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Newtonia Battlefields Special Resource Study Newtonia, Missouri

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Newtonia Battlefields Special Resource Study Newtonia, Missouri National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Newtonia Battlefields Special Resource Study Newtonia, Missouri January 2013 NEWTONIA BATTLEFIELDS SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY Front cover images: Ritchey Mansion, 2010; Cherokee delegation to Washington, DC., 1866. Left to right: John Rollin Ridge, Saladin Watie, Richard Field, E. C. Boudinot, W. P. Adair. Photo by A. Gardner. (Oklahoma Historical Society); “Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 8th 1862” by Currier and Ives, 1862 (Library of Congress); Ritchey family cemetery, Newtonia (Larry Wood) Back cover images (left to right): Confederate General Sterling Price (NPS); Choctaw Treaty Delegation, 1866. Left to right: Allen Wright, Campbell LeFlore, Julius (J.P.) Folsom, and F. Battiste. (Oklahoma Historical Society); Cherokee Chief John Ross. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE STUDY TEAM, ADVISORS, AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS STUDY TEAM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Project Manager: Ruth Heikkinen, Division Chief, Planning and This report would not have been possible without the time and Compliance, Midwest Region, National Park Service expertise of the following individuals: Rachel Franklin-Weekley, Historian, Midwest Region, National Ed Bearrs, Emeritus Chief Historian, National Park Service Park Service Walter Busch, Site Administrator, Fort Davidson State Historic Natalie Franz, Planner, Midwest Region, National Park Service Site, Missouri State Parks Grant Johnson, Planning Intern, Midwest Region, National Park Kelley Collins, Fort Scott National Historic Site, National Park Service Service Tanya Gossett, American Battlefield Protection Program, Na- ADVISORS: tional Park Service Laurence M. Hauptman, SUNY Distinguished Professor Emeri- Tokey Boswell, Program Analyst, Park Planning & Special Studies, tus of History, SUNY New Paltz National Park Service Bethany Henry, Pea Ridge National Military Park, National Park Bill Harlow, Chief, Historic Architecture and Landscapes, Mid- Service west Region Kay Hively, Newtonia Battlefields Protection Association Ted Hillmer, Superintendent, Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield Pam Holtman, Denver Service Center, National Park Service Robie Lange, National Historic Landmarks Program, National Linda and Larry James, Newtonia Battlefields Protection Associa- Park Service tion Connie Langum, Historian, Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield Lisa LaRue, Acting Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, United Don Stevens, Chief, History and National Register Programs, Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma Midwest Region Mark Lause, Associate Professor of History, University of Cincin- Gary Sullivan, Chief of Resources and Facilities Management, nati Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield William G. Piston, Professor of History, Missouri State University Patricia Trap, Deputy Regional Director, Midwest Region, Na- Dwight Pitcaithley, Emeritus Chief Historian, National Park Ser- tional Park Service vice and Professor of History, New Mexico State University Sändra Washington, Associate Regional Director, Planning, Lyle Sparkman, Southwest Missouri Chapter, The Missouri Communication, and Legislation, Midwest Region, National Park Archaeological Society Service Daniel Sutherland, Professor of History, University of Arkansas Alan Thompson, Prairie Grove State Park, Arkansas State Parks Paul Wannenmacher, Filmmaker, Civil War Battle of Newtonia David Weems, Newtonia Battlefields Protection Association This report has been prepared to provide Congress and the public with information about the resources in the study area and how they relate to criteria for inclusion within the national park system. Publication and transmittal of this report should not be considered an endorsement for a commitment by the National Park Service to seek or support either specific legislative authoriza- tion for the project or appropriation for its implementation. This report was prepared by the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Midwest Region. For more information contact Ruth Heikkinen, Midwest Regional Office, -Na tional Park Service, 601 Riverfront Drive, Omaha, NE 68102-4226, (402) 661-1846 i NEWTONIA BATTLEFIELDS SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY ii NATIONAL PARK SERVICE SUMMARY The National Park Service (NPS) was tasked by Significance Findings: For cultural resources to meet sig- Congress in Public Law 110-229 to evaluate if the nificance criteria in a special resource study, they must Newtonia Battlefields in Newtonia, Missouri, met the meet National Historic Landmark criteria. The first and criteria for addition to the national park system as an second battles at Newtonia are illustrative of two dif- independent NPS unit, or as an addition to the Wilson’s ferent nationally important themes, and were evaluated Creek National Battlefield in Republic, Missouri. separately. The National Park Service concludes that the First Battle of Newtonia was not as consequential as comparable battles representing American Indian HISTORIC CONTEXT participation in the Civil War. While the battlefield has a high degree of integrity, it does not meet significance Newtonia was the site of two Civil War battles. The First criteria. General Price’s Missouri Expedition was a Battle of Newtonia occurred on September 30, 1862, campaign with nationwide repercussions; however, and the military consequences of the battle were minor. the site of the Second Battle of Newtonia does not However, the battle is distinguished by regiments of represent major aspects of the campaign as well as American Indian soldiers fighting on both sides. The comparable battlefields, and therefore, does not meet historic context places the First Battle of Newtonia in significance criteria. the perspective of the complex and tragic history of intertribal violence and the affiliation of the American Suitability Finding: For a property to be suitable, it must Indian tribes with the Union or Confederate armies represent a natural or cultural resource type that is not in the Civil War. The Second Battle of Newtonia on already adequately represented in the national park October 28, 1864, although minor, was the final full- system, or is not comparably represented and protected scale battle of the Civil War in Missouri, and the final by another entity. Brief analysis of the first and second battle of General Sterling Price’s Missouri Expedition battles of Newtonia finds that they would likely not of 1864. The historic context places the Second Battle of meet the suitability criteria if fully evaluated. Newtonia in the context of that campaign. Feasibility Finding: Because neither the first nor second battle of Newtonia meets the criteria for significance, EXISTING CONDITIONS AND BOUNDARY feasibility was not considered. DESCRIPTION Need for Direct NPS Management Finding: Because neither the first nor second battle of Newtonia meets Newtonia is a small, predominantly agricultural town the criteria for significance, the need for direct NPS that still strongly resembles the Civil War era in size management was not considered. and land use. Resources such as the Ritchey Mansion, cemeteries, stone walls, agricultural fields, and other The National Park Service finds that the Newtonia landscape features remain. The boundaries for the study Battlefields do not meet the criteria for a unit of the area for each battle are the same as those described in national park system. the National Register of Historic Places nominations for each site. BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT ANALYSIS The boundary adjustment section evaluates the NEW UNIT ANALYSIS Newtonia Battlefields as a potential addition to Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield as specified in the The special resource study evaluates the Newtonia study’s authorizing legislation. For an area to be ap- Battlefields as a potential new unit of the national park propriate for addition to an existing park, it must (1) system based on established criteria. To be considered protect significant resources or enhance opportunities eligible for designation as a new unit, an area must be for public enjoyment, (2) address operational and man- significant, suitable, feasible, and have a need for direct agement issues of the existing park site, or (3) protect NPS management. critical park resources. The added lands must also be feasible to administer, and there must be no other iii NEWTONIA BATTLEFIELDS SPECIAL RESOURCE STUDY adequate alternatives for management and resource protection. The Newtonia Battlefields do not meet any of the first three conditions for boundary adjust- ments, and are therefore not an appropriate addition to Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield. OPTIONS FOR MANAGEMENT Options for management considered by this study were Continuation of Current Management (No Action), which would mean continuation of current owner- ship and management, and Continuation of Current Management with Enhanced Interpretation and Collaboration with Other Sites, which would include all elements of the first alternative and include increased coordination among sites representing American Indian participation in the Civil War for expanded interpreta- tion. Because the Newtonia Battlefields do not meet the criteria for addition to the national park system, bound- ary adjustment, or affiliated area, the NPS considered but dismissed these alternatives. CONCLUSION The National Park Service finds that the Newtonia Battlefields do not meet the criteria for establishing an independent unit of the national park system and do not meet established criteria for an addition to Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield. No new federal
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