motława River 4. Richie – Noakes, 1984, p. 11 of its structure and major public spaces was urban development policy, as substantial urban (waterfront of the medieval 5. Jałowiecki, 1999, p. 27 renewed and new plans regarding these sites 6. he issue of shaping the „functional areas” was recognized on the state regeneration areas may become available in origin – type A) as well as level in 2015 along with the special parliamentary act on shaping and were drawn. hese already efected in creation close future.9 In result, the port structures may regeneration of the area of developing these. of irst major housing and commercial build- 7. Jałowiecki, 1999, p. 58 become reconnected to the proper city, and its Gdansk Shipyard – the so- ings, but in store is much bigger concept of 8. van den Berg, Braun, van der Meer, 1997, p.1 9. Structure of Gdynia harbor in the end of XXth century. maritime identity may become reinforced. called Young City (waterfront 9. In fact, this proces was already relected in the on-going discussions and the so-called “Sea-City”. he general schemes Authors: Piotr Lorens, Barbara Zgórska; most probably in close future will be formally recognized in the planning satellite picture source: www.googlemaps.com he speciics of both cities was presented of the XIX-th century origin policy for cities, which at the moment (meaning: end of 2015) is subject presenting these tendencies were presented on on the sequences of following graphics, which – tybe B). he pland and irst of revision. ig. 8-10. present the historic and present evolution of developments taking place REFERENCES both cities. within these areas were pre- van den Berg L., Braun E., van der Meer J.: Metropolitan Organizing Capacity, 5. conclusions In case of Gdańsk, one can discuss the full sented on ig. 4-7. Ashgate, Aldershot, 1997 As it can be derived from the discussed cases, the Hall P. : Waterfronts: A New Urban Frontier, [w]: Bruttomesso R. (red.) sequence of evolving port structures, as well On the contrary, the city Waterfronts. A New Frontier for Cities on Water, Centro Internazionale „Citta evolution of the city-port structure – based on as appearance of both possible types of water- of Gdynia – constructed D’Acqua”, Venice, 1993 both natural development process of the harbor Hoyle B. : Cities and Ports: Development Dynamics at the Port – City fronts. Present transformation of the port and mainly during the interwar Interface, [w]: Bruttomesso R. (red.) Land-Water Intermodal Terminals, and inluenced by the socio-economic transfor- its proposed expansion towards deeper parts of period – does not possess Marsilio, Venice, 1998 mation of the post-socialist cities – can lead to Jałowiecki B. : Współczesne przekształcenia struktury osadniczej I przestrzeni the Gdańsk Bay allow speculation on further the traditional medieval-type miejskiej, [w]: Kołodziejski J., Parteka T. (red.) Cywilizacja informacyjna a major transformation of the development oppor- advancement of the transformation process. of harbor structures. But its przekształcenia przestrzeni. Zmiany strukturalne metropolii polskich, Biuletyn tunities of these agglomerations. Recent changes KPZK PAN, Zeszyt 186, Warszawa, 1999 he evolution of Gdansk port structures was structure includes the so- Kochanowski M. : Miasto I port. Relacje historyczne i współczesne jako in this matter, made within the structure of presented on the diagrams (ig. 1-3). called “city premiere zone”, problem strategii rozwoju miasta, [w]: Kołodziejski J., Parteka T. (red.) Gdańsk and Gdynia, allowed further discussion Cywilizacja informacyjna a przekształcenia przestrzeni. Zmiany strukturalne 10. Future structure of Gdynia harbor in the XXIst century. In result, numerous projects within which plays the role of ele- metropolii polskich, Biuletyn KPZK PAN, Zeszyt 186, Warszawa, 1999 on the expansion of the port structures as well as 6. Young City redevelopment concept (as per year 2000). Authors: Piotr Lorens, Barbara Zgórska; the various parts of the waterfront are gant seaside boulevard and Authors: Sasaki Associates. Source: Synergia 99 sp. z o.o. archives Richie-Noakes N. : Liverpool’s Historic Waterfront, Her Majesty’s Stationery on complex regeneration of urban waterfronts. satellite picture source: www.googlemaps.com Oice, London, 1984 City on Water 59

Anna-Lisa Müller 1. introduction Kunzmann 2005; Peck 2005; Scott 2006), and To understand Florida’s theory and its Urban revitalization strategies imply principles planning strategies to ‘create’ creative cities importance for urban development, it is neces- to transform urban areas. hese principles are have been formulated (Landry 2006; Landry sary to broaden the focus to include the general urban planning paradigms as they are subject 2008). Richard Florida as one of the key igures development of industrialized Western socie- to planning “fashions” (see Streich 2005) and in the debate emphasized the interrelation of ties. Such theories include Daniel Bell’s (1973) green CreAtIve thus to social, political, and economic ide- what he calls the creative class (Florida 2004) theory of the postindustrial society and Peter ologies. herefore, they can also be labeled as and a speciic geography (Florida 2005; for an F. Drucker’s (1993) theory of the post-capitalist programmatic principles. In this paper, urban early version of the concept, see Florida 2002). society. Taking into account these theories helps revitalization strategies are conceptualized as As Florida (2005) argues, the lifestyle of the to explain why Florida’s concepts of the crea- CItIeS. on constitutive parts of the greater planning strat- members of the creative class asks for a set tive class and the creative city are useful tools to egies applied in a city. Such planning strategies of qualities that a place should possess. hese analyze contemporary urban phenomena. aim at inluencing a city’s development, either qualities include the technical infrastructure of ContemporAry in terms of conservation or transformation. a place (“technology” in Florida’s terminology), 2. from post-industrial he formulation of certain planning strategies a suicient number of highly educated people societies to the creative class is a reaction to social, political, and economic (“talent”), and an atmosphere that allows for Florida’s theory of the creative class is closely urbAn developments within a society. Although plan- diverse lifestyles and modes of living (“tol- connected to conceptualizations of what is ning paradigms and the connected strategies erance”) (e.g. Florida 2004, 244ff.). Florida’s called knowledgeable (Lane 1966), post-indus- travel around the world as “traveling concepts” theory is appealing to urban planners and poli- trial (Bell 1973), or post-capitalist (Drucker developmentS (Czarniawska and Sevón 2005), the planning ticians alike as it suggests that the qualities of a 1993) societies.1 he theories of post-industrial strategies applied in a special city have con- place can be subject to planning and designing societies state a considerable increase in (Bell crete characteristics. They can be described according to these demands. But this assump- 1973) professional occupations that deal with In europeAn as locally speciic reactions to – again locally tion is also the point of departure for critique. information and knowledge (Bell 1973, e.g. specific – societal phenomena. This paper his criticism can be divided in two substan- 117). Although all former forms of work – prac- argues that a combination of the paradigms of tial groups: First, as the data derive from the tical, professional, household work – had been port CItIeS sustainability and creativity is currently used US census, the generalization of the indings in need of knowledge, what is new in western- for transforming industrial port cities into is questioned (e.g. Hoyman and Faricy 2009). industrialized societies in the second half of the creative sustainable cities (Müller 2013). Based Second, the ability to plan creative processes, 20th century is the kind of knowledge required. on empirical data from the cities of Dublin i.e. the ‘planability’ of the creative ‘moment’, is It is not so much implicit, embodied knowledge (Ireland) and Gothenburg (Sweden), I show denied (e.g. Pratt 2010). as it was necessary for agricultural farming or that the sustainability paradigm is combined Despite the critique, Florida’s theory is for industrial machine work in factories. It is with the creative city paradigm to revitalize important for urban researchers for two rea- rather the knowledge and technological skills inner-city quarters in port cities. his revitaliza- sons: (1) It takes into account the interrelation gained in years of education and training. It is tion strategy is part of a greater urban planning of a city and its users in emphasizing that cities not to be able to make things work, but to have strategy. It includes a focus on the creative class are not just places to live – but places to live a an understanding of why and how things work (Florida 2004) and aims at integrating the old in speciic form of life. (2) As the theory was grate- – in theory and in practice. the new, both in architectural and social terms. fully taken up and applied by city planners Based on the theories of the post-industrial With this, it tries to be an integrative urban worldwide, it had an apparent efect on practi- society, Manual Castells (1996) stressed the revitalization strategy. cal city planning and thus on cities themselves. importance of information (e.g. Castells, 1996, In recent years, creativity as urban plan- herefore, it is interesting to study the theory’s 204). It is this move that led to the notion of ning paradigm has been widely discussed (e.g. impact on the material and social structures of informational society, a term that is now oten Landry and Bianchini 1995; Florida 2002; cities that themselves are part of a particular used synonymously with knowledge society. Florida 2005; Landry 2008; for a critique see society. On the shoulders of these giants (Merton 1965), 60 Lectures and Studies City on Water 61

Richard Florida published the by now widely conditions in which they are applied or criticize the Irish and the Swedish society, with a par- This form of documentation accompanied received book he Rise of the Creative Class in what is to their mind a lack of empirical basis of ticular focus on the situations in Dublin and my observation as temporary citizen, and the 2002. In this book, he elaborates on what he had Florida’s work. I tie my paper to those studies Gothenburg. pictures taken served as visual ield notes. Later worked on before: the growing importance of that are based on research on the efects that (1) Interviews: The interviews were con- in the course of research, I took advantage of the creativity for people’s occupations and lives and the emergence of these theories have on actual ducted as qualitative, semi-structured expert value of these pictures beyond sheer illustration. the interrelation of place and people (Florida city planning (e.g. Atkinson and Easthope 2009; interviews. I interviewed both city planners I used them as a systematic way to document 2002). Based on statistical data from the US, he Martí-Costa and Miquel 2012; Peck 2012). My working in the two case study cities and mem- the city’s actual condition and the materialized stated the emergence of a new social group: the focus is on the effects which local city plan- bers of the creative class who lived and worked and thus visible expressions of urban plan- creative class. he creative class was, according ning strategies have on port cities’ built and in Dublin and Gothenburg. he interviewees ning. Additionally, based on my observations to Florida, characterized by a speciic way of life social environments if the planning paradigms were experts in two senses: On the one hand, and the knowledge gained from the interviews that asked for a certain environment – physically of creativity and sustainability are applied. In and this specifically applied to the city plan- and the analysis of the planning documents, and socially. Florida coined the notion of the this context, I understand the theories of the ners, they were experts in their ield of work. I identiied central places of transformation and 3 T that characterizes a successful – i.e. attractive creative class, the creative city and the planning Working professionally in the ield of planning documented them photographically. – place: technology, talent, and tolerance. While paradigms of creativity and of sustainability as the city, they were experts concerning the city’s (4) Content Analysis: In order to analyze the irst T belongs more to the physical and spa- “traveling concepts” (Czarniawska and Joerges planning strategies and their implementation how the planning authorities plan to develop tial environment, the latter two Ts belong to what 1996; Czarniawska 2005). his makes it possi- and realization. On the other hand, all inter- the cities and how they conceptualize the cities’ I want to call social environment. Florida stresses ble to emphasize the local peculiarities of the viewees were experts in inhabiting the chosen future shape, I collected all planning documents the fact that, according to his data, members of planning approaches used by connecting them city: Working and living in a city give people available and applied content analysis to these the creative class tend to settle where other well to the global phenomenon of planning cities a speciic perspective on what the city is like, documents. he documents included planning educated people live (talent) and where an open according to these paradigms. on its physical and spatial form, its atmosphere strategies, documentations of their implemen- atmosphere characterizes social interactions and on its advantages and shortcomings. his tation, revised strategies, and documentations (tolerance). These “creative centers” (Florida 3. data and methods role as experts of city life was interesting to me, of citizens’ objections. Applying content analy- 2005, 44) are better able to attract the creative To explore the characteristics of creative city too, because it provided additional insights into sis, I analyzed the documents on the basis of my class as new work forces and inhabitants than planning and its impact on cities, I conducted the city on different levels of society (work, pre-formulated research questions. places possessing only some or none of the 3T. two case studies: one in Dublin, the capital of leisure, everyday life, etc.). I also applied this method to visual archive It is this notion of “creative centers” or “creative the Republic of Ireland, and one in Gothenburg, (2) Observation: In order to understand material which was the ith set of data. I selected cities” that made Florida’s theory so appealing to the second biggest city in Sweden. To analyze the cities’ implicit structures, their functioning, a time frame ranging from 1950 to the 1980s, as city planners and city oicials alike. he theory the cities, I used a combination of qualitative and the interrelation of built environment and these were the times of fundamental industrial seemed to promise a fairly easy way to trans- and quantitative data. social interactions, I applied the ethnographic and social changes in Dublin and Gothenburg. form cities from “Nerdistans” (Florida 2005, method of observation. I term it observation as Using the central places of transformation that 44) or derelict industrial places – like former 3.1 Qualitative data & methods temporary citizen (Müller 2012) as it comprises I had identiied before as starting point for my industrial port areas – to prospering towns and In the course of my empirical research, I applied elements of participant and non-participant search, I searched through national and local cities, even regions. four different methods of qualitative social observation. As temporary citizen, I lived in the archives for pictures and picture postcards A number of studies on the impact of the research to get ive diferent sets of qualitative two cities for several weeks in a row, adapting of these places. Applying Douglas Harper’s theory of the creative class on urban planning data. he methods implied (1) semi-structured a way of using the cities and behaving in the method of rephotographing (Harper, 1988, 62), and cities have been published (see for exam- interviews with urban planners and members of cities comparable to the locals’. I recorded the I used pictures of present and past conditions ple Atkinson and Easthope 2009; Bontje and the creative class, (2) observation as temporary impressions and insights gained during the of the same place to visualize transformations. Musterd 2009; Hospers 2003; Lange 2007; citizen of the cities, (3) photographic docu- observation in ield notes which I later used as By contrasting the pictures in such a way, con- Merkel 2009). They acknowledge that the mentation, and (4) content analysis of planning complements for other data. stancies and transformations became visually theories of the creative class and the creative documents and archive material respectively. (3) Photographic documentation: Being con- manifest. In addition, the archives provided city have entered the ields of urban planning Additionally, I used CENSUS data to describe fronted with a plenitude of visual impressions, me with valuable visual information on the past and city branding and study either the local general economic and social characteristics of I decided for photographic documentation. shape and design of the cities. 62 Lectures and Studies City on Water 63

3.2 Quantitative data underwent substantial changes, both in eco- growing amount of money was invested in the share of households with access to a PC rose In order to understand general trends in the nomic and in social terms. From the 1990s research and development (R&D): From 2003 from 2002 to 2006 (39.1% to 51.8%), the share development of the societies, I used CENSUS onwards, Ireland experienced an economic to 2009, the share of spending in the education of households with access to internet sunk in data from the Central Statistics Oice Ireland, boom, inding its expression in the connotation sector rose from 1.17% to 1.79%. he number of the same time period (30% to 26.8%).6 the Swedish Statistiska Centralbyrån and from ‘Celtic tiger’ to describe the state’s massive eco- households with access to internet rose as well: Using Florida’s concept of the creative class, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation nomic growth in analogy to the so-called Asian From 2000 to 2010, the share of households with the share of the creative class in the rate of and Development (OECD). he data comprised tigers Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, internet connection rose from 10.4% to 71.7% overall employees in Ireland is 26.01% in 2000 information on the demographic and economic and Taiwan (see Breathnach 1998). he conse- in Ireland, with this being among the average of (Florida and Tinagli 2004, 14), with a growth situation in the two countries and in the two quences for the city of Dublin were an increase OECD countries. A similar development can be rate of more than 7% since 1995, being the cities in particular as well as on the develop- in multinational companies like Google, Dell or observed for the share of households who have highest rate of all countries analyzed in the ments of the situation. In general, the data IBM locating in the Irish capital. access to a personal computer: In 2000, it was study (Florida and Tinagli 2004, 15). Table 1 served as background information to better 32.4%, raising to 76.5% in 2010. he numbers and table 2 show a summary of the quantitative explain the phenomena observed in the cities the socio-economic situation for Dublin City are not consistent though: As data presented above. of Dublin and Gothenburg. As the case stud- in dublin ies were conducted between 2008 and 2009, the Concerning the situation of labor and employ- Ireland (2006) Dublin (2006) latest available data for both cities at that time ment in Dublin, the distribution of people inhabitants 4 240 000 506 211 were used. his means that the data presented working in the diferent sectors has changed in here picture two cities of the nearby past. the last decades: In 1970, 48.28% of the work- Share of immigrants 14.20% 16.70% force was employed in the services sector, in Unemployment rate 4.50% 9.10% 5 Share of inhabitants with bachelor 4. the case studies 2007 it was a share of 64.76%. his develop- 30.80% 24.90% 4.1 case study dublin ment was accompanied by a massive decline degree or higher he chosen city for collecting empirical data of people working in the agrarian sector (from Population density -- 4 300 inhabitants/km2 was Dublin, and from 2008-2009, I spent nine 16.89% to 1.66%) and, to a smaller degree, in Population growth (1991-2011) -- +23.90% weeks there altogether. he city of Dublin is an the industrial sector (from 35.7% to 33.57%). Employees in service sector -- 64.30% old port city of approximately 500 000 inhab- he latter remained comparatively strong and Growth rate of share of service sector on GDP 5.70% -- itants in the city’s core and about 1.5 million hit a peak during 1998 and 2002 when the num- Growth rate of share of industrial 6.20% -- people living within the city’s boundaries. bers oscillated between 40.6% and 42.4%. sector on GDP Dublin is the capital of the Republic of Ireland, A general social and societal efect of the Growth rate of share of agrarian -10.60% -- a country with a mostly catholic population, economic growth was a reversal of the migra- sector on GDP a long tradition as agrarian and poor society tion process: Ireland with its tradition as Rate of households with internet access 50% 26.80% and a short phase of liberal economic policy emigration country now became a country in recent years. he climate in Ireland is mod- of immigration. In Dublin, the percentage of Table 1. Socio-economic data for Ireland and Dublin, 2006 2 erate, but characterized by frequent rainfall, non-Irish inhabitants grew from 6.2% to 16.7% Unemployment rate 1977 2002 2006 a fact that is important for all questions of city from 2002 to 2007, with people from Poland 13.7% (Ireland, no data 3 9.2% 9.1% planning and design. being the second-biggest group of immigrants available for Dublin) th In the course of the 20 century, the Irish (after those from the United Kingdom). The Share of employees in 1970 2007 society developed from an industrial to a past decades also had a considerable efect on services sector postindustrial, knowledge-based society (see the level of education of the inhabitants. Today, 48.28% 64.76% Bell 1973; Drucker 1993). In 1973, the Republic 30.5% of people aged 25-64 have a university Share of creative class 2000 2006 of Ireland joined the European Union (EU) degree, a rate comparable to countries like the Dublin, share of creative and up until 2006, got subsidies of about 39.4 Netherlands (30.2%), Sweden (30.5%), and 26.01% (Ireland, no data available for Dublin) industries: 10% million Euro.4 During this period, the country Switzerland (29.9%). Additionally, a continually Table 2. Development of workforce in Dublin over time 64 Lectures and Studies City on Water 65

As the data show, Ireland’s development was economic importance, and the number of pas- government, and legal and social institutions. a success story until 2008. he inancial crisis, sengers cleared, Ireland’s most important port It is subordinated to the Dublin City Council hitting its preliminary peak in 2008,7 had major (Bennett 2005, 80). But the port and its physical and formulates the programmatic urban devel- consequences for Ireland and Dublin. he gross environment has also undergone major changes: opment strategy. his strategy is, in contrast to domestic product (GDP) decreased in 2008 As it continued to grow, it was moved out of the the city development plan, valid for ten years. and 2009 while at the same time the national inner city, where it was formerly located, and Additionally, there are several so-called Area unemployment rate increased up to 13.7% in closer towards the seaside, leaving the former Action Plans, formulated by the Dublin City 2010, the highest rate since 1994. In 2007, i.e. dockyards empty. hus, the former port area is Council, that comprise of detailed planning just before the crisis’ peak, the unemployment now one of the central areas of transformation strategies for selected parts of the city. hese rate in Ireland had only been 4.6%. he data of in Dublin. areas can, but do not have to be identical to the Dublin show higher numbers than the coun- The river Liffey runs through the city administrative quarters of the city. he quarters try’s average, but the development as such is the in East-West-direction, dividing Dublin in of Dublin also have district administrative bod- same. According to this data, we have to talk a Northern and a Southern part, not only in 1. Location of selected ies. hese do not only address aspects of urban about a Celtic tiger being in poor health.8 geographic, but also in social terms. he attri- quarters in Dublin, Ireland development, but also the identiication of the © www.visitdublin.com An observation can be made that adds butions of the “poorer” Northern part and the (May 12th, 2013), author's emphasis quarters’ inhabitants with the respective area, a qualitative dimension to the quantitative data “richer” Southern part have historic origins, [...] kinda turned it’s back on the river, y’know. for example by encouraging them to participate presented: he city of Dublin was and still is and they have dug themselves in the collective It’s a very Irish thing, the river was a functional in community life. confronted with the situation that a consid- memory of Dublin’s inhabitants. Although the thing, not an amenity, so that’s what we’re work- As I selected three quarters for the analy- erable number of people participating in the socio-economic reason for this attribution is ing to address. (DDDA1, paragr. 1; 15) sis presented in this paper, the institutions in economic and social boom faces a notable vanishing today, it has concrete physical and Next to the North-South division caused by charge of the district planning are: he Dublin number of people who cannot participate in social efects: Both parts of the city have their the river, the inner city of Dublin has several Docklands Development Authority, he Digital the city’s and the country’s (economic) growth. own city centers, and the division inluences distinct quarters that form the city in a promi- Hub Development Agency, and the Temple Bar Observing city life in Dublin thus means to see the everyday practices of the inhabitants, as an nent way. In this paper, I focus on three main Cultural Trust. he role of the latter difers to numerous, oten homeless, people begging in interviewee describes: hat’s the big thing, it’s inner city quarters: he Liberties, Temple Bar, the other institutions as it focuses mainly on the streets, literally opposite rich people. the North and South. I don’t tend to cross the and the Docklands.10 he former two are located aspects of arts and culture and not so much Lifey too much, from time to time we might have south of the Lifey, the latter stretches across the on planning and designing the physical envi- socio-geographic characteristics a client over there, but [...] I would never go there river. Figure 1 shows their location in the city ronment. In all three cases, there is a direct of dublin [to the North, ALM] to shop or have a cofee or of Dublin. connection to the (party politically organized) With an inner city area of approximately 117 go for a drink, no, and the only reason that would Dublin City Council that delegates members to km2, Dublin is quite densely populated (4300 bring me over there would be business or some- city planning in dublin each of theses institutions. hus, it can, at least inhabitants/km2). In 2006, 27.99% of the Irish thing very speciic, but otherwise, no, I don’t ever In Dublin, several institutions are responsible indirectly, inluence the institutions’ work. population lived in the greater Dublin area, cross the Lifey ((laughing)). I’m a Southsider, for the local city planning strategies and their with 11.93% of the Irish population living in [...] So I’ll always stick to the South [...] I’m just realization. The Dublin City Council and the 4.2 case study Gothenburg Dublin City.9 a Southsider and don’t tend to go across the Lifey Dublin City Development Board are the most With slightly more than 500,000 inhabitants,11 Dublin is located at Ireland’s East coast y’know (CCD1, paragr. 171-182). prominent, being responsible for the planning Gothenburg is Sweden’s second biggest city, at the Irish Sea, close to the St. George canal, A planning oicial in Dublin describes the on a city-wide level. he former is the demo- located at the West coast of the country. Like the water route to Great Britain. This makes role of the river for the local communities and cratically elected administration body of the city Dublin, it is a port city with a long tradition Dublin being an important port and trading the resultant challenges for the planning author- and the editor of the Dublin City Development as trading place.12 Sweden is a country with a city. Traditionally, trading with overseas and ities as follows: [Communities] north and south Plan, which is valid for a period of six years. long tradition as agrarian and industrial soci- European markets played an important role for of the Lifey [feel] that they are, you know, very The latter is an institution that is explicitly ety, historically having many enterprises in the both the country’s and the city’s economy and distinct and diferent. [...] So the river’s a huge designated for aspects of city development. automobile and shipping industries as well as in job market. Today, the port is, based on freight, thing and, y’know, traditionally in Dublin the city Its members are representatives of the local the timber industry. 66 Lectures and Studies City on Water 67

the socio-economic situation sector, the share of employees was 22.40% in Sweden (2006) Gothenburg (2006) in Gothenburg 1996, reaching its lowest point in history in inhabitants 9,081,000 489,757 In 1995, the country joined the European 2008 with 19.50%. Share of immigrants 12.90% 20.50% Union, but continues to have its own currency. The population structure in Gothenburg Unemployment rate 7.10% 4.10% As biggest port city in the country, can be compared to that of Dublin. he city’s Gothenburg was strongly afected by the crisis population is growing in numbers, as does the Share of inhabitants with bachelor degree or higher 30.50% 16.30% of the shipyard industry in the 1980s. his lead country’s. Gothenburg’s population growth is Population density ca. 20 inhabit./km2 2,600 inhabit./km2 to a shit in the economic structure of the city: part of a general development of urban growth Population growth (1991-2011) +9.40% +23.90% Today, enterprises from the IT- and electronic as in Sweden.13 In 2011, 22.80% of Gothenburg’s Share of employees in service sector 76.50% 78.50% well as the automobile industries are key drivers 520,374 inhabitants were foreign-born. The Growth rate of share of service sector on GDP 0.60% -- of Gothenburg’s economic development. share of immigrants grew continuously from Growth rate of share of industrial sector on GDP 4.00% -- In Sweden, the economic situation is histori- 2006 to 2011, ater having sunken slowly in the Growth rate of share of agrarian sector on GDP 11.00% -- cally very diferent to the situation in Ireland. In period from 1998-2005. 1977, the unemployment rate was 1.80%; ater he share of inhabitants with a university Rate of households with internet access 77.40% -- a period with a rising unemployment rate, the degree (bachelor or higher) was 42.30% among Table 3. Socio-economic data for Sweden and Gothenburg, 2006 rate declined again until reaching 1.80% in the the 16-74 years old in 2008. Since 1985, this rate end of the 1980s. In 1993, the rate rose abruptly has risen continuously by a parallel stagnation Unemployment rate 1977 1999 2006 to 9.00%, having a peak in 1997 with 9.90%. or even decline of the rates for lower levels of 1.8% (Sweden, no data 9.90% 4.10% Between 1999 and 2008, the unemployment education. available for Gothen- rate varied between 5.60% in 2000 and 7.70% he inancial support of the R&D sector is burg) in 2005, then rising again to 6.30% (2008) and higher in Sweden than in Ireland: From 2003 to Share of employees in 1970 2007 8.4% (2010). 2009, its share in the GDP was between 3.80% services sector In Gothenburg, the situation since 2000 is (2003) and 3.40% (2007). he last available data 48.28% 64.76% more stable: From 2003 to 2007, the share of is for 2009 and was 3.60%. Share of creative class 2000 2006 unemployed inhabitants decreased from 5.10% The share of households with internet 21.18% (Sweden, no data available for Gothenburg) Gothenburg, share of creative to 2.90%. From 2008 to 2010, the rate increased connection is not available for the city of class: 42.04% again, reaching a rate of 4.20% in 2010 by hav- Gothenburg; for the region of Gothenburg, Table 4. Development of workforce in Gothenburg over time ing a peak in 2009 with 5.20%. One reason it was 88.00% in 2007, showing a continuous for this development seemed to be the global growth line since 1995.14 socio-geographic characteristics are fantastic, the big port that is now located a bit economic crisis, its effects being especially In Sweden, the share of the creative class in of Gothenburg more outside, that is enormous. […] he hills are noticeable throughout Europe in 2009. the total number of employment was 21.18% Gothenburg is located at Sweden’s west coast also part of the Gothenburgian. And the wide- Sweden’s GDP rose continually since the in 2000. With a growth rate of just under and has several ferry connections to Denmark, ness. he rather light building structure. […] It is beginning of the records. In 2009, it dropped, +2.00% from 1998-2000, Sweden was third Germany and Poland. The container port is rather small-scaled. (GSB3, paragr. 136-142) but rose again in 2010. The share of people behind Ireland and he Netherlands (Florida situated out of the city to the East, whereas the his speciic building structure, described employed in the services sector was 74.80% and Tinagli 2004, 14f.). Taking Florida’s indi- port for passenger transport is situated rather as “small-scaled”, also finds its expression in in 1996 and has since continually risen until ces as basis, the members of the creative class close to the city center. With an area of 198 km2, the interviewees’ repeated statements that 79.50% in 2008. he share of employees in the account for a share of 42.04% in Gothenburg’s Gothenburg is a city with a rather large area. In Gothenburg is a “small big city” and “a big small agrarian and industrial sector remained com- total number of employment. With these num- 2011, almost 2630 inhabitants lived per square city on its way to becoming a small big city” paratively stable during this period: he former bers, Gothenburg ranks tenth of Swedish cities meter in Gothenburg – with this, the city is a lot (GSB1, paragr. 104). shrank from 0.23% in 1996 to 0.19% in 2002 (Tinagli et al. 2007, 13).15 less densely inhabited than Dublin. his little Next to its history as port city and its build- before rising to 0.24% (2004) and then shrink- Table 3 and table 4 show a summary of the density leads an inhabitant to characterize the ing structure, Gothenburg is characterized by a ing again (0.20% in 2008). In the industrial quantitative data presented above. city as follows: he seafaring city and the port rather huge river. he river Göta Älv divides the 68 Lectures and Studies City on Water 69

city in two parts. Like in Dublin, the Northern Detailjplaner. his includes aspects concerning but connected authorities like Älvstranden part is traditionally poorer, the Southern part the building law and plans on where and how Utveckling AB, an incorporated company, con- traditionally richer. Here, almost all adminis- to erect buildings in certain plots. trolled by the municipality, and responsible for trative oices are located. Comparable to the The body responsible for realizing the the development of the area on both sides of situation in Dublin, the river produces a spatial plans is not Stadsbyggnadskontoret itself, the river, including the former port. he man- division with social consequences: according agement of these bodies is strongly connected to the narrative, the Northern part, including Ireland Sweden to local politics as several party-political rep- the district Hisingen with the former shipyards, Dublin Gothenburg resentatives are part of the management level. is the area of the working poors’ quarter and When it comes to the development of selected inhabitants 4,240,000 506,211 9,081,000 489,757 the Southern part of the wealthy’s districts. An buildings, other private actors like architects interviewee describe it like this: “Traditionally, Share of immigrants 14.20% 16.70% 12.90% 20.50% and owners are involved in the development if you were raised in Gothenburg, then Hisingen Unemployment rate 4.50% 9.10% 7.10% 4.10% processes as well. A special case in terms of […] was a second class-environment […]. [But] Share of inhabitants with 30.80% 24.90% 30.50% 16.30% administrative and management structure is this tends to vanish now.” (GLSP1, Abs. 82; 86) university degree (Bachelor Gothenburg’s technology park: Lindholmen Similar to the case of Dublin, we can iden- degree or higher) Science Park. Similar to Älvstranden Utveckling tify certain districts in Gothenburg that are of Population density ca. 50 inhabit./ 4,300 inhabit./ ca. 20 inhabit./ 2,600 inhabit./ AB, it is an incorporated company. But its special interest when analyzing the city’s con- km2 km2 km2 km2 shareholder are municipal and private actors as temporary development. hese are: the former the physical (re-)design of the design. Diferent 2. Location of selected districts Share of employees 69.00% 64.30% 76.50% 78.50% well as the Chalmers University of Technology, a in Gothenburg, Sweden in services sector port area Norra Älvstranden, Kvillebäcken as to the Dublin City Development Plan, there is no © www.hitta.se (May 13th, 2013), author's emphasis foundation university. well as Haga. he former two are located north ixed time frame for which the plan applies, but Growth rate of share of 5.70% -- 0.60% -- As I selected three quarters from Gothenburg of the Göta Älv, the latter is situated south of the only a date from which the plan is valid. It also services sector in GDP for my analysis, the institutions in charge of the river close to the city center, igure 2 shows their mediates between the local and the national Growth rate of share of 6.20% -- 4.00% -- district planning are: Stadsbyggnadskontoret, location in the city of Gothenburg. level as it integrates certain planning strategies industrial sector in GDP Älvstranden Utveckling AB, and the Lindholmen agreed upon on the Swedish national level and Growth rate of share of -10.60% -- 11.00% -- Science Park. agrarian sector in GDP city planning in Gothenburg formulated in documents called Riksinteressen. Planning in Gothenburg comprises of two In this sense, the Översiktsplan is a program- Share of households with 50.00% 26.80% 77.40% -- 4.3 comparing dublin and Gothenburg internet connection parts: strategies and projects directed at the matic document. An urban planner, working at in socio-economic terms whole city and strategies and projects aiming Stadsbyggnadskontoret, describes the political Table 5. Ireland and Sweden in quantitative comparison, year 2006 The differences and similarities between the at certain districts. Diferent to Dublin, these dimension of the Översiktsplan as follows: he two cities are striking. Having gone through districts have own administrative bodies to Översiktsplan is something that ought to point very different socio-economic developments Dublin Gothenburg deal with district-speciic aspects of develop- the way forwards, therewith you could well call during the last century, the cities and their ment. For planning projects on the city-level, it a political plan. [it states, ALM] what we want Unemployment rate IE1 1977 2002 2006 1977 1997 2008 countries shared a comparatively similar situa- the Stadsbyggnadskontoret is the responsible with Gothenburg. And what we want to do with 13.70% 9.20% 9.10% 1.80% 9.90% 6.30% tion concerning their employment structure at st administrative authority. In addition to an a city or a municipality. […] It is a political steer- Share of employees 1970 2007 1996 2008 the beginning of the 21 century. With a simi- urban planning department, a certain amount ing instrument that quasi has inluence on our in services sector lar number of inhabitants, a comparable share 48.28% 64.76% 74.80% 79.50% of elected, party-political representatives who work. (GSB2, Abs. 21; 33) of immigrants, and a share of employees in the regularly meet are related to this authority. In addition, detailed descriptions of the Population growth Dublin City 1991-2011: +23.90% Gbg Kommun 1990-2010: +18.64% services sector of above 60.00%, the situation he most important document development redesign strategies are formulated in a docu- Share of creative Sweden Gothen- is supposedly similar. But a comparison of the Ireland Dublin 2006 2 in the Stadsbyggnadskontoret is the city’s master ment called Stadsbygnadskvaliteter, which is class, year 2000 burg development of the data over time shows how plan, called Översiktsplan. his plan comprises not equal to, but comparable to design guide- 26.01% Share of creative indus- 21.18% 42.04% diferent the societies are in fact. tries: 10.00% the overarching visions for the municipality’s lines. On the basis of this plan, even more Table 5 and 6 show a comparison of the two development and represents the framework for details on the design are formulated in so-called Table 6. he socioeconomic development of Dublin and Gothenburg in comparison case studies in socio-economic terms over time. 70 Lectures and Studies City on Water 71

Ater this presentation of the methods used, variety of planning strategies. hus, it is used Here, creativity is understood by planners spaces16 of work: “we’re certainly taking advan- the data on which I base my indings, and the for very different strategies in very different and workers alike as technological-innovative tage of the infrastructure that’s here already, [...] case studies Dublin and Gothenburg, I am now districts. Additionally, combining them en- way of problem solving and producing objects. the other thing I would say is that there is cer- going to present selected results of my research ables the planning authorities to realize a more Additionally, the representatives of the plan- tainly some innovation in terms of the way those on the characteristics of urban planning by inclusive planning strategy. his combination ning authority in charge, the Digital Hub buildings are being used, and the way they’re using the planning paradigm of creativity. of creativity and sustainability as planning Development Authority, emphasize the sustain- designed to be used [...] because certainly, as an paradigms leads me to term the thus emerging able characteristic of their planning approach: agency, we’re striking a balance between trying 5. findinGs type of city Green Creative City. C: the campus of the Digital Hub that is fun- to create economically viable infrastructure, and Analyzing the way in which the creativity In the next sections, I am going to describe damentally connected to a very dynamic, very infrastructure that tries to facilitate the cluster- paradigm is used in Dublin’s city planning the planning strategies and their impacts on the inspirational local community, is a much more ing and the collaboration that needs to go on” strategies, we find that the understanding of physical and social environments of the city. I sustainable campus [...] and to do a number of (DDH2, paragr. 671-681, author’s emphasis). creativity is twofold. Creativity is understood exemplify this by three selected districts in Dublin: things that are connected together, and because With this, the planners acknowledge the as (1) an aesthetic-cultural and as (2) a techno- he Liberties, Temple Bar, and the Docklands. our thoughts are that it’s the connection of these urban environment that is already existent and logical-innovative way of creating (material and individual things together, that will create the use it as basis for their future-oriented plan- immaterial) objects. he two understandings 5.1 the liberties: technological dynamic environment that will be attractive to ning strategies that aim at creating a cluster of of creativity, conceptualized as ideal types in creativity and sustainability industry, that will be inspirational to research, people working in the technology sector. he a Weberian sense (see Weber 1985), represent The inner-city quarter The Liberties is home and that will connect a community, in such a physical environment is thus combined with two poles of a continuum. The understand- of a new-build technology cluster, he Digital way as to create some sort of sustainable future the socio-economic environment. Additionally, ing of creativity on the city level is broad and Hub. he cluster’s objective is to attract and to for all. [...] B: there is a premise that the Digital understanding he Digital Hub as part of the unspeciic, but on the district level, the under- host a variety of small, medium-sized, and big Hub will be economically sustainable (DDH2, creative city strategy and interpreting its cre- standing of creativity employed is substantiated companies from the ield of IT- and digital tech- paragr. 555-703, author’s emphasis). ating as a sustainable urban planning strategy and difers depending on the district and the nology. In the buildings of the former Guinness he creation of a technology cluster is put in is a way to (rhetorically) connect the creativ- strategies used. brewery, a protected building, oice spaces are context with the community living in the district. ity paradigm with the sustainability paradigm. he second inding is that creativity is com- created that can be rented for varying periods 3. he outward appearance of the former It is anticipated that the cluster will have an efect Finally, the planners understand the technology Guinness brewery buildings, today he bined with a second urban planning paradigm: of time. Figure 3 shows the outward appearance Digital Exchange, Crane Street, Dublin on the local community in he Liberties by focus- cluster as a means to transform the area in a sustainability. By using this paradigm in a three- of the building of the former brewery, igure 4 © Simon Crowe 2012 ing on the economic development of the area. sustainable way – sustainable in three respects: 4. he interior design of the Digital fold way – as economic, ecological, and social shows the interior of one part of The Digital Depot, homas Street, Dublin 2007 In this case, economic sustainability is combined “the goal is to create [...] an enterprise cluster sustainability –, it is possible to apply it for a Hub, located close by the brewery’s building- © Digital Hub Development Agency with a technological-innovative understand- [...] that in fact will have a signiicant economic ing of creativity. In addition, the development impact here, and that will actually help to drive project has a socially sustainable dimension as the regeneration of this area [...], socially [...], it is thought to “connect a community” and to economically and physically” (DDH2, paragr. improve the community’s situation. 60f., author’s emphasis). Fostering the economic development by To sum up, we can say that he Liberties is a attracting IT enterprises to open a new field district in Dublin where the creativity paradigm of work for employees is only one aspect of is applied to create a technology cluster, thus the planning strategies. Looking closer at the understanding creativity in a technologically- strategies applied, we see that the ecological innovative sense. Creativity is then combined dimension of sustainability is also present: Old with sustainability as planning paradigm that buildings like the former Guinness brewery serves as basis for an integrative development are used for new work spaces. he conversion strategy. With this, the technology cluster is of existing buildings and “infrastructure”, as conceptualized as a means to transform the area an interviewee puts it, is a way to create new economically, ecologically, and socially. 72 Lectures and Studies City on Water 73

5.2 temple bar: cultural creativity process. As the port’s original designation is no paradigms and are combined with each other to By adding a new usage of the built environ- and sustainability longer valid, the planning authorities’ concepts allow for a more integrative planning strategy. ment, the planners attempt to tie the planning In Temple Bar, Dublin’s cultural quarter, the comprise a mixed-use in the area. he planning Based on these findings, it is thus no longer of the new to a grown identity of Dublin as port emphasis is on a socially sustainable approach objectives here are transforming the Docklands possible to talk solely about the creative city. city and to its speciic local culture (Warsewa that is combined with an understanding of to a place for working, spending leisure time, Rather, planning institutions aim at what I want 2014, 418). In the course of this development, creativity in an aesthetic-cultural sense. Using and living. Industrial occupations are replaced to call the Green Creative City (Müller 2013). the working port of industrial times becomes a Temple Bar’s history as Dublin’s cultural quar- by enterprises of creative class occupations like Its characteristics and an illustrative example working port of post-industrial times, adding ter, the planning strategies have a strong notion Google, an IT enterprise, or McCannFitzgerald, are presented in the following. a usage as living port (Warsewa 2010, 380f.). of conservation. Diferent to he Digital Hub a law firm. The Docklands as living place are In this sense, the planning strategies have (1) with its re-use of the Guinness brewery, the designed for diferent life styles, trying to allow 6.1. the characteristics of a socially sustainable dimension because they buildings in Temple Bar are taken as symbols of for the fact that the ways how people want to live the Green creative city acknowledge the people’s emotionally laden a past that has to be conserved both physically changed during the past decades. his implies An important characteristic of this particular bond to the city’s port area. They have (2) a and substantially. Figure 5 shows how selected creating lats of diferent sizes and with varying planning approach is the re-use of (protected) physically sustainable dimension because they building structures are preserved and renovated infrastructure, for example for families, single- 5. Comparison of facades, Temple Lane South, Dublin, 1984 buildings. In general, old buildings, serving respect the value of the built environment. © National Photographic Archive, and 2008, © Anna-Lisa Müller in Temple Bar. person or 2-persons households, the elderly etc. as symbols for the city’s industrial past, are Therefore, the urban regeneration approach herefore, the planning authority supports This approach is explicitly expressed by renovated and combined with new buildings even has a notion of architectural and histori- artists and cultural initiatives in the quarter in the Dublin City Council when they formulate to form an architectural and spatial image of cal sustainability. terms of infrastructure and inancial assistance. the planning objective as to achieve a “sus- Dublin as a city with a future that is rooted in To sum up, by creating new buildings With this, they target at preserving the quar- tainable social and economic regeneration of an industrial past. In the case that the build- (ecological sustainability) for both ‘old’ and ter’s image as cultural quarter. Additionally, area” (Dublin City Council 2005, 9). his also ings are protected, like the Guinness brewery ‘new’ inhabitants (social sustainability) and their strategy has a socially sustainable dimen- includes the re-use of existing infrastructure like in The Liberties, this is due to legal reasons: work space for growing industries like the sion as the structural support by the planning the general structure of the Docklands. Figure 6 he buildings have inevitably to be integrated knowledge-intensive industries (economic sus- authority makes it possible for artists and cul- illustrates how old structures of the port are still in the re-structuring of the quarters. In other tainability), the planning strategies in Dublin tural initiatives to use a certain infrastructure to visible in today’s redesigned Dublin Docklands. cases, the decision to re-use existing buildings address all three dimensions of sustainability. afordable conditions. To sum up, Temple Bar is Comparable to the strategies employed in he is rooted in a sustainable planning approach: he importance of this planning paradigm is an example for an urban planning strategy that Liberties, but on a larger scale, the re-use of the It is economically sustainable to use existing formulated by the City Council: “his develop- combines cultural creativity with social sus- existing physical environment is also a means of infrastructure, it is ecologically sustainable not ment plan sets out a new approach to meet the tainability and thus represents a second facet transforming the Docklands in an ecologically 6. Comparison of structure of parts of the Dublin Docklands, 1988 to use additional construction material, and it needs and aspirations of the citizens of Dublin of planning a “creative sustainable city” (DCC2, sustainable way. © Irish Architectural Archive, and 2008 © Anna-Lisa Müller is socially sustainable to ofer people a symbolic and the country in the long term. his approach paragr. 69). I now turn to the third example, the By re-designing public spaces in the and physical identiication with the city’s past. is based on the principles of sustainability” Dublin Docklands, which can be characterized Docklands and adding new cultural places to the he districts analyzed comprise of strong (Dublin City Council 2011, 6, emphasis by as a quarter where the two paradigms creativ- area, the aesthetic-cultural dimension of creativ- local communities that react potentially reluc- author). ity and sustainability are applied with all their ity is explicitly used in the planning strategies. tant to revitalization strategies performed by he – economically sustainable – strategy diferent dimensions. Thus, all notions of the planning paradigms, the local planning authorities. hus, a socially to foster occupations in the ield of the crea- creativity and sustainability, can be found in the sustainable development strategy is necessary. tive industries or, more broadly, of the creative 5.3 the docklands: combining planning paradigms used in the Docklands. Re-using the existing physical environment and class is also a means to realize the creative city aesthetics with technology adding a new meaning to buildings – e.g. by paradigm. hus, creativity and sustainability as In the Docklands, the area of the old inner-city 6. the turn towards GreeninG transforming the industrial work place brew- planning paradigms have an intersection – in port, an attempt is made to combine all three the city ery to a work place for the new economy – is terms of planning strategies. his culminates in dimensions of sustainability with the two dimen- The urban revitalization strategies presented a way to respect the local residents and their the expression of a planning oicial: “Our vision sions of the planning paradigm of creativity. he above have one thing in common: In all cases, emotional bond with the area and attracting at the moment is to have a creative sustainable area serves as lagship for Dublin’s transformation creativity and sustainability are used as planning new inhabitants to a place at the same time.17 city.” (DCC2, paragr. 69) 74 Lectures and Studies City on Water 75

6.2 kvillebäcken and the risks of the overarching sustainability paradigm are 1. In the course of this paper, I use the term post-industrial because I want to Acronyms of interviews Hoyman M., Faricy C. (2009): “It Takes a Village.” Urban Afairs Review 44 the designing Green creative city ignored: it is not a development project aim- stress the fact that the theories conceptualize a form of the social that has CCD1: interview with a representative of the creative class, Dublin (3): 311–33. its roots in an industrial society but that has developed modiied forms of A final example from Gothenburg shall now ing at benefiting the whole society (general DCC2: interview with a representative of the Dublin City Council, Dublin Kunzmann K. R. (2005): “Creativity in Planning: A Fuzzy Concept?” disP 162 work and life. Traces of industrial forms of working and living can still be (3): 5–13. illustrate in what sense we can talk of a Green social sustainability), but only at selected few observed, but the hegemonic paradigm is that of post-industrialism. DDDA1: interview with a representative of the Dublin Docklands Development Authority, Dublin “Kvillebäcken. Boende.” (2015): Accessed August 5, 2015. http://blog.kvil- 2. According to the Irish Meteorological Service Online (MET), there is lebacken.se/category/boende/. Creative City emerging from the combination (selective social sustainability). Paradoxically, rainfall on 50% of the days in Ireland’s East, see DDH2: interview with a representative of the Digital Hub Development Agency, of the two planning paradigms. The quarter under the paradigm of sustainability which URL: http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/rainfall.asp (March18th, 2012). Dublin Landry C. (2006): he Art of City Making. London, Sterling/VA: Earthscan. 3. It is remarkable that Dublin’s Inner City is hardly characterized by public GSB1: interview with a representative of Stadsbyggnadskontoret, Gothenburg ———. (2008): he Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. 2nd ed. Kvillebäcken in Gothenburg is an excellent also includes “the social imperative” (Dale and outdoor life – apart from crowded streets with (motorized) transport and London: Earthscan. GSB2: interview with a representative of Stadsbyggnadskontoret, Gothenburg people making their everyday walks through the city, there are hardly any Landry C., Bianchini F. (1995): he Creative City. Demos. example for the outcome of this combination. Newman 2009, 670), the district is developed laneurs, cafés, or outdoor activities observable. GSB3: interview with a representative of Stadsbyggnadskontoret, Gothenburg Lane R. E. (1966): “he Decline of Politics and Ideology in a Knowledgeable Located north of the Göta Älv and thus in the for the advantage of a few and the disadvantage 4. Information and data available on the European Union’s website, GLSP1: interview with a representative of the Lindholmen Science Park, Society.” American Sociological Review 31 (5): 649–62. URL: http://europa.eu (March 21st, 2013). Gothenburg city’s area formerly comprising poor and/or of others. As it oten occurs in the cases of state- Lange B. (2007): Die Räume der Kreativszenen: Culturepreneurs und ihre Orte 5. All data taken from the Central Statistics Oice Ireland, in Berlin. Bielefeld: transcript. working class districts, the quarter is currently led gentriication, long-term residents then feel URL: http://www.cso.ie (March 18th, 2012). REFERENCES Lees L., Slater T., Wyly E. (2007): Gentriication. New York et al.: Routledge 6. he data for Dublin are taken from CENSUS of the Central Statistics Oice redeveloped to become Gothenburg’s “new colonized (Lees, Slater, and Wyly 2007, 221– Atkinson R., Easthope H. (2009): he Consequences of the Creative Class: Chapman & Hall. Ireland, URL: http://census.cso.ie/census (March 18th, 2012). he Pursuit of Creativity Strategies in Australia’s Cities. International Journal of Löw M. (2001): Raumsoziologie. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp. urban district” (“Om Kvillebäcken” 2015). 222) and might, in the long run, be subject to 7. See IMF Summary Data, URL: http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/imfsumma- Urban and Regional Research 33 (1): 64–79. rydatapage (March 18th, 2012). Martí-Costa M., Pradel M., Miquel (2012): “he Knowledge City against In general, the development in Kvillebäcken (not only rhetorical) invisibilization strategies. Bell Daniel (1973): he Coming of Post-Industrial Society. A Venture in Social Urban Creativity? Artists’ Workshops and Urban Regeneration in Barcelona.” 8. My inquiry period ended in fall 2009 so that I cannot give any statements Forecast. New York: Basic Books. European Urban and Regional Studies 19 (1): 92–108. shows characteristics of state-led gentriication The development in Kvillebäcken points on the actual Irish development. Nonetheless, according to media news, Bennett D. (2005): he Encyclopaedia of Dublin. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. (Uitermark, Duyvendak, and Kleinhans 2007) to two things: to the characteristics and to the Ireland is the one of all PIIGS’ countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Merkel J. (2009): Kreativquartiere: Urbane Milieus zwischen Inspiration und and Spain) that recovers best. Bontje M. and Sako Musterd. (2009): Creative Industries, Creative Class and Prekarität. Berlin: Edition Sigma. Competitiveness: Expert Opinions Critically Appraised. Geoforum 40 (5): which includes public and private actors whose risks of designing the Green Creative City. his 9. Data taken from the Central Statistics Oice Ireland, Merton R. K. (1965): On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript: 843–52. URL: http://cso.ie (March 21st, 2013). he Post-Italianate Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. strategies lead to the purposeful upgrading speciic type of city emerges from a combina- Breathnach P. (1998): Exploring the ‘Celtic Tiger’ Phenomenon: Causes and 10. For a detailed description of these quarters, see Müller (2013). Müller A.-L. (2012): “Sozialität und Materialität der Creative Cities: Die and social control of an economically deprived tion of certain planning strategies under the Consequences of Ireland’s Economic Miracle. European Urban and Regional Efekte der Planung kreativer Städte am Beispiel Dublin und Göteborg.” In 11. In 2009, 507,330 inhabitants lived in Gothenburg, see the City of Studies 5 (4): 305–16. Transnationale Vergesellschatungen. Verhandlungen des 35. Kongresses der Gothenburg‘s Statistisk Årsbok 2012, neighborhood. In the course of this transforma- umbrella of the two paradigms creativity and Castells M. (1996): he Rise of the Network Society: Economy, Society and Deutschen Gesellschat für Soziologie in Frankfurt am Main 2010, edited by URL: http://statistik.goteborg.se (May 6th, 2012). tion, Kvillebäcken is represented – both in the sustainability. hese urban development pro- Culture: Rise of the Network Society Vol 1. Massachusetts, Oxford: Blackwell Hans-Georg Soefner. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. 12. For data on Gothenburg, see Statistika Centralbyrån, Sweden’s central Publishers. ———. (2013): Green Creative City. Konstanz: UVK. media and in planning documents – as being cesses are especially visible in contemporary statistics oice, URL: http://www.ssd.scb.se (March 19th, 2012). Czarniawska, ed. (2005): Global Ideas: How Ideas, Objects and Practices Travel “Om Kvillebäcken.” (2015): Accessed August 5, 2015. http://kvillebacken.se/ completely new-built. Addressees of the plan- European port cities and aim at transforming 13. See the documentation on Gothenburg’s development, in the Global Economy. Malmö: Copenhagen Business School. om-kvillebaecken/den-nya-stadsdelen. URL: http://www.goteborg.se/wps/portal/gotrends (March 19th, 2012). Czarniawska B., Joerges B. (1996): “Travels of Ideas.” In Translating Peck J. (2005): “Struggling with the Creative Class.” International Journal of ning project are what I call the Green Creatives the cities according to the needs of the Green th 14. For these data, see URL: http://www.nordicom.gu.se (March 19 , 2012). Organizational Change, 13–48. Berlin: de Gruyter. Urban & Regional Research 29 (4): 740–70. (Müller 2013, 21): those people of the creative Creatives, a societal group assigned high social 15. Places 6 to 10 only have a diference in percentage points of less than 4, Czarniawska B., Sevón G. (2005): “Translation Is a Vehicle, Imitation Its ———. (2012): “Recreative City: Amsterdam, Vehicular Ideas and the class that explicitly show an ecological orienta- and economic status in Western industrialized so the rates are comparatively similar. Motor, and Fashion Sits at the Wheel.” In Global Ideas. How Ideas, Objects and Adaptive Spaces of Creativity Policy.” International Journal of Urban and 16. I use the concept of space developed by Martina Löw (2001), stressing the Practices Travel in the Global Economy, 7–12. Malmö: Liber & Copenhagen Regional Research 36 (3): 462–85. Business School Press. tion in their lifestyle. In fact, those people who societies. fact that people constitute spaces, among other things, on the basis Pratt A. C. (2010): “Creative Cities: Tensions within and between Social, moved to Kvillebäcken during the last years in he focus on this group is thus also the risk of surrounding objects. Dale A., Newman L. L. (2009): “Sustainable Development for Some: Green Cultural and Economic Development: A Critical Reading of the UK Urban Development and Afordability.” Local Environment 14 (7): 669–81. Experience.” City, Culture and Society 1 (1): 13–20. the course of the city-led redevelopment pro- which included in this development. Addressing Drucker P. F. (1993): Post-Capitalist Society. New York: Harper Business. Scott A. J. (2006): “Creative Cities: Conceptual Issues and Policy Questions.” cess, state the proximity to nature, the possi- a selected group under the combined para- Dublin City Council. (2005): Dublin City Development Plan 2005-2011. Journal of Urban Afairs 28: 1–17. Volume 1 - Written Statement. Dublin: Dublin City Council. Streich B. (2005): Stadtplanung in Der Wissensgesellschat: Ein Handbuch. bility to live a car-free life, the quarter’s social digms of creativity and sustainability shits the Elias N., Scotson J. L. (1994): he Established and the Outsiders. London et Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. diversity or the quarter’s architecture as advan- focus towards a certain understanding of the al.: Sage. Uitermark J., Duyvendak J. W., Kleinhans R. (2007): “Gentriication as a Florida R. (2002): “he Economic Geography of Talent.” Annals of the Governmental Strategy: Social Control and Social Cohesion in Hoogvliet, tages of Kvillebäcken (“Kvillebäcken. Boende” combination: economically promising creativ- Association of American Geographers 92 (4): 743–55. Rotterdam.” Environment and Planning A 39 (1): 125–41. 2015). ity – be it aesthetic-cultural or technological ———. (2004): he Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Warsewa G. (2010): “Lokale Kultur und die Neuerindung der Hafenstadt.” The planning strategies for this quar- – is combined with ecological sustainability. Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books. Raumforschung Und Raumordnung 68 (5): 373–87. ———. (2005): Cities and the Creative Class. New York, London: Routledge. ———. (2014): “Anpassung und Individualität - Zur Rolle von lokaler Kultur ter, including a focus on public transport, Instead of having an integrative concept that im Strukturwandel der Städte.” In Die Anpassungsfähigkeit von Städten, edited Florida R., Tinagli I. (2004): Europe in the Creative Age. London: Demos. by homas Kuder, Sandra Huning, Henning Nuissl, and Uwe Altrock, 415–42. resource-saving building structures and mixed tries to include as many of the city’s users into Harper D. (1988): “Visual Sociology: Expanding Sociological Vision.” Planungsrundschau 22. Berlin: Universität Kassel. use, resemble those commonly applied under the transformation process, the combination of he American Sociologist 19 (1): 54–70. Weber M. (1985): Gesammelte Aufsätze Zur Wissenschatslehre. Edited by Hospers G.-J. (2003): “Creative Cities: Breeding Places in the Knowledge Johannes Winckelmann. 6., revised ed. Tübingen: Mohr. the paradigm of ecological sustainability. By selective parts of the paradigms goes together Economy.” Knowledge, Technology, and Policy 16 (3): 143–62. focussing on the preferences of the Green with an implicit emphasis on certain elites of Creatives, though, at least one dimension of the cities’ users. City on Water 77

Katarzyna Rembarz Technology development in the ield of mari- For needs of my work I created three groups can yacht harbor be part of a time transport reflected immediately in of yacht harbors : “haven”, “marina” and “char- city public space? demands aimed to ports’ infrastructure, size, ter centre”. Further in the text I will use these The above description of yacht harbors and location and connected land transportation. terms. Below you can ind description of each their functions do not limit all the possibilities. Harbors started to be redeveloped but quickly group. he role they can play in a wider context which yACht hArbour turned out that new standards are much too “Haven” - port destined for short stay with is city public space is not appreciated enough. In higher to face them up because of the lack of basic facilities which are: quays, toilets, show- consequence their potential is not used. Yacht space. In many cases the only solution was to ers, place to do and dry laundry, place to wash harbors are very oten located in city centers, move out of the city to a new place. his pro- dishes, place to leave garbage, room for staff not infrequently in their monumental and AS A pArt of cess released from industry large areas in good and services to ill tanks with water and fuel. representative part. Usually it is isolated, even location, very oten close to the historical old „Marina” - port which is all year round base fenced area not accessible for all people, who town. Because of this and attractive vicinity of for yachts mooring there permanently. Sanitary can only watch it from the distance. In town CIty publIC water they started to be an integral part of the facilities for crews are bigger and more com- planning it is mainly treated as “picturesque centre. Leaving cities ports let it’s immovable fortable. Technical infrastructure is equipped parking place for yachts” and used as an attrac- infrastructure as cranes, wharfs, docks, inner with crane and slipway, prepared for yacht tive element of waterfront landscape. Coming SpACe harbors etc. he most natural and easiest way reparation with place on the land for winter stay down yacht harbor to function of haven is to adopt them to new functions was to change and storage. You can also ind there restaurant, caused by maximal reduction of it’s land infra- them into yacht harbors. And that is a moment club, shop with sailing equipment and parking structure. hereby with high building costs we when we face question about methods of this places for cars. More people are employed there get object extensively using terrain which do transformation. Will we choose the most easy so there is need for staf facilities. his kind of not serve properly to no one. Ater changing way and simply exchange ships to yachts rear- yacht harbor can also be a place for weekend perspective instead of saving the land we can ranging infrastructure due to new requirements and vacation recreation. better use it by giving additional functions to or will we act more profoundly by analyzing “Charter centre” - port destined to service yacht harbor basic program and with a good speciicity and potential of new function? charter boats, changing crews and charter com- design we can bring together sailors and inhab- Below I feature some relections about yacht panies. he functional program is like in “haven” itants. Multifunctional program will allow the harbors and will also try to look at them in a but because of a big amount of clients sanitary object to be used during all year round not only non common way to discover their role in cre- facilities, staf facilities and parking places for from spring to autumn. his will protect it from ating city public space. cars must be bigger. It should be equipped with destruction in winter and make possible self restaurants, shops with sailing equipment and inancing. Such way of thinking is compatible yacht harbors - what grocery shops. with sustainable design. Better use of existing they are and what types his classiication has fundamental inlu- structures saves natural environment by reduc- we can distinGuish. ence for harbor size and infrastructure as well as ing demand for new buildings. Common image of yacht harbor is a pic- for transportation requirements. he functional he opportunities of more intensive use of turesque haven where sailing boats are wiggling program may vary of course and can be combi- yacht harbor infrastructure are quite big. he in a sunset. In fact the yacht harbor is a multi- nation of three described above. he character most easy and natural is adding other recre- faced enterprise engaging many people with of yacht harbor depends on it’s location (natural ational activities which will be supplementary big inluence on the environment. It’s basic aim conditions, ease of access, attractiveness of sea as kayak, tennis, climbing walls, open air itness is to provide safe layover with good social and basin) and social needs (number of temporary places, picnic places etc. When yacht harbor is technical infrastructure for yachts. But the func- or permanent clients). situated in the city centre easy access to recre- tional program can be much more expanded ational places is invaluable. Vast one-storey and diversiied what divides yacht harbors con- buildings with large empty roofs require better sidering diferent character and purpose. harness. More loors can be added which can 78 Lectures and Studies City on Water 79

house sport activities for winter time, itness, as one of the best realizations of port transfor- sauna, oices etc. mation in the World. his undertaking is also Also landscape value should be tap by build- successful from commercial point of view. ing public boulevards and squares nearby the Port Vell is divided in two parts by an arti- yacht harbors which would allow them to stay ficial peninsula. The north-east part widely an integral part of the city. available for yachts and motor boats - Dàrsena Yacht harbor is place were people meet quite del Comerç and the west part meant for per- naturally. By joining diferent functions in one manently mooring yachts - Dàrsena Nacional area we can create meeting point for people of which will be the subject of further analysis. diferent interests and age - a place where local Yacht marina is situated at the south-east society may integrate. Besides we must not for- wharf of Dàrsena Nacional. It consists of two get it’s role in employment and promotion of yacht clubs „Reial Club Marítim de Barcelona” 6. Public space connected with hangar’s roof seen in the distance. Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz 7. „Reial Club Marítim de Barcelona” seen from restaurant’s balcony. Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz local entrepreneurship. and „Reial Club Nàutic de Barcelona”, which and the bridge become a part of a public space. irst step in the process of port transformation. together ofer about 700 mooring places and This interesting architectural solution shows he most attractive is south-west closure of yacht harbor as a public space yard for reparation and temporary storage. 5. Hangar’s roof serving as a public space. how space meant as worthless can be reused Dàrsena Nacional which is created by a water Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz - port vell, barcelona, spain Because of a gentle climate there is no need to to serve other functions and by the same token promenade called Rambla de Mar designed in A very good example which shows integration have place for yachts to stay on land during win- valuable land in the centre can be saved. 1994 by architects Albert Viaplana and Helio of yacht harbor with public space in city centre ter. Buildings houses oices, technical, sanitary Marina is separated by a street from other Pińón. It is an extension of famous La Rambla is Port Vell in Barcelona. It is not a natural port. and staf facilities, club rooms and a restaurant terrains of peninsula. his provides necessary the main Barcelona walkway. Rambla de Mar The shape we can see now was established in which is accessible also from the street. What communication and city transportation service. is a wooden pier of curved shapes and chang- XIX century ater long process of many changes. causes that this marina stands out is particular Such location of the street creates natural bor- ing width limited by interesting space elements In 1980 the authority of Barcelona harbor design of the hangar which is usually the biggest der between closed marina and the rest of the which are illuminated at night. It become a undertook its complete transformation. Step and most unsightly building in the complex. space. It enables also to avoid an impression of city square - a space where inhabitants inte- by step the terrain was released from industrial he hangar’s roof has been designed to serve as its artiicial isolation which could mean exclu- grate and recreate. he access to fourth sides and port functions and turned out into a public a roof and as a public space in the same time. 3. Bridge over the street connecting hangar’s roof with public space. sivity. Marina is seen not only by an openwork closed marina is possible by pulled-out gates Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz space with boulevards, squares, yacht harbors he nearby street is led in a dip and overlain by fence but also from the hangar’s roof and from in wooden pier of Rambla de Mar. Opening and buildings. he area of old port become an a bridge connecting roof with square which lies windows and balconies of surrounding build- of a gate and entering of a yacht is a peculiar integral part of city centre and is perceived now in front of a shopping center. hereby the roof 4. Bridge over the street connecting hangar’s ings. his causes that it is a stable element of performance with passersby as spectators. his roof with public space. Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz the landscape and creates character and atmo- additional attraction of this unique city space sphere of this place. causes that yacht and marina are becoming its The remaining area of peninsula is des- integral part. tined for public space and buildings as cinema, The yacht harbor described above has a aquarium as well as shopping and gastronomic complete program of good marina and fully centre. The head of peninsula, entirely green provides sailors needs. Due to its perfect loca- space, establishes north-east border of Dàrsena tion in the city center it is a convenient place for Nacional where neighboring water and land look inhabitants to keep yachts. Designed in a good over each other opening eye-catching views. way does not overwhelm the surroundings by From the north-west Dàrsena Nacional is its size and technical functions. Its innovative 2. An eyebird view of Port Vell in Barcelona. Red dot shows Dàrsena Nacional. limited by an elegant city boulevard planted with architectural and spatial solutions decided that http://www.portvellbcn.com/rcs_prod/FAV20090623-PortVell_Sencer_Bocana.jpg palm trees. Sailing ships available for tourist visits it become adornment and integral part of city are mooring there. Releasing from port industry public space and also a tourist attraction. adjacent wharf Moll de Bosch i Alsina was the 1. An aerial panoramic view from the Columbus Monument across Port Vell. photo by DAVID ILIFF. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0 "Port Vell, Barcelona, Spain - Jan 2007" by Dilif - Own work. Licensed: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Vell,_Barcelona,_Spain_-_Jan_2007.jpg#/media/File:Port_Vell,_Barcelona,_Spain_-_Jan_2007.jpg 80 Lectures and Studies City on Water 81

work is. On the other hand adults can share in rising attractiveness of yacht harbor what their experience and profit from the joyous will result in pulling in more sailors and water companion of young people. tourists who are city clients.

conclusions REFERENCES http://www.portvellbcn.com he above analyze of those two perfect reali- http://jdsa.eu/mar zations shows that is possible to abandon Llovera J. A. (1999): Reconverting Port Structures: Barcelona and Buenos Aires. In: R. Bruttomesso, ed. Water and Industrial Heritage. he Reuse of Industrial conventional outlook about yacht harbor. he and Port Structures in Cities on Water. Venice: Marsilio Editori. Lorens P., Martyniuk-Pęczek, J. ed. (2010): Problemy kształtowania przestrzeni fresh way of thinking opens new possibilities publicznych. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Urbanista for attractive development of city center and Lorens P., Martyniuk-Pęczek J., ed. (2009): Wybrane zagadnienia rewitalizacji miast. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Urbanista better harness of land. his consist rather on Rodriguez J., Sastre M. (1993): Remodelling the Old Port of Barcelona. In: R. Bruttomesso, ed. Waterfronts. A New Frontier for Cities on Water. Venice: diversiication of function which are ofered in International Centre Cities on Water. one place not on making development more Sergi G. (2014): Building a New Relationship Between the Old Town of Seni- 8. „Reial Club Nàutic de Barcelona” seen from peninsula. 9. Replica of Columbus’ ship „Santa Maria” mooring at Moll de Bosch i Alsina. 10. Entrance to Rambla de Mar. gallia and the Adriatic Sea. In: S. Nan, J. Reilly, F. Klass, ed. Water and Cities. dense. he process will have additional efect Managing a Vital Relationship. Gdynia: Isocarp Rewiew 10. Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz

11. Rambla de Mar. Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz 12. Yacht entering Dàrsena Nacional by the gate in Rambla de Mar. See people waiting for 13. Maritime Youth House in Sundby Harbour. 14. Maritime Youth House in Sundby Harbour. bridge to be closed and watching the yacht. Photo by Katarzyna Rembarz Photo by Evan Chakrof Photo by Evan Chakrof yacht harbor as a public space here are: meeting room, workshops, sanitary - sundby harbour, and social facilities as well as hangar for boats. copenhaGen, denmark he building is perfectly drew in the landscape he completely diferent realization of idea of thanks to its roof which not only decides about association a yacht harbor with a public space the building character but also functions as a is Maritime Youth House in Sundby Harbour in public space and playground. Its varied shape Copenhagen designed in 2004 by JDS Architects. and wooden surface creates wonderful place he one of the main problems to solve in this for games, roller skating, bicycle rides etc. In case was to accommodate in one building yacht lat, characteristic for Denmark, land the object marina and recreation center for youth. The shaped like that is a unique place also during architects designed one-storey vast building winter when it can serve as sled hill. covered with a curved shaped wooden deck. he complex has also other important social Under this amazing roof all needed functions functions. Youth observing sailors and boat serving two different groups found its place. builders get knowledge about what sailing and 15. Maritime Youth House in Sundby Harbour. 16. Maritime Youth House in Sundby Harbour -people enjoying wooden deck. 17. Maritime Youth House in Sundby Harbour -people enjoying wooden deck. Photo by Evan Chakrof Photo by Evan Chakrof Photo by Evan Chakrof City on Water 83

Piotr Lorens 1. introduction – imperial At the same time the Young City constitutes will afect the type it is used, the shape of local shipyard as the part of the major Gdańsk waterfront redevelopment community etc. At the same time it can become the younG city project project. It occupies the site of XIX-century ship- the home of young and innovative parts of the Imperial Shipyard is a part of the Young City building facilities, now disused and abandoned Gdańsk community. Its members – looking for Project, which was deined as large-scale urban by original users. Therefore, as it happened new spatial offers – are already interested in plAnnIng redevelopment project. It is located on the in many cities around the world, the site can living and working in the Young City area. Gdańsk waterfront, on the site formerly used become a subject of urban redevelopment with Finally, planned new developments like for shipbuilding purposes. he Young City was the special focus on waterfront-type projects. European Solidarity Centre and shopping gal- created as the real estate project in 1999, shortly At the same time, as it is located on the bor- lery with near by Road to Freedom (planned for the ater bankruptcy of the Gdańsk Shipyard and der of existing urban centre, its structure can key public boulevard) will ensure that Young relocation of the shipbuilding activities to the become an extension of the existing Gdańsk City will play very important role in the urban island of Ostrów (located on the northern central zone. What is important is a fact that structure of the entire city and draw tourists redevelop- bank of the Vistula river) and to the part of the there is no spatial, infrastructural or other type as well as citizens of Gdansk. Successful last’s former shipyard land located along the Jana z of barrier separating the site from the rest of years public events on the ground of Young Kolna street. This allowed freeing the major Gdansk city centre – on the contrary, the Young City showed already great public interest in ment of the part of the site from the shipbuilding activities City site can host the natural extension of the this area. his is expected to be even increased and considering the area as the potential urban existing structure, which allows creation of the in future, as the site is located in the walking development area. synergy growth efect. distance from Main Railway station and other ImperIAl In close future the Young City will become Subsequently, Young City – as it includes service networks. herefore, it compromises a the urban area of metropolitan importance – a large portion of urban land – can be devel- great place of investment and growth for exist- which means that the mode of its development oped in a way that will difer from other parts ing city. Well developed road system as well as ShIpyArd will have a severe impact on the development of the city and become not only a separate new planned road Nowa Wałowa with bridge of Tri-City Metropolitan Area. his statement “urban project” but the entire urban district. across train line in the west will ensure an efec- is justiied by the unique development poten- his means that this district will have a difer- tive link with the City infrastructure. – 1. he Young City meadows in A key tial the Young City possesses – this is the only the foreground of the city fortiications. ent to the rest of the city local identity which so large and so well located underdeveloped 2. history and siGnificance site, which can become a place of develop- of the site element of ment of metropolitan importance types of Since the medieval times the city of Gdańsk was land use. This includes various commercial consisting of a number of independent districts, and municipal activities as well as city center and each of them had their own location privi- the gdAńSk type of housing – apartments, lofts etc. The leges. Among them there was also the district need for development of real center of metro- of Young City, which was founded on the basis politan importance for the Tri-City area (which of the Teutonic Knights’ Order in 1380. But due WAterfront is not existing at the moment – each of the to the fact that it immediately become the eco- cities includes a regular urban centre, but each nomic competition to the other parts of the city, of them has too little development potential) on thanks to the order of the Polish king the entire the site of the Young City is included not only in district was destructed in 1455. This process the municipal planning documents but also in was so complete that no single building or trace the regional development strategy. his means of the former urban structures was preserved that the Young City can and should be planned until now. Also the entire site was let unbuilt – in a way to become a real centre of the entire as the foreground of the city fortiications – up metropolitan area. to the mid of the XIX-th century. 84 Lectures and Studies City on Water 85

he situation changed when in the end of the XVIIII-th century the city become a part of the Prussian kingdom and was designated as one of the major military centers of the state. During this time a number of army barracks complexes were erected within the city struc- ture, which also included the construction of the extensive shipbuilding facility for the grow- ing Prussian leet. As the old Motława harbor was not suitable for the purpose of its location, the site of the former Young City was chosen. 2. Plan of the original shipbuilding facility – 1844. In result, the irst facility appeared on the site Source: “Danzig und Seine Bauten” in 1844. Since its founding the so-called Royal Shipyard (“Königlisches Werft”) was rapidly growing, occupying more and more site in the immediate surrounding of the original struc- 6. Plan of the Imperial Shipyard ater the the end of XIX-th century already were of 5. Urban development plan dated on 1893. It includes the new ture. But – as there was no master plan for such expansion possible ater the demolishing of limited military importance. Therefore, the concept for the northern part of Gdańsk city centre. city walls – 1907. Source: “Danzig und Seine Bauten” Source: Gdańsk Library of Polish Academy of Sciences an expansion – any newly constructed facility decision of demolishing the city fortiications was not developed according to any urban lay- – which was made around the year 1890 – out, which resulted in spatial chaos. allowed new organization of the space formerly As such the structure did not allow the imple- occupied by massive walls. But – according to mentation of the more advanced shipbuilding the plan designed by Jacobus Stübben (famous technologies, shortly ater the French-Prussian German urban planner) – on the site of the war (1870-71) there was made a decision of former fortiications there was planned a new 3. Plan of the Royal Shipyard – 1870. major restructuring of the entire facility. Most city district as a part of the city center ring- Source: “Danzig und Seine Bauten” of the old sheds and buildings were demolished road structure. Unfortunately, this plan was and a new urban layout of the assembly halls was executed only in relation to the western-most introduced. he new plan included also construc- part of the area, where a few new buildings were tion of the dock connected with the three slips constructed – i.e. the regional bus depot. All the and two swimming docks. he entire facility was rest of the site was taken by nearby industry as intended to become one of the major Prussian the site for their expansion. navy shipyards. Also its name was changed due Due to further expansion of the shipbuild- to the fact that after the French-Prussian war ing activities and location of the new municipal the King of Prussia has become the German gas manufacturing facility the part of this con- Emperor. Most of the buildings constructed in cept involving the Young City areas was not that time are still present in the urban structure developed. Only the small part of the proposed of the site. “ringstrasse” was constructed, and the rest of Redevelopment of the Imperial Shipyard did the site was occupied by the expanding indus- not stop its further expansion. But the oppor- trial activities. 4. Plan of the Imperial Shipyard ater the rebuilding – 1875. tunities of further development were limited by As one can note, all these activities did not 7. Industrial facilities located in the nortern Source: “Danzig und Seine Bauten” part of the Gdańsk city centre – 1908. the presence of the city fortiications, which in change the structure of the core of the shipyard Source: “Danzig und Seine Bauten” 86 Lectures and Studies City on Water 87

structure. here were erected some new build- Its origin is associated with another strike here that the Solidarity movement challenged document, the Imperial Shipyard site can and ings, but the layout of the key part of it remained which took place in 1980 and was concluded the communist system in Poland and encour- should become the “heart and soul” of the entire untouched. with negotiation between the newly created aged freedom across Eastern Europe. Former Young City Project, which means it will become he situation of the city changed dramati- Free Workers Unions and the communist gov- shipyard is recognized by public not only the most important complex of public spaces, cally with the end of the World War II. In ernment. his also took place in Gdańsk, in the as place of historical importance but also as mixed uses and attractions drawing attention conclusion of the siege of Gdańsk in 1945 the so-called BHP hall now becoming a part of the symbol of greatness and spirit of the city. of the wide public. majority of the historic urban center of the city Walk to Freedom complex in the Young City The history of the site – with special The first plans for the Imperial Shipyard was completely destroyed, and almost all popu- area. he city once again played an important attention given to the tradition of workers’ site were made as early as 1996, when the irst lation was expelled as the city has become a part role in Polish history when – after the times strikes (in 1970, 1980 and 1988) as well as the redevelopment study for the part of the Gdansk of post-war Poland. herefore, one can say that of Marshall State – in 1988 another shipyard phenomenon of Solidarity – makes its unique Shipyard was completed. It was developed by the the city was re-born ater WWII, as it got new workers’ strike led to the inal collapse of the among other redevelopment areas worldwide. team from the Gdansk University of Technology, community and new urban structure – rebuilt communism in Poland. herefore, besides attempts towards reusing the led by Prof. Mieczysław Kochanowski. In this ater the war damages. he site remained industrial until the 1995, post-shipyard land, there is a concept of build- study the irst decisions regarding the structure Also the plans were made immediately ater when the irst ideas were developed to reurban- ing there the European Solidarity Centre as well of the space of the entire project, layout of the the World War II to relocate the shipbuilding ize the site of the Gdańsk Shipyard. hese plans a number of other structures commemorating transportation network and shape of the pub- industry into some other place and to develop seemed to be very limited in their reality until the Polish struggle for freedom. But also the lic spaces in the area were made. But no major the shipyard site as the new city center, but they when the shipyard went banckrupted in 1997. presence of old industrial structures makes this assumptions regarding the shape of the par- were never executed. But the Gdańsk Shipyard As the entire company was purchased in 1999 site symbolic for the rich and complicated his- ticular buildings and spaces were made at this – which in the post-war times was one of the by Gdynia Shipyard along with other partners, tory of the city. At the same time the Imperial occasion. Nevertheless, the decisions made in largest industrial facility of the region – was the new opportunities for redevelopment of the Shipyard is likely to become a very central part this original study to large extent are still valid. not playing only the economic role. It become site were created. he owners decided to create of the Young City as this area has the optimal In fact, only the details regarding the location world-famous due to the workers’ struggle a Synergia 99 Ltd as the land developer for the opportunity to create a symbiosis between new of the Nowa Wałowa street and the shape of against communism, starting with the shipyard Young City project. herefore, the Young City and old. This is dedicated for wide range of the Road to Freedom complex were changed. workers’ strike in 1970 (now commemorated Project was developed in result of the Gdańsk function: residential, offices, leisure, culture, herefore, it should be regarded as the basis of 8. Aerial view of the Imperial Shipyard by the Three Crosses monument). The most shipyard bankruptcy. structure – interwar period. services, retail or – possibly – not disturbing any further considerations regarding the shape important stage of this struggle was the crea- Located very close to the city centre, Gdansk’s Source: Gdańsk Library of Polish Academy of Sciences production (fancy yachts). As there are some of the Young City. 9. Gdańsk Shipyard in its urban tion of Solidarity as the mass movement against former shipyard is recognized worldwide as a surrounding – 1938. historical post-industrial warehouses thus a When the Gdańsk Shipyard went bankrupt, communism, which also took place in Gdańsk. place of outstanding historic signiicance. It was Source: Gdańsk Library of Polish Academy of Sciences development density of that area is limited. majority of its land were acquired by Synergia 99 Ltd. – the special-purpose development 3. overview of the company, created in order to run the Young desiGn exercises City Project. Under its supervision a number of Planning for the redevelopment of the Imperial planning exercises were made, which included Shipyard site was initiated when the dis- also two major eforts. First of them was devoted cussion regarding creation of the Young City to creation of the so-called “Visionary Master Project were started. Since the very begin- Plan”, which was developed by Sasaki Associates. ning of this process the site was perceived as Completed in the year 2000, this study served one of the most interesting and promising – in as the deinition of the general concept for the terms of the development potential – parts of entire area. Another master plan was completed the former Gdańsk Shipyard. his conclusion in 2002 by the team from Gdansk University was conirmed in the recent Strategy Report, of Technology, and it included the revised ver- prepared by the new owner of the site – BPTO sion of the development concept for the entire Gdansk Development A/S. According to this site. It was also of much greater detail, as i.e. it 88 Lectures and Studies City on Water 89

included the detailed study for the network of At the same time the modern rooing structures on the basis of the massive structures, resem- the “heart and soul” of the entire Young City the public spaces. In both documents the site were proposed, which allowed adding additional bling the old shipyard halls. At the same time and also one of the most important parts of the of the Imperial Shipyard was intended as the usable space. Besides that, the partial additions some minor remnants of the original structures Gdańsk City centre. key part of the entire Young City area, as it was of the extra loors allowed diferentiation of the were preserved, which allowed diferentiation When looking at previous design solutions connected to the rest of the city centre by two character of the site. Also the new solution to of the character of the site. for the site one should notice that all of them elements of the public spaces – Road to Freedom the western-most part of the Imperial Shipyard As the last element in the series of various seem to be complimentary. What seems to be of and Rybaki Dolne street heading towards the waterfront was presented during the work- studies regarding the shape of the Imperial greatest importance is the fact that according to shipyard basin. his means that – along with shop. he Polish architect, Romuald Loegler, Shipyard one should mention the design efort all concepts and designs the Imperial Shipyard the site of the future shopping gallery – this part proposed construction of the brand new oval undertaken by the RedDesign Architects, work- is to be located in-between two most important of the Young City is of greatest importance to structure on this empty site, which can become ing on the detailed development concept for the new elements of the public space in the entire the future shape of the entire site. a sort of new dominant in the urban structure Imperial Shipyard. his concept was prepared city. his proves its high development potential Another effort towards definition of the of the site, and – at the same time – correspond in 2005, and included a three dimensional study and also allows development of the comprehen- character of the site was made during the devel- with the massive character of the old halls. for the site. Building on the previous efforts, sive mixed-use design for the entire site. At the opers’ workshop, which took place in spring In 2005 on the basis of the formal plan- this study provided the detailed development same time most of them base the development 2002. In fact, this was the first professional ning documents – so-called local plans – the concept for the site including some basic design of the site on the basis of the model of massive attempt towards deinition of the architectonic Urban Volume Study for the site was developed. rules. his set of rules included supplementing shipyard halls, supplementing it with diferent character of the entire project area. During Based on the regulations for particular plots as the old structure with new building of similar types of buildings in the western-most and east- the workshop a number of the proposals were well as on other law regulations the authors of scale, building the urban quarter-type structure ern parts of the site. At the same time in most of submitted, and each of them was dealing with this study examined the possibility of develop- on the site occupied by the building of former the presented design works the original height the development of the diferent site. In result a ing the new urban programe for the particular shipyard management, defining the Marina of the buildings is not kept. On the contrary, the collection of diferent ideas was gathered, and plots. According to the planning regulations site as the independent housing project with old halls are frequently becoming the object of some of them were of great importance to the the site of the Imperial Shipyard should be spe- 10. Compilation of the projects submitted sky–scraper structures, and locating the major heavy transformation, which allows creation of by the particular developers during the Imperial Shipyard site. One should mention cially protected in terms of the height control workshop. Detail of the Imperial Shipyard. height dominant in the western-most part of additional loor areas and – at the same time – here the idea of preservation of the old assem- and preservation of the heritage. According to Developed by Gdansk University of Technology the structure. preservation of the most valuable parts of the 11. Urban Volume Study. bly halls and deining the new character of the this regulation there was proposed the solution Model of the entire site. buildings. site based on similar large-scale constructions. building the architectural character of the site Developed by P. Lorens, D. Załuski and S. Ledwoń. 2004 4. conclusions Besides the architectural character of the History and current state of the site proves the site, it seems to be obvious that it should have high importance of the Imperial Shipyard area a mixed type of land use. In fact, the concept to the urban structure of the City of Gdańsk. of the “festival marketplace” seems to be the It constitutes the most important part of the most appropriate for the site. But it should be planned urban waterfront of the city and – at supplemented by other mixed-use and housing the same time – the key part of the Young City projects, which should contribute to the dense Project. In fact, this site can and should become urban character of the site. City on Water 91

Ulrike Mansfeld Every year, the School of Architecture in interspace as a field The answers are provided by a generation of the Faculty of Architecture, Building and laboratory for urban planninG students that is learning to take wide-ranging Environment, with its Master’s degree course Exploring and investigating these conditions interests into consideration during the plan- in Architecture & Environmental Design at the and characteristics is a key analytical tool used ning process, interests that go far beyond the Bremen University of Applied Sciences, and the by the students. he projects centre on and deal parameters of space, form and function. hey InterSpACe – Systems and Structures Studio for the degree intensively with the people who are involved in learn to sort and evaluate them to develop solu- course in Integrated Design at the University designing and perceiving ‘spaces’. hese are the tions that are without programmatic bias or of the Arts in Bremen organise an interdiscipli- users of such spaces, on the one hand, and the design prejudices. he openness and freedom nary, project-based course. he second-semester stakeholders who bear responsibility in design expressed in the results give both urban plan- A SpACe master’s degree students from each university processes, on the other. ners and policymakers the opportunity to see come together in Bremen’s ‘Centre for Building he Interspace projects thus ofer all those public spaces from the perspective of those who Culture’ to address current issues concerning involved in the planning process an oppor- will be making the most of them. betWeen the the designing of our environment. tunity to describe projects and to bring them into public debate, projects that are normally four metres plus x exploratory learninG beyond reach, embedded in policymaking dISCIplIneS based on current issues and urban planning frameworks, yet involving Each of the questions addressed relates to a key pressing issues and concerns. What this means topic and its relevance for society. The focus for interdisciplinary teamwork is that the same of the irst cycle, for example, was on the ‘city’ people are available as contacts as were present and its public spaces, and asked ‘Whose city is during the increasingly participatory planning it?’ he second time around, the students con- processes. hat is an ideal starting point when centrated on ‘parkland’, meaning open public preparing for a professional ield that can no spaces designed as green landscapes, and again longer be associated with just one occupational asking ‘Whose parkland is it?’ Their atten- proile, and which demands far more compe- tion was focused on the ‘Wallanlagen’ around tencies than a command of the design process Bremen’s city centre. Many diferent proposals as such. 1. were generated for reinterpreting and using The mean tidal range of the River Weser in what used to be the fortiications around the interspace – free space, Bremen, with an amplitude of four metres town. he projects are now proving their worth open-ended between high and low tide, is the greatest along in the current debates over redesigning the A heterogeneous student body, lecturers from the German North Sea coast. Over a period of road ‘Am Wall’ and its relationship with the different disciplines, sparring partners from 12.25 hours, the water recedes to uncover land Wallanlagen. real life and a focal question that is not aimed before looding it again. his play of the tides his year’s project focuses on the question per se at producing designed objects - these is not perceived as strongly in Bremen as else- ‘Whose water is it?’ and thus on the public all benefit an open-ended process in which where at the North Sea, because there is little accessibility and usability of our long riverbanks every individual must look for his or her place access to the River Weser within the city itself, in Bremen and Bremen Nord. he question is as part of a team, in order to learn about their which means that the tides cannot be experi- quickly asked, and the range of answers is con- own capabilities and skills, or also the lack of enced haptically. his is made worse by the fact comitantly wide. he issue is not just to clarify them. For example, we see students’ personal that the tidal range can generally only be seen legal ‘ownership’, but rather the spatial, social positioning within an interdisciplinary team where the water’s edge is steep, for example and cultural framework that makes the resource as playing a signiicant biographical role, and along quay walls and bridge pillars. As a result, in question, in this case ‘water’, accessible to we see ourselves not as teachers who give changes in water level due to climatic and astro- people. answers, but as the ones who ask the questions. nomical inluences are diicult to recognise. 92 Lectures and Studies City on Water 93

The ‘4 plus X’ project creates new land and he ‘Little Weser’ between the Teerhof island he route starts and ends at the train sta- open up places at and in the water that change and the Neustadt district seemed to us to be the tion in Vegesack, a busy place that already has with the tides. Twice a day, the waters of the perfect location for fulilling that wish. he sur- a bicycle station where bikes can be borrowed river expose areas and twice a day they spill face of the water glistens calmly there. Located and parked. From there, the route passes key over them again, thus producing small islands amidst the hustle and bustle of the city centre, locations, such as comprehensive schools, lei- just of the banks. Stairs and steps for sitting all one can hear is the rushing sound of the weir. sure centres, or Sedanplatz in the town centre, on invite passers-by to stop a while, and pro- he old trees on the one riverbank cast a pleas- before gradually rising at the end of the ‘mari- vide, depending on height, a diferent view of ant shadow, while the other riverbank attracts time mile’, entering the industrial estate and the water and its surroundings. From mid- with its sunny and windless conditions. overcoming the boundaries with industry and day onwards, the south side facing away from In the midst of the city, Urban Oasis is like the waters of the river. Schlachte boulevard is bathed in sunlight a droplet that falls into placid water. he instal- and forms an urban resting place from which lative timber construction adds to the many panoramic route people can enjoy the view across to the green bridges that have been built for crossing the Vegesack and Blumenthal, two districts in bank of the River Weser. On the other side, one hindrance posed by the water. It is not a cross- 2. 7. Bremen-Nord, are located along the River Weser can observe the colourful comings and goings ing over the water, but one through it. Wading and have deep roots in history. However, the along the Schlachte. through the refreshing wetness, small islands river is barely accessible for local residents and Newly created pathways on either side of are quickly found on which to spend some time visitors due to current zoning. he Panoramic Teerhof island produce ideal connections to the away from the daily humdrum and to ind time Route takes one along the water’s edge, thus existing network, while at the same time creat- for oneself, for dangling one’s legs in the water offering intriguing views of the river, its two ing a circular route to follow. and coming up with new thoughts and ideas. riverbanks and the surrounding shipyard. Cyclists and people out for walks can complete urban oasis crossinG boundaries a round tour of this section of the River Weser, Our everyday lives are designed for speed and Vegesack, a district within Bremen, has an passing through Vegesack and Blumenthal on eiciency. he primary focus is always on the identity all of its own – its riverside location, the Bremen side and Motzen, Bardenleth and fastest route and the maximum beneit. Both strongly characterised by inland navigation, Lemwerder on the other, Lower Saxony, side. at work and in their private lives, people hurry and the manufacturing companies along the Ferry trips between the two shores provide a from one commitment to the next. he desire water’s edge, give this district both a maritime frame and give the whole excursion a mari- to relax and enjoy nature becomes greater and and an industrial character. The industries time feel. he ferries are integrated as a loating greater. Wherever we go, we are confronted and the water are intimately linked and ever- 3. 5. continuation of the path from one bank to the with the image of freedom and relaxation present. he site of the former ‘Vulkan’ shipyard other. The route has its own infrastructure, through exercise, but those aims involve a long is now home to companies in the metalworking, featuring picnic spots, access points and lits. Its route to get there. hey are expensive, bad for mechanical engineering, plant construction, architectural elements are designed to resem- the environment, time-consuming and require wind turbine and chemical fibre industries. ble the superstructure of ships and continue the intensive planning. This character, and the qualities that define colours found on the two ferries crossing the How can this feeling of peace and solitude this place, are kept hidden from people, how- River Weser. Various substructures support the be conveyed without having to leave the city? ever, because the industrial area is completely path so that it can run alongside the river and A survey conducted at key points along the isolated from its surroundings and impervious provide views over the water. River Weser showed that most people, when to view. Without disrupting the production Some parts of the route are on the river- they think of positive encounters with water, process, the project makes the industrial estate bank itself, whereas others are raised on the do not associate these with Bremen as a city. visible to local people by means of a raised cycle sheet piling walls using a steel structure. Yet Many expressed a desire for greater proximity path that leads through the entire estate as far others are on bridges that span the industrial to water. as the Bahrsplate park. site. his spectacular routing is what makes it 4. 8. 10. 94 Lectures and Studies City on Water 95

such a special experience: breath-taking views Space becomes an active part of the city and are ofered from unfamiliar angles and vantage develops a magnetic attraction over and beyond points. the city limits, as a symbol of Bremen’s identity. he appeal of this place for potential uses by all free space walks of society and for all areas of life adds to ‘Frei — Raum’ (lit. ‘Free Space’) is a place that can Bremen’s strengths as a centre for business and be reached directly yet is also a refuge from the innovation and enhances its quality of life. hurly-burly and rhythm of the city. his is where How can we keep ourselves healthy? all those things are made possible and nurtured A new jogging route provides a circular that otherwise escape our minds because of route all the way around the Werdersee lake. established routines and mounting pressure How do we get to the water? to perform. Free Space serves the present and Access to the water is made easier with future needs of the people living in Bremen. minimal changes to existing bathing areas. 9. 12. 13. The Stadtwerder peninsula in the river Walkways over the surface of the lake also pro- o the time citizens. his period is symbolised by an open is a unique place in Germany and predes- vide new ways of reaching the water. he Bahrsplate is currently a large parkland area river course. In the late 1920s, an urban park tined for this role: bounded on either side Where do we want to work? subdivided into several diferent parts: a play- was laid out. he river lows between two timber by the Werdersee lake and the River Weser, Being a place for encounter, working and ground, a football pitch, a park for skaters, and walls representing such landscaping. From April the Stadtwerder district in the city centre has innovation, pavilions of different sizes and a memorial devoid of explanatory information. 1943 onwards, the site was used to extend the undergone little development in recent decades designs are erected. hese diferent sections lack interlinkage. Nor is prisoner-of-war camp. he water forces its way and has become a remote place within the city. How do we treat our environment? there any connection to the water, to the River between two high walls of weathering steel, on It is mainly used nowadays as a recreational and he aims of urban agriculture are conscious Weser. he Bahrsplate used to be an island in the the inner sides of which the history of the camp allotment area only. consumption, sustainable production and wise river and was later used by the Nazis as a camp and its prisoners is engraved. In a joint efort with local residents, insti- handling of food produce from the immediate for prisoners of war. ‘What happened there?’ Beside the Bahrsplate camp, from September tutions and the municipality of Bremen, the surroundings. he allotments on the Stadtwerder, -the aim of our concept is to make the location’s 1944 until the end of the war, there was an annex characteristic features of the Stadtwerder are to which are mostly used for gardening anyhow, are multifaceted past more tangible. Water is the key of the Neuengamme concentration camp. his be enlarged upon and made useful as part of an to be opened to those who are interested. element in that regard, because it is something bitter past is represented by an oversized con- integrative process: with newly created struc- that survives the times. It has watched every crete wall in this section. A memorial has been tures and targeted communication, this Free change as it occurred. erected in memory of the Bahrsplate concentra- 11. ‘Time flows like water’ Our concept, O tion camp. he walls are followed by a small lake the Time _ Bahrsplate, takes that sentence on which the existing memorial, the ‘Stone of as its point of departure: in the O the Time _ Hope’ is given a worthy place. here are also 123 Bahrsplate memorial park in Blumenthal, pass- stone slabs on the lake. Each stone shows infor- ing time is experienced through the medium of mation about the past and the name of a victim. water. As in the past, a small river now flows Ater World War Two, the remains of the camp around the Bahrsplate, which is subdivided were removed and the parkland redesigned. into several sections. In each section, one can he end of the lake invitingly entices people to sense the respective period. With O the Time _ a walk, and relaxation is possible on the water Bahrsplate, one learns to perceive history as it playground. With O the Time _ Bahrsplate, proceeds through time. one learns to perceive history as it proceeds ‘History must never be forgotten’ through time. he last section, over the waters In 1903, the area was acquired by the city of the River Weser, is a place to relect. May the with the intention of laying out a park for its history of this place never be forgotten. 15. 14. 96 Lectures and Studies City on Water 97

organically around it, consisting of the village, there is no longer any barrier between the city woodlands and river. A breach cut through the and the park. The absence of traffic makes it dyke reconnects the submarine exit from the quieter and improves the air quality. he steep bunker to the River Weser, thus allowing a fer- slope from the road to the riverbank is made ryboat from Bremen to dock inside the bunker. flatter, with the inclination beginning at the A ramp along the edifice enables visitors to start of the deichOase and extending as far as walk the whole length and width of the bunker the river’s edge. he grassy area can then ofer and to access the roof area that fauna and lora a much greater variety of potential uses. he have regained as a habitat. deichOase opens onto the River Weser at three he woodland area to the south serves as a points. Cultural and leisure activities of various natural contrast to the bunker and is linked by kinds are ofered on loating wooden platforms a network of pathways with connecting walk- which rise and fall with the tide on the Weser. 17. 19. 20. ways and viewing towers so that visitors can Steps lead down to the platform, which also wow - workinG on water working in that are distinctly geared to the new experience it close-up. On the northern side, includes a café with a fantastic view over the Today’s green dyke, stretching from the Stephani forms of work done by the young members of nature yields to provide an impeded view of the river, even in winter. bridge to the Wilhelm Kaisen bridge, suggests ‘Generation Y - why’. Designed as a standalone bunker. he cleared area is covered with crushed More steps on the riverbank lead down to its original rural nature. he aim of this design module, the container can be combined with rock, reinforcing the oppressive impact of this the river, which invites people to dip their legs is to create a new urban dyke that replaces the others to form a flexible, multiroom system. monstrous building. By adding a set of steps in the water. his centrally located area moti- industrial aspect of the let bank with a new, Wall areas areas are replaced by large-format running parallel to the bunker, that particular vates people in Bremen to get more exercise. appealing view, while also producing a water- window elements, and the user has an unim- area is made useful for gatherings, in order to he gigantic swimming pool is illed with fresh front that is used not only as a link to Bremen’s peded view over the water while working. lend a platform for discourse on the wars and water from the River Weser. he large wooden city centre and the Überseestadt, but which According to climate forecasts, extreme conlicts of today. platform around the pool ofers plenty of space attracts many more people who want to stop weather events (including storm floods) will for other kinds of sports and for relaxation. he and linger, thanks to the new layout. increase in frequency. Bremen is preparing for a 21. dyke oasis section to the east is the cultural centre of the Today’s society is seeking a new way of work- 50 cm rise in sea level in the course of this cen- he deichOase on Osterdeich is an urban oasis deichOase, with rows of steps for sitting on ris- ing, a counter-concept to replace conventional tury. his means raising the dykes and making for the urban jungle. A tunnel is built under ing like an amphitheatre in a semicircle from corporate structures, a working environment them stronger. Flood protection therefore plays Osterdeich, or ‘East Dyke’, the road running the stage in the middle. The river forms the that can be designed according to one’s own a paramount role in this project. hat task is parallel to the river. The surroundings are backdrop for the stage. Open-air events, such as needs. The office becomes home, and home achieved by a plateau projecting 12 metres out upgraded with flowers and shrubbery. This concerts, poetry readings, ilms and plays, are becomes the oice. Whether alone, in a group over the water, plus the required 50-cm incre- enlarges the parkland area existing hitherto and staged in summer when the weather is good. or in a room with many people working in dif- ment to the dyke. In combination with loating 22. ferent ways, everyone should have the chance to pontoons on the water, it provides the founda- ind his or her ideal workplace. For ‘Generation tion for this new architecture. Y - why’, the young generation of digital natives who work creatively, working time means living concrete contrasts time, for example, and that this time has to be he public presence and impact of the recently used productively and with passion. Work and opened ‘Valentin Bunker Memorial’ is extended leisure are increasingly melded. by the concept devised here. The surround- his project shows a temporary and stack- ings of the bunker are made visible by creative 16. able building-block system comprising 40-foot interventions. he latter highlight the contrasts freight containers (High Cube), arranged at that exist between the artiicially created shel- (and on) the water and containing rooms for ter and the living environment that has grown 23. 24. CASE STUDIES City on Water 101

Verena Andreas his chapter gives an introduction to the plan- common way of development. his can lead to brownields in the old industrial areas. his set ning and working phase of the EUSS summer interruptions and constraints within the urban of problems is accompanied by a severe budget school. he central approaches of the concept development system. he worst case scenario crisis of public administrations, which compli- development are introduced and the group would be the emergence of a lock-in effect, cates every efort to change the situation with plAnnIng work reflected. Therefore it is important not when old habits sabotage future success. So it strategic public investment. to think only about the how and what of the is important for urban development to break While the old port of Bremen has been process but also about the why and what for. out of these contexts every once in a while, to transformed into a mixed use, high-class devel- outSIde Besides the positive learning efects of the par- think outside the box of the local planning cul- opment project called ‘Übersee-Stadt’ with great ticipants through the challenge of designing a ture. his of cause can only work with people public efort within the last twenty years, there the box of project in a new and unfamiliar context there who are not themselves part of these implicit are still small waterfront sites which could not are also virtues for the targeted city which underlying structure. yet have been brought back into a new use. In could lie in the new and independent thinking he peculiarity of an urban design project regard of the qualities and opportunities of such plAnnIng outside of the local culture of planning. within a summer school for urban development a waterfront site for urban living and housing is precisely the fact that it arises from outside and the amenity values a designed waterfront CultureS. thinkinG outside the box of the usual planning culture and their practices. with public spaces can ofer an area, this ofers local planninG culture he participating planners and planning stu- great potential for the city of Bremen. Planning always acts in a speciic local context. dents do not know the local conditions and Blumenthal in the very north of Bremen the vIrtue his context inluences the way how planning contexts. hey were trained to be planners in with a distance of more than 20 km to the is done in an explicit as well as an implicit way. their own planning culture and bring it with city center is one of the most deprived areas of deSIgnIng Finally, it also decides whether planning and them as unconscious background in addition in Bremen. Blumenthal and the whole North urban development can achieve its goals or to their individual professional knowledge. of Bremen sufered a serious loss of industry not. Current Research on the subject of ‘plan- he designs drated in a summer school are and employment in the shipbuilding and tex- urbAn ning culture’ focuses on this impact on urban supposed to work outside the local planning tile industry in the 1990s and 2000s. Population development and its specific parameters. In culture, it though does not mean to ignore the losses, high unemployment-rates and poverty, lAndSCApeS addition to the social context and the inluence local context and the speciic circumstances. It social lashpoints and a very high vacancy rate of the planning instruments and institutional is therefore all the more important to embed especially in what used to be the district center structures mainly the stakeholder involved in the plans and designs into a profound analysis characterize this area and shape the negative In bremen planning processes and their collective routines of the area and its needs. image of Blumenthal. An extensive invest- and traditions, common beliefs and values as ment backlog has led to decay and areas with blumenthAl well as their speciic organizational forms play the challenGe: waterfront poor amenity values. Although the problems an important role. (Knieling & Othengrafen development in two are widely known, due to diferent reasons of 2015; Othengrafen & Sondermann 2015) deprived areas in the which a lack of money is surely one the most And Due to these underlying structures urban hanseatic city of bremen important ones, there have been only small development is highly influenced by path The task of the EUSS was to develop urban scale interventions on a social level and the hemelIngen dependencies. If the planning culture and the designs for two speciic sites in Bremen. Bremen redevelopment of an old industrial site for new given challenges are compatible, urban devel- as city with a history of port industry and also industries so far (IAW 2016). opment and planning project can function in of its decline ofers speciic challenges to urban [Karte von Bremen mit Verortung? Oder WIthIn the an efective and successful way. But: Sometimes developers. Although the city is rich of urban habt ihr das schon woanders?] innovations are hard to establish. Challenges qualities in its center and inner city neighbor- At exactly the other end of Bremen in the europeAn and Setting may have changed, while the plan- hoods, the structural change and its economic South lies the district of Hemelingen. Similar to ning culture and its stakeholder still apply their and social effects have left the city with an Blumenthal it had to recover from factory clos- urbAn Summer inheritance of deprivation and industrial ings and industrial decline, but new Industries SChool 102 Case Studies City on Water 103

could have been established in the area. Today Ater the site visit the participants started on the indings of the analysis. With this vision REFERENCES Hemelingen is shaped by large manufacturing to work and began with the phase of the inven- the translation into urban design could follow. Der Senator für Umwelt, Bau und Verkehr; Der Senator für Wirtschat, Arbeit enterprises like Mercedes Benz Factory, Coca tory and analysis. Target of this analysis were Detailed Plans and Concepts were developed, und Häfen; Handelskammer Bremen (Hg.) (2014): Bremen Innenstadt 2025. Freie Hansestadt Bremen. Bremen. Cola, Mondelez and other industrial com- for example speciic structures, barriers, quali- in which the diferent skills of the participants Knieling J., Othengrafen F. (2014): Planning Culture. A Concept to Explain the panies. During the last 15 to 20 years it has ties, needs, surroundings and atmosphere of drew together in a very special, productive and Evolution of Planning Policies and Processes in Europe? In: European Planning Studies 23 (11), S. 2133–2147. been targeted by urban regeneration schemes the site. In this phase communication and the inspiring manner. Kranepuhl S., Ziervogel D., (2007): Mental Maps als Instrument der Bürger- beteiligung? Erfahrungen aus einem Pilotprojekt in Leipzig. In: Hallesche to address vacancy rates and urban deicien- visualization of individual impressions was very The results of this work are presented by Diskussionsbeiträge zur Wirtschats- und Sozialgeographie (9). Online cies. Although investment and social projects important. he individual impressions led to an their authors in the following chapters. The verfügbar unter http://public.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/index.php/hdwiso/article/ view/404/416. have been placed, Hemelingen still belongs to understanding of the place shared by the group inal discussion with local and foreign experts Lynch K. (1960): he image of the city. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press Bremens deprived areas with a negative devel- and was expressed in different analysis and showed, that thinking outside the box of the (Publications of the Joint Center for Urban Studies). Nischwitz G., Andreas V. (Folgt 2016): Bremen-Nord – Chancen zur opment trend (Website Soziale Stadt Bremen). plans. Tools for that were a SWOT Analysis, local can provide useful and welcomed inspira- Neupositionierung nutzen! Zwischenbilanz - Perspektiven - Gesamtstrategie. in which the localized strength, weaknesses, tions and ways of thinking to urban planning. Hg. v. Arbeitnehmerkammer Bremen. – Othengrafen F., Sondermann M. (Hg.) (2015): Städtische Planungskulturen from scratch: see analyse opportunities and threats of the planning site im Spiegel von Konlikten, Protesten und Initiativen. Berlin: Altrock, Uwe. – conceptualise – desiGn were drawn together. Aterwards those indings Reicher C. (2013): Städtebauliches Entwerfen. 2. Aul. 2013. Wiesbaden: Under the heading of „city and water” the par- could be set in place with their spatial location Springer Fachmedien. Website Soziale Stadt Bremen: Hemelingen. Online verfügbar unter ticipants were free to develop their own idea in a plan. he spatial analysis also included an http://www.sozialestadt.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen222.c.3689. for the given sites. In a short time it was to get understanding of the important elements of the de, last call 18.12.2015. an idea of the site and its specific needs and space, like elements of area (building areas, open develop a concept and design in a motley group spaces), linear elements (streets, traintracks, the of students and professionals from different river) and punctual elements (social facilities, countries from the Netherlands to China with cultural facilities) which build together the spa- diferent university background from architec- tial unit. Also things like density and structures ture to urban planning. and connections are important in that stage of At the beginning of the working phase the the analysis. (Reicher 2012) participants received an introduction to the The creation of a mental map provided sites and areas by the responsible agents of opportunities to visualize obvious and non- the planning authority of Bremen, who also obvious characteristics of place. he drawing of took them on-site and showed them around. irst impressions of an area can provide impor- his was very important to get an impression tant information to a planner about the local of the site and its challenges. Especially the features, limits and peculiarities of an area. he task of getting there and getting around there method was devised by Kevin Lynch in the late on their own ater the introduction conveyed 1950s and is gaining popularity in participa- an impression of distances and barriers to the tion processes in the recent years. (Lynch 1960; participants. They could also experience the Kranepuhl & Ziervogel 2007) public transport and the pedestrian and cycling On this basis the phase of conceptualiz- infrastructure. Relating to the given topic of ing could follow. he indings of the diferent the EUSS the focus of the analysis was set on analysis-steps were widely discussed by the par- the waterfront area and its surroundings. Main ticipants and led to ideas and irst drats. he questions to ask were therefore for example: irst ideas of the Brainstorming were supported How does the water refer and relate to the and supplemented with Best-Practice-Analyses. landscape and structure? How does the water Key Finding of this Phase was a general vision contribute to the city? for the area, a direction for development based City on Water 105

Britta Restemeyer introduction transportation. Blumenthal’s waterfront was Giulia Motta Zanin he concept “ReconnACT Blumenthal to the therefore dominated by industrial uses in the Marie Kötterheinrich water” is made for a particular area in the north past. Nowadays, however, the centre of sea Patricia Chan Lok Hei of Bremen, Blumenthal, which is currently in a navigation shited to other places; various ship- transition phase from an industrial to a post- yards and other port-related businesses went industrial urban district. In line with the general bankrupt or departed for better opportuni- theme of the summer school, “City on Water”, ties. For example, the Bremen Wollkämmerei, making connections between the water and a worldwide operating company for manufac- the city is central to this concept. Blumenthal’s turing wool and trading in wool, closed down proximity to the river ‘Weser’ is considered as in 2008. Blumenthal is hence a post-industrial a main chance. However, Blumenthal is not urban district with huge abandoned areas an area where usual waterfront developments, nearby the river front. i.e. creating space for retail and rather luxury he transition from an industrial to a post- housing as can be seen in Hamburg, Barcelona, industrial district did not happen without London and elsewhere, would work. Given the social consequences. Employment opportuni- magnitude of social problems in Blumenthal, ties in Blumenthal have dropped signiicantly, reConnACt we aimed at creating a socially acceptable leading to a general population decrease. waterfront. Our concept therefore does not only Whereas in 1975 there were living 36.507 peo- stress physical connections with the water, but 1. ple in the urban district of Blumenthal, this blumenthAl also social connections, which may pave the number dropped constantly. Today we can only ground for revitalization and social integration count 30.690 inhabitants2. he unemployment in the future. rate of 18.8% is very high also in comparison to the with the city as a whole (11.3%)3. Housing in context Blumenthal is therefore rather cheap, which has Blumenthal is situated in the north of Bremen changed the social composition enormously. WAter in Germany. he study area that was given to Blumenthal can therefore in general be con- us by the planning department of the City of sidered a socially weak urban district. Bremen is located in Rönnebeck, which is the he study area itself faces another challenge biggest district of Blumenthal. It lies directly which needs to be addressed: a signiicant part at the waterfront of the river Weser (see of the area has no public flood protection picture 1). Blumenthal has a population of (see igure 2). For all planned developments, 30.690 in total; in Rönnebeck itself live 4.264 lood protection hence needs to be organized people (numbers from 2014). he overall area privately. his can be considered a challenge of Blumenthal is 2267 hectare, which means as well as a chance at the same time. On the that population density is rather low with 14 one hand, costs for lood protection need to be capita per hectare1. covered privately. On the other hand, it pro- Blumenthal’s history is closely connected vides the opportunity to implement a ‘living with the river Weser. he wide and deep river with water’ strategy by making the waterfront course connected with the North Sea sets accessible without public lood protection as Blumenthal and wider Bremen into a stra- 2. a barrier. tegic position for export, import and far sea 106 Case Studies City on Water 107

blumenthal’s weaknesses: an inaccessible waterfront in a socially seGreGated urban district with a deserted centre During the excursion, we first visited the smaller study area from the ‘Rönnebecker Hafen’ to the ‘Dillener Park’. One of the irst things we noticed was the public lood protection wall, which presents an enormous barrier between the land and the river Weser; some of us coined 5. it ‘the wall’ in their mental maps (see picture 3. 9). Moreover, the waterfront is not accessible, 4. because the area is private at the moment. he approach private lood protection, currently protecting 9. Overall, we had 2.5 days of time to work on the a communicative process among the group only a few industrial buildings, needs to be project. Half a day we spent in Blumenthal itself members. Although digital maps would have adjusted when new developments are planned. to inspect the area. A planner from the City been visually more attractive, a communication he private lood protection wall could there- of Bremen took us to Blumenthal centre and process gets easily distracted if everyone ‘hides’ fore more easily be removed allowing for more the study area in Rönnebeck next to the river behind their computer screens. alternative lood protection concepts based on Weser. During the excursion, we took photos Based on the SWOT analysis, we started the idea of ‘living with water’. as well as notes to document our impressions. a brainstorming process to find a potential he study area has a natural elevation: from On the next day, each of us drew an individual theme of our concept and identify crucial ele- the Bürgermeister-Dehnkamp-Straße there are mental map of Blumenthal and our experiences ments to include. As the social problems of various pathways through a small green area there as a starting point (see igures 3-6). he Blumenthal stood out in each of our mental that lead to the higher lying Kalfalterstraße. mental maps had various elements in com- maps, we quickly agreed on taking a broader From the Kalfalterstraße, one could have a great mon, which helped structuring our analysis scope than originally suggested by the planning view on the river Weser and the shipyards on as a group. he mental maps thus fed into our department of the City of Bremen. We therefore the other side. However, the view is blocked SWOT analysis: together we marked positive also included the centre of Blumenthal in our because of high risen trees (see picture 10). elements (strengths and opportunities) as well considerations. Our inal concept is inspired by To get a better impression of Blumenthal 10. as negative elements (weaknesses and threats) best-practice examples from all over the world, in general, we continued our excursion to on a map (see figures 7 and 8). We chose to facilitated by the fact that our group was rather Blumenthal centre. We walked along the market make the SWOT maps by hand, as it stimulated international comprising one Chinese, one place and the Mühlenstraße, which used to be the Italian and two Germans. main shopping street. Today, the Mühlenstraße is almost completely deserted. he only uses let are two casinos and two shops where second- hand washing machines are sold. he rest of the buildings are vacant (see picture 11). From the Mühlenstraße, we could enter a parking space to the west, which our guide declared to be a ‘no-go’ area for Germans. To the west, the parking lot is surrounded by lin- ear blocks from the 1950s and 60s. Our guide 11.

7. 8. 6. 108 Case Studies City on Water 109

explained that the inhabitants of these blocks, of the city, the historic buildings will be kept, vacant (check http://blumenthal-magazin. the vacant places are in fact appealing historic predominantly Turkish and Russian migrants, and at the waterfront open space shall be cre- de/2014/03/das-aergert-mich/ for pictures). buildings. For example, due to the relocation drop their garbage onto this parking lot, so that ated4. If we continue with this in our study area, The owner of the place is dreaming of a new of the town hall, the historic town hall is at the the ire brigade needs to come once per week the whole waterfront could be publicly accessi- beach bar with catering, but so far authorities moment vacant (see picture 13). Right next to to clean up the parking space (see picture 12). ble from the areal of the Bremen Wollkämmerei do not allow any new function; some politi- it is the former post oice, also an impressive According to our guide, the whole area has a via the public park Bahrsplate and our study cians are even in favour of demolishing the historic building; not to mention the ensemble very bad reputation and Germans try to stay area to the existing Dillener Park. building (see http:// www.weser-kurier.de/ of the Bremen Wollkämmerei (see picture 14). away from it. he street to which these linear Moreoever, Blumenthal has an industrial bremen_artikel,-Gastronom-traeumt-von- Although new functions are sought for the blocks belong, the George-Albrecht-Straße, is so as well as recreational heritage. A port iden- der-Strandhalle-_arid,121967.html). Next to Bremen Wollkämmerei, the buildings are still stigmatized, that Germans living in the south- tity is shaped through various port-related the Strandhalle is the ‘Bootshaus’ (in English: vacant at the moment. Rather short temporary ern part of the street in individual houses asked businesses of which some are still there today boat’s house). Here people can eat and drink uses could therefore still be possible. Next to for a change of the street’s name. he authori- (e.g. shipyard building red rescue boats on the something while enjoying the view on the vacant buildings, there is also the former shop- ties approved, so that the southern part is now other side of the river). In our study area itself, small harbour. he harbour is currently used ping street Mühlenstraße or the ‘garbage parking called Emmalene-Bulling-Straße. “The street there is one former factory hall which could by some smaller sailing boats as well as motor lot’ which both ofer space for intervention. with two names” came back in all our mental be kept to remind of this industrial heritage. boats. Water sports are hence already present, Last but not least, also the diversity of various maps, as the strongest sign for social segrega- Recreational heritage is manifested in the fact but could be more strongly supported in future. social ethnicities can be turned into an oppor- tion in Blumenthal. that Blumenthal used to have a beach in our Overall, the Strandhalle and the Bootshaus are tunity. Blumenthal could strive for cultivating Blumenthal is hence a socially segregated study area (check http://blumenthal-magazin. located on a sand spit shape extension into the a ‘multi-kulti’ (German word play for multi- urban district with a deserted centre and an de/2014/01/lebensfreude-an-der-weser/ for water. It is a remarkable location to improve the cultural) neighbourhood. he word ‘multi-kulti’ inaccessible waterfront. In addition, our guide picture). he beach heritage can still be recog- connections between the land and the water. has a positive connotation in German; express- stressed the lack of ofers for young people. In a nized with the ‘Strandhalle’ (In English: beach The fact that Blumenthal has so much ing not only the diversity of social ethnicities, but socially problematic urban district, facing unem- bar), where people would go to dance at night vacant places and spaces also offers various also liveliness, street life and social interaction. ployment and social segregation, a better ofer in former days. Nowadays, the Strandhalle is opportunities; in particular, because some of for young people could help to overcome ethnic tensions and a lack of prospects for the future. blumenthal’s strenGths: proximity to the water, industrial and recreational heritaGe, and much space for intervention Many of the weaknesses can also be turned into opportunities. Although the waterfront is not yet accessible in various parts of Blumenthal, the study area itself – mostly vacant land – is directly located at the waterfront. herefore, we have the possibility to make the water accessible as part of our concept. Also in other parts of Blumenthal, there is a move into this direction. he area of the former Bremen Wollkämmerei, a bit more down south from our study area, is currently in transition. According to the plans 13. 14. 12. 110 Case Studies City on Water 111

the concept: reconnact available for intervention. Due to the ‘Strandhalle’, the new multi-cultural centre (see blumenthal to the water transition from an industrial to a post- igure 18). It therefore stresses the water con- We chose for the wordplay ‘ReconnACT industrial urban district, Blumenthal has nection (from water tower to the river Weser), Blumenthal to the water’ because our concept many ‘hidden places’ that call for being the green connection (crossing Bahrsplate is not only about reconnecting Blumenthal with discovered. and strolling along the river) as well as the the water and making connections between the We therefore propose a summer full social connection: it leads along former social green areas, but also about stimulating social of temporary interventions. Artistic agglomeration places (such as the centre and connections. ‘ACT’ stands for engaging with the interventions can be used to make hid- the Strandhalle), new social agglomeration local community and empowering them to have den places more visible and to play with points (the shopping centre close to the river a say in what is going to be developed in the area. the heritage of the peculiar place. hey Weser) and current ‘no-go’ areas (the garbage Our masterplan therefore includes areas for invite to wander around and rediscover parking lot). Before and during the installa- which we made more detailed plans and areas 20. Blumenthal. Something similar was tions, artists could get a temporary work space which we let open (see picture 15). hese areas done in Hamburg on the Elbe Island in the area, for example in the former town should be developed according to the outcomes Wilhemsburg between 2003 and 2009, hall, which is currently vacant. of a bottom-up participation process. Overall, called ‘Hafensafari’. hrough temporary To increase social interaction, there should the concept includes ive crucial elements which installations, either in a material sense, not only be artistic temporary installations, will be explained in the following. through light or music, artists expressed but also interventions aimed at community- 15. their vision of a post-industrial city (see building. For the garbage parking lot, we startinG point: revive workshops and public art events, which picture 16 and 17). could for example imagine urban gardening the ‘strandhalle’ – turn are attracting all kinds of people includ- For the Blumenthal safari, we and a recurring food festival. Because food is a it into a connector ing children and families. propose a route starting at the water shared element across cultures and regions, it The currently vacant ‘Strandhalle’ has a very To achieve a mix of culture and com- tower north of the centre, through can be a common denominator to engage with prominent position in Rönnebeck. It is located merce, the gastronomy of the ‘Bootshaus’ the deserted Mühlenstraße, directly to residents from diferent cultural backgrounds on the sand spit shape extension into the water, should be extended. We propose a can- the waterfront and from there to the and hence a starting point to stimulate a multi- between the green area ‘Bahrsplate’ and the tilever terrace built into the water. he 19. cultural community building process. Food study area given to us. Due to its former usage advantage is that from the terrace people and street festivals could also be used to revive as a dance bar, it is known as a point of attrac- will be able to see the developments going the former shopping street Mühlenstraße (see tion among people in Blumenthal. All of the on in our study area, and therefore make pictures 19 and 20). above makes the ‘Strandhalle’ a perfect starting them curious to continue their journey 16. point for our concept: it may serve as a connec- along the river. Highlighting this area is revive the beach heritaGe, make tor in a physical as well as a social sense. therefore also beneicial for improving the waterfront accessible From a social point of view, we would like to physical and spatial connections. and Give people a say turn the Strandhalle into a multi-cultural cen- The temporary interventions serve as a trig- tre with various functions. On the one hand, it increase social interaction ger for a participation process. We reserved can serve as a service centre for the Blumenthal and improve reputation one bigger part in our master plan where the population, where for example German courses throuGh temporary design and the function of public space are sub- for migrants or computer courses for elderly are interventions ject to a bottom-up process (see igure 21); here ofered. On the other hand, it should also be a Blumenthal is rather a remote area the local community should decide what they place for leisure. he Röda Sten konsthall, an that you usually would not travel to if would like to have, and also if they would like art cultural centre founded in a former shipyard you live in other areas of Bremen. Our to keep the ancient factory hall and give it a new in Gothenburg, can serve as inspiration. here, analysis has shown that Blumenthal has function. Making an area which is particularly dancers, painters and performance artists ofer beautiful old buildings and much space welcoming for families with children could 17. 18. 112 Case Studies City on Water 113

have the advantage that parents from diferent required. Examples for loodable skate parks be looded. In former times tides played a very of the public flood protection we propose to ethnic backgrounds have the chance to estab- and public spaces can be found in Rotterdam central role in everyday life in port cities. he build floating houses. These floating houses lish linkages through informal communication (see picture 22). These examples show that whole work rhythm was determined by this should not be too luxury, given the social con- while the children are playing. Building up a including water into the design can even make natural phenomenon. By playing with the tides text from Blumenthal. An example for these more family friendly environment along the a public space more interesting. in our design, people may experience these types of houses comes from Maasbommel in waterfront can stimulate social cohesion and natural processes again. the Netherlands (see picture 26). Always two community building. decrease ‘the wall effect’ Second, we propose to make the wall itself houses form a complex that is connected by an Therefore, we also propose to revive and play with the tides more attractive. Inspired by examples from Italy overhead crossing to the public road. he tech- Blumenthal’s beach heritage. A beach could As stated above, the current public lood protec- again, we propose writing quotes and draw- nology of loating houses is also a starting point be built on the same location where the tion wall appears as a strong barrier that separates ing graffiti’s on the sea wall (see picture 24). for public participation, discussion and envi- former beach used to be. As it is in the area Blumenthal and the water body. For installing Redecorating the sea wall is a way of combin- sion about how settlements adapt to short term without public lood protection, it may serve another form of lood protection that would it ing culture with physical infrastructure; it may natural disasters such as looding and climate multiple purposes. On the one hand, a beach more harmoniously in the surrounding urban serve as a way to engage with the general public change in long term. By mixing two diferent invites people to stay, swim and enjoy them- environment there is unfortunately not enough and strengthen local identity. kinds of housing structures we attempt to create selves. On the other hand, it is a more natural space available. herefore, we found other means a socially mixed area. approach in reducing the pressure of looding to decrease “the wall effect” and open up the opportunities for residential by providing more space for water to enter waterfront for the population again. use: multi-storey dwellinGs conclusion and leave smoothly. It therefore also makes First, we propose to build a path along the and floatinG houses To put it in a nutshell, Blumenthal has many dwellers experience the close relationship wall on the water side. As a reference serves In our design we deined two areas where resi- physical and social problems. However, several between land and water. an example from Venice (see picture 23). his dential usage is preferable. The first area lies of these weaknesses can be turned into oppor- Given the lacking ofer for young people, element connects the beach bar directly with inside the public lood protection. Here we pro- tunities. The proximity to the water plays a we also propose building new sports facilities the former beach area with its new activities. It pose the same style of housing that is already fundamental role: we used it as an element to such as a skate park, basketball court or small should be built into the water on a ixed level, there (see picture 25): multi-family houses of rethink the territory of the Rönnebecker Hafen football ield. As also this area is outside of so that the usage of this path is tide-depend- 21. six apartments per object which also house- in particular as well as Blumenthal in general. the public lood protection, a special design is ent. During high tide, the path should hence holds with a lower income can aford. Outside We consider it to be crucial to give the water- front back to the people: it therefore should be completely publicly accessible. Next to rather physical interventions, we would like to high- light the necessity of social interventions as well. Given the socially weak context of Blumenthal, a successful regeneration of Blumenthal can only work if the population is involved in the deci- sion making process. Blumenthal shall remain a place for people from Blumenthal. Engaging 23. with inhabitants through a bottom-up pro- cess is therefore of great importance: it allows including the society in the physical and social regeneration process.

1. http://www.statistik-bremen.de/tabellen/kleinraum/stadt_ottab/153.htm 2. http://www.statistik-bremen.de/tabellen/kleinraum/stadt_ottab/153.htm 3. http://www.stadtentwicklung.bremen.de/sixcms/media.php/13/20101130St adtteilberichtBlthalEndfassung.pdf 4. http://www.efre-bremen.de/detail.php?gsid=bremen59.c.8598.en 22. 24. 25. 26. City on Water 115

Katarzyna Rembarz hemelinGen, aller-harbour. for the area and decided on that as our concept. Heewan Shin he area of study which we were given as a group his was also the point where we decided the Mrudhula Koshy was Hemelingen, Aller-Harbour, Bremen. his title for our project “from grey to green” Evelina Knyzelite area is located in the eastern part of Bremen on the river Weser. he area is considered to swot analysis Olivia O’Connor be in a commercial and harbour area. his area In order to understand the area better a SWOT produces a fifth of Bremen’s gross domestic analysis was carried out this will help under- product. he is a rich industrial past. here are stand how to approach the regeneration of many companies located here that export inter- FROM GREY TO GREEN the area. It helped identify features that were

nationally, these include Coca-Cola, Mercedes WORKING PERIOD: TEAM MEMBER: already present in the area, and in turn look at Benz, Daimler AG and Atlas Electronik. Aller- 21.-25. SEP. 2015 REMBRAZ, KATARZYNA if these were positive or negative. The group SHIN, HEEWAN Harbour is one of the three inland shipping LOCATION: KOSHY, MRUDHULA looked at the area as a long term vision rather ports. In this area there are two residential ALLER-HARBOR AREA KNYZELYTE, EVELINA than in the short term. areas, these are Hemelingen and Sebaldbruck. HEMELINGEN, BREMEN O CONNOR, OLIVIA Strengths: The Hemelingen area has many hese are highly densely populated, however existing strengths. these areas are cut of from the harbour by a – here is a landmark building present in the from grey large motorway. At Stadwerder there is a nature area in the form of the coal chimney. reserve and recreational area. his area is only a EUSS 2015 – Existing heritage/history of the area.

short distance away but unfortunately is sepa- – Public transport is present in the surround- to green - rated by the infrastructure present. ing area in the form of rail and bus. Over the last number of years shipping has – It does not become looded, due to being moved outwards towards the Bremerhaven FROM GREY TO GREEN further down stream. regenerAtIon which is closer to the North Sea. This is due TYPOLOGY OF – he existence of water. to much larger ships and a change in tech- BREMEN HARBORS – Enterprise already present. nology. he main industry now in Hemelingen OLD CITY Weakness: here was very little weaknesses in of the is the large coal fuelled electricity plant, which the area. is expected no to exist into the next thirty years – Lack of connection to main residential area. due to advances in biotechnology. – Noise pollution for autobahn. Aller- Opportunities: here were many opportuni- method used AXIS TO GREEN ties identiied within the area. he group combined a few diferent methods to – Reconnecting to the main city and residen- hArbour ind a solution for the regeneration of the area. tial area. he irst step was to visit to area. While here it HEMELINGEN – Buildings to ind new uses eg. Old factories gave us a chance to see in context what were into studio space or office space for new AreA In the positives and negatives in the area. Once CUT OF GREEN enterprises. this step was complete we each individually – Develop the bus link. made a mind map of the area. his aided us in – Connect with other side of the river. bremen- deciding which area to focus on. he next step – Cultural development. involved was the put our mind maps together Threats: There were only a few threats and create a SWOT analysis of the choosen area. identiied. RECREATIONAL GREEN hemelIngen Brainstorming our ideas for the area was next – Always noise from autobahn. part of the process. We looked at what was best – Coco-Cola factory leaving at any time. 116 Case Studies City on Water 117 ideas POTENTIAL OF THE ALLER-HARBOR part of visiting the Hemelingen area. here are ANALYSIS: GREEN here were many ideas which were produced FROM GREY TO GREEN strong materials present such as brick, steel and FROM GREY TO GREEN these included a green urban park. his park a chimney. hese also give the place character. would have many uses for recreation including his is why it is important that a lot of this char- a walk way, playground and sports ield. his acter was left and incorporated into the new could attract many different age groups. An H design of the area. Hemelingen has a strong idea for the electricity building was keep the history as a shipping port, the new design coal and incorporate into a skate park. his area will bring this subtle into the design. he new would also having seating made out recycled H design would keep the cranes already present materials. A bungee jump from the was also on the water and reuse them for boats to dock brought about. On the Main Street area there in the area. he protection of the is in order to

was Germany’s oldest silver company Wilkens H form a memory of past use of the area, it will Sohne, it was thought this could be incorpo- also act as a landmark. rated into the design or remembered by a he proximity of the tram line, autobahn monument or art installation. Public participa- and bus stop are a very good opportunity for the tion could take place in the form of design of area to attract people, as this infrastructure is graiti in the skate park. Pedestrian and cyclist established. he proximity of Naturschutzgebiet footpaths were also suggested to be that closer (Nature protection area) Neue Weser is presents to the dock area was suggested they would be an opportunity to build a connection through a green, also use of green signs towards the dock water ferry. Connecting the city to the harbour area to suggest it’s inviting. Grey signs would is very important, this connection can be made GREEN used towards going back to the city. his could ANALYSIS: WATER viable by the positioning of pedestrian-oriented ANALYSIS: TRANSPORATION NETWORK suggest that this area would be a green utopia. FROM GREY TO GREEN land uses and the use of colour, lighting, paving, FROM GREY TO GREEN landscape materials and public art. hose will concept drive to the area will be provided with parking he inal concept which is hopefully a realistic facilities just at the verge of the harbour and one sees the transformation of the area from additional parking under the autobahn. hese a place was seen as dark, gloomy, unattractive areas will also be provided with lighting, pav- and hard to access. It would now become an ing, and landscape materials. Cars can enter the area the surrounding residents of Hemelingen harbour at one point as it felt the regenerated and Sebaldbruck, would wish to come and area should be “green”, which means it would spend there leisure time. he plan was to make be pedestrian and cyclist friendly. many improvements to the infrastructure of the he creation of Riverside Trails is to pro- area. he use of our theme from “green to grey” vide residents and visitors with opportunities to was very important concept. It is important to experience the unique combination of histori- the project to make this area a place an area cal, cultural and natural elements that are part of that people wish to go through and not just a Hemelingen port.. hese trails should be illus- place to go to. trated by maps geared primarily to pedestrians Former and current recycling facilities and and bicyclists.. hese trails can vary in diferent the Ironworks buildings form an important lengths. he use trail maps and self- guided or part of the network of the special historical and guided tours could be related to architecture, WATER VEHICLE ROAD architectural elements to be experienced as a public art, the natural environment, people and PUBLIC TRANS. 118 Case Studies City on Water 119 places in Hemelingen history. ANALYSIS: BUILDING and given a new use for the removal of boats here will be many buildings kept and re- FROM GREY TO GREEN from the harbour to be stored or for other uses. used. here main change of use would be the Buildings that can be preserved will given new introduction of an education centre. his centre use such educational and storage. There will could teach biotechnology, one the universities also be a sports centre which can have a swim- in Bremen could use this space. his would may ming pool and sports courts. This will also in turn attract more biotechnology into the sur- somewhere for people to go during winter and rounding area. bad weather especially.he biggest conservation and reuse of a structure in the area, is the Atlas desiGn Electronik chimney. This will have a unique he inal design, which was choosen, was mainly new use as a place where those looking for an for recreational use with a small mix of other adrenaline rush can come. he new use will be uses such as educational. The design reflects a bungee jump. he chimney will now become on architectural elements already present and a landmark building in the area. Also in this site try’s to maintain the heritage of the harbour. there is a coal site with a large hill made from he design of Hemelingen harbour will try and coal from the Electronik. his will be designed connect water to the land and make them low as skate board park. The design for this will seamlessly into one. show the coal along the sides of the park. The first part of the design looks at the he river and harbour will become involved access to the area. here will be a few changes in the land. his will be done by putting steps in regards to access. he main change will come BUILDING leading into the harbour from Kai Aller, these in the form of changing direction of traic to SWOT ANALYSIS will act as a place where people can sit. On the area. Those who are coming in cars with FROM GREY TO GREEN either side of river bank there will be a slope come from the tunnel through to Heman-Fur- leading the river, here people can watch boats Sur. The Allerkai road will be only used for and other water activities. Either side of the as service entrance. Parking will also be pro- harbour there will be a risen dock for boats and vided on the Heman-Fur-Sur. hese areas will yachts to dock and enjoy the facilities of this become landscaped and suitable lighting will be area. he boats can also be taken out of the river put place. A new entrance will be opened up from here and stored. from Föhrenstraße for pedestrian and cyclist Hemelingen harbour will be given a new use, this will also be attracted by landscaping lease of life through varied recreational facili- and lightning. here will be access provided to ties in the area. A new outdoor concert area Naturschutzgebiet Neue Weser, which is on the around Kai Aller, provide a space where many other side of the river, this will be give a ferry diferent events can take place. It will be a steel that will cross from one side to the other. his built structure that will tie in with the materials will expand the range of people who can access already present on the former steel site. here the Hemelingen Harbour. will a multi functional recreational centre also here will be many building preserved due present near the harbour. In the park that is to their architectural and heritage qualities. being created there will outdoor exercise facili- Inspiration will be drawn from these buildings ties, playground, outdoor all weather pitches into any new being built. The crane which is and kiosks for cofee and snacks. here will also already present on the dock will be preserved STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT be a walk in the igure of eight, one circle will 120 Case Studies City on Water 121 be bigger then the other. his will give people CONCEPT a choice of what length they wish to run, walk FROM GREY TO GREEN or cycle. he main objective of the regeneration of the harbour is to transform a once grey area into a green attractive area where people wish to visit with their families. The main way of doing this is through the introduction of a multi functional park. here will also be land- scaping carried out throughout the entrances to the site. At the waterfront near the skate park, old car parking spaces will be transformed into places for trees and water features. Furniture is also important for people to come and enjoy the area. he two main forms of seating to be used would be old boats transformed into seating for the park and old used skateboards for the skate park. hese would keep within the theme and give a sense of a formal use. Combating noise from the autobahn and insuring it does afect the atmosphere of the area a green garden will be put on the rootops of the buildings under- neath the autobahn. MASTERPLAN he overall design is to create a green area FROM GREY TO GREEN that has a multi functional use which will last into the future and is adaptable over time. It’s main purpose is to attract residents from the the surrounding area. 122 Case Studies City on Water 123 PROGRAM: BUNGEE PROGRAM: WATER STTER STAIRS PROGRAM: GREEN STRUCTURE WALL FROM GREY TO GREEN FROM GREY TO GREEN

IMAGE SOURCE IMAGE SOURCE IMAGE SOURCE LEFT: HTTPS://COMMONS.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKI/CATEGORY:BUNGEE_JUMPING#/MEDIA/FILE:MAKARSKA_BUNGEE_JUMPING.JPG LEFT: HTTP://WWW.WEST8.NL/IMAGES/DBASE/2383_LARGE.JPG LEFT: HTTPS://UPLOAD.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKIPEDIA/COMMONS/3/37/MFO-PARK_OERLIKON_2010-10-03_14-28-40_SHIFTN.JPG RIGHT: HTTPS://UPLOAD.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKIPEDIA/COMMONS/2/22/2009-07-28_BUNGEE_SCHEVENINGEN.JPG RIGHT: HTTP://URBNEWS.PL/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2014/10/FOTO-4.JPG RIGHT: HTTP://WWW.TOURNESOLSITEWORKS.COM/PRODUCT_IMAGES/ORCHARD-SHOPPING,-12TH-FL,-SINGAPORE-VGM1333139615.JPG PROGRAM: OTHER ACTIVITIES PROGRAM: YACHT PROGRAM: SKATE PARK “ON COAL” FROM GREY TO GREEN FROM GREY TO GREEN

IMAGE SOURCE IMAGE SOURCE IMAGE SOURCE LEFT: HTTP://WWW.BUERGER-FUER-GAU-BISCHOFSHEIM.DE/BILDER/070820_BOULE-SITZGRUPPE-EINWEIHUNG_2.JPG LEFT: HTTPS://STRANDEDMARINER.FILES.WORDPRESS.COM/2009/03/SHIN-NISHINOMIYA1.JPG LEFT: HTTP://XXI.COM.TR/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/013_EFFEKT_LEMVIG_SKATEPARK_---_MADS_KRABBE.JPG RIGHT: HTTP://2.BP.BLOGSPOT.COM/-2IQONVI7B70/UA5QDXJGB2I/AAAAAAAACOS/Q2WEXW8EOBK/S1600/EUROPEAN_PLAYGROUND_6.JPG RIGHT: HTTP://IMAGES41.FOTOSIK.PL/310/8D5A198C5AEF1F59MED.JPG RIGHT: HTTP://IMG.ARCHIEXPO.COM/IMAGES_AE/PHOTO-G/SKATEPARK-BOWL-63496-4757615.JPG IDEA OF SKATE PARK “ON COAL” PROGRAM:PROGRAM: CLIMBING CLIMBING W WALL PROGRAM: CONTAINER BUILDING IDEA OF SKATE PARK “ON COAL” FROM GREY TO GREEN FROM GREY TO GREEN FROM GREY TO GREEN

COALS ARE VISIBLE THROUGH GLASS WALL

IMAGE SOURCE IMAGE SOURCE LEFT: HTTPS://THEARCANESEEKER.FILES.WORDPRESS.COM/2014/12/CAROUSEL-IRELAND3.JPG?W=800 LEFT: HTTP://BI.GAZETA.PL/IM/1/6123/Z6123101Q,MOBILNY-SKLEP-FIRMOWY-MARKI-PUMA-ZOSTAL-ZAPROJEKTO.JPG CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION RIGHT: HTTP://WWW.CRUISEMAN.COM/IMAGES/MARINER26.GIF RIGHT: HTTP://MEDIA-CACHE-AK0.PINIMG.COM/736X/F5/73/18/F57318FE8185A3269784D63870B5FDCA.JPG City on Water 125

Piotr Lorens Bremen – as a perfect example of the post- working on the selected sites were challenged to develop frequently forgotten link between Izabela Mironowicz industrial city – can be regarded as a labora- with the “typical” problem deinition (in regard diferent components of the planning process. tory for an urban transformation. Once playing to location, scale, type of degradation), but – hese included observation and analysis of the extremely important role in the maritime trans- due to the special socio-economic and cultural site speciics, conceptualizing future develop- portation network, today can be seen as a place site contexts – they were supposed to deliver ment vision and – finally – providing more looking for the new concepts for its previously original and innovative proposals. herefore, detailed design solutions. Such an approach, vibrant waterfront areas. With no doubts, these the results of European Urban Summer School while linking all parts of the planning and places represent a huge development potential. can become one of the irst steps in reinvent- design process, allowed to overcome charac- But at the same time the areas in question are ing Bremen waterfront, taking into account the teristic present practice of division between becoming a great problem for the city – as their need of innovative thinking for the area, as they “planning” and “urban design”. It also allowed development capacity (measured – in the sim- allow suggesting redevelopment models which to internalize that all elements of this process plest way – by the amount of square kilometers respond to the real needs of the community. matter and that planning and design can be awaiting redevelopment) is way too big for the As discussed in the introduction to this successfully linked not only in case of typical needs and opportunities of the “traditional” book, the concept of the EUSS tries to intro- large-scale projects, like the above mentioned model of the urban waterfront renewal. In fact, duce thinking “outside the box”. his relates not “Übersee-Stadt”. one project of this kind is more than enough for only to the approach to planning and types of Proposals developed by EUSS teams – WAterfront the needs of the local market – the “Übersee- planning solutions, but also to the composition besides providing the more comprehensive Stadt”, once completed, will become an excellent of the planning group and mode of work. In approach to the analysis of the site and under- extension of the existing city center, represent- result, the approach to planning task ,which lining interdependencies between planning for All ing the example of well-established tradition of was employed during EUSS exercise was not and design components of the project – also high-proile redevelopment waterfront site. based on “grand visions” or “market research” contributed to the development of the new But the set of waterfront sites awaiting rede- as it usually is the case in this kind of reserch. vision of the “green, not grey waterfront for SummAry of the velopment is much bigger and this “traditional” Planning groups preferred to look carefully at all”. It seems that – in the age of the “post- model – represented by above mentioned the contexts of each of the selected sites. hey speculative” and “post-global” cities – this kind euSS 2015 “Übersee-Stadt” – cannot be applied to all of did study the problem not only from the spatial of solutions will be more frequently developed, those. Furthermore, one can argue that apply- but also from the social, economic and cultural especially in the cases of the less privileged ing this model to remaining sites can become perspective. Developing such the approach cities and places. Also, these can mark the a serious mistake. his comes from a number was made possible due to the fact that EUSS beginning of the new era – era of “planning of reasons. he main ones are associated with participants represented various cultural back- for all” and not “planning for a few”. herefore, the limits of local real estate market poten- grounds, which allowed them better understand although provided for the Bremen waterfront, tial and a nature of the community needs. the site context and needs of the local commu- the approach developed by the EUSS teams he others are based on the spatial context of nity. Also, previous experience gained by the can become a sort of toolkit for other places the Bremen waterfront sites. hey are indeed team members in various places in the world demanding innovative, community-oriented located within the working class housing allowed them to develop original solution of the planning and design. neighborhoods, and therefore associated with old problems. the speciic needs of people living and work- he projects developed by the EUSS partici- ing in these areas for decades. And inally, as pants clearly stated that the needs and demands the future of global megalopolis is not in store of the local community are very different to for this beautiful urban environment, it seems the ones usually preferred by politicians and necessary to identify site-speciic and appro- private sector representatives. Moreover, they priate for them models of transformation. were not only focused on providing under- herefore, one can say that the workshop teams standing of the site profile, but also allowed City on Water 127

patricia chan lok hei Patricia Chan Lok Hei (China) is a year 4 undergraduate student currently study- ing Urban Studies at the University of Hong Kong. In her four-year courses of pArtICIpAntS Bachelor of Arts in Urban Studies, she found the aspects of sustainable urban environment, local art, cultural and historic elements that reinforce the richness of physical and intellectual outlook of urban environment in Hong Kong most inter- esting and inspiring. During her university studies, she interned at Governmental bodies such as Civil Engineering and Development Department and also Home Afairs Department Race Relations Unit to explore urban dynamics in terms of infrastructural and societal aspects. “he European Urban Summer School for Young Professionals had been a wonderful experience for me to further extend my knowledge about urban development from Hong Kong to Bremen.”

evelina knyzelyte Evelina Knyzelyte (Lithuania) has graduated as an architect in Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania) and successfully expanded the scale of projects while studying International Master of Landscape Architecture in Nürtingen-Geislingen, University of Applied Sciences (Germany). Currently, she is working with inter- national projects in an architecture company based in Vilnius, Lithuania.

marie kötterheinrich Marie Kötterheinrich (Germany) is a Bachelor Student in Urban Planning at the Faculty of Architecture, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. his four-year programme focusses on theory and politics of the city and planning as well as on socio- scientiic urban research. During her Bachelor degree she did several projects about the history of the city and how to deal with urban heritage nowadays and worked in addition as a research assistant for the scientiic network „Urbanism of European Dictatorships of the 20th Century“ for the Chair of Spatial Planning at her faculty. In the beginning of 2015 she did a semester abroad at the Faculty of Architecture at the Universidade de Lisboa. here she worked on an urban design located at the waterfront of Belém and became interested in the topic of planning with and near by the water.

mrudhula koshy Mrudhula Koshy (India) is an Architect and Urban Designer based in The Netherlands for the past three years. She did her 5 year bachelor’s degree in Architecture and thereafter did her post – masters in European Masters in Urbanism from Delt Institute of Technology, he Netherlands. She is now a Young Planning Professional (YPP) representing the city of Maastricht, The Netherlands for the urban theme ‘How to overcome National Borders?’ for the ISOCARP Congress 2015. Her core interests and skills involve mediating between theory and practice for multi – scalar spatial strategies in diverse contexts, scenario construction, and collaborative planning and frameworks in the face of team uncertainty in metropolitan cities in the Global South. © flickr.com, Peter Gorges | https://www.flickr.com/photos/steffilangehobbyphotographie/15376444184/ Peter © flickr.com, 128 team participants City on Water 129

Giulia motta zanin Giulia Motta Zanin (Italy) was born in Bolzano/Bozen in 1990. She studied britta restemeyer Britta Restemeyer (Germany) works as PhD researcher at the Faculty of Spatial Planning and Policies for the City, Environment and Landscape at the IUAV Sciences, University of Groningen. She obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Urban University of Venice and graduated in April 2015 with the master thesis “he Planning at the HafenCity University, Hamburg. Aterwards, she successfully cultures of living with water, from historical heritage towards climate change completed the double degree Master Water and Coastal Management at the adaptation. A comparative analysis between Hamburg and the Venetian Lagoon”. Universities of Oldenburg (Germany) and Groningen (Netherlands). Her key She is interested in adaptive governance, especially in coastal areas and estuaries interest is how to deal with flood risk in urban regions. Already during her particularly afected by the problem of looding. studies, and later on in her professional career, she participated in German as well as European research projects, such as RIMAX, Climate Proof Areas, KLIFF and MARE. Since 2012 she pursues her research interests in a PhD project called olivia o’connor Olivia O’Connor (Ireland) was born in the popular tourist town of Killarney, ‘lood resilient cities’. Since 2015 she is also working as a lecturer at the University County Kerry. It is located in the South-west of Ireland. Currently studying a of Groningen, with the integration of spatial planning and water management at masters in Planning and Sustainable Development at University College Cork. the core of her teaching tasks. Currently holds an undergraduate degree in Social Science, also from UCC. In the irst year of masters took part in an urban renewal and rejuvenation project of an inner city community to renew derelict buildings and assist with antisocial heewan shin Heewan Shin (South Korea) is a master student of urban design at the Technical issues through planning practices. his was an excellent real world example of University Berlin (Germany). In 2010 he graduated in Urban Planning (Bachelor public participation. he topic of my research project will be around the area of of Science) from the Hanyang University, South Korea. After graduation, he women and the afect they have on planning, focusing on gender prooing of started to work as an urban designer in Space Group, architecture and urban development plans in Ireland. design oice, in Seoul, South Korea. His biggest concern is an afordable living in a city area and involved in several afordable housing projects during his master programme. He has been passionately writing an article about cities, especially katarzyna rembarz Katarzyna Rembarz (Poland) graduated from the Faculty of Architecture at the focused on the city of Berlin and its challenges in recent years. Gdańsk University of Technology. Actually she is a graduate member at the same faculty and works as a freelance architect in Gdansk (www.katarzynarembarz.pl). She is a member of the Polish Republic Chamber of Architects. City on Water 131

verena andreas Verena Andreas graduated 2012 from the Faculty of Spatial Planning at the Technical University of Dortmund and worked as a project manager in a con- sultancy office for urban development and planning afterwards. Today she teAChIng StAff is a Scientiic Staf Member at the Institute of Geography and the Institute of Labor and Economy at the University of Bremen. Her research interests lie in the ields of urban development, planning and regeneration as well as processes of urban transformation in old industrial cities. Planning and adaption strate- gies in Bremen, the Ruhr Area and Manchester, England are key topics in her work, besides that she shares special interests in the ields of international urban development strategies. Her PhD-Project deals with “Urban Regeneration and Planning Culture in the Entrepreneurial City”.

carola hein Carola Hein is Professor and Head of the Chair History of Architecture and Urban Planning at TU Delt. She has published widely on topics in contemporary and historical architectural and urban planning – notably in Europe and Japan. Among other major grants, she received a Guggenheim Fellowship to pursue research on he Global Architecture of Oil and an Alexander von Humboldt fellowship to investigate large-scale urban transformation in Hamburg in inter- national context between 1842 and 2008. Her current research interests include transmission of architectural and urban ideas along international networks, focusing speciically on port cities and the global architecture of oil. She serves as Editor for the Americas for the journal Planning Perspectives and as Asia book review editor for the Journal of Urban History. Her books include: he Capital of Europe (2004), Port Cities: Dynamic Landscapes and Global Networks (2011), Brussels: Perspectives on a European Capital (2007), European Brussels. Whose capital? Whose city? (2006), Rebuilding Urban Japan ater 1945 (2003), and Cities, Autonomy and Decentralisation in Japan (2006), Hauptstadt Berlin 1957-58 (1991).

piotr lorens Piotr Lorens - PhD, DSc., Prof., urban planner. Head, Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland; Vice President, International Society of City and Regional Planners ISOCARP. His scientiic interests include urban development and regen- eration processes, with a special focus on comprehensive planning and waterfront redevelopment.

team © flickr.com, Peter Gorges | https://www.flickr.com/photos/petergorges/5544307702/ Peter © flickr.com, 132 team teaching Staf City on Water 133

julia lossau Julia Lossau is professor of urban geography in the Department of Geography at anna-lisa müller Anna-Lisa Müller is a senior researcher at the Department of Geography at the the University of Bremen. Her research focuses on the symbolic production of University of Bremen, Germany. Her main research interests include the inter- places and spaces, particularly in the context of postcolonial discourses. Previous relation of materiality and sociality in postmodern societies, urban developments research examined the uses of art in public spaces as well as representations of and international processes of transmigration. She obtained her PhD in 2013 at nature in urban ecology. Books include he Uses of Art in Public Space (London, Bielefeld University, Germany. In 2012 and 2013, Anna-Lisa Müller was a fellow New York: Routledge, 2014, co-edited with Quentin Stevens) and Perspectives of the residency program Scholars in Residence organised by the German Goethe- in Urban Ecology. Studies of ecosystems and interactions between humans and Institute and the Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities (KWI). Her nature in the metropolis of Berlin (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2011, most recent books are Green Creative City (2013) and Architecture, Materiality co-edited with Wilfried Endlicher et al.). and Society (2015, with Werner Reichmann).

Günter warsewa Günter Warsewa (Dr. rer. pol.; Dipl. Sow; Bremen Senior Researcher) is Director ulrike mansfeld Ulrike Mansfeld (Dipl. Ing., Architect BDA) is professor for urban design at the of the IAW (Research Institute Labour and Economy) at the University of Bremen. School of Architecture in the University of Applied Sciences Bremen. Before she Recent professional activities are research works and publications in urban and worked and studied in at the Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart and at the Bartlett regional sociology, in labour- and industrial sociology and about governance School, University College London. She is teaching design and concepts of inte- and institutional change; consulting and expert reports on urban development riors, architectural and urban planning. Her special interest aims at real life and governance; teaching in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University experiences “on site”. of Bremen. G. Warsewa is a member of the German Sociological Association (Deutsche Gesellschat für Soziologie) and the DGS-Sections „Environmental Ecology“ and „Urban and Regional Sociology“. izabela mironowicz Izabela Mironowicz is an associate professor at the Faculty of Architecture, Department of Spatial Planning and director for the studies in spatial plan- ning, at the Wroclaw University of Technology (Poland). In 2010 she launched the European Urban Summer Schools under the auspices of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP). During her terms of oice as Secretary General of AESOP (2011-2015), she helped to develop EUSS as one of the AESOP lagship projects. Now in AESOP structures Izabela is responsible for the EUSS and also she represents AESOP in Brussels European Liaison Oice (BELO). She sits in the national board of the Society of Town Planners in Poland. She is a member of the Commission on Architecture and Town Planning in Wroclaw, an advisory body in urban matters for the Mayor of Wroclaw. She sits in the scientiic boards of: Wrocław Contemporary Museum and international planning jour- nals: International Planning Studies (Cardif University), Revue Internationale d’Urbanisme (Université de Lyon) and MEGARON (Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul). Her research focuses on urban transformation and advanced modelling methods in urban development. She is also an expert in planning education. CITY ON WATER

Edited by Günter Warsewa in cooperation with Izabela Mironowicz

Institut Arbeit und Wirtschat Universität / Arbeitnehmerkammer Bremen

Institute Labour and Economy University of Bremen / Chamber of Labour Partners:

Graphic Design: haveasign Cooperation: Layout: joanna majczyk Web: http://www.haveasign.pl Printed and bound in Poland. Proofreading: derek martin As the publishers of this work, AESOP and Wrocław University of Science and Technology Coordination: izabela mironowicz want to encourage the circulation of our work as widely as possible while retaining the copyright. ISBN: 978-83-7493-948-5 We therefore have an open access policy which enables anyone to access our content online without Copyright © 2016 ASSOCIATION OF EUROPEAN SCHOOLS OF PLANNING charge. Anyone can download, save, perform & Wrocław University of Science and Technology or distribute this work in pdf format, excluding Some rights reserved. translation, without written permission. his is subject to the terms of the AESOP and Wrocław ASSOCIATION OF EUROPEAN SCHOOLS OF PLANNING University of Technology licence found at the EUROPEAN URBAN SUMMER SCHOOL (EUSS) colophon. Its main conditions are: (1) AESOP, Wrocław University of Science and Technology and Wrocław Univeristy of Science and Technology the author(s) are credited; (2) his summary and 53/55 B. Prusa Street the address www.aesop-planning.eu are displayed; 50-370 Wrocław, Poland (3) he text is not altered and is used in full; (4) http://www.aesop-planning.eu he work is not resold; (5) A copy of the work or link to its use online is sent to AESOP SG. Printing: drukarnia jaks, Sławomir Kępa, Jerzy Janeczek 8 Bogedaina Street, 50-514 Wrocław Cover photo: © lickr.com, Andreas Dantz www.jaks.net.pl https://www.lickr.com/photos/szene/8725721158/