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Trends in Pharmaceutical Scholarly Communications from India, China and United States: a Comparative Study

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Trends in Pharmaceutical Scholarly Communications from India, China and United States: a Comparative Study DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, Vol. 39, No. 5, Sept 2019, pp. 230-237, DOI : 10.14429/djlit.39.5.14602 2019, DESIDOC Trends in Pharmaceutical Scholarly Communications from India, China and United States: A Comparative Study Priyambada Das* and D.B. Ramesh Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar - 751 030, India *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The present study throws light on the scholarly communication of three leading countries in the field of pharmaceutical research as reflected in SCOPUS database during 1998-2017. In terms of publication output, United States with two leading Asian countries, China and India leads with 40.54 per cent share of the global research publication share in pharmaceutical sciences. The global outcome of scholarly communication in the field of pharmaceutical research is 1395221. The study mainly focuses both on qualitative and quantitative research growth of United States, China and India in terms of output of scholarly communication, citation impact, relative research effort, common sources used for publications and research collaboration. The growth pattern of three leading countries is highly chaotic. The relative research effort of India and China increased during 2008-2017 while in United States, it was decreased. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Tetrahedron Letters and Tetrahedron are the common source of communication in these three countries. All the three countries show the positive shift in international collaboration during 1998-2002 to 2012-2017 in pharmaceutical research. Keywords: Pharmaceutical research; Activity index; Transformative activity index; h-Index; Impact factor; Scientometrics. 1. INTRODUCTION 2003-2012 and indexed in Scopus database. Kingdom of Saudi The main purpose of any research is discovery, invention, Arabia topped the list. Middle Eastern countries carried out research and development for the benefit of mankind. The international research collaboration with Malaysia, Pakistan, main aim of pharmaceutical research is invention of new UK, Australia, Finland, New Zealand, India and USA. Ding4, drugs to eradicate illness from the society. The pharmaceutical et al., assessed the pharmacology research output of China research is a boon for the mankind. An exponential growth in and other top 10 representative countries. China’s research pharmaceutical research has been found during the last four output and share has shown a steady increase over the research decades. From drug discovery to its successful therapeutic period that is during 2001 to 2011. During the period, other outcomes, pharmaceutical field involves many disciplines such western countries have not shown significant difference in as chemistry, biology, pharmaceutics and biotechnology1. The terms of bibliometric indicators as their research has reached impact of pharmaceutical research is directly related to cure its peak ten years ago. Alhaider5, et al. made a qualitative the lives of human beings and animals from various diseases. and quantitative assessment of research of Saudi Arabia in Scientometrics plays a vital role in the assessment of scholarly the field of pharmaceutical sciences as indexed in SCOPUS communication. It is a technique which is used to analyse both database. Saudi Arabia research growth increased during the the quantity and quality of scholarly communications using research period of 2001-2010 in terms of publications with various scientometric indicators. The assessment of scholarly annual average growth rate of 14.2 per cent. Saudi Arabia communication is a challenging task. published a largest share with Egypt in terms of international Olmeda-Gomez2, et al., accessed the Pharmacology collaboration followed by USA, India and UK. Mulimani and research output of world as indexed in Scopus database. Hadagali6 analysed the research growth of BRICS countries in In terms of quantitative and qualitative research, North the field of pharmacy and pharmacology as indexed in Web America and Western Europe leads in Pharmacology research. of Science, a multidisciplinary bibliographic database during However, North Africa leads in receiving citation from foreign 2001to 2016 using various scientometric indicators. China countries other than domestic citations. Sweileh3, et al., has shown a significant growth during the period of study and analysed scholarly communication of community pharmacy of may be a strong competitor for developed countries like USA 13 Middle Eastern Arab (MEA) countries during the period in terms of research output. Verma and Shukla7 analysed the research trend of information literacy of selected countries in terms of annual growth rate, compound annual growth rate, Received : 28 May 2019, Revised : 09 August 2019 Accepted : 22 August 2019, Online published : 12 September 2019 doubling time, most prolific authors and found that maximum 230 Das & RameSh : TRends in Pharmaceutical SCholarly Communications from india, China and uniteD stateS publications are in 2016 and United States is the maximum MS Excel-2007 for the purpose of analysis. For accessing the contributor with 5770 publication followed by United Kingdom quantity and impact of publications, following bibliometric with 1028 publications. Roy8 evaluated the growth rate, indicators are used: pattern of authorship and collaboration trend and most prolific • Total number of publications (TNP) for measuring the researchers in the field of biological sciences during 1901-1947 productivity of different countries and found that growth rate was very slow due to inadequate • Total no of citation (TNC) to measure the impact of research institutes in early decade. Das, et al9 analysed the output scholarly communications of pharmaceutical research in India • Citation per paper (CPP) to normalise the variation in during 1998-2017 to access the quality of research in terms of output of different countries total publication, total citation received, prolific authors and • h-Index to rate the impact of research. institutions and found out their relative citation index in global context and the unexplored area of research in pharmaceutical Activity Index (AI) has been used to normalise the output science for research grants. Hugar and Chaman10 evaluated the data, as the absolute research output is affected by the size of pharmaceutical research using Web of Science database during the country as well as the size of subfield. The measure was 2013-2017 and found that highest numbers of publications were first suggested by Frame11 and later elaborated by Schubert & found during 2016. USA leads with 30.2 per cent and National Science Foundation of China is the first funding agency with Table 1. Publication share of top 10 productive countries 4.6 per cent of funding. during 1998-2017 Basing on the above literature we found that no such comparison has been made till now which compared the Rank Country TNP Share (%) h-index scholarly output and impact of two Asian developing countries 1 United States 292901 21 560 i.e. India and China with developed countries like United States in the last two decade. The present study is an attempt in that 2 China 159801 11.5 224 direction to find out the annual growth rate and citation pattern 3 India 113012 8.1 233 of the United States, India and China during 1998-2017 and 4 Japan 93669 6.7 254 the preferred source of communication and their collaboration patterns. 5 UK 71838 5.2 366 6 Germany 65405 4.7 314 2. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the study are as follows. 7 Italy 50979 3.7 251 • To find out research trends of India, China and United 8 France 45586 3.3 279 States, the three leading countries in the field of 9 South Korea 35434 2.5 187 Pharmaceutical sciences and their share in the world output 10 Spain 34271 2.5 215 • To examine the pattern of growth of the India, China and Top 10 country share 962896 69.2 United States • To find out the relative research effort of these countries world 1395221 using activity index • To examine the impact of the Table 2. Preferred Language of three leading countries in pharmaceutical research research output using citations received by published papers Country English Chinese German Spanish Japanese Others Total • To identify the sources India 112979 1 3 58 6 68 *113115 of communication in pharmaceutical research used by China 108220 50968 36 1 120 505 *159850 these countries United States 292157 263 197 109 105 171 *293002 • To analyse the pattern of *some scholarly communication published in dual language. collaboration of these countries. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Table 3. Preferred communicating documents of the three The study is based on scholarly communication output of leading countries pharmaceutical research during the last two decades i.e.1998 to Document Per Per United India China Per cent 2017 by India, China and United States as reflected in Scopus type cent cent states database. Scopus is the largest abstracting and citation database of elsevier. A basic search strategy used was - Affil (India) Article 103402 91.5 149347 93.5 236393 80.7 and Doctype ( ar or re ) and Pub year > 1997 and Pub year < 2018 and ( limit-to ( subarea , “phar” ) ). The data Review 9588 8.5 10390 6.5 56477 19.3 for other countries followed the similar search strategy. The 112990 100 159737 100 292870 100 citation and bibliographic information extracted was saved in 231 DJLIT, Vol. 39, NO. 5, sept 2019 Table 4. Yearly distribution of publication output of India, China all science fields, expressed as percentage. AI=100 indicates and United States in pharmaceutical research that a country’s research effort in the given field corresponds precisely to world average. AI>100 reflects higher than average Year India China United States effort and AI<100 indicates lower than the average effort by the % of % of % of TNP TNP TNP country. The whole period of research output of India, China Growth Growth Growth and United States has been divided into four block of 5 year 1998 1470 0 1224 0 10936 0 each for the study of relative research.
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