The Getty Vocabularies

THE GETTY A Brief Overview & VOCABULARIES Linked Open Data Patricia Harpring Managing Editor, Getty Vocabulary Program

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 3 CONA 51 What are Getty vocabularies? 5 ...Minimum contribution 54 Context for the Getty vocabularies 15 ...CONA merging metadata 56 Scope and Content 37 ...CONA linked to vocabs 57 AAT 38 ...CONA linking subjects 61 ...Contributions 42 Relationships in CONA 68 TGN 43 IA (Iconography Authority) 86 ULAN 45 Vocabularies in LOD 88 ...Processing records 48 CDWA and CCO 94 ...Using the data 50

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 2 www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/index.html

PREFACE

• This presentation is a brief overview of the Getty vocabularies, AAT, TGN, ULAN, and the resources in development, CONA and IA.

• For full discussions of the Getty vocabularies, see the vocabulary Web pages, Editorial Manuals, and other presentations on the vocabulary training page.

• http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/ vocabularies/index.html

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 3 www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/index.html

PREFACE

• This presentation is a brief overview of the Getty vocabularies, AAT, TGN, ULAN, and the resources in development, CONA and IA.

• For full discussions of the Getty vocabularies, see the vocabulary Web pages, Editorial Manuals, and other presentations on the vocabulary training page.

 For basic information on vocabularies, see Introduction to Controlled Vocabularies (Harpring, Baca editor, revised 2013) and its bibliography

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 4 www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/index.html

What Are the Getty Vocabularies?

AAT TGN ULAN CONA IA

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 5 http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/index.html Getty Vocabularies in Context Enabling digital art history • Art & Architecture Thesaurus ® AAT = terms for generic concepts, relationships, other data • (e.g., watercolors, 玉器, amphora, asa-no-ha-toji) • Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names ® TGN = names for administrative, physical places, relationships, historical information, coordinates, other data • (e.g., Diospolis, Acalán, Ottoman Empire, Ganges River) • Union List of Artist Names ® ULAN = names for people, corporate bodies, biography, relationships, other data • (e.g., Christopher Wren, Altobelli & Molins, Anp'yŏng Taegun)

• [Cultural Objects Name Authority ®] CONA = not only titles/names of art and architecture • (e.g., Mona Lisa, Livre de la Chasse, Chayasomesvara Temple) • In development: CONA links rich metadata for works to allow a conduit for research and discovery in the broader, ever expanding arena of digital art history • [Getty Iconography Authority] • (e.g., Adoration of the Magi, Zeus, French Revolution, Der Ring des Nibelungen, Reclining Buddha) • In development: Now a module of CONA, includes names for iconographical narratives, religious or fictional characters, historical events, names of literary works and performing arts

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 6 What are the Getty vocabularies? . Catherine wheel or rose window? Thebes or Diospolis? Giovanni da Bologna or Giambologna? Mona Lisa or La Gioconda? Reclining Buddha or Bouddha couché or 涅槃仏 ? . The AAT, TGN, and ULAN contain multilingual terminology and other related data to describe

o visual art, architecture, other cultural heritage works, art history, conservation, archaeology, archival materials, visual surrogates, and related bibliographic materials

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 7 What are the Getty vocabularies? . Catherine wheel or rose window? Thebes or Diospolis? Giovanni da Bologna or Giambologna? Mona Lisa or La Gioconda? Reclining Buddha or Bouddha couché or 涅槃仏 ?

. In development: CONA is linked to AAT, TGN, and ULAN . CONA is a resource that compiles titles, attributions, depicted subjects, and other metadata about works of art, architecture, and cultural heritage, both extant and historical. Metadata is gathered or linked from museum collections, special collections, archives, libraries, scholarly research, and other sources . Through rich metadata and links, it is hoped that CONA will provide a powerful conduit for research and discovery for digital art history and related disciplines

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 8 What are the Getty vocabularies? . Catherine wheel or rose window? Thebes or Diospolis? Giovanni da Bologna or Giambologna? Mona Lisa or La Gioconda? Reclining Buddha or Bouddha couché or 涅槃仏 ? . In development: Getty Iconography Authority (IA) . The IA is a thesaurus that compiles names and other information for subjects of works of art that are not covered by the other Getty vocabularies . It includes proper names of iconographical themes or narratives, fictional or legendary people and places, named historical and legendary events, and named literary works or themes . It links to AAT, TGN, ULAN, and CONA . It links to Iconclass, LOC authorities, and other existing resources for subject matter Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 9  History of the Getty Vocabularies

o The AAT, ULAN, and TGN were begun in the mid-1980s

o To meet the needs of the art museum, visual resources, archives, and art library communities

o Authoritative vocabularies to aid in the indexing and retrieval of art information

o CONA development began in 2004; IA development was part of CONA

o The vocabularies are compiled through contributions from qualified and trained contributors (museums, art libraries, bibliographic indexing projects, national and international translation projects)

o AAT, ULAN, TGN, CONA, and IA have same core data structure and editorial rules

o We (Vocabulary Program and technical team) provide instruction for use of and contribution to the Getty vocabularies at conferences and in online training materials

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 10  Getty vocabularies are valued as authoritative

o Grow through contributions from experts

o Contributors and published sources are cited

 Compiled, merged, edited, and published by the Getty Vocabulary Program and our technical team; refreshed every two weeks

 Data is made available in various ways: via online searching; Web services APIs; licensed relational tables and XML format annual releases [will be discontinued]

o Now as Linked Open Data: structured and published to make it openly accessible and shareable on the Semantic Web

. Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) v1.0

. More open license, allows sharing, creation, adaptation of data with attribution

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 11 Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 12  Getty vocabularies are thesauri compliant with national (NISO) and international (ISO) standards for thesaurus construction

 They are compliant with / map to other standards:

o CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art)

o CCO (Cataloging Cultural Objects)

o VRA Core (Visual Resources Association core categories)

o LIDO (Lightweight Information Describing Objects)

o CIDOC CRM (CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model) (ISO 21127:2006)

o etc.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 13  Features that allow the Getty vocabularies to be used in cataloging, retrieval, and linking

o Each Getty vocabulary record, each term, and other data are identified by unique numeric IDs (rather than relying solely on test matching)

o Many other fields are controlled by lookup lists

o The vocabularies are linked to each other

o The vocabularies share a core data structure

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 14 Context for the Getty Vocabularies

AAT TGN ULAN CONA IA

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 15 What Are Controlled Vocabularies?

• A controlled vocabulary is an organized arrangement of words and phrases • Typically includes preferred and variant terms • Has a defined scope or describes a specific domain

Purpose of Controlled Vocabularies

• To provide terminology to catalog and retrieve information • To capture the richness of variant terms • For some users, to promote consistency in assignment of the same terms to similar content • In retrieval, to utilize variants and broader/narrower contexts

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 16 Controlled Vocabularies vs. Controlled Format

• Controlled vocabularies are organized sets of controlled terminology values (often with other information as well)

• Controlled format refers to rules concerning the allowable data types and formatting of information

• Fields may have controlled format in addition to being linked to controlled vocabulary

• Or the controlled format may exist in the absence of any finite controlled list of acceptable values

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 17 Controlled Vocabularies vs. Controlled Format

Controlled format

• May govern the expression of Unicode or other characters in either a free-text field or in a field that is linked to a controlled vocabulary

• Also for fields where numbers or codes are used

• E.g., recording measurements, geographic coordinates • May regulate the number of digits allowed, the expression of decimals and negative numbers, etc., • Ideally in compliance with ISO, NISO, or another appropriate standard

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 18 Controlled Vocabularies vs. Controlled Format

Which fields here are controlled format, which use controlled vocabulary?

display Materials/Techniques Description: egg-tempera paint with tooled gold-leaf halos on panel indexing Role: medium Material Name: egg tempera | gold leaf with Role: Material Name: controlled support wood panel AAT terms Technique Name: painting | gold tooling

display Dimensions Description: comprises 10 panels; overall: 280 x 215 x 17 cm (110 1⁄4 x 84 5⁄8 x 6 3⁄4) indexing Extent: components Value: 10 Type: count with Value: 280 Unit: cm Type: height controlled Value: 215 Unit: cm Type: width format Value: 17 Unit: cm Type: depth

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 19 Types of Controlled Vocabularies

•Most controlled vocabularies in art indexing are structured vocabularies

•Structured vocabulary = emphasizes relationships

Relationships in General

• Connections between terms and between concepts Are a rose window and a Catherine wheel the same thing? How is pot-metal glass related to the more general term stained glass? • Between equivalents (synonyms) • Other relationships = hierarchical and associative (links that organize concepts and provide context)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 20 Types of Controlled Vocabularies

The most common types of controlled vocabularies used for art and architecture information

• subject heading lists • simple controlled lists • synonym ring lists • taxonomies • thesauri

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 21 Subject Heading Lists

Uniform words or phrases intended to be assigned to books, articles, or other documents in order to describe the subject or topic of the texts and to group them with texts having similar subjects Examples:

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) Bicycle racing--United States LC Subject Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Headings used to Embryonic and Fetal Development catalog books • Typically arranged in alphabetical order, with cross-references between the preferred and other nonpreferred headings Multiple • Differ from other vocabularies = precoordination of terminology = combine concepts in several unique concepts together in a string one heading

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 22 Other Headings

• Other types of headings or labels may be used to uniquely identify or disambiguate one vocabulary entry from another

•E.g., name of a creator may be listed with a short biographical string to form a heading or label for display in a work record

Pierre Koenig (American architect, 1925-2004)

name display biography

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 23 Label: Case Study House No. 21 (house; architect: Pierre Koenig (American architect, 1925-2004); 1956-1958; renovated 1998)

architect: Pierre Koenig (American architect, 1925-2004)

Examples of headings in object record

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 24 Controlled Lists A controlled list is a simple list of terms used to control terminology

A well-constructed controlled list, the following is true:

• each term is unique • terms are not overlapping in meaning • terms are all members of the same class (i.e., having the same level of rank in a classification system) • terms are equal in granularity or specificity • terms are arranged alphabetically or in another logical order

.Should be derived from larger published standard vocabularies if appropriate .They are best employed in certain fields of a database where a short list of values is appropriate and where terms are unlikely to have synonyms or ancillary information

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 25 Controlled Lists

Pick Lists Lead users to a small set of choices of terms for a given field Often implemented as drop-down or other types of lists

• From the end-user perspective, such short lists may be easier to navigate than more complex lists, particularly for nonspecialist users

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 26 Controlled Lists

Pick Lists

In cataloging systems, advantage of such lists = cataloger or indexer has only short list of terms from which to choose

Thus ensuring more consistency and reducing the likelihood of error

Example of a pick list from The Museum System (TMS) application for the J. Paul Getty Museum

architecture manuscripts armor miscellaneous books paintings coins photographs decorative arts sculpture drawings site installation implements texts jewelry vessels

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 27 Controlled Lists

Pick Lists

In cataloging systems, advantage of such lists = cataloger or indexer has only short list of terms from which to choose

Thus ensuring more consistency and reducing the likelihood of error

• Dozens of areas of a work record may be better suited for a short controlled list rather than a more complex controlled vocabulary

Classification field, Title Type (e.g., artist's, descriptive, inscribed, etc.), Title Language (e.g., English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, etc.), or Title Preference (e.g., preferred, alternate)

• Disadvantage is that it limits choices to cataloger or end-user; if used in retrieval would not allow retrieval by synonyms and related terms

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 28 Synonym Ring Lists • Simple sets of terms considered equivalent for the purpose of retrieval • Catalogers do not use synonym rings for indexing; used behind the scenes of an electronic information system • Used to broaden retrieval (query expansion): may contain near- synonyms that have similar or related meanings rather than only terms with true synonymy • Used with texts, not generally with fielded data • Best when constructed by an expert in the content and for a specific text

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 29 Authority Files Sets of established names or headings and cross-references to the preferred form from variant or alternate forms • Authority control refers as much to the methodology of application as to a particular controlled vocabulary

• Any listing of terms, names, or headings that distinguishes between a preferred and variant names or headings may be used as an authority

• Getty vocabularies are non- authoritarian authorities; preferred term is flagged (term used most often in scholarly literature in language of the record) but users may use any term in the record if they wish © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust, author: Patricia Harpring. Do not distribute. For educational purposes only.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 30 Taxonomies A taxonomy = orderly classification for a defined domain Comprises controlled vocabulary terms organized into a hierarchical structure

• A taxonomy may differ from a thesaurus in that it generally has shallower hierarchies and a less complicated structure • For example, it often has no equivalent (synonyms or variant terms) or related terms (associative relationships)

• Scientific classifications of animals and plants are well-known examples of taxonomies

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 31 Alphanumeric Classification Schemes Controlled codes (letters or numbers, or both letters and numbers) that represent concepts or headings • Generally have an implied taxonomy that can be surmised from the codes

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 32 Ontologies Formal, machine-readable specifications of a conceptual model Not a controlled vocabulary, but use one or more controlled vocabularies and expresses the vocabulary in a representative language to express relationships

• Ontologies generally divide the realm of knowledge that they represent into the following areas: individuals, classes, attributes, relations, and events • Ontologies used in the Semantic Web, artificial intelligence, software engineering, and information architecture

A detail of a sample ontology for Vincent van Gogh's Irises and Henri Matisse's Still Life, illustrating how the works are part of a subset of oil paintings under the category paintings

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 33 Folksonomies Assemblages of concepts represented by terms and names (called tags) that are compiled through social tagging; became prominent ca. 2004 Do not typically have hierarchical structure or preferred terms for concepts, and they may not even cluster synonyms Not considered authoritative because they are typically not compiled by experts • Can be useful in situations where controlled tagging is not possible

• Potential for enhanced retrieval = by linking folksonomies to more rigorously structured controlled vocabularies

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 34 Thesauri . Thesaurus: A semantic network of unique concepts . Thesauri may be monolingual or multilingual . Thesauri may have the following three relationships: . Equivalence Relationships . Hierarchical Relationships . Associative Relationships

Objects Facet hierarchical .... Furnishings and Equipment stirrup cups ...... Containers coaching glasses ...... hunting glasses ...... ...... rhyta associative rhyta equivalenceequivalence sturzbechers rhyton distinguished from Sturzbecher rhytons stortebekers rhea rheon rheons ritón

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 35 Using Multiple Vocabularies

Catalogers of art information require multiple vocabularies because no single vocabulary provides the full set of terminology needed to catalog or index a given set of cultural heritage data

• A combination of vocabularies is necessary for indexing • A separate combination may be necessary for retrieval (or at minimum the cataloging vocabularies may be used differently in retrieval)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 36 Scope and Content of the Getty Vocabularies

AAT TGN ULAN CONA IA

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 37 AAT, the Art & Architecture Thesaurus® Generic terms for describing art and architecture (fine art, built works, decorative arts, other material culture, visual surrogates, archival materials, archaeology, and conservation) (e.g., oil paintings, Baroque, lithographers, sintering) Current totals: 41,855 records; 355,000 terms Thousands of new records every year; translations

• AAT is multilingual; large translation projects are underway • Conceptually organized from terms to describe abstract concepts to generic terms for concrete, physical artifacts • Facets are the upper levels of the AAT structure • AAT is not organized by subject matter or discipline

Brand Names

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 38 AAT, the Art & Architecture Thesaurus®

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 39 AAT, the Art & Architecture Thesaurus® • equivalence relationship • hierarchical relationship • associative relationship

Thesaural relationships Objects Facet hierarchical .... Furnishings and Equipment stirrup cups ...... Containers coaching glasses ...... culinary containers hunting glasses ...... associative ...... …drinking vessels ...... rhyta sturzbechers rhyta Sturzbecher rhyton stortebekers distinguished rhytons equivalence from rhea rheon rheons ritón 萊坦酒杯

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 40 AAT, the Art & Architecture Thesaurus®

Sample record

Associative Relationships Note: With "needle lace," one of two primary ID: 300132869 types of handmade lace. It is characterized by requires ... lace pillows (...Objects Facet) Dutch ..... Een van de twee belangrijkste soorten but not bobbin lace (pref, en) met de hand vervaardigde kant; 'naaldkant' is ... required to [300132869] German ..... Zusammen mit der “Nadelspitze” use it; bone lace (en) eine der wichtigsten... Spanish ..... Junto a "encaje a aguja", uno de los based on cushion lace (en) Hierarchical Relationships (poly) dos tipos principales de … local rules 梭心蕾絲 (zh) .Objects Facet 線軸編織花邊 (zh) ... Visual & Verbal Communication ..... Visual Works kloskant (nl) ...... visual works (works) dentelle aux fuseaux (fr) ...... encaje de bolillos (es) ...... needlework (visual works) encaje de bolillo (es) ...... lace (needlework) Klöppelspitze (de) ...... bobbin lace Klöppelspitzen (de) Contributors: VP,CHIN,AS,RKD,IfM-SMB-PK,CDPB-DIBAM Sources: Earnshaw, Clabburn, Needleworker's Dictionary (1976); Identification Images by be under additional copyright of Lace, 2d ed. (1984); Ginsburg, Illustrated History of Textiles (1991)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 41 • Getty Conservation Institute (Los Angeles, California) • Academia Sinica (Nankang, Taiwan) • Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD: Bureau AAT) (The Hague, The Netherlands) • Centro de Documentación de Bienes Patrimoniales (Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos) (Santiago, Chile) • Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin, Germany) • [Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN) (Gatineau, Quebec, Canada), Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione (Rome, Italy)(ICCD)] and other contributors of partial translations; future translations in French, Italian, Portuguese, other languages

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 42 TGN, the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names® Names, other information for current & historical administrative places (cities, nations, empires) and physical features (e.g., Acalán, Argissa Magoula, Firenze, Roman Empire, Ganges River) Current totals: 1,475,816; 2,150,000 names Grows by thousands every year • It includes formerly inhabited places, archaeological sites, and historical places with unknown exact locations (i.e., “lost settlements”) • It focuses on places important to study of art, architecture, and related disciplines; powerful as thesaurus and historical information. Not GIS, but may be linked to GIS and maps. • It grows through contributions from the expert user community, archaeology projects, conservation experts, scholars, large national geographic databases, etc.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 43 TGN, the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names®

Sample record

Hierarchical Rels. (polyhierarchical) Place Types

AAT

Associative Rels

Images by be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 44 ULAN, the Union List of Artist Names® Names, other information for people (artists, patrons, sitters) and corporate bodies (repositories, studios) related to the design, creation, patronage, collection, conservation, etc. of art, architecture, and other cultural materials (e.g., Bartolo di Fredi, Xueshi Bai, 白雪石 , Santa Eufemia Master, National Palace Museum (Taipei) ) Current totals: 234,825 records; 645,000 names Grows by thousands every year

• Scope also includes “Non-Artists” (e.g., sitters and patrons) “Unknown People by Culture” (e.g., unknown Aztec) “Unidentified Named People” (e.g., known from archival documents) • ULAN includes current and historical associative relationships (e.g., students to teachers; firm and studios to members) • Contributions to ULAN are from experts (museums, art libraries, cataloging projects, etc.)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 45 ULAN, the Union List of Artist Names®

Sample record

ID: 500060426 Nationalities: Birth and Death Places: Names: Born: Tokyo (Kanto, Japan)) (inhab place) Japanese (pref) Hokusai, Katsushika Died: Tokyo (Kanto, Japan)) (inhab place) (pref,en,ja-trans,de) TGN Roles: AAT Events: Katsushika Hokusai (en,ja-trans) active: Tokyo (Kanto, Japan)) (inhab place) artist Hokusai (en,ja-trans) …….. in Edo, modern-day Tokyo printmaker 葛飾北斎 Associative Relationships: (ja) painter Shunrō (en,ja-trans) teacher of Taito, Katsushika, II designer ...... (Japanese printmaker, active ca. 1820-1850) Tawaraya Sōri (en,ja-trans) calligrapher child of Nakajima Ise th Kakō (en,ja-trans) draftsman ...... (Japanese mirror maker, 18 century) Tatsumasa (en,ja-trans) possibly identified with ... Tōshūsai Sharaku landscapist ...... (Japanese printmaker, active 1794-1795) Gakyōjin (en,ja-trans) marine artist Taito (en,ja-trans) figure artist Contributors: Iichi (en,ja-trans) ukiyo-e artist VP,Avery,GRL,BHA,CCA Sources: Bowie, Drawings of Hokusai (1964); Manji (en,ja-trans) Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-2002); Library Tokitarō (en,ja-trans) Gender: male of Congress Authorities database (n.d.); Metropolitan Museum of Art [online] (2003-); 時太郎 (ja) Bouquillard, Hokusai: First Manga Master (2007) 葛飾北濟 (ja) Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 46 ULAN, the Union List of Artist Names®

Sample record

Nationalities: Birth and Death Places: ID: 500115493 Born: Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (inhab place) German (pref) Died: Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (inhab place) Names: Bavarian TGN AAT Events: Dürer, Albrecht (pref,de,en) Roles: active: Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany) (inhab pl) Albrecht Dürer artist (preferred) active: Venice (Veneto, Italy) (inhabited place) Duerer, Albrecht (en) painter Associative Relationships: Durer, Albrecht (en) printmaker apprentice of Wolgemut, Michael; 1486 to 1489 ...... (German painter, printmaker, 1434/1437-1519) engraver (printmaker) Durero,̈ Alberto (it) child of Dürer, Albrecht, the elder Durerus, Albertus (la) woodcutter ...... (German goldsmith, 1427-1502) draftsman founder of ...Albrecht Dürer Workshop

Direr, Albreht illustrator ...... (German workshop, established 1495) Djurer, Albrecht patron was ...Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor designer ...... (Roman emperor, 1459-1519) Dyurâ ,̂ Albrecht mathematician Dirers,̄ Albrehts theorist Contributors: Alberto Duro Tedesco portraitist VP,JPGM,Avery,WCI,Prov,GRLPSC,BHA,CCA Sources: Bartrum, Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy デューラー, アルブレヒト (ja) religious artist (2002); Bénézit, Dictionnaire des Peintres (1976; Bartsch, Le peintre graveur. 阿尔布雷希特·丢勒 (zh) Gender: male Images by be under additional copyright Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 47 Processing records Batch loading of data From various systems or from online forms • Contributors’ data is In our prescribed format loaded and processed by the Getty ITS team and the Vocabulary

Program VCS: Processing Data Searching, Merging • Data is merged, Editing/adding info normalized, and Moving/adding links published • Exported data is Exporting Data Reports for quality control refreshed for users Reports for work flow At any time, could be 100s of thousands Release formats every two weeks of candidate records, contributed but still Web, APIs, LOD • Releases: Online search, Web in process services APIs, LOD, [annual Editors have monthly quotas for work XML and relational tables] done to allow anticipation of time frame for publications to ensure not too much time is spent on unsolvable tasks

Patricia Harpring, 2010 © J. Paul Getty Trust

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 48 What do we do? Merging records Publishing data Finding matches • Mapping incoming Manual or automated merge, vetted by VP editors contributor data to correct fields and controlled lists etc. • Editorial work requires normalizing data • Merging duplicate records • Dozens of other data issues to Names Biography correct and Palamedesz., Anthonie Dutch painter, active mid-17th century normalized to Palamedes, Anthonie birth: 1620 death: 1699 allow efficient use Pallemedes, Anthonie Netherlandish artist, 1601-1673 in cataloging and Palamedsz., Anthonie birth: 1601 death: 1673 retrieval

Patricia Harpring, 2010 © J. Paul Getty Trust

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 49 Using data • Online Web searches • Access to training materials and editorial guidelines • Highest number of pages accessed at GRI every month (200,000 queries) • Among the highest at Getty overall • Now working on ways to determine how many using LOD • Demonstrating usefulness is important to proving the value of the project, re. budgets, etc.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 50 Using data http://viaf.org/ • Vocabulary data is licensed and used by hundreds of institutions and vendors • Collections management systems (e.g., TMS) • GRI (with ULAN and TGN) • We contribute to contributes to VIAF, the VIAF Virtual International Authority File. • Now linking • Link to other sources in vocabulary data Linked Open Data in LOD in hundreds or thousands of new ways

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 51 The Getty Iconography Authority Named events, religious/mythological iconography, fictional characters and places, themes from literature

. Includes the proper names of subjects not covered by other Getty vocabularies . The Getty Iconography Authority (IA) is a module within CONA; over time, it could become a stand- alone authority through contributions . Includes links to other sources, such as Iconclass and the US Library of Congress subject authorities

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 52 Getty Iconography Authority

Sample record

AAT links AAT role/characteristic is ... bodhisattva TGN symbolic attribute is ... lotus ULAN culture/religion is ... Mahayana (Buddhism) CONA Names in culture/religion is ... Theravada (Buddhism) multiple Associative Relationships languages associated with .... Krishna (Hindu iconography) counterpart is …. Guanyin (Buddhist iconography) Users may choose the Note The bodhisattva of infinite compassion and mercy; name embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. This appropriate for their bodhisattva is portrayed in different cultures as either needs female or male… Hierarchical Relationships Contributors & sources [VP] Encyclopedia Britannica Online (2002-); Bowker, Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1997); Huntington, Art of Ancient India (1985); LC: LC control no.: sh 85010492 Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 53 In development: [CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®] Titles, other information for moveable works (paintings, sculpture, prints, drawings, photographs, ceramics, etc.) and architecture (buildings, bridges, etc.) (e.g., Hagia Sophia, Mona Lisa, Fantastic Landscape with a Pavilion, Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 富嶽三十六景)

• Currently in development, CONA compiles titles, attributions, depicted subjects, and other metadata about works of art, architecture, and cultural heritage, both extant works and historical works • Metadata is gathered and linked from museum collections, special collections, archives, libraries, scholarly research, and many other sources • CONA is multicultural and multilingual • CONA is linked to images

• CONA is linked to the AAT, TGN, and ULAN • Through this rich metadata and links, CONA may provide a powerful conduit for research and discovery for digital art history Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 54 The simplified entity-relationship diagram for CONA is the same as CDWA / CCO

ULAN

TGN CONA (Work Records) Source Records

AAT

Iconography Authority

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 55 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

What is a minimum record for contribution? Catalog Level item Core elements Classification paintings Catalog Level Work Type painting (visual work) Classification scroll (information artifact) Work Type Title Scene of Early Spring Title 宋郭熙早春圖軸 Creator Guo Xi (Chinese painter, 1023 - ca.1085 CE) Creator Creation Date 1072 CE Creation Date Subject (general) landscape Subject (specific) | spring (season) | trees | pine (genus) | Current Location streams Measurements Current Location National Palace Museum (Taipei, Materials Taiwan) ID: 000053N000000000 Measurements 158.3 x 108.1 cm * Instructions are available to Materials painted scroll | ink | silk | paper contributors for defaults when core data is unavailable Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 56 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

•CONA contains links to artists and patrons, style, dates, locations, studies and other related works, bibliography, and the subjects depicted in the works • CONA can merge information from various sources and contributors about a given architectural or movable work, and provide a unique ID for that work in LOD • Information from the repository of a work will be preferred (e.g., attribution), but other opinions and additional information of scholars could be included • CONA provides unique, persistent numeric identifiers for the work and all of its associated information, allowing disambiguation between similar works and authoritative identification of the work in a linked environment • CONA can facilitate linking between works, including works held in different repositories but having historical relationships (e.g., studies, disassembled manuscripts, etc.) • CONA can provide a record for lost and destroyed works • CONA contains links to images of the works

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 57  CONA merges metadata from • CONA ID uniquely identifies the work in LOD world multiple sources in one record • Repository title is flagged, others included • Date of execution is in dispute: The display of the CONA ID: 700000178 CONA record prefers the date espoused by the Catalog Level item Repository, but other scholarly opinions are included Classification paintings Work Type panel painting | altarpiece Title Adoration of the Magi Adorazione dei Magi (repository title) Creator Bartolo di Fredi (Sienese painter, active by 1353, died 1410) Creation Date [display]ca. 1385 Generalca. 1385; someSubject scholars religion date and it aftermythology 1395 | allegory execution| human figures Start Date 1382 End Date 1387 alternativeSpecific | Adoration date Start of the Date Magi 1395 | Siena End | horsesDate 1409 | camels | GeneralMagi | Holy Subject Family religion | Journey and of mythology the Magi | goldhuman | figures Specificfrankincense| Adoration | myrrh of| king the Magi| deity Extent: | death foreground | SienaCurrent | horses Location | Holy Pinacoteca Family | gold Nazionale | frankincense di Siena | (Siena,myrrh | JourneyItaly); Repository of the Magi No Extent: no. 104 background | king | deity | deathMeasurements | Epiphany 195 | Three x 158 Ages cm (76of Man x 61 5/8 inches) MatCurrent & Tech Location tempera Pinacoteca on panel Nazionale di Siena (Siena, Italy); EventRepositoryalternatively No no. 104 dated Date ca. 1395/1409 Dimensions 195 x 158 cm (76 x 61 5/8 inches) ContributorsMat & Tech tempera BHA on panel VP CD PNS GRI-PA SourcesContributors Pinacoteca BHA VP CD PNSNazionale GRI-PA di Siena (2002-) Sources PinacotecaCole, Sienese Nazionale di Painting Siena (2002 (1985)-); Boucher and Fiorini, Magi Reconstructed (2012); Cole, Sienese Painting (1985); Freuler, Bartolo di Fredi (1994); Harpring, BartoloFreuler, di Fredi (1992) Bartolo di Fredi (1994) Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Images may be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 58 CONA, the Cultural Objects Linking to the AAT and other  CONA could link work Getty vocabularies allows the records to Getty vocabularies Name Authority® variant terms and other links and information in the AAT, ULAN, or TGN record to be used in retrieval of the work Catalog Level item Classification vessels Work Type vase Title Blue and White Glazed Globular Vase 明永樂青花龍紋天球瓶 Creator unknown Chinese Creation Date 1403/1424 CE Subject (general) object (utilitarian) (specific) | animal | dragon Current Location National Palace Museum (Taipei, Taiwan) ID: 012547N000000000 Measurements 42.9 cm high and 9.7 cm diameter; foot diameter 15.8 cm Materials blue and white porcelain | porcelain (material) | blue-and-white (ceramic glaze) Images may be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 59 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

Sample record

• CONA links work records to Locations: ULAN TGN Getty vocabularies Current: Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands) AK-MAK-1291; RM001.collect.910; Bruikleen ID: 700001950 van de Vereniging van Vrienden der Aziatische Kunst Creation: Tamil Nādu (India) Titles: Materials: bronze founding AAT Shiva met de maan in het haar (nl) Dimensions: 40 cm (height) x 24cm (width) x 10.5 (depth) Shiva with the Moon in his Hair (en) Events: exhibition: Metamorfoze/Geheugenproject Willem Catalog Level: item Witsen Work Types: Cultures: Indian Chola AAT sculpture (visual work) AAT AAT General Subject: TGN Classifications: human figure(s) (preferred ) ULAN sculpture (preferred) religion and mythology CONA Creation Date: 1000/1200 Specific Subjects: CONA IA Creator Display: Shivá (Hindu iconography) anoniem mudrā (pose, ) [link to Iconclass] sculptor: unknown Chola ULAN Images may be under additional copyright Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Contributors & Sources: [Rijksmuseum;VP]; Rijksmuseum XML file

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 60 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

Sample record

TGN AAT AAT

ULAN AAT TGN ULAN CONA CONA IA

Associative Relationship

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 61 Tools to link as data is CONA, the Cultural Objects loaded or processed: Name Authority® Example  Since CONA is linked to the other vocabularies, it is necessary to match incoming values to the AAT, ULAN, TGN, and CONA Iconography Authority when loaded  The CVA/Processor was developed in-house for editors to use where auto-links are not possible  Such a tool for contributors should be investigated

CONA record, creator

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 62 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

• CONA links depicted subjects

 Whereas libraries have a tradition of cataloging the subjects of works

 Many art museums typically do not index subject matter depicted in / represented by works

o [sitters, places, events, iconographical themes, dedication of certain buildings, etc.]

o In a survey conducted of American art museums’ data, of the core fields (agreed by consensus in CDWA, CCO, etc.), all museums included all core fields except the subject [by OCLC (Online Computer Library Center, a nonprofit computer library service and research organization); core fields per CCO and CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art)]

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 63 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

• Editors: Never • CONA could link depicted subjects • For such subject indexing: CONA can index beyond link to AAT, TGN, what is provided  Three levels of analysis ULAN, CONA itself, by the contributor and the CONA or evident in the (“indexing type” in CONA) Iconography Authority associated • As well as to other documentation  Objective description sources for subjects, • Your goal is such as the US minimal indexing  Identification of named subject Library of Congress and basic-access authorities and indexing Iconclass (a Dutch  Interpretation of the meaning or theme classification system, www.iconclass.nl/)

Description, Identification, Interpretation are based loosely on Panofsky, Erwin. Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. New York, Oxford University Press, 1939.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 64 Analyzing the subject

another way of considering subject, according to what the subject is of, what it is about, or what it is

 ofness = what a work depicts

 aboutness = what a work conveys

 isness = what a work is, what class it belongs to For aboutness, ofness, isness, see Zeng, Marcia Lei, Athena Salaba and Maja Zumer. FRSAD: Conceptual Modeling of Aboutness. Third Millennium Cataloging. Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited, 2012.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 65 Terms for General Subjects (partial list) Extensible list of General Subjects: for full list see CONA editorial guidelines advertising and commercial allegory animals apparel architecture botanical cartographic ceremonial object cityscapes didactic and propaganda funerary art genre history and legend human figures interior architecture landscapes literary theme machines and equipment military mixed motifs nonrepresentational art utilitarian objects performance art portraits religion and mythology seascapes still lifes

• General subject is an extensible controlled list, originally derived from CDWA and CCO • One term for general subject is the minimum required • Additional terms to describe the specific subject are strongly encouraged • How to supply values when missing in large data sets? Title and notes could be mined, parsed, mapped to this

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 66 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

Depicted subjects

Class: photograph Work Type: albumen print General Title: Lincoln on the Battlefield of Antietam, portraits Maryland, October 2, 1862 history and legend Creator/Role: Alexander Gardner (American photographer, 1821-1882) Creation-Date: 1862 Specific Current Location: J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Antietam National Battlefield Angeles, CA), 84.xm.482.1 (Sharpsburg, Maryland, United Measurements: 8 5/8 x 7 3/4 in. Materials and Techniques: albumen print States) . TGN Descriptive Note: Twenty-six thousand soldiers American Civil War (event) . . . . CONA TGN were killed or wounded in the Battle of Antietam on . . . IA September 17, 1862, after which Confederate Abraham Lincoln (American General Robert E. Lee was forced to retreat to IA Virginia. Lincoln stands tall, front and center in his president, 1809-1865) ...... stovepipe hat, his erect and commanding posture ...... ULAN ULAN emphasized by the tent pole that seems to be an John McClernand (American extension of his spine... Union General, 1812-1900) ...... ULAN ULAN Allan Pinkerton (American Secret Service agent, detective, ULAN Lincoln on the Battlefield of Antietam; 1819-1884) . ULAN albumen print; Alexander Gardner army camp ...... AAT AAT (American photographer, 1821-1882); tents (portable buildings) ...... 1862; 8 5/8 x 7 3/4 inches; J. Paul . . . AAT Getty Museum (Los Angeles, CA); AAT

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 67 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

Depicted subjects

General architecture

Specific San Lorenzo .Class: prints and drawings .Object Type: record drawing .Title: Plan and Elevation of the left side of the façade of San Lorenzo, and various other details .Creator: Aristotile da Sangallo (Italian) after Michelangelo .[link] Sangallo, Aristotile da Role: draftsman (built work, .Date: late 15th century .Subject*: architecture San Lorenzo (Florence, Italy) Florence, Italy) . church façade elevation plan .Measurements: 32.0 x 21.5 cm (12 1/2 x 8 3/8 inches) ...... CONA .Material and Technique: pen and sepia ink .Inscription: Upper center: chiosi grande achoperatione; el tondo tanto grande che / vengha al pari de nichi; .Descriptive Note: This is a copy of a design by Michelangelo for the façade. .Current Location: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich, Germany; #33258 church ...... AAT façade ...... AAT elevation ...... AAT plan ...... AAT Plan and Elevation of the façade of San Lorenzo; drawing; Aristotile da Sangallo after Michelangelo; late 15th century; 32.0 x 21.5 cm (12 1/2 x 8 3/8 inches); pen and sepia ink; Staatliche Graphische Sammlung (Munich, Germany) #33258. Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 68 CONA, the Cultural Objects Name Authority®

Depicted subjects

General religion and mythology human Bodhisattva, probably Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin), figure(s) Northern Qi dynasty (550- 577), ca. 550–560. Shanxi Province, China. sandstone Specific with pigments ; height 13 3/4 Bodhisattva . . . ft. (419.1 cm); Metropolitan . AAT Museum of Art (New York); Avalokiteshvar IA The Sackler Fund, 1965 a. CONA IA (65.29.4). Maitreya ...... CONA IAIA Compassion . . . . AAT AAT

AAT

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 69 • Thesaurus: A semantic network of unique concepts • In compliance with ISO, NISO • Thesauri may be multilingual • Thesauri are characterized by the following RELATIONSHIPS three relationships: Includes basic thesaural relationships Equivalence (synonyms) As well as many other links Linking to architectural Hierarchical (broader/narrower) context in this case should be done at level of the Associative (other important, direct relationships) CONA ID 700008433 cycle, if possible Stanza della Segnatura (built work, room, Stanze di Raffaello, Top of CONA hierarchical Palazzo Apostolico (Vatican City, Italy)) .... Movable Works ...... Stanza della Segnatura cycle associative ...... School of Athens (Raphael; fresco; 1508-1511; Vatican) School of Athens CONA ID 700008512 Schule von Athen Scuola di Atene equivalence School of Athens (Raphael; chalk École d'Athènes on paper; 1508; Biblioteca School van Athene Ambrosiana, Milan, Italy) Σχολή Αθηνών 雅典学校 CONA ID 700008513 School of Athens (Raphael, fresco, Vatican)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 70 • Titles and alternate titles must Names are linked to a work all refer to the same work • Multilingual access equivalence relationship • (Titles / names are discussed later in this presentation as a data element)

CONA ID: 1000000256 Cat.Level: item  Class.:architecture Work Type: observationTitle/Name: tower Eiffel Tower *Title/Name: Eiffel Tower Alternate Title/Name: TourTitle/Name: Eiffel Tour Eiffel Former Title/Name: Three-Hundred-Metre Tower *Creator Display: architect:Title/Name: Gustave Eiffel (French, Torre Eiffel 1832-1923) *Current Location: Paris (France)Title/Name: Eiffelturm *Role [cont.] : architect  : Eiffel, Gustave *Creation Date *: 1887 to 1889  Start: 1887  End: 1889 Title/Name: 艾菲爾鐵塔 *Subject [link to authorities]:  industrial exposition International Exposition of 1889 *Dimensions height: 300 m (984 feet) Value: 300 Unit: m Type: height Title/Name: Three-Hundred-Meter Tower *Mat & Tech: and Techniques: wrought iron, exposed iron construction [link to Concept Authority]:  wrought iron structural iron exposed construction Style: Belle Époque Description: Commission was awarded by competition; Titlethe competition Type: sought a plan forformer a monument for the International Exposition of 1889, celebrating the centenary of the French Revolution. The tower is built almost entirely of open-lattice wrought iron. It was the entrance gateway to the exposition.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 71 Works are linked to each other • Whole/Part Relationships Hierarchical relationships • E.g., for a set

Catalog Level: set Class: decorative arts Work Type: tea service silver Title: Traveling tea service Traveling Tea Service Creation Location: Paris (France) Creation Dae: 1728/1729 Creator: probably by: Martin Berthe, master in 1712 Dimensions: Teapot Overall (Teapot): 10 x 16.8 x 10.3 cm (3 15/16 x 6 5/8 x 4 1/16 in.) Overall (Tea Canister): 9 x 5.9 x 4.9 cm (3 9/16 x 2 5/16 x 1 15/16 in.) Overall (Sugar bowl): 10 cm (3 15/16 in.) Overall (Tea bowl and saucer): 4.9 cm (1 15/16 in.) Tea Caddy Overall (Scent flask): 13.7 cm (5 3/8 in.) Overall (Spoons (each)): 11.7 cm (4 5/8 in.) Overall (Box): 15.4 cm (6 1/16 in.) Mat & Tech: silver and ebonized wood; porcelain; glass; kingwood; rosewood Japanese Imari Sugar Bowl and Cover Inscriptions/Marks: Maker's Mark: a crowned fleur-de-lys, 2 grains, [M]B, a bunch of grapes ? (Dennis 50): Underside. Warden's Mark: 1728-29, a crowned M (Dennis 57): Underside. Charge Mark: 1727-32, an A crowned on the side (Dennis 57): Underside, partially effaced. Discharge Mark: for medium-sized work, 1727-32, a crowned martlet (Dennis 57): Underside. Countermark: Chinese Famille- Verte Tea Bowl and Saucer 1727-32, a crowned bell (Dennis 343): flange of lid. Description: Traveling tea service consisting of a teapot; tea canister; suagrbowl; teabowl and saucer; scent flask; two spoons; box. Current Location: Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Massachusetts); Silver-mounted Scent Flask Elizabeth Parke Firestone and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. Collection, 1993; Accession number: 1993.520.1-8 Ownership History: By 1955, with Jean-Louis Bonnefoy, Au Vieux Paris, Paris; November 1955, sold by Au Vieux Paris to Elizabeth Parke Firestone (1897-1990) and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. Two Spoons (1898-1973), Akron, OH and Newport, RI; 1993; gift of the Estate of Elizabeth Parke Firestone and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. (Accession date: May 26, 1993) Wooden Box CONA ID 700008514 Create separate records when each part of a work contains Class: decorative arts Work Type: tea service enough unique information so that it would be difficult to clearly Title: Traveling tea service delineate the information in a single record Creator: probably Martin Berthe (French silversmith, master 1712) Date: 1728/1729 Repositories will also consider when separate records may be Mat & Tech: silver and ebonized wood, porcelain, glass necessary to manage the works (materials, conservation, etc.) Dimensions: various dimensions Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Location: Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Massachusetts); 1993.520.1-8

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 72 • Whole/Part Relationships Works are linked to each other • May have associated Dates: display, earliest, latest for the relationship • Record relationship numbers (e.g., 98 v) in Hierarchical relationships Hierarchy Qualifier field • May also be a Title for the page

CONA ID 700008515 Catalog Level: volume Class: manuscript Work Type: codex Title: Códice Tudela Title: Codex Tudela Creator: unknown Aztec Creation Date: ca. 1553 Current Location: Museo de América in Madrid (Madrid, Spain); N Inv.: 70.400; España Siglo XVI Dimensions: 21 x 15,5 cm; 125 leaves Creator: illuminations: unknown Tenochtitlán; text in Catalan by a Franciscan friar Culture: Tenochtitlán Subject: religion & mythology Aztec calendar lords of the night CONA ID 700008516 Catalog Level: component day signs Class: manuscript birds of the day Work Type: illumination genre scenes Title: 98 Verso in Códice Tudela Descriptive: consta de 125 páginas con pinturas realizadas por un tlacuilo indígena y textos escritos en castellano por un misionero.. Folios 98 verso and Creator: unknown Aztec Creation Date: ca. 1553 99 recto, showing aspects of the Aztec calendar: the birds of the day, the lords Current Location: Museo de América in Madrid (Madrid, Spain); N Inv.: of the night, and the day signs. The Codex Tudela, named after José Tudela de 70.400;Broader España Siglo Context: XVI Códice Tudela la Orden, is a 16th century pictorial Aztec codex. It is based on the same Dimensions: 21 x 15,5 cm; 125 leaves prototype as the Codex Magliabechiano, the Codex Ixtlilxochitl, and other documents of the Magliabechiano Group. Little is known about the codex's Relationship Type: Whole/part history. The Spanish government bought the manuscript when it was rediscovered in 1940, and it is now held by the Museo de América in Madrid. Qualifier: 98 verso Aztec manuscript circa 1553. Many aspects of Aztec life, customs, and rituals are represented. Es un códice realizado en la Escuela de Pintura fundada por los franciscanos en México, Tenochtitlán, De tipo ritual-calendárico y etnográfico constituye una importante fuente para el estudio de la religión en relación con los dioses venerados, forma de representarlos, fiestas dadas en su honor, la división del calendario ritual así como de elementos relativos a la vida cotidiana en el México prehispánico.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 73 Possible links in CONA Hierarchical relationships

• Whole/part relationships for groups, subgroups, items • CONA can accommodate links that a repository would maintain

CONA ID 700008517 Classification: prints and drawings Work Type: etching Title: The Dissipation; Creator: Jacques Callot (French, 1592-1635) Mat & Tech: etching Source: Lieure, no. 1407 State 2 of 3 Current Location: National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC); R.L. Baumfeld Collection; 1969.15.833.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 74 • Historical whole/part Works linked to each other relationships • E.g., set of 40 panels from Hierarchical relationships Ryōanji, Kyoto, were dispersed and sold to private collectors in Dispersed set: Panels depicting Confucian and Daoist the early twentieth century figures from Ryōanji, Zen temple in Kyoto, Kano studio, • Now in New York, Seattle, and ca. 1606 Classification: Asian art; Work Type: screens fusama Title: 列子図襖 Title: The Daoist Immortal Liezi Japan Creator: Kano School Date: ca. 1606 • Set may be virtually Style/Period: Momoyama period Culture: Japanese Materials: Set of four sliding-door panels; ink, color, gold, and reconstructed for research gold leaf on paper Dimensions: Overall: 6 ft. x 24 ft. (182.9 x 731.5 cm) Original location: Ryōanji (Zen temple) (Kyoto, Japan) Location: Metropolitan Museum (New York, New York); Credit Line: Purchase, Anonymous Gift, in honor of Ambassador and Mrs. Michael Mansfield, 1989. Repository Number: 1989.139.1a–d

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 75 Possible links in CONA • Non-preferred Whole/Part for a series and items belonging to Hierarchical relationships conceptual series • Conceptual relationship

CONA ID 700008518 Cat. Level: series Class: prints Work Type: color woodcuts Title: Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji: First Series Title: First Series: Mt. Fuji Views Creator Display: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760–1849); published by Eijudo Japan Creation Date 1827-1837 Subject: landscape Specific: Mount Fuji ocean genre scenes meisho-e Current Location: not applicable Style: Edo Dimensions: 36 prints, average plate size: 24 x 37 cm Mat & Tech: and Techniques: woodcuts, polychrome ink and color on paper Description: Hokusai produced two series of Views of Mt. Fuji. This is the Unique first series physical item is linked to conceptual record for the print as a concept, which in turn CONA ID 700000091 Cat. Level: item Class: prints Work Type: color woodcut Title: Great Wave at Kanagawa; Creator: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760-1849); is linked to a published by Nishimura Eijudo (Japanese, 19th century) Mat & Tech: woodcut, polychrome ink and color on paper series Dimensions: 25.7 x 37.9 cm (10 1/8 x 14 15/16 inches) Subject: landscape Specific: Mount Fuji ocean wave Current Location: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, USA), JP1847. Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. Images may be under additional copyright

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 76 Hierarchical relationships

• Conceptual record for Qualifier: multiples Great Wave; Qualifier: multiples unique physical Qualifier: multiples examples are Qualifier: multiples linked to it as Qualifier: multiples non-preferred Qualifier: multiples Qualifier: multiples parent with Qualifier: multiples Hier Rel Type Qualifier: multiples “Instance” not Qualifier: multiples “Whole/Part” Qualifier: multiples • Qualifier = Qualifier: multiples multiples • Cat Level = multiples

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 77 • Multiples, existing in various states Possible links in CONA Hierarchical relationships • Conceptual relationship

CONA ID 700008519 Catalog Level: multiples Classification: prints and drawings Work Type: drypoints Title: Christ Presented to the People Creator: Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669) Description: Rembrandt treated this large drypoint almost as a painting, making marked changes to the composition as he reconceived …

• Multiples: For example, prints made from the same plate • Each print is described as a unique item; then linked to a record for the multiples • (conceptual relationship)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 78 • Note that each item, in various repositories, Possible links in CONA is cataloged as a unique work Hierarchical relationships • Then linked [non-preferred hierarchical) to the state

CONA ID 700008519 State: 1 Catalog Level: multiples State: 2 Classification: prints and drawings State: 3 Work Type: drypoints State: 4 Title: Christ Presented to the People State: 5 Creator: Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669) State: 6 Description: Rembrandt treated this large drypoint almost as a painting, making marked State: 7 changes to the composition as he reconceived … State: 8

• Combine relationships with inferred relationships in other fields to expand research • E.g., to compare different items representing various states of this print

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 79 • Another conceptual relationship

CONA ID 700008520 • Entries in an architectural competition Class: drawings Work Type: drawing may be considered a group (non-archival) Title: Circular Monument for Lincoln Maker: architect: Daniel H. Burnham; • Link a drawing to the appropriate competition draftsman: C.B. group through hierarchical relationships Date:Hierarchical 1908-1909 relationship Location: United States Capitol collection • [Record competitions as events in Events] (Washington, DC) CONA ID 700008524 Class architecture Work Type memorial CONA ID 700008521 Title Lincoln Memorial Class: drawings Work Type: drawing Creator architect Henry Bacon (American, 1866-1924) and Title: Temple design for the Lincoln Memorial sculptor Daniel Chester French (American, 1850-1931) Maker: architect: Henry Bacon; Creation Date designed 1911-1912; constructed 1914-1922 draftsman: Jules Guéren General Subject architecture Date: 1912 Specific commemoration | Abraham Lincoln Location: National Archives (Washington, Current Location Washington (DC, USA) Dimensions not DC) available Mat & Tech: exterior: Colorado Yule marble, interior walls and CONA ID 700008522 columns: Indiana limestone Class: drawings Work Type: drawing Title: Temple design for the Lincoln Memorial Creator: architect: John Russell Pope: Lincoln Memorial (conceptual) draftsman: Otto R. Eggers Date: 1912 Lincoln Memorial Location: National Archives (Washington, DC) [Structure as built]

CONA ID 700008523 Competition 1908-1909 Class: drawings Work Type: drawing Title: Pyramid design for the Lincoln Memorial Creator: architect: John Russell Pope; draftsman: Competition 1911-1912 attributed to Rockwell Kent Date: 1912 Location: National Archives (Washington, DC)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 80 • Non-hierarchically related records associative relationship • pendant of, copy of, study for, etc. Works linked to each other • Only clear, directly related works should be linked to each other

study is

study for CONA ID 700008536 Class: prints CONA ID 700008537 Class: drawings Work Type: woodcut Title: Rhinoceros Work Type: drawing Title: Rhinoceros in profile to left Creator: Albrecht Dürer Creator: Albrecht Dürer Mat & tech: woodcut on paper; Mat & Tech: pen and brown ink on paper Dimensions: 24.8 x 31.7 cm Dimensions: 27.4 x 42.0 cm Current Location: British Museum (London, Current Location: British Museum (London, England); England); PD 1895-1-22-714.Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute. SL 5218.161

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 81 • CONA allows associative relationship links between National Gallery of Art works in J. Paul Getty Museum different repositories

study for

study is

CONA ID: 70000620 Class: drawings Work Type: drawing Title: Study for the Dress and the Hands of Madame Moitessier Creator: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Date: 1851 CONA ID 700008538 Class: paintings Work Type: paingint Mat & Tech: graphite on tracing paper, squared in black chalk Title: Madame Moitessier Dimensions: 13 15/16 x 6 5/8 inches Creator: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Date: 1851; General Subject: human figures Specific: Inès Moitessier Mat & Tech: oil on canvas Dimensions: overall: 147 x 100 cm (57 7/8 x 39 3/8 in.) (French, 1821–1897) ; hands; dress General Subject portraits Specific: Inès Moitessier (French, 1821–1897) Location: J. Paul Getty Museum Location: National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC); (Los Angeles, California); 91.GG.79 Samuel H. Kress Collection; 1946.7.18

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 82 • Movable works may be associative relationship linked to built works

house

drawing photograph

CONA ID 700000090 Work Type: house Title: Case Study House No. 21 Title: Bailey House Title: CSH #21 Creator: architect: Pierre Koenig Creation Date: 1956-1958; renovated CONA ID 700008539 Work Type: photograph CONA ID 700000120 1998 Title: Case Study House No. 21 Work Type: architectural drawing Dimensions: 1 story, 1320 square feet, 4 rooms and Creator: Julius Shulman Title: Case Study House No. 21 2 baths, on a 110 x 160 foot lot Current Location: GRI Special Collections, Getty Mat & Tech: and Techniques: steel frame and flat Creator: Pierre Koenig roof deck Center (Los Angeles, California); 2004.R.10- Current Location: GRI Special Collections, Getty Current Location: Los Angeles (California, USA) 26622-32-LF Center (Los Angeles, California) 2006.M.30- Address: 1635 Woods Drive

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 83 • Context for which a work associative relationship was originally designed

architectural context was

architectural context for

CONA ID 70000005 Class. paintings Work Type: stained glass Title: Theodosius Arrives at Ephesus Creator: unknown French Date: ca. 1200–1205 Culture: French Medium: Pot-metal glass, vitreous paint Dimensions: Overall: 25 x 28 1/8in. (63.5 x 71.5cm) CONA ID 70000005 Class.: architecture Work Type: cathedral Classification: Glass-Stained Title: Cathedral of Notre-Dame Creator: unknown Location: Metropolitan Museum (New York, New York); Date: current structure begun 1202, completed 1880 Credit Line: The Cloisters Collection, 1980 Accession Number: 1980.263.4 Mat & Tech: masonry Creation Location: Rouen (France) Dimensions: height including spire 151 m (495 feet) Provenance: From the cathedral of Notre-Dame, Rouen, France; Augustin Culture: Roman Catholic Style: Gothic Lambert , Paris (1923) ; Raymond Pitcairn 1885–1966 , Bryn Athyn, PA. Location: Rouen (France); Coordinates: 49.4402 1.0950 (from 1923–1966) ; Glencairn Museum Bryn Athyn PA (sold 1980)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 84 CONA ID 70000016 Class: architecture Work Type: basilica cathedral RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WORKS Title: Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano Title: San Pietro in Vaticano • St. Peter’s in Rome may be rich and complex Title: Petersdom Title: New St. Peter's and its dome Title: Basilica Sancti Petri Title: Basilique de Saint-Pierre Creators: principal architects: Donato Bramante, Giacomo della Porta, ... Creation Date: second church on the site; groundbreaking 1506, constructed 1546 to 1564 and 1590, consecrated in CONA ID 700008435 Class: prints and drawings 1626 Work Type: design drawing Mat & Tech: masonry Title: Section and Elevation of the Drum and Dome of Dimensions: length 730 feet (220 m); width 500 feet (150 m); St. Peter’s Title Type: descriptive height of dome above street level: 452 feet (138 m) Creator: Michelangelo (Florentine sculptor, painter, Location: Rome (Italy) 41°54′8″N 12°27′12″E architect, 1475-1564) Date: mid 1550s CONA ID 70000016 Class: Medium: incised lines, charcoal with traces of brown ink architecture on paper part of Work Type: dome Dimensions: 270 x 267 cm Title: Dome of Saint Peter's predecessor of Type, Purpose, Method of Representation: study for Creator: Michelangelo Descriptive Note: This is the only known drawing Date: designed mid-1550s where… Mat & Tech: brick, with iron Subject/Built Work: •section •elevation •Dome (St. chain compression ring Peter’s Basilica, Rome) Dimensions: 42 m (138 feet); Related Work: Dome (St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome) CONA ID 700008436 Class: sculpture height of dome: 138 m (452 Relationship type: design for Work Type: half model feet) above the street, 119 m (390 feet) above the floor Current Location: Musée des Beaux Arts (Lille, France) Title: Half Model for the Dome and Drum for St. Collection Wicar, 93-94 Peter’s, Rome Title Type: descriptive Creators: Michelangelo and Giacomo della Porta; Luigi Vanvitelli CONA ID 700008437 Class: prints and drawings Date: 1558-1561 Work Type: measured drawing Medium: linden wood, gesso, paint Title: External elevation of the model for St. Dimensions: 5 x 4 x 2 m (without modern base) Peter’s Title Type: descriptive Scale: 1:15 Creator: circle of Etienne Dupérac Current Location: Musei Vaticani (Vatican City, Subject: •elevation •Model of St. Peter’s Italy) model for CONA ID 700002014 Class: architecture Related Work: Model of St. Peter’s Descriptive Note: The model was probably Work Type: basilica cathedral Date: probably late 1560s completed under the direction of Michelangelo Title: Old Saint Peter's Basilica Medium: brown ink on paper during … Title: Antica basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano Descriptive Note: Probably done in preparation Title: Antigua Basílica de San Pedro for the series of … Creator: unknown architect; commissioned by Current Location: Metropolitan Museum of Art Constantine I (New York, New York, USA); 49.92.91 depiction of Date: constructed in 4th century Material: masonry Location: Vatican (Rome, Italy) Patricia Harpring © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes only. Do not distribute.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 85 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WORKS • Example of CONA could virtually reunite disassembled disassembled or lost works, or works conceived but not work executed

• CONA could virtually reconstruct disassembled works

• Held in different repositories or locations

• Common with manuscripts,

paintings, sculpture, architecture, CONA ID 700008554 Proposed reconstruction of Matteo di etc. Giovanni’s Asciano Altarpiece by Rachel Billinge. Extant panels are now in National Gallery London, Siena, Asciano, Villa I Tatti, Esztergom, Altenburg, Rhode Island, and Private Collections.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 86 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WORKS • Example of a destroyed work, surviving only in ruins • Scholarly reconstructions, early post-conquest depictions could CONA could virtually reunite disassembled be linked to the record for the original temple or lost works, or describe works conceived (as Depicted Subjects) but not executed • Artifacts that originated here could be linked (as architectural context)

CONA ID 700008555 Class: architecture Work Type: temple Work Type: ruins Title: Templo Mayor Creator: unknown Aztec Dimensions: original ca. 100 x 80 m (328 x 262 feet) at base Current Location: Mexico City (Mexico) 19 26 06 N, 99 07 53 W Location: Sacred Precinct (Tenochtitlan, Mexico) Type: former Date: first temple after 1325, rebuilt 6 times; destroyed by the Spanish in 1521 General Subject: architecture Type: isness Specific: Huiztilopochtli (Aztec mythology) | Tlaloc (Aztec deity)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 87 Getty Vocabularies in LOD

AAT TGN ULAN CONA IA

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 88 How are vocabularies used? • Traditional use of vocabularies for retrieval focuses on the names • If a user asks for one name/term, all of the synonyms can be used for retrieval • For example, if a user searches on “Giovanni da Bologna”...

Giovanni Jean Bologna, Giambologna Bologna; Boulogne; Giovanni Female Figure; Mercure Marble; H: 48 in.; 2008 J. Triton, 16th da; Christ Paul Getty Museum; century (1560–70); volant; Bronze; Crucified, 82.SA.37 Bronze; H. 36 in; From ULAN H 1,7 m; L 0,57m; Pr probably before Metropolitan Museum of 1,4 m; Musee du 1588; bronze, Art; Bequest of Louvre, Collection corpus, height including Giambologna Benjamin Altman, 1913 du duc de Brissac foot rest: .371 x .254 x .078 m ; National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC; Gift of (saisie en 1794)?; Mr. and Mrs. John R. Gaines in memory (14.40.689) … MR Giovanni da Bologna Giovanni Bologna Jean Boulogne “giambologna” OR “giovanni da bologna” OR “giovanni bologna” Jean de Boulogne OR “jean boulogne” OR Bologna, Giovanni da “bologna, giovanni da”

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 89 How are vocabularies used? • New methods and LOD can incorporate hierarchical and associative relationships, Associative relationships and other links or inferred relationships to answer more complex questions and aid serendipitous discovery

Marie de Medici (French queen, patron, 1573-1642)

Giambologna (Flemish sculptor and architect, 1529- 1608, active in Italy) Tacca, Pietro (Italian sculptor and architect, 1577-1640)

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 90 What is Linked Open Data (LOD)?

• The AAT, TGN, and ULAN are now available as LOD • They are published under the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) 1.0

• When data is linked and open, it means that data is structured and published according to the principles of Linked Data, so that it can be both interlinked and made openly accessible and shareable on the Semantic Web. The goal of linked open data is to allow data from different resources to be interconnected and queried.

• In order for data to be understood and processed automatically by computers, data in records or about resources must be expressed in a standard format. Each thing (for example, a museum object, a place, or a person) must be represented by a persistent identifier (known as a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)). A Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a language or format for describing things as well as the relationships between things as simple properties and values (known as 'triples'), while things are represented using URIs.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 91 Getty vocabularies are linked to each other

• Vocabulary Program projects to make the links in legacy data, with IT team to realize it technically • Was a huge endeavor, using input from the technical user community and experts

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Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 92 Getty vocabularies providing conduits to links in the cloud

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Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 93 What are CDWA and CCO?

CONA is compliant with CDWA and CCO

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 94 What is CDWA?

CONA is based  Categories for the Description on CDWA of Works of Art

• CDWA includes both a conceptual framework of elements and relationships, and cataloging rules for describing, documenting, and cataloging cultural works and related images

• Includes 540 elements

• Agreed upon best practice based on consensus of expert group who met for years

• Primary focus is art and architecture, including but not limited to prints, manuscripts, paintings, sculpture, photographs, built works, and other visual media

• Also covers many other types of cultural objects, including artifacts and functional objects from the realm of material culture

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 95 http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/cdwa/

• For the Work • For Images of the Work • Authorities

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 96 What is CCO?

 Cataloging Cultural Objects • Subset of CDWA • Manual for describing, documenting, and cataloging cultural works and their visual surrogates • Primary focus is art and architecture, including but not limited to prints, manuscripts, paintings, sculpture, photographs, built works, and other visual media • Also covers many other types of cultural objects, including artifacts and functional objects from the realm Published by the American Library Association of material culture Available at the ALA site, Amazon.com, etc.

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 97 What is CCO?

Chapter 1: Object Naming Chapter 6: Subject Work Type / Title Subject • For the Work Chapter 2: Creator Information Chapter 7: Class Creator / Creator Role Class • For Images of Chapter 3: Physical Characteristics Chapter 8: Description the Work Dimensions / Materials and Description / Other Descriptive Techniques / Notes • Authorities State and Edition/ Additional Chapter 9. View Information Physical Characteristics View Description / View Type / Chapter 4: Stylistic and View Subject / View Date • 116 elements Chronological Information Authority 1: Personal and total Style / Culture / Date Corporate Names • 9 core Chapter 5: Location and Geography Authority 2: Geographic Places Current Location / Creation Location Authority 3: Concept Authority elements / Discovery Location/ Former Authority 4: Subject Authority Location

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 98 http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intrometadata/crosswalks.html

• CDWA and CCO are mapped to 13 other standards • Your should be able to express your data in multiple formats and multiple standards

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 99 http://www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/intrometadata/crosswalks.html

• CDWA: The Categories for the Description of Works of Art • CCO: Cataloging Cultural Objects • CDWA and • CONA: Cultural Objects Name Authority • CIDOC CRM: The International Committee for Documentation, CCO are Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) • LIDO: Lightweight Information Describing Objects mapped to 13 • CDWA Lite: CDWA Lite XML schema other standards • VRA Core: The Visual Resources Association Core categories 4.0 • MARC/AACR: MARC formats produced by the Library of Congress, • A project should Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules national cataloging code, replaced by Resource Description and Access (RDA be able to • MODS: Metadata Object Description Schema express data in • Dublin Core: Dublin Core Metadata Initiative • DACS: Describing Archives Content Standard multiple formats • EAD: Encoded Archival Description Document Type Definition (DTD and multiple • Object ID: Object ID international standard for police and customs agencies standards • CIMI: Consortium for the Computer Interchange of Museum Information attribute set, Z39.50 Profile • FDA Guide: Guide to the Description of Architectural Drawings

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 100 Common practice and Best practice

. CCO/CDWA are based on best practice

. Both CCO and CWDA are the result of consensus reached by groups representing a broad spectrum of prominent professionals in the museum, art library, visual resources, special collection, and archives communities

. Both CCO and CDWA committees agreed on sets of elements and rules for cataloging based on existing common practice in their professions

. But going further, to advise best practice for documenting cultural heritage works

. To both uniquely identify the works for maintenance by the responsible institution and to researchers

. And to provide enough additional information to allow scholarly research and retrieval

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 101 Key principles of good cataloging

. What is the focus? Establish the logical focus of . Consistency: Be consistent in all each Record: aspects of entering data and in . a single item establishing relationships between . a work made up of several parts entities . a physical group or collection of works . Metadata standards: Ensure that your . an image of a work underlying data structure, including . Core elements: Include all of the core required relationships, is compliant with (or CCO/CDWA elements mappable to) established metadata . Cataloging rules: Follow the CCO/CDWA rules; standards make and enforce additional local rules to allow . Your system: As far as is possible, do effective retrieval, re-purposing, exchange, and not allow limitations of a cataloging linking of information system to cause distortion of the data . Terminology: Use published controlled . E.g., do not put two values into one field vocabularies, such as the Getty vocabularies. Use due to system limitations. Your system will local controlled lists as necessary change in the future; your data should survive migration

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 102

Patricia Harpring Managing Editor Getty Vocabulary Program

1200 Getty Center Drive Los Angeles, CA 90049

[email protected]

Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies Overview 103