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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Examining UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Examining Life’s Origins: History and Epistemic Principles in the Search for the Origins of Life A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy (Science Studies) by Eric Collin Martin Committee in charge: Professor William Bechtel, Chair Professor Craig Callender Professor Nancy Cartwright Professor Naomi Oreskes Professor Robert Westman ` 2010 The Dissertation of Eric Collin Martin is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my parents, Sandy Martin and Robert Martin iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page …………………………………………………………………………. iii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………………… iv Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………… v List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………… vi Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………. vii Vita……………………………………………………………………………………… ix Abstract of the Dissertation …………………………………………………………... xv Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter 1: J.B.S. Haldane between holism and mechanism ………………………….. 21 Chapter 2: Haldane, expertise, and the popular press ………………………………… 58 Chapter 3: “Not just talk”: The Miller-Urey experiment in context …………………… 84 Chapter 4: Origins of life and evolutionary theory ……………………………………. 97 Chapter 5: The Principle of Continuity in origins of life research ………………….. 116 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………... 151 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – Illustration from Haldane’s book, My Friend, Mr. Leakey..………………. 60 Figure 2 – Haldane in Black Watch uniform …………………………………………. 66 Figure 3 – Haldane addressing a crowd at Trafalgar Square………………………….. 81 Figure 4 – A representation of the Miller-Urey apparatus…………………………….. 88 Figure 5 – A representation of “genetic takeover”……………………………………. 134 Figure 6 – Phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium………………………….. 143 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to all of my teachers for their encouragement, patience, wonderful instruction, and the incredible example they have set for me. They have sparked in me a passion for philosophy, for studying science, and for teaching endeavors of my own. Their inspiration has been worth as much as all of the knowledge they have imparted to me. I am particularly grateful to Bill Bechtel for his guidance on this and other projects; his generosity with his time and teaching has been more than I could have hoped for in an advisor. I also thank Nancy Cartwright for her teaching, her prompting, and the opportunities she has helped lead me towards. I hope there are many more hiking trips to come. Craig Callender has been an invaluable guide to my education in the philosophy of science and I am grateful for his support. From Naomi Oreskes, Bob Westman, and Tal Golan I have learned, when I am inspired, to “think like a historian,” which has not always been easy. Bob has sensitized me, in particular, to the significance of religion’s role in the history of science, and Naomi has taught me a great deal of what I have learned as a student of Science Studies. Eric Watkins, Don Rutherford, and Jerry Doppelt have been especially helpful through their conversations, reading groups, and directed independent studies. I have received excellent guidance from conversations with Jim Griesemer and Lisa Lloyd, who vii encouraged my dissertation topic in its early stages. Wendy Parker helped cultivate my interest in science policy, and Mark Hineline has provided expert guidance in my study of environmentalism and its history. Discussions with Steve Sturdy, Gar Allen, and Thomas Cunningham have been helpful for my understanding of early 20th century biology. My work benefitted from a visit to archival sources at the National Library of Scotland and University College London. I am deeply indebted to dissertation support from the Science Studies Program and UCSD Center for the Humanities. I never could have imagined how much I would learn from my peers in graduate school; they have been priceless both as colleagues and friends. For their amazing collegiality and support I must single out Jacob Stegenga, Matt Brown, Mike Tiboris, Joyce Havstead, James Messina, Charlie Kurth, Marta Halina, Mitch Herschbach, Andy Beck, Amanda Brovold, Adam Streed, Anna Alexandrova, Matt Shindell, Tom Waidzunas, Matt Hall, David Clark, and all of the members of the Philosophy of Biology Research Group. Thank you for the road trips, the beers, the paper comments, the conferences, the consolations, and the celebrations. Michael Burson, David Koeker, Kevin Johnson, Mary Ruth Theodos, B.J. Stone, and Gabriel Diniz must also be thanked for their caring friendships. I love you all. Finally I want to thank my family, Jeff, Bob, and Sandy, for their support and love. viii VITA AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Philosophy and History of Science; Philosophy of Biology AREAS OF COMPETENCE Environmental Philosophy; Biomedical Ethics; Logic EDUCATION University of California, San Diego Ph.D., Philosophy (Science Studies), Fall 2010 Dissertation title: Examining Life’s Origins Dissertation committee: William Bechtel (chair), Nancy Cartwright, Craig Callender, Naomi Oreskes, Robert Westman M.A., Philosophy (Science Studies), Fall 2007 The Colorado College B.A., Cum Laude, May 2002 (Phi Beta Kappa) Major: Biology PUBLICATIONS AND SELECTED WORKS IN PROGRESS • “Letter to the Editor: Second ISHPSSB Off-Year Meeting Report.” Biology and Philosophy 22: 3, 2007, pp 473-474. • Book review: Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Michael Ruse and Joseph Travis, eds. 2009. Metapsychology Vol. 13, issue 40. ix • “Evidence, Objectivity, and Public Policy: Methodological Perspectives on the Vaccine Controversy” (Under review) INVITED TALKS • “Discordant Evidence and its Use” American Philosophical Association, Pasadena, CA Making Philosophy of Science Socially Relevant Mar 2008 PRESENTATIONS • “What kind of value is order in nature?” Venice Summer School on Science & Religion May 2010 • “The Principle of Continuity in Origin of Life Research” Biology by the Sea, UCSD Jan 2010 • “Toy-store God” Darwin in the 21st Century: Nature, Humanity, and God University of Notre Dame Nov 2009 • Comments on “The Pursuit of the Natural” American Philosophical Association, Vancouver, BC Apr 2009 • “Value pluralism, cost-benefit analysis, and environmental decision-making” Science & Technology in Society, AAAS, Washington, DC Mar 2009 • “JBS Haldane, Expertise, and Popular Science Writing” History of Science Society, Oxford University Jul 2008 • “Values and Science: A Constructive Empiricist Approach” UCSD Graduate Philosophy Conference May 2007 • Comments on Andy Lakoff’s “Public Health Preparedness” Politics & Practices of Biomedicine – Science Studies workshop Apr 2007 • “Modeling Life’s Origins” Biology By the Bay, San Francisco, CA Apr 2007 • “Primordial Soup and the Spice of Life: JBS Haldane Between Holism and Mechanism” x International Society for History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology, Exeter University, England Jul 2007 Colorado University Conference on HPS Apr 2007 UCSD Science Studies Colloquia Series Jan 2007 • “Francis Bacon’s Inductive Logic” UCSD Graduate Philosophy Colloquium May 2006 • Comments on Shawn Burns’ “Spinoza’s Ethics” Stanford-Berkeley-Davis Philosophy Conference Apr 2006 • “Method Man: Bacon and the Role of the Prerogatives of Instances” Stanford-Berkeley-Davis Philosophy Conference Apr 2006 • “Evidence, Objectivity, and Public Policy” Social and Policy Studies of Science and Technology, Wash, D.C. Apr 2006 • “Science and the Mirror of Philosophy: Rorty’s Pragmatic Science” Southern California Philosophy Conference, UC-Riverside Oct 2005 • “Kant’s Synthesizing Account of Concepts” UCSD Graduate Philosophy Conference Apr 2004 EDUCATIONAL HONORS Venice Summer School on Science and Religion Study Grant (2009) UCSD Center for Humanities Dissertation Fellowship (2008) Science Studies Program Research Grant; Archival research (2008) Philosophy Department Dissertation Fellowship (2007, 2008, 2009) Science Studies Program Dissertation Fellowship (2007) Science Studies Program Fellowship (2003-04) Crown-Goodman Presidential Scholarship (2002) Christian A. Johnson Scholarship for Overseas Studies (2001) Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Grant (2000) Lymann Linger Scholarship to The Colorado College (1998-2002) xi TEACHING AND RESEARCH EXPERIENCE Instructor Philosophy 148: Philosophy and the Environment Summer 2007, 2008 Environmental Studies 102: Wilderness & Human Values Spring 2009 Teaching Assistant Philosophy 163: Biomedical Ethics Fall 2008 Philosophy 136: Philosophy of Mind Spring 2007, Summer 2009 Philosophy 12: Scientific Reasoning Winter 2007 Philosophy 148: Philosophy and the Environment Winter 2007 Philosophy 10: Introduction to Logic Fall 2007 Humanities 1: Ancient Greece and Israel Winter 2005, Winter 2006 Humanities 2: Rome, Christianity, and the Middle Ages Spring 2005, Spring 2006 Reader (Grader) History of Science 114: Darwinism and its Legacy Spring 2005 Research Experience Templeton Foundation Research Grant: “God’s Order, Man’s Order, and the Order of Nature” Winter and Spring 2010 • Research on metaphysics; philosophy of science American Association for the Advancement of Science, Summer 2006 • Science Policy Directorate: Center for Science and Technology in Congress Reporting and Analysis of Science Policy within both Houses of Congress Research Assistant to Professor Nancy Cartwright, Summer 2005
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