Prepared in cooperation with the JAPAN MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I, SCHOOL OF OCEAN AND EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Geologic Investigations Series I-2809 and the MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

160°E 170°E 180° 170°W 160°W 150°W 223°N3°N 1160°W60°W 1159°W59°W 1158°W58°W 1157°W57°W 1156°W56°W 1155°W55°W NORTH AMERICAN 160°W 159°W 158°W 157°W 156°W 155°W PLATE H 23°N A CH Ni‘ihauNiNi‘ihauihau N TREN W 222°N2°N (4.9(4.9 Ma)Ma) Wai‘ale‘aleWaiWai‘aalele‘aleale 50°N ALEUTIA (5.1(5.1 Ma)Ma) A un.un. EMPER KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Ko‘olauKoKo‘oolaulau (4.0(4.0 Ma)Ma) (2.6(2.6 Ma)Ma) KURIL TRENCH I Wai‘anaeWaiWai‘anaeanae (3.7(3.7 Ma)Ma) EastEast Moloka‘iMMolokaoloka‘i un.un. (1.8(1.8 Ma)Ma)

OR SE North Kaua‘i I 221°N1°N WestWest Moloka‘iMolokaMoloka‘i WestWest MauiMaui (1.3(1.3 Ma)Ma) _ (1.9(1.9 Ma)Ma) HaleakalaHaleakala _ Slide A LanaLana‘iLana‘i (1.0(1.0 Ma)Ma) Nu‘uanu ((1.31.3 MMa)a) AMOUNT PACIFIC N Kaho‘olaweKahoKaho‘olaweolawe _ Slide (1.0(1.0 Ma)Ma) MahukonaMahukona KohalaKohala 40°N (0.5(0.5 Ma)Ma) (0.4(0.4 Ma)Ma) Kaua‘i 220°N0°N S MaunaMauna KeaKea _ (0.4(0.4 Ma)Ma) Deep A HualalaiHualalai PLATE (0(0 MMa)a) MMaunaauna LoaLoa R (0(0 MMa)a) KilaueaK-ilauea (0(0 Ma)Ma)

Ka 119°N9°N _ LLoLo‘ihio‘iihihi C (0(0 Ma)Ma) 30°N ‘ Kaulakahi ena Ridge Kaua‘i Tuscaloosa KILOMETERS Seamount H 0 100 HAWAIIAN RID WaiWWai‘ale‘aleai‘aleale‘aleale 95 mm/yr 22°N Channel GE NNi‘ihauNii‘ihauihau Ka‘ena e Slump Zon Interpretive map of Hawaii's volcanoes. Transparent pastel colors on a 20°N slope map define the approximate extent of each known major Hawaiian AREA OF MAP Ni‘ihau el ture KILOMETERS shield volcano and its landslide debris; white denotes steep slopes, dark gray 0 500 Wailau ‘i Frac denotes flat-lying areas. Circles mark the location of main eruptive centers, KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Moloka presumably overlying summit magma reservoirs; dashed lines mark well- ‘i Chann H developed rift zones. The westward-increasing ages of shield-stage lavas Ka‘ula Kaua Slide A (given in millions of years [Ma] for each volcano) continues along the Bathymetry of the northwest Pacific Ocean. The linear Hawaiian Ridge Maui Hawaiian Ridge and on through the Emperor Seamounts (76 Ma at the and older Emperor Seamounts are generally accepted to have formed by O‘ahu W northern end), supporting the plate-motion theory. northwestward motion of the Pacific Plate over a hot spot in the mantle that Deep itself migrated southward in the past; arrow denotes present plate motion. South Kaua‘i WaiWWai‘anaeai‘aanaenae A The Hawaiian Islands represent the latest volcanism associated with this hot KoKKo‘olauo‘oolaulau _ spot, which has been vigorous enough to build massive volcanoes that Slide ‘Opana I O‘ahu Honolulu Mapping the sea floor around Hawaii breach the sea surface. Fan I ‘uwela Ridge Deep DiamondDiamond Pa The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Channel KalaupapaKalaupapa Wai‘anae HeadHead A WestWest MolokaMMoloka‘ioloka‘i (JAMSTEC) funded and led a four-year collaborative The volcanoes of Hawaii Slump Kaiwi EEastast MMolokaMoloka‘ioloka‘i survey of the underwater flanks of Hawaii's shield Moloka‘i _ N Hana Hawaiian volcanoes. This exploration, involving scientists from the Hawaiian volcanoes typically evolve in four stages as Pailolo 21°N Kalohi Channel U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other Japanese and volcanism waxes and wanes: (1) early alkalic, when Channel Slump Deep Penguin Bank WWestest MauiMaui U.S. academic and research institutions, utilized manned _ C ‘ A volcanism originates on the deep sea floor; (2) shield, when ha u ‘ Lana‘i nn au and unmanned submersibles, rock dredges, and sediment roughly 95 percent of a volcano's volume is emplaced; (3) _ el Maui _ piston cores to directly sample and visually observe the sea post-shield alkalic, when small-volume eruptions build LanaLLana‘iana‘i Haleakala Crater floor at specific sites. Ship-based sonar systems were used Maui scattered cones that thinly cap the shield-stage lavas; and (4) i _ Hana_ Ridge to more widely map the bathymetry from the sea surface. ahik ‘ ik el Alal HaleakalaHaleakala la Chann rejuvenated, when lavas of distinct chemistry erupt ea ann h _ K akeiki Fracture Zone The state-of-the-art multibeam sonar systems, mounted following a lengthy period of erosion and volcanic C KahoKKaho‘olaweaho‘oolawelawe el on the hull of GPS-navigated research vessels, convert the quiescence. During the early alkalic and shield stages, two ‘i Fracture Zone _ Lana‘i Kohala Canyon two-way travel times of individual sonar pings and their Moloka Southwest O‘ahu M or more elongate rift zones may develop as flanks of the Kaho‘olawe _ Deep _ a Channel echoes into a line of bathymetry values across the ship track. volcano separate. Mantle-derived magma rises through a _ ‘Alenuihah Pololu The resulting swaths across the ocean bottom, obtained Volcanic Field vertical conduit and is temporarily stored in a shallow Slump Clark 1 O along numerous overlapping ship tracks, reveal the sea floor _ summit reservoir from which magma may erupt within the Slide Trough ley in stunning detail. The survey data collected by JAMSTEC o ‘olawe ‘ _ Pololu Kaho Val summit region or be injected laterally into the rift zones. The pi Laupahoehoe _ _ _ ley form the basis for the bathymetry shown on the map, - Wai MahukonaMahukona KKohalaohala Val ongoing activity at Kilauea's Pu‘u ‘O‘o cone that began in H Slump A Dutton augmented with bathymetric data from other sources. January 1983 is one such rift-zone eruption. The rift zones Hamakua_ Coast Seamount Clark _ Bathymetry that is predicted from variations in sea-surface commonly extend deep underwater, producing submarine 20°N A Seamount T height, observable from satellites, provides the low- eruptions of bulbous pillow lava. Kaho‘olawe W Kiholo Ridge MMaunaauna KeaKea Hilo Ridge resolution (fuzzy) bathymetry in between ship tracks. Once a volcano has grown above sea level, subaerial_ Deep Subaerial topography is from a USGS 30-m digital elevation eruptions produce_ lava flows of jagged, clinkery ‘a‘a or A _ model of Hawaii. Historical lava flows are shown in red. smooth, ropy pahoehoe. If the flows reach the ocean they Zone HualalaiHualalai e Clark 2 Alika 2 Prominent terraces (shown in orange and yellow) Indianapolis Puna Canyon are rapidly quenched by seawater and shatter, producing a Fractur I Slide Slide Seamount Kona Coa illustrate the larger size of the islands in the past; O‘ahu and steep blanket of unstable volcanic sediment that mantles the North Kona Hawai‘i _ Maui Powers the Maui-Nui complex (Maui, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, and upper submarine slopes. Above sea level then, the volcanoes I Slump Puna Ridge Seamount st _ Kaho‘olawe islands, and Penguin Bank), in particular, are develop the classic shield profile of gentle lava-flow slopes, Perret Moku‘aweoweo - _ A Seamount Caldera KilaueaKilauea mere vestiges of their former extent. Lo‘ihi, the youngest Jaggar KEALA Kilauea- _ whereas below sea level slopes are substantially steeper. FAU Caldera Kupaianaha KEKU Seamount LT _ _ volcano in the chain, has not yet reached the sea surface. While the volcanoes grow rapidly during the shield stage, N Alika 1 A Pu‘u ‘O‘o Fields of blocky debris, such as Ko‘olau's Nu‘uanu Slide, they may also collapse catastrophically, generating giant Slide MaunaMauna LoaLoa HILINA FAULT were created by catastrophic landslides, which carried large landslides and tsunami, or fail more gradually, forming Green - Seamount parts of some volcanoes as much as 200 km across the sea slumps. Deformation and seismicity along Kilauea's south Hilina Papa‘u floor. Slower-moving, sediment-blanketed slumps, in Brigham Ellis Slump flank indicate that slumping is occurring there today. KA Hohonu FAU Seamount contrast, typically develop ridges that parallel the Seamount Seamount HUK Punalu‘u Seamount _ _ Loading of the underlying Pacific Plate by the growing LT Slump U paleocoastlines, such as Haleakala's Hana Slump. Eruptions volcanic edifices causes subsidence, forming deep basins at 19°N South Kona South Kona Slide Slump _ along the submarine part of a volcano's rift zone produce a the base of the volcanoes. Once volcanism wanes and lava LoLLo‘ihio‘iihihi - Washington rugged morphology, as at Kilauea's Puna Ridge. Numerous flows no longer reach the ocean, the volcano continues to Bishop dge Seamount seamounts of Late Cretaceous age (approximately 80 Ma) N Seamount submerge, while erosion incises deep river valleys, such as McCall are scattered across the deep sea floor and are unrelated to Cross those on the Island of Kaua‘i. The edges of the submarine Seamount Palmer Seamount Day Dana the hot spot that supplies Hawaii's volcanoes. Seamount Ka Lae Ri terraces that ring the islands, thus, mark paleocoastlines that Seamount Seamount are now as much as 2,000 m underwater, many of which are A Apu‘upu‘u Submarine bathymetry and subaerial topography data sources: capped by drowned coral reefs. Ka Lae West Seamount Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan Slide Ka Lae East http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ R U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California Fract Slide http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/ Hawai Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California 0 5000 10,000 15,000 FEET http://www.mbari.org/data/mapping/hawaii/index.htm C ure 0 50 MILES University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii Swordfish ‘i http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/ Pensacola National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado 0 1000 20003000 4000 5000 METERS Seamount Zon 0 50 100 KILOMETERS Seamount http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html Water Depth Daly H SCALE APPROX 1:85,342 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, California e http://sioexplorer.ucsd.edu/ Seamount U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/default.htm Global seafloor topography (predicted bathymetry) Mercator map projection; image illuminated from NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo/mar_topo.html the northeast to emphasize sea-floor relief. Additional reading: Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., eds., 1987, Volcanism in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 2 v., 1667 p. Francis, Peter, 1993, Volcanoes—A planetary perspective: Oxford, Clarendon Press,_ _ _ 433 p. Heliker, Christina, Swanson, D.A., and Takahashi, T.J., eds., 2003, The Pu‘u ‘O‘o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea- Volcano, Hawai‘i—The first 20 years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676, 206 p. Hawaii's Volcanoes Revealed Macdonald, G.A., Abbott, A.T., and Peterson, F.L., 1983, Volcanoes in the sea—The geology of Hawaii (2d ed.): Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 517 p. Rhodes, J.M., and Lockwood, J.P., eds., 1995, Mauna Loa revealed—Structure, composition, history, and hazards: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 92, 348 p. Smith, W.H.F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997, Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings: Science, v. 277, p. 1957-1962. Takahashi, Eiichi, Lipman, P.W., Garcia, M.O., Naka, Jiro, and Aramaki, Shigeo, eds., 2002, Hawaiian By volcanoes—Deep underwater perspectives: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 128, 418 p. Tarduno, J.A., Duncan, R.A., Scholl, D.W., Cottrell, R.D., Steinberger, Bernard, Thordarson, Thorvaldur, 11 22 Kerr, B.C., Neal, C.R., Frey, F.A., Torii, Masayuki, and Carvallo, Claire, 2003, The Emperor Barry W. Eakins, Joel E. Robinson, Toshiya Kanamatsu, Jiro Naka, Seamounts—Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth's mantle: Science, v. 301, 3-D perspective view of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands (shown in green; 34 5 p. 1064-1069. white at summits of Mauna Loa [4,170 m high] and Mauna Kea [4,206 m John R. Smith, Eiichi Takahashi, and David A. Clague Manuscript approved for publication October 16, 2003 high]) are the tops of massive volcanoes, most of whose bulks lie below the JAMSTEC sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from purple (5,750 m deep northeast 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, of the Island of Maui) and blue to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows, 2 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan 2003 Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 or call 1-888-ASK-USGS - _ 3 University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii erupted from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Hualalai 4 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Available on the World Wide Web at volcanoes on the Island of Hawai‘i, are shown in red. 5 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/i-map/i2809