ORIGINAL

PRESENCE OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SOIL OF URBAN AREAS OF AND AND MALIGNANT DISEASE PREVALENCE

Sanja Brekalo Lazarević, Edina Handžić, Abdel Đozić, Ivana Lazarević, Zahida Ademović, Edin Jusufović

© by Acta Medica Saliniana The development of industry, agriculture, transport and urbanization has resulted ISSN 0350-364X in excessive emissions of heavy metals into the environment, which due to their bioaccumulative properties express negative effects on the environment and living Type of manuscript: organisms as a whole. In this work the presence of heavy metals in the soil samples of Professional papers the urban area of Lukavac and Kalesija municipality and their effect on the health of the population were studied. Soil samples were collected in October 2017 at five locations in the urban area of Lukavac municipality and two urban locations in Kalesija municipality. Title: PRESENCE OF HEAVY METALS IN THE Concentrations of chromium (Cr) copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead SOIL OF URBAN AREAS OF LUKAVAC (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in the soil samples were determined. The results indicated that in some locations the concentration of heavy metals exceeded the DISEASE PREVALENCE maximum permissible concentration (MPC). MPC value for chromium was exceeded at four RunningAND KALESIJA title: Heavy AND MALIGNANTmetals and malignant diseases locations in the urban area of Lukavac, whereas MPC value for nickel and cadmium was exceeded at all locations. In Kalesija, MPC value was exceeded for chromium and nickel at one location, while cadmium MPC was exceeded at both locations. Authors: Sanja Brekalo Lazarevic1 The negative impact of heavy metals on the health of the population is the cause of many malignant diseases. Statistical analysis of the number of patients with malignant , 2 diseases in the area of the Lukavac and Kalesija revealed significantly higher prevalence of Edina Handzic1,1 Abdel Djozic , 2 Ivana Lazarevic1, Zahida Ademovic , malignant diseases of the breast and skin in the Lukavac (p<0,05) in comparisson to Kalesija Edin Jusufovic municipality. Keywords: heavy metals, soil contamination, malignant diseases, urban area. DOI: 10.5457/485 INTRODUCTION Urbanization and industrialization in the requiredessential for heavy a normal metals functioning such as of arsenic, living area of Canton (TC) and in particular organismcadmium, andlead, can mercury, adversely and nickelaffect arehuman not health (3). impact on environmental pollution municipality of Lukavac, have a significant quality. Numerous industrial plants in the municipalityand deterioration of Lukavac of water, discharge air and into soil immunogenicHeavy metals mayor haveneurotoxic toxic, carcinogenic, activity on environment large quantities of waste mutagenic, teratogenic, genotoxic, nickel and manganese have a long lasting Among a large number of different types negativehumans. Arsenic,impact cadmium,on human lead, health mercury, (4). materials in solid, liquid and gaseous form. Negative impact on human health due to increased presence of heavy metals in the Afiliations: animalsof pollutants (1). Heavy released, metals heavy are metals substances pose environment can be manifested in different 1 a great risk to the ecosystem, humans and ways. According to the World Health Faculty of Medicine, University of do not break down and have a long lasting Tuzla,2 , negativethat, when impact entering on the in ecosystem. the environment Heavy Faculty of Technology, University of metals in the different oxidation chemical whichOrganization may result (WHO), in short lead term poisoning memory in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina children can cause neurological damage, Received: and air reach the soil and plants and enter in movement coordination. state circulate in nature, through water loss, learning disabilities and disturbance 11.01.2019. Acute heavy metal intoxications may Corresponding author: the food chain (2). cardiovascular and gastrointestinal (GI) Faculty of Medicine molybdenumHeavy metals are suchessential as and iron, have zinc, an damage central nervous function, the Sanja Brekalo Lazarevic, PhD University of Tuzla importantchromium, rolecopper, in the manganese, normal functioning cobalt and Bosnia and Herzegovina exposuresystems, lungs,has been kidneys, implicated liver, in endocrine several 75000 Tuzla degenerativeglands, and bones.diseases Chronic of these heavy metalsame e-mail: [email protected] adverselyof the living affect organism. the organism. Their deficiency, Non- systems and may increase the risk of Mob: +387 61 729 404 as well as their high concentration, may http://saliniana.com.ba 11 ACTA MEDICA SALINIANA Volume 49, No1: 2019

Brekalo Lazarević at al are not close to industrial facilities. All samples were metals is a well-known risk factor for cancers. Long- termsome low cancers dose (5-7).exposure Environmental of heavy metals exposure may play to heavy a key taken in October 2017. Concentration of chromium accumulate a high concentration of heavy metals in the (Fe)(Cr), in copper soil samples (Cu), cobalt was measured. (Co), nickel Soil (Ni), sampling cadmium was humanrole in tumorigenesis,body for those andmetals it mayto induce not be tumorigenesis necessary to (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (8). International Cancer Research Agency (IARC) practices and conditions for control of soil fertility carried out according to the Instruction on procedures, few studies of lung cancer in occupationally exposed populationsclassified cadmium (9). Cadmium in Group 1has carcinogen been associated based on at(Official a depth Gazette of 0-10 FBiH, cm. No. For 72/09). each location Soil samples an average were taken from 20-25 evenly spaced spots at each location studies have been published. Early data indicated an homogenization. Soil samples were dried in laboratory associationwith prostate between cancer, cadmium but both exposure positive and and negative kidney atsample room oftemperature approximately to remove 2000 g free was moisture obtained and by

cancer (2). Nickel compounds are generally not sievedDetermination to a sieve ofhole heavy diameter metals 0.2 concentration mm. recentcarcinogenic studies in have animals suggested and, to an a large increase extent, in cancer have not in Heavy metals concentration in soil samples was been considered potent human carcinogens, although nickel salts occurs (10). Some compounds of hexavalent chromiumnickel refinery are also areas known where for exposure their human to water-soluble carcinogenic determined according to method BAS ISO 11047:2000 potential. The increased incidence of lung carcinoma is extractSoil quality using -aqua Determination regia - Method of cadmium, of atomic absorption chromium, spectrometrycobalt, copper, (AAA). lead, manganese, nickel and zinc in soil found (11). predominant, although tumors of other sides are also Triplicate solid samples of approximately 0.5 g Urban soil is an important part of the urban ecological environment and plays a vital role in the stability of the urban ecosystem. The quality of urban land has a major were dryed and digested in 12 mL freshly prepared aqua regia (1/3 HNO3+ 2/3 HCl) for 16 hours at human health. The content of heavy metals in urban soil thenroom supplemented temperature. Afterby deionized the destruction water. Total of samples, heavy isimpact generally on urban higher landscape, than in the quality surrounding of urban agricultural life and extracts were filtered in a 50 mL flask, which were Fe) were measured in soil extracts by Inductively accelerates the exogenous introduction of heavy metals metal concentrations (Cr, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, and forestry soil, because the urbanization process ofCoupled 100 mg/L Plasma-Optical for metals. The Emission results Spectrometer,were expressed ICP- in The aim of this study was to measure the concentration in the urban soil (12-14). mg/kgOES OPTIMA soil. 2100 DV, Perkin-Elmer, with the standard of heavy metals in the urban soils in the Lukavac and Kalesija municipalities and to assess their impact Data on malignant diseases on cancer prevalence in the population of these Data on malignancies were reported by the Public municipalityes. Health Institute of (TC). Statistical analysis MATERIALS AND METHODS The statistical analysis was performed with the Chemicals

All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Data Processing Program Heavy metals standard reagents were prepared from testand were the Online applied. calculator for calculating the χ 2 test reagent grade chemicals (Perkin Elmer Pure – Atomic (15). And during the analysis of acquired results χ 2 Spectroscopy Standard). All glassware were rinsed with detergent and distilled water three times prior to use. RESULTS Soil sampling Unlike most organic pollutants whose toxicity reduces

and two locations in Kalesija. Lukavac is selected as a municipalitySoil sampling waswith conducted developed at fivechemical locations industry in Lukavac that theirover concentration time, heavy increases. metals can Table not 1. beshows degraded Maximum or greatly contributes to environmental pollution and permissibledestroyed. Even concentration more, by the (MPC) bioaccumulation of analysed process, heavy Kalesija is selected as a control municipality with low metals in agricultural land depending on soil texture. polluting industry. Selected locations were green areas Gazette. MPC for manganese and iron are not included in Official in the city center, near schools and kindergartens and

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Brekalo Lazarević at al Table 1. Descriptive statistic for patients with inferior myocardial infarction

Heavy metal, MPC depending on soil texture total (mg/kg) sandy dasty-clay Chromium (Cr) 50 80 Copper (Cu) 50 65 Cobalt (Co) 30 45 Nickel (Ni) 30 40 Cadmium (Cd) 0.5 1.0 Lead (Pb) 50 80 Zinc (Zn) 100 150

Tested soil sites are located in green urban areas of the municipalities. The results of heavy metals analysis in mg/ kg of soil samplesTable at the 2. tested locations in Lukavac municipality are shown in Table 2. in Lukavac municipality. Values above MPC have been marked bold. Concentrations of heavy metals in soil (mg/kg soil) at five tested locations Park “Dom Heavy metal Park “Dom Park “Macan Park “Turski Kindergarten zdravlja” kulture” Lukavac Marija” Lukavac Lukavac” Lukavac Lukavac (mg/kg soil) (Location 1) (Location 3) (Location 4) (Location 5)

sandy dasty-clay clay dasty-clay sandy (Location 2) Chromium (Cr) 80.06 80.68 Copper (Cu) 18.69 83.29 76.93 42.32 Cobalt (Co) 38.40 35.41 25.51 22.18 14.27 19.62 Nickel (Ni) 88.44 28.97 27.95 29.30 Cadmium (Cd) 1.89 1.80 1.61 121.54 137.56 110.23 66.67 Lead (Pb) 41.04 1.29 2.43 Zinc (Zn) 56.54 34.63 44.84 25.81 26.29 27.20 22.60 Manganese (Mn) 10669 13350 8038 5309.6 11305 54.79 94.62 Iron (Fe)

25401 24877 24173 24611 24668 Heavy metals analysis of soil samples at two tested location in the Kalesija municipality are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Concentrations of heavy metals in soil (mg/kg soil) at two tested locations in Kalesija municipality. Values above MPC have been marked bold.

Heavy metal Primary school Kalesija Location near TC Kalesija (mg/kg soil) (Location 1)

dasty-clay (Locationdasty-clay 2) Chromium (Cr) 31.38 Copper (Cu) 11.65 98.92 Cobalt (Co) 24.86 Nickel (Ni) 146.03 30.12 27.13 Cadmium (Cd) 1.86 27.67 Lead (Pb) 1.47 Zinc (Zn) 33.02 39.20 Manganese (Mn) 8805 54.78 73.99 Iron (Fe) 9721 24704 24713

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Brekalo Lazarević at al Level of pollution (So) of heavy metals is calculated according to the following equation: pollutedAt the Location and could 1 in be Kalesija categorized municipality, as the thesoil soil with is For the interpretation of the level of pollution the increasedhigh contaminated, contamination. while No at locationLocation meets 2 the the soil Criteria is less

following criteria are used (17): forAccording categorization to the data as clean, from unloaded the Public soil. Health Institute clean, unloaded soil < 25 %; increased contamination 25 -50 %; of Tuzla Canton (TC) 4715 malignant patients were registered in the period from 2010 to 2014 year, which high contamination 50 – 100%; is 1.06% of the total population in TC. Out of 4715 contaminated 100 – 200 %; malignant patients, 2254 (47.80%) were males and 2461 (52.19%) females. polluted soil ˃ 200% TLV. in the tested period were diagnosed with lung cancer Regarding diagnosis, the largest number of patients isAccording high contaminated to the Level and of on pollution, Locations at 3 Locationand 4 the 1soil in isLukavac least polluted the soil isand contaminated, according to on the Location results it2 andcould 5 patients(651 patients were disagnosed or 0.146%), with followed cervical by carcinoma breast cancer (356 be categorized as a soil with increased contamination. (611 patients or 0.137%) and the smallest number of

patients or 0.080%) (Figure 1).

Figure 1

. Number of patients with malignant diseases by diagnosis in Tuzla Canton, Lukavac and Kalesija municipalities in the period from year 2010 to 2014.

was diagnosed with lung cancer and the lowest number In the Lukavac municipality in the period from 2010 to was127 diagnosed (50.80%) with female. cervical The largestcancer (Figure number 1). of patient 2014, total 512 malignant patients, (1.15% of the total Figurepopulation 1. shows of Lukavac) the number were of registered, patients outaccording of which to type238 (46.48%)of the malignant were males diseases and in 274 Lukavac (53.51%) for the females. tested Figure 2. Shows statistical analysis of the number of period. The largest number of patients was diagnosed Lukavac and Kalesija municipalities. The prevalence of patients with malignant diseases in Tuzla Canton (TC), lower in the Kalesija municipality comparate to the TC. malignant diseases of the lung and breast is significantly with breast cancer (70 patients or 0.157%), followed The prevalence of malignant diseases of the breast and by lung cancer (64 patients or 0.144%) and skin cancer (61 patients or 0.137%). The lowest number of patients comparad to the Lukavac municipality where the was diagnosed with cervical cancer (42 patients or skin is significantly lower in the Kalesija municipality 0.094%) Total 250 patients with malignant diseases were inconcentration the soil. of heavy metals chromium, copper, registered in Kalesija (0.76% of total population of cobalt, nickel, cadmium, manganese and iron is higher 14 Kalesija), out of which 123 (49.20%) were male and http://saliniana.com.ba ACTA MEDICA SALINIANA Volume 49, No1 : 2019

Brekalo Lazarević at al

Figure 2. Prevalence of patients with malignant diseases by in Tuzla Canton (TC) and Lukavac

and Kalesija municipalities in the period from year 2010 to 2014. DISCUSSION one location in Kalesija elevated concentrations of Cr According to the results of heavy metal analysis of weresystem registered. (24). Also, Cr compounds at four locations cause skin in Lukavac and mucous and soil samples it can be concluded that the impact membranes irritation and it is allergens to skin and of industrial and urbanization sources, fossil fuels to the pollution of the soil with heavy metals in the lungs. According to IARC, Cr compounds belong to urbanburning, area and ofespecially Lukavac traffic, and significantlyKalesija municipalities. contributes allthe locations Group 3 incarcinogen Lukavac and(25), at while one location the hexavalent in Kalesija Cr Thise results are in accordance with previous studies. elevatedcompounds Ni concentrations are classified aswere Group measured. 1 carcinogens. Ni bounds At The study conducted in Podgorica in

easilyFrom theto plasma results proteins of this study (26). it can be concluded that showed a great impact of urbanization, especially there is an increased concentration of heavy metals in presencetraffic, on is soil is pollution induced by with human heavy activity metals and (18). the the urban part of Lukavac municipality compared to mainAnother source study of indiffuse Brazil pollution showed withthat Cd,heavy Cu, metals Pb and was Zn the concentration of heavy metals in the urban part of Kalesija. Negative impact on human health due to showed that the growth of industrial production and increased presence of heavy metals in the environment the urban traffic (19). The study conducted in Russia additional aim of this study was to evaluate the potential vehicle emissions between 1989 and 2005 resulted in correlationcan be manifested of the presence in differentof heavy metals ways. in Therefore, the soil of Particularly worrying is the fact that in all tested significant deposition of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in soil (20). these two municipalities with the health disorder of the locations in Lukavac and Kalesija an increased concentration of one of the most dangerous heavy metals diseases. cadmium is registered. This is in line with similar study population, in particularly the emergence of malignant conducted in the coastal municipalities of Montenegro Statistical analysis of the number of patients with which showed an elevated Cd concentration in the malignant diseases in the Kalesija municipality compared to the TC showed that the prevalence of malignant of major environmental risk factors which originate soil of urban parks and playgrounds (21). Cd is one numberdiseases ofof patients the lung with and breastmalignant is significantly diseases in lowerLukavac in from contamination from anthropogenic, industrial andthe Kalesija Kalesija municipality. municipalities Also, found statistical statistically analysis higher of the and urban sources. Cadmium, Group 1 carcinogen, is prevalence of patients with malignant diseases of the alsoprimarily causes toxic other to thenegative liver andeffects kidneys, on humans digestive such tract as breast (p <0.01) and skin (p <0.05) in the municipality and can be incorporated into bone (22,23). Cadmium reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, adverse effects of Lukavac where the presence of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, http://saliniana.com.baon hematological, endocrine and immunological Co, Ni, Cd, Mn and Fe) is higher in the soil. There is a 15 ACTA MEDICA SALINIANA Volume 49, No1: 2019

Brekalo Lazarević at al possible link between the presence of heavy metals municipalities showed statistically higher prevalence in the soil of these two municipalities and the health of malignant diseases of the breast and skin in the disorder of the population. municipality of Lukavac. There could be a possible link between the presence of heavy metals in the soil of these two municipalities and the health status of the CONCLUSION population. Soil in urban areas that were the subject of this study should be continuously monitored to provide insight The results of this study show that there is a significant into concentration of heavy metals. Based on the results degree of contamination in some soil samples, especially municipality as well as cadmium in the municipality of of this study it is necessary to propose measures for the with chromium, nickel and cadmium in Lukavac Kalesija. These contaminations were most likely caused protection of the soil in order to protect population health. Further research over a longer period of time maximum concentrations of these heavy metals were is required and more municipalities should be included moreby anthropogenic than the allowable activities, MPSs. mainly from traffic. The to identify sources of soil contamination with heavy Statistical analysis of the number of patients metals as well as assess their impact on population with malignant diseases in Lukavac and Kalesija health.

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