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The Charisma of Crack Cocaine: the Impact of Crack on Black America, 1984-2010

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The Charisma of Crack Cocaine: the Impact of Crack on Black America, 1984-2010 THE CHARISMA OF CRACK COCAINE: THE IMPACT OF CRACK ON BLACK AMERICA, 1984-2010 BY DANIEL RYAN DAVIS A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY African American and African Studies 2012 ABSTRACT THE CHARISMA OF CRACK COCAINE: THE IMPACT OF CRACK ON BLACK AMERICA, 1984-2010 BY DANIEL RYAN DAVIS Crack cocaine has negatively impacted the African American community in a multitude of ways. African Americans, particularly in the inner cities of the United States, have experienced alarmingly high rates of imprisonment, violence, child neglect, and HIV/AIDS transmission due to their involvement with crack cocaine. Scholars have scarcely isolated individual issues related to African Americans and crack for analysis, and these minimal examinations have not captured the full scope of this problem. Due to the interconnectedness of many factors regarding this epidemic, an all-encompassing multifaceted examination is required to properly identify the severity of African American’s involvement with crack cocaine. This dissertation serves as the first scholarly endeavor to synthesize a wide range of issues regarding this matter, while contextualizing this reality within the scope of African Americans over century long relationship with cocaine. The utilization of this approach effectively places the crack epidemic within the contexts of history and larger society. This method allows a focused examination of the crack epidemic within the scope of interconnected variables including: family, foreign relations, the global economy, deindustrialization, poverty, racism, law, unemployment, politics, film, psychology, music and hip hop culture. This dissertation highlights the long ignored intersections of these variables which combined to create the devastating crack epidemic within inner city Black America. As a result of this broad discussion, scholars and activists are equipped with the information necessary to take educated, efficient, and solution based action. Copyright by DANIEL RYAN DAVIS 2012 To Willard Ave . v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I must thank God for blessing me with the opportunity, ability, and support system to complete this project. I must thank my beautiful mother Sheree and father Danny, for their guidance, sacrifices, love and support. I could not have asked for better parents. Shout out to my big brother Randy for keeping me sane, grounded, and regular. You were always there to talk (and crack me up) whenever I needed to get away from this work and was stressed out which helped more than you know (then again you probably do). To my beautiful wife Ashley, without you I wouldn’t have got through this--period. Your love, patience, sacrifice, encouragement, and support in every way imaginable allowed me to overcome the tough times, focus, and enjoy this journey. This is OUR dissertation and PhD. WE did it! Large out to Azul the Melodic Chill! I must also thank my professors in the African American Studies department at Western Illinois University, specifically Dr. Jacqueline McLeod. If it were not for you, I would not be here. To my graduate committee, thank you for your commitment and support. I must thank Dr. Gloria Smith and Dr. Yvonne Smith, and my MSU professors. In particular, I must thank my graduate advisor, mentor, and friend Dr. Pero Dagbovie. I always find it difficult to express the magnitude of my appreciation for your advice, support, and mentorship. I honestly cannot fathom how I would have completed this journey without you and I am eternally grateful. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..1 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………….....................2 THEORETICAL APPROACH…………………………………………………………..4 PURPOSE OF DISSERTATION………………………………………………………...5 QUESTIONS GUIDING MY RESEARCH……………………………………………..7 CHAPTER BREAKDOWNS……………………………………………………………8 NOTES…………………………………………………………………………………..17 CHAPTER ONE THE PRELUDE TO CALAMITY: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND CRACK COCAINE BEFORE THE CRACK ERA……………………………………………………………………18 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….18 EARLY COCAINE USE………………………………………………………………...23 AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN AND COCAINE: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA……………………………………………………………………32 AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN AND COCAINE USE: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA……………………………………………………………………34 AFRICAN AMERICANS AND COCAINE: THE MID-20 TH CENTURY……………..38 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..41 NOTES…………………………………………………………………………………...43 CHAPTER TWO THE BIRTH OF AN EPIDEMIC: RONALD REAGAN, “FREEWAY” RICKY ROSS, AND THE 1980S……………………………………………….45 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….45 THE SETTING: THE 1970S AND 1980S………………………………………………49 THE ARRIVAL OF CRACK………………………………………………....................54 REAGAN, THE NICARAGUAN CONTRAS AND “FREEWAY” RICKY ROSS…………………………………………………………………………....59 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..73 NOTES…………………………………………………………………………………...76 CHAPTER THREE THE BLACK FAMILY’S INSIDIOUS RELATIONSHIP WITH CRACK COCAINE, 1984- 2010………………………………………………………………………………………………80 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….80 FATHERS, SONS, AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM……………………………………...85 AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, CRACK, AND PROSTITUTION………………...95 CRACK ADDICTIION AND MOTHERHOOD………………………………………106 SONS, DAUGHTERS, AND GANG ACTIVITY……………………………………..109 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………112 NOTES………………………………………………………………………………….115 vii CHAPTER FOUR FROM DOPE MC TO DOPEMAN MC: THE GENESIS OF HIP HOP AND THE FUSION OF CRACK AND RAP…………………………………………………………………………….119 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...119 WHAT IS HIP HOP?.......................................................................................................121 THE MC (EMCEE): BEFORE CRACK……………………………………………….128 INTRODUCING CRACK RAP: THE MID-LATE 1980S…………………………….132 THE 1990S “DOPEMAN” MC………………………………………………………...144 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………148 NOTES………………………………………………………………………………….150 CHAPTER FIVE “THE HONORABLE” NINO BROWN: PROBLEMATIZING THE LEGACY OF NEW JACK CITY AND THE RISE OF THE DOPE BOY………………………………………………….153 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...153 THE INFLUENCE OF TELEVISION AND FILM……………………………………156 HISTORICAL CONTEXT……………………………………………………………..158 NATURALIZATION, JUSTIFICATION, AND TRIUMPH………………………….163 NINO BROWN AND THE BIRTH OF THE “NEW JACK”………………………….166 MARIO VAN PEEBLES AND FILM CRITICISMS………………………………….169 NEW JACK CITY ……………………………………………………………………….171 AFTER NEW JACK CITY ……………………………………………………………...179 THE NEW “NEW JACK”: THE DOPE BOY…………………………………………181 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………...192 NOTES…………………………………………………………………………………196 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………...200 NOTES………………………………………………………………………………….213 APPENDICES...………………………………………………………………………………..214 APPENDIX A…………………………………………………………………………..215 APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………………..221 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………...237 viii INTRODUCTION “I would say that in the last 25 years of every invention or innovation that’s occurred in this country the biggest one in terms of impact on the well-being of people who live in the inner city was crack cocaine, for the worst.” 1- Steven Levitt Although African Americans have been connected to cocaine in different manners and capacities since the turn of the twentieth century, African Americans’ relationship with cocaine, in the form of crack, has severely harmed the Black community since the mid-1980s. This relationship has accounted for a disturbing number of deaths, arrests, and broken families due to incarceration. For example, “in 1995, 88 percent of individuals sentenced for dealing crack- cocaine were African American!” 2 Further, cocaine abuse has even reached African American celebrities, causing many serious problems. Athletes such as Lawrence Taylor, who was caught buying crack in 1994 and 1998, and Len Bias, who died from complications related to using cocaine in 1986, are two very popular cases of cocaine bringing destruction and even death to young athletes in the primes of their careers. 3 Additionally, professional baseball players Dwight Gooden and Darryl Strawberry witnessed their careers plagued by crack and cocaine use during the late 1980s and 1990s. 4 Marion Barry, the former mayor of Washington D.C., had his crack cocaine use exposed in 1990, which did not reflect well on him or Black politicians. Singers Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown witnessed their careers greatly impacted and reputations virtually ruined by consistent rumors of cocaine use during the late 1990s and 2000s.5 Despite the fact that crack cocaine represents a major problem in the Black community, there is surprisingly a relative lack of published scholarship on this pressing topic. The purpose of my dissertation is to critically examine various dimensions of the crack cocaine epidemic within the 1 Black community. This research project is an example of what I believe Black Studies entails; researching and disseminating information with the purpose of contributing to the progress of the Black community. This dissertation focuses on African Americans’ involvement with crack cocaine from 1984 until 2010. I begin my study in 1984 because it is the starting point for crack cocaine’s presence in the United States. My research lasts until 2010 because information such as that from hip hop artists up until that year is relevant to this dissertation, and this year witnessed the repeal of the controversial Anti-Drug Enforcement Act of 1986. During this period, crack cocaine exploded onto the American drug scene and overwhelmed the Black community
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