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The Design of Protocols for the Sustainable Harvest of the Non-Timber Boreal Forest Products

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The Design of Protocols for the Sustainable Harvest of the Non-Timber Boreal Forest Products The Design of Protocols for the Sustainable Harvest of the Non-Timber Boreal Forest Products Acorus americanus and Vaccinium angustifolium by Shaunna Marie Morgan A thesis subrnitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillrnent of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Department of Botany University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 0 July 1999 National Library BiMiotheque nationale B*l .,na& du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliogaphic Sentices seivices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OltawâON K1AON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author bas granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or elec tronic fomats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriét6 du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts fhm it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be prùited or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES +**et COPYRIGEIT PERMlSSION PAGE The Design of Protocols for the Sustainable Harvest of the Non-Timber Boreai Forest Products Acorus americannus and Vuccinium angustî~oiium Shrunna Marie Morgan A Th«WRietleum submitted to the Ficulty of Graduite Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial tùlfillment of the requirements of the degree of Mister of Science SHAUNNA MARIE MORGAN@lW Permircion Lu bngranted to the Librvy of The Univtrnity of Minitobi to lend or rdl copies of tbh thcdi/pmcticum, to the Nationd Libruy of cinida to microfilm thir th& 8nd to lend or seîl copies of the film, and to Dirsertadoia Abattacts htemationd to pbbhan ahtriet of tbh thesidpracticom, The iathot reservcs other publication rights, and neither tbir tbeddpncticum nor extensive extracts hmit myk printed or otkrnkc reproduced without the iuthor's den pcdrdon. Non-timber forest products (NTFP) are dl biological materials, other than timber, which are removed from naturai or managed foresu for human use or consumption (Petea 1994, Broekhoven 1996). In recent decades, NTFP have ken viewed as a means of conserving, managing and oprimizing tropical forest ecosystems while SUproviding economic benefits to local residents (Wickens 1991, Hall and Bawa 1993, Saiick et ai. 1995, Velisquez Runk 1998). NTFP may provide similar oppomuiities and advantages to aboriginal Canadians living in the boreal forests of Canada. Therefore, protocols for establishing sustainable harvesting levels were designed and tested for two NTFP,Acorus americanw and Vacciniwn angustifolium,in association w ith aboriginal comrnunities of Manitoba and Ontario as a means of conserving. monitoring and optirnizing boreal forest ecosy stems. This was the fmt study to examine the effecu of various harvesting intensities on V. angustifoliurn and A. umericanus. In accordance with expectations, A. americanus rhizome dry mass. shoot density and percent cover decreased as harvesting intensity increased. This was expected since the rhizome. the organ harvested for its medicinal values, is the primary means for propagation. Suggestions were made for modification to the monitoring protocols for A. americanus developed in this study. Monitoring different harvesting levels of K angustifolium for two years produced unexpected results. This project is the first to examine effects of various harvesting levels on blueberry production. As harvesting intensity increased, mas, volume and berry density tended to decrease arnong harvested treatments. Interestingly, harvesting some (30%) or most (70%) of the bemes may have had a stimulatory effect on berry density, resulting in an apparent increased yield cornpared with the control or the 100% haniesting intensity. Recommendations were also made to improve the monitoring protocols for V. ungustifolim . I would iike to thank the membea of my cornmittee for their support, advice, encouragement and help in editing my thesis, Da. Isobel Waters, Colin Briggs, John Sinclair and my advisor David Punter. Thank you to Colin for his keen interest and enlightening discussions on medicinal plants. Thanks to John - something he said gave me confidence when I had none. Special th& to Isobel for ail the helpful advice and for the opportunities to work for her as a field researcher and as a lab demonstrator throughout the yean. Thanks to Dave for dreaming up this project and offering me the opportunity to work on it. Th& you to the organizations that provided funding for the project, the Canadian Shield Foundation and Manitoba Hydro. Without these generous donations the research would not have ken possible. Heartfelt thanks for field assistance is extended to Boyan Tracz and Cary Hamel, who despite the strenuous work under difficult living and working conditions, never complained. Thanks to Ann Fuller who also assisted me in the field. Thank you to the people who are the Department of Botany. Without your generous contributions I could not have completed my project: Keith, Mark, Lynn, Barb. Olaf, Rhonda, Apnl, Alex, Carol, Cindy and Karen. Thanks to Richard Caners, and Dave Walker for al1 of their technical advice and support. Special thanks to Rod Lastra for creating one of my figures and ail his help throughout my thesis. Thanks to Nom Kenkel for his help with the expenmental design and his statistical advice. Thank you to Bruce Ford for providing me with vital information on the study species, distribution maps and his helpful advice. Thanks to Dr. Sumner for the use of his cornputer equipment and providing me with job opportunities throughout my studies. Thank you to Sagkeeng First Nation, especially Vince Fontaine, Wallace Letendre and Henry Letendre. Special thanks to Nahani Longpre (who overcame her fears and Iearned to harvest wiké) and Crystal Henderson (the most mature. intelligent and responsible teenager 1 have ever met) for their assistance in the field and in the lab. Nahani and Crystal made the second field season far more enjoyable. Thanks to the Ojibways of Onegaming, especially Dorothy Copnace. Special thanks to Evelyn Copnace and her whole farnily for opening her home to us during the summer of 1996. Special thanks to Dr. Jennifer Shay for years of providing me with job opportunities, support, advice and a motherly kick in the pan& when 1 needed it. Thanks to Dr. Tom Shay for his support and al1 the papers he sent my way. Extra-special thanks go to my greatest friends Ron Duerksen and Cheryl Jerome. Cheryl and Ron each assisted me with my Field work and helped me edit my thesis too. Furthemore, Ron and Cheryl (and Trevor too!) generously opened up their homes to me when I needed a place to stay. Finaliy, Cheryl and Ron were always there lending support when 1 needed someone to talk to and convinced me to hang in there when di I wanted to do was quit. Thank you Cheryl and thank you Ron for al1 your friendship, encouragement and love; ) Thanks to my family and fiiends, the people who rnake my heart whole, for al1 of their love and support. Mom, Dad. David. Sherri, Joey. Alexis. Kohl, Betty Am. Dan, Renée, Mike and Jenni fer. You is good people. 2.1.7 Ethnobotany .................................................................................. 21 2.2 Vacciniwn ang~~~tifoliiwn........................................................................ -26 2.2.1 Taxonorny .................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Description of Vaccinium ang~~hyofium .................................................. 27 2.2.3 Geographic range ............................................................................ 28 2.2.4 Physical Habitat .............................................................................. 29 2.2.5 Plant Cornmunities .......................................................................... 31 2.2.6 Growth and Development ................................................................. -32 2.2.7 Reproduction ..................................................................................33 2.2.8 Population Structure and Dynamics ....................................................... 36 2.2.9 Interaction with Other Species .............................................................37 2.2.9 Response behavior .......................................................................... 39 2.2.10 Commercial harvesting ................................................................... -40 CHAPTER3 MATERIALSAND METHODS....................................... 44 3.1 Site Selection .....................................................................................-44 3.2 Sarnpling design .................................................................................. -44 3.2.1 Acorus americanus ..........................................................................51 3.2.2 Vaccinium angustifolium ................................................................... 61 3.3 Analysis ........................................................................................... -66 4.1 Acorus americanus ...............................................................................
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