Spotter's Guide – Common Frog

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Spotter’s guide – common frog Darker patch behind eye Ridges on back Adult common frog lighter in colour Pointed snout Striped back legs Quick facts Scientific name: Rana temporaria Habitat Urban and rural areas, both in ponds and on land Behaviour Active during the day and will hibernate over winter Vital statistics Body size: 6 – 10 cm Colour: Usually an olive-green or brown, but sometimes yellow, pinkish or black Characteristics: l Dark patch or mask behind the eyes l Dark stripes on long back legs l Irregular marks on its back l Smooth and damp skin l Webbed back feet Movement: l Adults move in a hopping motion l Tadpoles are found swimming in ponds Identifying lifecycle stages Common frog Common toad Frogspawn Toadspawn Females lay spawn in clumps, usually in fairly These strings can be seen wrapped around shallow water. vegetation. Tadpole Tadpole Frog tadpoles group together when they first Toad tadpoles are always black and can form hatch. shoals or groups. As tadpoles develop their appearance changes from black to mottled brown. Froglet Toadlet Froglets are olive-green in colour, and may still Toadlets can range in colour from black to have tadpole features such as a tail. brown, and may still have toadlet features such as a tail. They can be found in ponds or on land. They can be found in ponds or on land. Identifying other similar-looking amphibians Natterjack toad Common toad (Very rare) Body size: 8 – 13 cm Body size: Up to 8 cm Colour: Brown to olive-brown Colour: Green, brown or cream Characteristics: Characteristics: l Rough, dry and warty skin l Thin yellow stripe down the centre of its back l Broad head and blunt nose l Short legs l Unwebbed back feet l Dark warts on its back with yellow or red tips l Horizontal oval pupil in eyes Movement: Crawling Movement: Crawling Pool frog Edible frog (Very rare) (Introduced) Body size: 5 – 11 cm Body size: Up to 6 cm Colour: Green and brown Colour: Brown or green-brown Characteristics: Characteristics: l Long legs l l Inflatable vocal pouches Males have vocal sacs outside their cheeks l Yellow stripe down the centre of its back to produce a high-pitched sound Marsh frog Midwife toad (Introduced in Kent and East Sussex) (Introduced in Bedfordshire) Body size: Up to 15 cm Body size: 5 cm Colour: Brown or green-brown Colour: Grey with small dark spots Characteristics: Characteristics: l Raised ridges running down both sides of l High, clear whistling call the body l Males may carry eggs around their back legs l Loud ‘quacking’ call Want to find out more about other species that need your help? Check out our Naturehood spotter’s guide series. House Hedgehog sparrow Small tortoiseshell Common frog butterfly Early bumblebee https://naturehood.uk Illustrations supplied by Chris Shields.

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Phalangeal Bone Anomalies in the European Common Toad Bufo Bufo from Polluted Environments
Environ Sci Pollut Res DOI 10.1007/s11356-016-7297-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Phalangeal bone anomalies in the European common toad Bufo bufo from polluted environments Mikołaj Kaczmarski1 & Krzysztof Kolenda 2 & Beata Rozenblut-Kościsty2 & Wioletta Sośnicka 2 Received: 7 March 2016 /Accepted: 20 July 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Every spring, many of amphibians are killed by ximately 20 % from the rural and semi-urban sites. In partic- motor vehicles on roads. These road-killed animals can be ular, we found hypertrophic bone cells, misaligned intercellu- used as valuable material for non-invasive studies showing lar substance, and irregular outer edges of bones. We suggest the effect of environmental pollution on amphibian popula- that these malformations are caused by different pollution, e.g. tions. The aims of our research were to check whether the with heavy metals. phalanges of road-killed toads may be useful as material for histological analysis, and whether various degrees of human Keywords Amphibians . Phalangeal bone . Poland . impact influence the level in bone abnormalities in the com- Pollution . Roadkilling . Skeletochronology . Urban area mon toad. We also examined whether the sex and age struc- ture of toads can differ significantly depending in the different sites. We chose three toad breeding sites where road-killed Introduction individuals had been observed: near the centre of a city, the outskirts of a city, and a rural site. We collected dead individ- Current knowledge widely indicates a direct relationship be- uals during spring migration in 2013. The sex of each individ- tween anthropogenic pressures and the deteriorating environ- ual was determined and the toes were used to determine age mental state and/or global extinction of amphibian popula- using the skeletochronology method.
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Toads Have Warts... and That's Good! | Nature Detectives | Summer 2021
Summer 2021 TOADS HAVE WARTS…AND THAT’S GOOD! Warts on your skin are not good. Warts can occur when a virus sneaks into human skin through a cut. A medicine gets rid of the virus and then it’s good-bye ugly wart. Toad warts look slightly like human warts, but toad warts and people warts are not one bit the same. Toad warts are natural bumps on a toad’s back. Toads have larger lumps behind their eyes. The bumps and lumps are glands. The glands produce a whitish goo that is a foul-tasting and smelly poison. The poison is a toad’s ultimate defense in a predator attack. It is toxic enough to kill small animals, if they swallow enough of it. The toxin can cause skin and eye irritation in humans. Some people used to think toad warts were contagious. Touching a toad can’t cause human warts, but licking a toad might make you sick! Toads have other defenses too. Their camouflage green/gray/brown colors blend perfectly into their surroundings. They can puff up with air to look bigger, and maybe less appetizing. Pull Out and Save Pull Out and Pick one up, and it might pee on your hand. Toads Travel, Frogs Swim Toads and frogs are amphibians with some similarities and quite a few differences. Amphibians spend all or part of their life in water. Frogs have moist, smooth skin that loses moisture easily. A toad’s dry, bumpy skin doesn’t lose water as easily as frog skin. Frogs are always in water or very near it, otherwise they quickly dehydrate and die.
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Common Frog Rana Temporaria
Common frog Rana temporaria Description Common frogs are common, widespread and easily recognisable amphibians. They have smooth, moist skin and long stripy legs. Common frogs are usually olive-green, although their colouration can be variable (from brown, yellow, cream or black, to pink, red, or lime-green). They have a dark patch (‘mask’) around the eye and eardrum, and often have other irregular black blotches over their body and limbs. They have large golden eyes with oval horizontal pupils. Frogs hop and jump rather than walk or crawl, and they are most active at night. They hibernate during the winter in pond mud or under piles of rotting leaves, logs or stones. Outside the breeding season, frogs are largely terrestrial and can be found in meadows, gardens and woodland. Breeding takes place in ponds, lakes, canals, and even wet grassland or puddles! Spawning usually occurs in January in the milder areas of the UK, but not until March to April in the North or upland areas. Mating pairs and masses of clumpy frogspawn can often be seen in waterbodies during this time. The eggs hatch into tadpoles within two to three weeks. What they eat Adult frogs eat snails, slugs, worms, insects and other invertebrates caught using their long sticky tongue. Young tadpoles feed on algae, but become carnivorous as they mature. Where and when to see them z Frogs can be spotted in ponds, lakes, canals, meadows, woodlands and gardens most commonly between February and October. z Look for frogspawn just below the surface of the water. Frogs lay a mass of jelly-like eggs, whereas toadspawn is produced in long strings.
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Early Onset of Breeding Season in the Green Toad Bufotes Viridis in Western Poland
Herpetozoa 32: 109–112 (2019) DOI 10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35825 Early onset of breeding season in the green toad Bufotes viridis in Western Poland Mikołaj Kaczmarski1, Klaudia Szala1, Janusz Kloskowski1 1 Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625, Poznań, Poland http://zoobank.org/083A67C2-D89B-4631-BFEC-D610D396E68F Corresponding author: Mikołaj Kaczmarski ([email protected]) Academic editor: Andreas Maletzky ♦ Received 29 July 2018 ♦ Accepted 9 January 2019 ♦ Published 22 May 2019 Abstract Amphibians are highly sensitive to environmental changes such as climate warming. Here, we report unusually early oviposition in two spatially isolated urban subpopulations of the green toad Bufotes viridis Laurenti, 1768, in Poznań, Western Poland. To our knowledge, we report the earliest breeding date for Central and Eastern Europe, for areas of similar latitude. We ascribe the early onset of B. viridis reproduction to an exceptionally warm spring in Western Poland in 2017. B. viridis shows flexibility in the timing of reproductive activity, however, shifts in breeding phenology may have both beneficial and detrimental population consequences. Key Words Amphibia, Anura, climate change, global warming, phenology, Poznań Global warming affects the phenology of amphibians (e.g. 2017): Park Cytadela [52°25'26"N, 16°55'56"E], a stone Beebee 1995; Muths et al. 2017), inducing shifts in repro- garden/amphitheatre with a permanent shallow concrete ductive periods that may influence amphibian populations pond (area: ca. 5,150 m2) and Park Rataje [52°23'9"N, both directly (e.g. mortality rates) and indirectly (e.g. im- 16°57'20"E], a post-industrial area containing debris and pacts on terrestrial and aquatic habitats, changes in food concrete waste, where, due to a non-permeable clay sub- webs or the spread of diseases) (Blaustein et al.
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Journal MVZ Cordoba 2019; 24(3):7314-7321. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1501 Research article Parasitic nematodes of Pool Frog (Pelophylax lessonae) in the Volga Basin Igor V. Chikhlyaev1 ; Alexander B. Ruchin2* ; Alexander I. Fayzulin1 1Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Togliatti, Russia 2Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park «Smolny», Saransk, Russia. *Correspondence: [email protected] Received: Febrary 2019; Accepted: July 2019; Published: August 2019. ABSTRACT Objetive. Present a modern review of the nematodes fauna of the pool frog Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) from Volga basin populations on the basis of our own research and literature sources analysis. Materials and methods. Present work consolidates data from different helminthological works over the past 80 years, supported by our own research results. During the period from 1936 to 2016 different authors examined 1460 specimens of pool frog, using the method of full helminthological autopsy, from 13 regions of the Volga basin. Results. In total 9 nematodes species were recorded. Nematode Icosiella neglecta found for the first time in the studied host from the territory of Russia and Volga basin. Three species appeared to be more widespread: Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Cosmocerca ornata and Icosiella neglecta. For each helminth species the following information included: systematic position, areas of detection, localization, biology, list of definitive hosts, the level of host-specificity. Conclusions. Nematodes of pool frog, excluding I. neglecta, belong to the group of soil-transmitted helminthes (geohelminth) and parasitize in adult stages. Some species (O. filiformis, C. ornata, I. neglecta) are widespread in the host range.
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Missouri's Toads and Frogs Booklet
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THE AGILE FROG Species Action Plan Rana Dalmatina SUMMARSUMMARSUMMARYYY DOCUMENT
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Investigations Into the Life History Stages of the Common Frog (Rana Temporaria) Affected by an Amphibian Ranavirus in the United Kingdom
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Diet Composition of the Karpathos Marsh Frog (Pelophylax Cerigensis): What Does the Most Endangered Frog in Europe Eat?
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Northern Red-Legged Frog,Rana Aurora
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Vibrio Cholerae May Be Transmitted to Humans from Bullfrog Through Food
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.09.439145; this version posted April 9, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Vibrio cholerae may be transmitted to humans from bullfrog 2 through food or water 3 4 Yibin Yang1,2,3＋, Xia Zhu3＋, Yuhua Chen4,5*, Yongtao Liu1,2, Yi Song2, Xiaohui Ai1,21* 5 6 1Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, 7 China 8 2The Key Laboratory for quality and safety control of aquatic products, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Beijing 100037, China 10 3Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China 11 4Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430227, China 12 5Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan 430227, China 13 14 Abstract: Bullfrog is one of the most important economic aquatic animals in China. It is widely 15 cultured in southern China, and is a key breed recommended as an industry of poverty alleviation 16 in China. During recent years, a fatal bacterial disease has often been found in cultured bullfrogs. 17 The clinical manifestations of the diseased bullfrogs were severe intestinal inflammation and even 18 anal prolapse. A bacterial pathogen was isolated from the diseased bullfrog intestines. The 19 bacterium was identified as Vibrio cholerae using morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA 20 phylogenetic analysis. In this study, V. cholerae was isolated and identified from diseased bullfrogs 21 for the first time, providing a basis for the diagnosis and control of the disease.
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Waterfrog (Pelophylax Sp.) Found Near Domusnovas in Southwestern
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