Table 2 Significance of Diffcrenccs Bctwecn Treatment Means for Day 1 Arat an

RVO n.~. .05 .01 .01 ,01 facing, but olfaction alone is ineffectivc_ FVO n.s. .05 .01 .01 However, later the visual-olfactory Largcr FO n.s. n.!\. ,01 components retain their capacity to eHcit Mean RO n .. s. n.s. CVO n_s. approach with the front aspect increasing CO in strength, and olfaction becomes capable of eliciting approach. With an increasing DAY 2 Treatment number of trials, all components lose their ADIENT Condition FVO 1'0 RVO RO CO CVO effectiveness to elicit approach . FVO .01 . 01 .01 .01 .01 REFERENCES RVO n.s. n.s. .01 .01 BRILL, M. Parameters of odor-trail avoidance in Larger 1'0 n.s. .01 .01 the spontaneous alternation of the rat. Mean RO .01 .05 Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University CO n.s. ofCincinnati, 1967. CVO CAIRNS, R. B. Attachment behavior of . Psychological Review, 1966, 73, DAY 2 Treatment 409-426. ABIENT Condition 1"0 RO CO CVO FVO RVO DAVIS, R. B., & LUDVlGSON, H. W. The "depression effect" and the problem of odor 1'0 n.s. n.s. n.s. .05 .05 controL Psychonomic Science, 1969, 14, RO n.s. n.s. .05 .05 93-94. Larger CO n.s. n.s. .05 DUA, J. K_ Role of olfactory and visual cucs in Mean CVO n.s. .05 the acquisition of avoidance. Journal of FVO n.s. Experimental Psychology, in press_ RVO KING, M_ G. Stimulus generalization of days over all the six groups. Thus there decreased. This latter aspect was equivalent conditioned fear in over time: Olfactory cucs and adrenal activity. Journal of were 12 analyses over the four test to frontal-olfactory, which showed Comparative & Physiological Psychology, sessions, but only Days land 2 had stronger elicitation. The rear-olfactory also 1969,69, 590-600. significant effects. The F ratio was became capable of eliciting approach, LUDVIGSON, H. W., & SYTSMA, D. The sweet significant on Day I adient (F = 3.78, though less strongly than FO. Table 2 smeJl of success: Apparent double alternation p< .01), Day 2 adient (F 8.83, P < .01), shows that while olfactory groups do not in the rat. Psychonomic Science, 1967, 9, = 283-284. and Day 2 abient (F = 2.56, p< .05) The produce more than the control level of McHOSE, J. H., & LUDVIGSON, H. w. mean number of abient, adient, and nooR abi ent responses, the visual-olfactory Differential conditioning with non differential responses on Days 1 and 2 is listed in groups produce significantly less. The same reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 1969.6, Table I. Within each significant analysis pattern is present in Day 1 abient scores, 485-486. McHOSE, J_ H., JACOBY, L. L., & MEYER, P. further testing of the differences between but the effect is not significant. A. Extinction as a function of number of individual means was done with the After Day 2 all Ihree responses fell to a reinforced trials and squad competition. Scheffe test. Table 2 presents the resuIts of random level. This shows that there is some Psychonomic Sciencc, 1967,9,401-402. these tests at both the 5% and I % levels of confidence. The means in Table 2 are in Ca ge activity in cottontail decreasing order. DISCUSSION DONNA M. CONE and A. L. CONE It is clear from the results that on Days Lynehburg College, Lynehburg, Va. 24504 land 2 the test rat showed a tendency to go towards the stimulus rat. A study of the Cage activity of two eottontail rabbüs was measured twiee daily (morning and night) significance of differences between means under six levels of ambient illumination (dark, less than 1.0,2.5,5.0,25.0, and 50.0 fe). reveals the relative importance of various Analysis of variance indicated that the Ss were signifieantly more aetive at night than in cues, For the Day 1 adient means, Table 2 the morning under all levels of iIIumination_ In addition, the Illumination by Time of Day shows that the rat has a preference for the interaction was significant. Increasing levels of illumination produced decreasing cage seen, smelt stimulus, regardless of the aetivity at night, but did not significantly affect cage activity in the morning. Results are direction it was facing. In the olfactory diseussed as providing further generalization of earlier findings with nocturnal Virginia groups, only frontal aspects elicited opossum and diurnal California antelope ground . approach and then not strongly. Auditory signals were ruled out as Dua (in press) had Cone and Cone have reported that the effeet on nighttime activity in the diurnal previously shown that they played no effects of ambient illumination on the cage ground . The present study was significant role between Wistar rats under aetivity of Virginia opossum {I 968) and of designed to investigate the effects of test conditions. Further, any stimulus rats California antelope ground squirrels (1969) increasing illumination at two times of day emitting signals audible to E had been are not independent of the phase of the on the cage aetivity of a twilight-active (or rejected during their initial training. organism's eircadian eyde. In the noeturnal crepuscular) , the American By Day 2 adient the pattern of opossum, inereasing illumination produeed cottontail (Sylvilagus j1oridallus). significance in Table 2 shows considerable a decrease in nighttime activity and an Lord (1964) demonstrated that under change. The initial preference for thc increase in daytime activity. The same natural illumination conditiolls the frontal aspect of the seen, smelt stimulus increases in illumination produced a nocturna.! aclivity of penned cottontail strengthened, while that for the rear decrease in daytime activity but had no rabbits does not begin abruptly with sunset

Psyehon. Sei., 1970, Vol. 21 (5) 259 2 0 wooden tilt box placcd on a sturdy table in illumination produced a highly significant w ~ I :-1 (l;: :. i ,'~ ~ D sound-treated room. The paraBel metal cffcct on cage activity (F= 19.43, 0'" 1 B u ><--->< NI :Jr-'" bars 01' the box Hoor allowed fecal material df = 5/110, p< .001) as did I imc of day "' >- 16 to fall into a sawdusl-filled pan. Thc boxcs (F=218.92, df= I/110, p<.OOI). Thesc 0- - were separated from each other by a variables were found In inlcrad > \ - 14 plywood partition. Continuous white noise significantly (F = 17.72, df= 5/110, 0- U 1 « of approximately 85 dB was presented by a p< .001). Examination 01' Fig. shows 1 2 small speaker mounted above each tilt box. that illumination had essentially no efrect The ambient temperature in the test on cage activity in the daytime. In ~ 10 chamber remained stable at 73°F ± 3° addition, nighttime activity was at least throughout the 18-day test period. twice that of daytime activity undef all "w illumination levels used. Increasing >: Four inches above the wire-mesh top of a: o each tilt box, a light-diffusing sereen made illumination at night produced a negatively "- of four layers of white tissue paper was accelerating decrease in cage activity. The '"2 .. 4 placed. Five inches above the tissue paper, Ss variable yielded a significant F ratio '"0- there were mounted six light sockets (F = 24.67, df = 1/110, P < .001). ..z containing bulbs of various wa ttages. The Examination of a graph of each S's hourly w >: 0 ~~' ______LI ______~I different levels of ilIumina were activity count indicated that SC was 2 to o 0::1 Z.5 5 25 50 measured with a Weston Model 703 2Yz times more active than S Dunder al! ILLUMINATION LEVEL (FOOTCANDLES) footcandle meter placed at the center of tcst canditions. The hours variable also Fig. 1. Transformed activity scores as a each box. The six experimental levels of yiclded a significant F ratio (F = 15.45, function of level of illumination and time illumination were dark, less than 1, 2 Y2, 5, df = 1/110, p< .001). Comparison of data of day. 25, and 50 fc; the houselight was for the 2 h of each test period indicated that both Ss were more active during the and end. abruptly with sunrise. approximately 15 fc. A microswitch was mounted at each end first hour than during the second. Thc Cloudsley~Thompson (1960) reports, replications variable did not yield a however, that rabbits do not come out of the tilt box, and electronic equipment was programmed so that depression of sign ifican t F ratio. until nightfall in areas where much DISCUSSION shooting occurs. In order to establish the either microswitch yielded one count. These counts were automatically recorded Under the present laboratory conditions pattern of the cireadian cycle in the the cottontail rabbit was most active in the eottontail rabbit, Cone (1970) measured hourly on a BRS Foringer Printout Counter. dark at night. The pretest hypothesis that tilt-box loeomotor activity under an LD increasing illumination at night would PROCEDURE 12:12 schedule, where approximately 15 fe produce a deerease in this cage aetivity has of diffuse illumination were presented Both Ss lived continuously in the test been confirmed. These same illumination boxes. Every third day between no on and daily from 5 a.m. to 5 p.m. Under these increases did not affect daytime cage 5 p.m., E entered the test room to add laboratory conditions, cage activity activity. lt would appear that, as with the food and water and to change the fefuse reached an average peak of 120 counts diurnal ground squirrel (Cone & Cone, pans. Except for the four test hours in each during the first hour of darkness, dropped 1969) and the noctumal opossum (Cone & 24-h period, the following illumination to 60 counts per hour for 4 h, and reached Cone, 1968), it is easier to drive activity conditions were in force: From 5 a.m. to a second 120-count peak at 11 p.m. From down during a peak arousal period in the 5 p.m., approximately 15 fc of 5 a.m. to 5 p.m., activity counts never rabbit's circadian eyde than it is ta raise illumination were provided to each box by exceeded 10/hour and remained at 0 from activity with increased illumination during the houselight; at 5 p.m., this light went 9 a.m. to i 1 a.m. On the basis of these a low arousal period. Again, it has been off automatieally and remained off until data, it was decided that 9-11 a.m. and shown that cydic circadian variations in an 5 a.m. From 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. and from 9-11 p.m. would provide acceptable low organism's arousallevel must be considered 9 p.m. to 11 p.m., this LD 12: 12 eondition and high arousal periods in the rabbies when evaluating the effects of other was automatically replaced by the circadian cycle. Since the rabbit appears arousaI-producing stimuli. designated illumination leveL The six nocturnal under the LD 12:12 conditions, REFERENCES using increasing illumination should experimental illumination levels were CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON, J. L. Adaptive produce a marked decrease in nighttime randomly assigned to a.m. and p.m. times, functions of circadian rhythms. In Biologieal activity and either increase daytime with the exception that one 2 by 6 docks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on replication had to be completed before a Quantitative Biology, 1960,25,351. activity or have no effect on it. CONE, D. M. Circadian locomotor activity in given level of illumination could be SUBJECTS cottontail rabbits. Paper presented at the The Ss were two cottontail rabbits, repeated at a given time of day. Three meeting of the Southeastern Psychologica! Louisvi11e, April 1970. approximately 18 months old. They had consecutive replications of the 2 by 6 Association, design were run. CONE, A. L., & CONE, 0_ M. Cage activity in the been born in the wild and brought into the CaJifornia antelope ground squirrel. laboratory where they were hand fed until RESULTS Psychonomic Science, 1969, 17,301-302. weaning. Prior to the circadian locomotor An analysis of variance was performed CONE, D. M., & CONE, A. L. Cage activity in the activity research, they had been housed on data transformed (.JX+l) aecording to Virginia opossum. Psychonomic Science, 1968, 10,259-260. separately in a colony room automatically a suggestion by Edwards (1960) for EDWARDS, A. L. .Experimental design in main tained on LD 12: 12 lighting. frequency data whose underlying psychological research. (Rev. ed.) New York: Throughout the experiment they were distribution is Poisson. The analysis used Rinehart, 1960. maintained on an ad Eb diet of Purina was based on a model proposed by Walker LORD, R. D., JR. Seasonal changes in the activity of penned cottontail rabbits. Anima! rabbit chow, fresh greens, and water. & Lev (1953) for factorial designs, using Ss Behaviour, 1964, 12, 38-4l. APPARATUS as their own controls. WALKER, H. M., & LEV, J. Statistical inference. Each S lived in a 61 x 43 x 43 cm The results of this analysis indicate that New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1953.

260 Psyehon. Sei., 1970, Vol. 21 (5)