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Formation of Dihydroxybenzenes in Cigarette Smoke. Part 2

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Formation of Dihydroxybenzenes in Cigarette Smoke. Part 2 Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research Volume 25 @ No. 5 @ March 2013 Formation of Dihydroxybenzenes in Cigarette Smoke. Part 2. Contribution from Quinic Acid and Myo-Inositol * by Serban C. Moldoveanu and Michael F. Davis R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA SUMMARY blended-tobacco cigarettes (one being the 2R4F Kentucky reference) shows that the contribution of quinic acid and of Formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke is a inositol to the formation of catechol and hydroquinone in subject of considerable interest because some di- smoke depends on the blend, as previously shown for hydroxybenzenes are co-carcinogens, (e.g., catechol and chlorogenic acid and rutin. The study results suggest that certain alkylcatechols), and others such as hydroquinone quinic acid and myo-inositol may be major contributors to can form metabolites that have toxic or carcinogenic prop- the formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke. erties. This present study describes the contribution of Although the calculations do not provide precise numbers tobacco quinic acid (or (1S,3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5-tetra- for the contribution of quinic acid and inositol to the for- hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid) and myo-inositol (or mation of dihydroxybenzenes, these results suggest that the (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol) to the contribution could be as high as 50 to 60% of the level of formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke. The dihydroxybenzenes. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 25 (2013) study is a continuation of a previous one showing the con- 535–549] tribution of chlorogenic acid and rutin as precursors for these compounds (6). The yields of dihydroxybenzenes KEYWORDS: cigarette smoke, catechol, quinic acid, myo- formed by pyrolysis of quinic acid and myo-inositol are inositol relatively high and both quinic acid and myo-inositol can be present in some tobacco types at levels as high as 1% by weight. The level of these compounds makes them ZUSAMMENFASSUNG potentially important contributors to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke. Similar to the pre- Die Entstehung von Dihydroxybenzolen im Zigaretten- vious study on other dihydroxybenzene precursors from rauch ist von erheblichem Interesse, da einige Dihydroxy- tobacco, this present study was done in three parts: 1) benzole Kokarzinogene sind (z. B. Catechol und bestimm- pyrolytic evaluation of the amount of dihydroxybenzenes te Alkylcatechole) und andere, wie Hydrochinon, Metabo- in smoke generated from isolated quinic acid and myo- liten mit toxischen oder kanzerogenen Eigenschaften bil- inositol; 2) analysis of smoke from cigarettes made from a den können. In der vorliegenden Studie wird der Beitrag variety of tobaccos (14 single grades) and two blended von Chinasäure im Tabak (1S,3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5-Tetra- cigarettes, followed by correlations of dihydroxybenzene hydroxycyclohexancarbonsäure und myo-Inosit yields from these cigarettes with the level of quinic acid (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-Cyclohexan-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol zur and myo-inositol in the tobaccos; 3) addition of quinic acid Entstehung von Dihydroxybenzolen im Zigarettenrauch or myo-inositol to several tobaccos followed by the smok- beschrieben. Die Studie ist eine Fortführung einer vor- ing of the spiked cigarettes and measurement of the angegangenen Studie, in der der Beitrag von Chlorogen- dihydroxybenzenes yield increase. The study performed on säure und Rutin als Vorläufer dieser Substanzen gezeigt a variety of single-grade tobacco cigarettes and for two wurde (6). Die Ausbeuten an Dihydroxybenzolen, die *Received: 4th July 2012 – accepted: 18th March 2013 durch Pyrolyse von Chinasäure und myo-Inosit entstehen, étude a été effectuée en trois parties: 1) l’évaluation pyro- sind relativ hoch, und sowohl Chinasäure als auch myo- lytique de la quantité de dihydroxybenzènes dans la fumée Inosit kann in bestimmten Tabakarten mit bis zu 1% vor- générée à partir d’acide quinique et de myo-inositol isolés; kommen. Aufgrund ihrer Konzentration tragen diese Sub- 2) l’analyse de la fumée de cigarettes fabriquées à partir stanzen potenziell in bedeutsamem Umfang zur Bildung d’une variété de tabacs (14 qualités différentes) et de deux von Dihydroxybenzolen im Zigarettenrauch bei. Ähnlich types de cigarettes composées d’un mélange de tabacs, wie die vorangegangene Studie zu anderen Vorläufern von suivie de l’établissement de corrélations entre les teneurs Dihydroxybenzolen aus Tabak wurde auch diese Studie in en dihydroxybenzènes de ces cigarettes et la concentration drei Teilen durchgeführt: 1) pyrolytische Untersuchung der en acide quinique et en myo-inositol dans les tabacs; Menge von Dihydroxybenzolen, die aus den Reinsubstan- 3) l’addition d’acide quinique ou de myo-inositol à plu- zen entsteht, 2) Rauchanalyse von Zigaretten aus jeweils sieurs tabacs, suivie par la fume des cigarettes enrichies et einer Tabaksorte (14 einzelne Qualitätsstufen) und zwei la mesure de l’augmentation de la teneur en dihydroxyben- Zigaretten aus Tabakmischungen, anschließend Korrelati- zènes. L’étude menée sur une variété de cigarettes compo- on der Dihydroxybenzol-Ausbeuten aus diesen Zigaretten sées d’une seule qualité de tabac et sur deux types de ciga- mit dem Gehalt an Chinasäure und myo-Inosit in den Ta- rettes composées d’un mélange (l’une étant la référence baksorten, 3) Zugabe von Chinasäure oder myo-Inosit zu 2R4F Kentucky) montre que la contribution de l’acide unterschiedlichen Tabaksorten, anschließend Abrauchen quinique et de l’inositol dans la formation du catéchol et de der so präparierten Zigaretten und Messung des Anstiegs l’hydroquinone dans la fumée dépend du mélange, comme der Ausbeute an Dihydroxybenzolen. Die Untersuchung an cela a été montré précédemment pour l’acide chlorogé- einer Reihe von Zigaretten aus einer einzigen Tabaksorte nique et la rutine. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent que und bei zwei Zigaretten aus Tabakmischungen (eine davon l’acide quinique et le myo-inositol sont susceptibles d’être die Kentucky-Referenzzigarette 2R4F) ergab, dass der des contributeurs majeurs à la formation des dihydroxy- Beitrag von Chinasäure und Inosit zur Entstehung von benzènes contenus dans la fumée de cigarette. Bien que les Catechol und Hydrochinon im Rauch von der Mischung calculs ne fournissent pas de chiffres précis concernant la abhängt, wie bereits zuvor für Chlorogensäure und Rutin contribution de l’acide quinique et du myo-inositol dans la nachgewiesen wurde. Die Studienergebnisse zeigen, dass formation des dihydroxybenzènes, ces résultats suggèrent Chinasäure und myo-Inosit zur Bildung von Dihydroxy- que cette contribution pourrait représenter jusqu'à 50 à benzolen im Zigarettenrauch wesentlich beitragen können. 60% de la concentration en dihydroxybenzènes. [Beitr. Auch wenn die Berechnungen keine präzisen Zahlen für Tabakforsch. Int. 25 (2013) 535–549] den Beitrag von Chinasäure und Inosit zur Entstehung von Dihydroxybenzolen hervorgebracht haben, deuten die Er- gebnisse darauf hin, dass dieser sich durchaus auf 50 bis INTRODUCTION 60% der Dihydroxybenzolmenge belaufen könnte. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 25 (2013) 535–549] A number of studies have been dedicated to the formation of dihydroxybenzenes in cigarette smoke (1–7). The inter- est in dihydroxybenzenes formation is generated by the RESUME fact that some of these compounds act as co-carcinogens (e.g., catechol), or generate toxic/carcinogenic metabolites La formation de dihydroxybenzènes dans la fumée de ciga- (8–11). Also, various attempts to reduce the dihydroxy- rette est l’objet d’un grand intérêt en raison du fait que benzenes yield in cigarette smoke have been previously certains dihydroxybenzènes sont co-carcinogènes (par ex. reported in the literature (2, 12). However, since several le catéchol ainsi que certains alkylcatéchols), et que precursors contribute to the formation of dihydroxybenzen- d’autres, tels que l’hydroquinone, peuvent former des mé- es, the elimination or reduction of the level of one or two tabolites ayant des propriétés toxiques ou carcinogènes. La precursors does not lead to a significant decrease of présenté étude décrit la contribution de l’acide quinique dihydroxybenzenes from smoke. The detection of as many présent dans le tabac (ou acide (1S,3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5-tétra- contributors as possible for the formation of dihydroxy- hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylique) et du myo-inositol (ou benzenes in smoke is therefore of considerable interest. (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol) dans Based on previously reported pyrolysis products of single la formation de dihydroxybenzènes dans la fumée de ciga- compounds (13), quinic acid (or (1S,3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5- rette. Cette étude fait suite à une première étude qui a dé- tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid) and myo-inositol montré la contribution de l’acide chlorogénique et de la (or (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol) rutine en tant que précurseurs de ces composés (6). Les were identified as being among the potential precursors of rendements de dihydroxybenzènes formés par pyrolyse de dihydroxybenzenes. Following this finding, the levels of l’acide quinique et du myo-inositol sont relativement éle- quinic acid and myo-inositol were measured in a variety of vés et l’acide quinique de même que le myo-inositol peu- tobaccos (some commercial blends and some single vent être présents dans certains types de tabac à des ni- grades) and correlations with the level of dihydroxy- veaux de concentration pouvant atteindre jusqu’à 1 % en benzenes in smoke were investigated. Further work has masse. La concentration de ces composants en fait des been done by adding quinic acid and myo-inositol to two contributeurs potentiellement importants dans la formation tobaccos followed by smoking of the spiked cigarettes and des dihydroxybenzènes dans la fumée de cigarette. De la analysis of dihydroxybenzene formation. The increase in même manière que dans l’étude précédente portant sur dihydroxybenzenes yield was compared to the initial yield d’autres précurseurs des dihydroxybenzènes, la présente from cigarettes made with the same tobacco but with no 536 other compounds added.
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