P H O E N I X C O N S U L T I N G A r c h a e o l o g y L i m i t e d

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

PROPOSED SOUTHERN EXTENSION ALREWAS QUARRY ALREWAS STAFFORDSHIRE

On behalf of:

Doc Ref: PC330f

Prepared by:

G Coates BA MCIfA & A Richmond BA PhD MCIfA FSA

28th May 2019

Status: For presentation to Mineral Planning Authority Southern Extension, Alrewas Quarry, Staffordshire PC330b

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK

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CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The commission. 1.2 In connection with the commission. 1.3 Methodology.

2.0 LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY AND LANDUSE

2.1 Location and current land-use. 2.2 Geology and soils.

3.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL FEATURES

3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The proposed Southern Extension. 3.3 The regional context and the surrounds of the proposed Southern Extension. 3.4 Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC).

4.0 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

4.1 Archaeological and historical potential.

5.0 CONCLUSION

5.1 Concluding statement.

REFERENCES

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Location of the proposed Southern Extension. Figure 2 Historic Environment Record data on and around the proposed Southern Extension. Figure 3 Trench plan for the proposed Southern Extension (after Bradley 2013). Figure 4 1775 Yates Map of Staffordshire. Figure 5 1818 Anson Estate Plan. Figure 6 Extract from 1840 Tithe Map of Alrewas. Figure 7 Extract from 1883 First Edition Ordnance Survey map. Figure 8 Extract from 1901 Second Edition Ordnance Survey map. Figure 9 Extract from 1972 Edition Ordnance Survey map.

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1 View across the Site from the northern extent (looking south). Plate 2 View of derelict cottage close to Sittles Farm, looking NW. Plate 3 View across the Site from the SW corner, looking north. Plate 4 Looking north from the Site’s SE corner. Plate 5 Looking across the southern extent of the Site towards Sittles Farm.

APPENDIX A

Inventory of known archaeological sites & monuments (based upon entries held by Staffordshire County Council Historic Environment Records)

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1997 2019

Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd

Phoenix Consulting is an independent consultancy offering a range of archaeological services including advice, document preparation, planning negotiation and archaeological fieldwork survey and analysis.

Phoenix Consulting is committed to ensuring that the client receives a proficient and professional service, whilst maintaining the highest standards. All projects are carried out in accordance with the NPPF (2018), and the guidelines and recommendations issued by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) and Historic England. Phoenix Consulting is a Registered Organisation (RO 44) with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, the discipline’s professional body dedicated to setting, promoting and maintaining standards and ethics in archaeology.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The commission

1.1.1 This report has been prepared on behalf of Tarmac Ltd, in support of a planning application for a c.47ha ‘Southern Extension’ to their Alrewas Quarry, Alrewas, Staffordshire (NGR SK 167 125 – Figure 1). The proposals have highlighted the need for an archaeological desk-based appraisal which considers the archaeology of the Site and the archaeological and historical elements of its immediate and wider landscape. This baseline assessment forms Annex 1.2 the application submission.

1.1.2 This document assesses the extent of known archaeology and historic landscape development in and around the proposed extension area and discusses the likelihood of further archaeological finds being made. It presents the information required by the curatorial authority in order to allow for the initial assessment of the proposed development on archaeological and heritage grounds.

1.2 In connection with the commission

1.2.1 All records of archaeological and historic sites and finds that relate to the proposed development site and its immediate vicinity were obtained from the Historic Environment Record (HER) maintained by Staffordshire County Council. Reports on previous archaeological work in the area contained in the HER files and online were also consulted.

1.2.2 A search was made for all readily accessible manuscript and printed maps and plans and other relevant documents in the Staffordshire Local Records Office, Stafford. In addition, maps and plans were obtained from local libraries.

1.2.3 Further research of published material has been undertaken to an extent appropriate to this desk-based assessment. A list of all sources is provided in the References section at the end of this document.

1.2.4 A site visit was undertaken on the 20 May 2019, during which observations and notes were made on the Site’s topography, current land use and any visible archaeological or historical features surviving on the Site or in the immediate landscape.

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Figure 1 Proposed Southern Extension at Alrewas Quarry: Site Location. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office: Licence AL 100030371

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1.3 Methodology

1.3.1 This desk-based assessment has been carried out in such a way as to allow the report to be structured as follows:

Introduction:

1.3.2 The introduction provides a summary of the physical characteristics of the area. The proposed development site is placed in its topographical and land- use context.

Known and Potential Archaeology:

1.3.3 The known archaeological and historic landscape interest of the Site and its surrounds is presented and interpreted. Using a 1km study radius, an assessment is thereafter made of the archaeological potential of the Site for all periods, taking into account features of the physical environment and other factors that may enhance or reduce the opportunities for the presence and survival of archaeological remains.

Impact of the Development:

1.3.4 An assessment is made of the likely effect that the proposed quarry extension would have on any surviving archaeological and historical remains on and in the vicinity of the Site.

Plate 1 View across the Site from the northern extent (looking south)

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2.0 LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY AND LANDUSE

2.1 Location and current land-use

2.1.1 The proposed Southern Extension to Alrewas Quarry is located to the east of the A38, south of the village of Alrewas and SW of the confluence of the Rivers Trent and Tame, in East Staffordshire (Figure 1). Brookhay Wood and Ironstone Lane define the southern extent, with the Lichfield to Derby railway line forming the western boundary. The eastern boundary is defined by a minor C-class road (Stockford Lane), beyond which lies agricultural land associated with Sittles Farm and the former Whitemoor Haye Quarry. The rather isolated Roadside Cottage sits on this eastern boundary.

2.1.2 Workings associated with Phase 3A of the permitted Alrewas Quarry lie immediately beyond the NE boundary. The northern extent tapers up to an area of ponding within a small wooded copse, beyond which is an agricultural field that runs up to Roddige Lane.

2.1.3 At the time of writing the Site is agricultural land. This comprises of five fields of arable, with two light-aircraft ‘lawn runways’ crossing the southern extent. An abandoned cottage, depicted on historical mapping dating back to the early 19th century (see map regression below), lies adjacent to the runways, in apparent isolation (Plate 2). It looked to be in a ruinous and dangerous condition. A large (modern) rectangular reservoir is also located in this part of the Site, having been excavated in the last 40 years. The fields of the Site are generally flat (between the 55m and 60m AOD contours), rising slightly towards Sittles Farm, which occupies the most elevated part of the immediate landscape.

Plate 2 View of derelict cottage close to Sittles Farm, looking NW.

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2.2 Geology, soils and topography

2.2.1 The Site lies on a gravel terrace bordering the western bank of the River Tame. The floodplain consists of spreads of alluvial deposits which overlie the Pleistocene gravel sub-surface, which in-turn overlie Triassic Mercian Mudstones, sandstones and Bunter Beds. The floodplain extends away from the water course to the gently cambered gravel terrace. Beyond the alluvium, soils tend to be stony and sandy loams and are classified as gleyic brown earths. Most soils in the area are well suited to modern arable farming, although areas adjacent to the river are susceptible to seasonal flooding.

Plate 3 View across the Site from the SW corner, looking north.

3.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL FEATURES

3.1 Introduction Numbers in bold text refer to entries on Figure 2 & Appendix A

3.1.1 Any assessment of the archaeological potential of a site depends not only on an understanding of known archaeological features within it, but also an awareness of the deficiencies in the archaeological record, the archaeological and historical context of the locality in which the proposed development site is situated, and also an understanding of the site's land-use history, geology, soils and topography.

3.1.2 This section describes known archaeological remains and historical features within the Site and its surrounds. This information was sourced from the Staffordshire County Council HER (2019 search), from information held by the Local Record Office and from observations made during the Site visit. Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of known sites and features.

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Figure 2 Historic Environment Record data on and around the proposed Southern Extension Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office: Licence AL 100030371

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3.2 The proposed Southern Extension

3.2.1 There are 3 HER records within the site boundary (see Figures 2 & 3) that relate to cropmarks plotted from aerial photographs taken in the 1970s. On the northern extent of the site, a possible double trackway cropmark is detailed running north [01]. This feature remains undated and has not been investigated by evaluation, as discussed below. The HER suggests that a purported enclosure (outside of the extension boundary) associated with this cropmark, might be of Prehistoric date.

3.2.2 Two further extensive cropmark groups [02] and [03] are recorded to the south of Fine Lane. Both have been investigated by way of a geophysical survey (Bartlett 2012) and trial trenching (Bradley 2013), as part of a previous planning application. The geophysical survey was unable to positively identify the various cropmark features, although several post-Medieval boundaries (relating to former field plots) were noted in the results (Bartlett 2013).

Figure 3 Location of trial trenches as per the 2013 investigations (after Bradley 2013)

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3.2.3 Subsequent trial trenching across cropmark group [02] identified several undated pits and ditches (Figure 3 - Trenches 22-24). While the various features here remain undated, they are considered to relate to scattered Prehistoric activity (as identified elsewhere in the surrounding landscape), as well as former post-Medieval field boundaries.

3.2.4 Trial trenching of cropmark [03] also identified a number of pit and ditch features. Whilst no conclusive Prehistoric activity was found here, Trench 27 did identify Medieval activity (1066 to 1540 AD) in the form of a large ditch, a pit, several gullies and a post-hole. Excavation uncovered ‘domestic- style’ pottery of 13th to 15th century date suggestive of ‘an enclosed rural farmstead, on its raised position overlooking the surrounding rural landscape’ (Figure 3; figs 10-11, Bradley 2013).

3.2.5 An earlier field evaluation (comprising of a geophysical survey and a trial trench investigation) was carried out in 1992; being associated with the original Whitemoor Haye Quarry planning application. This included a geophysical area to the north of cropmark [03] and the excavation of two trial trenches (see locations of Figure 2). These works, however, failed to identify any archaeological deposits (BUFAU 1992).

Cartographic Evidence

3.2.6 The earliest available map of the area that includes the Site is the 1775 William Yates Map of Staffordshire (Figure 4), which is also reproduced in Shaw’s 1798 ‘History and Antiquities of Staffordshire’. This map shows the area as open ground crossed by a track (the present Fine Lane) with ‘Sittels’ being represented by three buildings on either side of Stockford Lane. The eastern extent of ‘Fradley Heath’ borders to the south, with the River Tame visible to the east. Rykneild Street Roman Road traverses the landscape to the west.

Figure 4 Extract from 1775 Yates Plan of Staffordshire

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3.2.7 An Estate Map dated to 1818 (Figure 5), illustrates in some detail the SE corner of the Site. The map is titled Sitels Farm, which can be seen as a group of at least six buildings to the east of Fool Road (present-day Stockford Lane). Within the Site boundary, six fields are depicted, one of which contains a rectangular building, with the surrounding field (12) described as garden in the accompanying listing. This building could be the derelict property present of the Site today. A note on the map suggests that field 8 has been incorporated recently from Common Ground.

Figure 5 1818 Anson Estate Plan

3.2.8 The earliest, most-complete mapping of the Site is the 1840 Tithe Map of Alrewas (Figure 6). This shows the Site in great detail, including all field boundaries, farm tracks/roads and buildings; the railway, however, has yet to be built. At least five buildings are shown in the area where a single structure was depicted on the 1818 map, revealing a level of development at this location in the intervening years. A further building associated with a square enclosure is depicted a little way to the north, where a modern reservoir exists today. The road system is much the same as today, albeit back in 1840 these were likely to be no more than dirt tracks. One track which no longer exists, however, used to form the southern extent to the Site. A large pond is depicted at the Site’s SE extent, known (from later annotated mapping) to be the site of former marl pits.

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3.2.9 In 1840, the Site comprised of no less than 30 individual plots. Today the Site comprises of just five, showing the extent of field boundary loss in recent years. A number of the field boundaries as depicted in the 1840 plan correspond with recorded cropmarks as detailed in the HER.

Figure 6 Extract from 1840 Tithe Map of Alrewas

3.2.10 The next detailed survey of the Site is the First Edition OS mapping of 1883 (Figure 7). In the intervening 40-odd years since the Tithe Award survey, the ‘London and North Western’ railway (South Staffordshire Line) had been built, a number of field boundaries had been removed to create larger plots, buildings associated with the agricultural complex to the west of Sittles Farm had been demolished (leaving just one building) and the quarrying (marl) pits at the Site’s SE extent had been enlarged. The system of roads and tracks on, and in the vicinity of the Site, appears unaltered. The building in the central part of the Site (formerly associated with a square enclosure) is no longer depicted, although the newly aligned field boundaries here appear to follow the line of the former enclosure. This is the first plan where ‘Roadside Cottage’ is depicted, although it is not labelled as such.

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Figure 7 Extract from 1883 First Edition Ordnance Survey map

3.2.11 The Second Edition OS mapping of 1901 (Figure 8) shows no significant change from the 1883 edition. The field divisions remain largely the same, with some minor removal of boundaries to create larger fields. The southern track defining the extension boundary is labelled as Ironstone Lane, to the south of which is Brookhay Wood. This appears to be the same situation at the time of the production of the 1923 and 1925 OS editions (not shown).

3.2.12 By the time the 1972 OS edition was produced (Figure 9), a large number of field boundaries had been removed to create a field pattern close to how it survives today. The house in the SE part of the Site (first depicted in detail in 1818) is recorded, as is Roadside Cottage; although the ponded area in the SE corner is no longer illustrated, having likely been infilled.

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Figure 8 Extract from 1901 Second Edition Ordnance Survey map

Figure 9 Extract from 1972 Edition Ordnance Survey map

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Summary

3.2.13 Cropmarks recorded within the confines of the proposed Southern Extension are detailed as of possible Prehistoric date in the HER. Field evaluation in 2012 suggested some could relate to Prehistoric activities (although no Prehistoric finds were recovered), and that a number correspond with former field boundaries of post-Medieval date. Interestingly, the cropmarks closest to Sittles Farm were shown by trenching to be part of a probable Medieval enclosed farmstead dating from between the 13th and 15th centuries AD. Geophysics and trenching across large parts of the Site, however, failed to identify any archaeological activity.

3.2.14 The map regression illustrates that the Site has been in continued agriculture use for last two centuries. Prior to this it may have formed part of Fradley and Blakeley Heath. An extant (derelict) brick-built building in the SE quadrant of the Site could be the same building depicted in this location on the 1818 Estate map (Figure 5), and potential that on the less accurate 1775 Yates plan (Figure 4).

Plate 4 Looking north from the Site’s SE corner.

3.3 The regional context & surrounds of the proposed Southern Extension

Introduction

3.3.1 The proposed Southern Extension to Alrewas Quarry is located within a wider landscape where there is a relatively dense scatter of archaeological evidence. Much archaeology was originally recorded from the air as cropmarks, but has subsequently been investigated through excavations, predominantly associated with mineral extraction.

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3.3.2 Whitemoor Haye Quarry lies to the immediate east of the Site, and was archaeologically investigated (prior to mineral extraction) between the years 1998 to 2012 (Coates 2002; Hewson 2006; Mann forthcoming). The 180ha quarry included within its boundaries a 47ha Scheduled Monument that represented an extensive Iron Age and Roman farming landscape (with associated settlement). The extant Alrewas Quarry lies to the immediate north of the Site, and has been progressively investigated (prior to mineral extraction) since 2013 (Cornah & Jackson 2016, Wilkins & Mann 2019 and Wilkins 2019). Here archaeology of Prehistoric and Roman date has been recovered, including the significant find of a Bronze Age cemetery that included both urned and un-urned cremations.

3.3.3 Further important excavations in the surrounding landscape include those at Fisherwick (Miles 1969), Barton Quarry (Francis and Richmond 2016), Newbold Quarry (Francis 2017) and Tucklesholme Quarry (Francis and Richmond 2018). In addition, an Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) project called ‘Where Rivers Meet’ has studied the archaeology of the Trent-Tame confluence (Buteux & Chapman 2009, Watters et al. 2003, Bain et al. 2005). A further publication, ‘Trent Valley Landscapes’, usefully summarises the archaeological background of the Trent Valley (Knight & Howard 2004). Together these investigations allow for a detailed settlement sequence for the study area to be drawn up.

Prehistoric

3.3.4 The earliest archaeological evidence in the region is of Lower to Middle Palaeolithic date (c. 50,000-40,000 BC), being represented by flint artefacts recovered from Fradley [04] and Whittington [05]. In situ Palaeolithic flints have also been recovered from Tucklesholme Quarry, c. 5km to the north (Francis and Richmond 2015). The partial skeletal remains of three woolly rhino, plus mammoth, horse, bison, reindeer and wolf, were recovered during extraction works at Whitemoor Haye Quarry [06]. These remains have been dated to Marine Isotope Stage 3 (c. 60–25ka BP), an episode of Tundra conditions across Britain (Hewson 2006).

3.3.5 The Mesolithic (c. 8,500 to 3,500 BC) period marks the end of the last Ice Age with a period of climatic amelioration. As the climate improved, human groups colonised new areas along river valleys and coastal areas for the purposes of hunting, fishing and gathering. Mesolithic archaeology in the study area is similarly restricted to chance finds (Hodder 1982), although excavation of a rock shelter at Bower Farm, Rugeley identified lithic scatters indicative of a seasonal hunting camp (Hilton 1979).

3.3.6 The Neolithic period (c. 3,500 to 2,000 BC), is a time generally associated with the introduction of agriculture to the British Isles. This led to a more sedentary existence, with the clearing of tracts of woodland for farming activities, being evidenced by the remains of domestic crops and animals. The Neolithic period also saw the construction of large communal monuments, such as henges and barrows for ritual activities and the burial of the dead. Actual settlement sites are far less well understood, but concentrations of

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artefacts, including flint and stone tools and pottery sherds, are generally assumed to indicate areas where Neolithic groups settled.

3.3.7 Evidence dateable to the Neolithic is represented by various finds, including several polished flint and stone axes [07] as well as a number of flint scatters. Cropmarks also attest to the presence of Neolithic groups with the identification of several suggested causewayed enclosures, (Alrewas and Mavesryn Ridware), cursus monuments (Catholme) and hengiform structures (Catholme). Evaluation of the cropmarks at Catholme, as part of the ‘Where Rivers Meet’ Project, identified a ‘monument complex’ at the confluence of two major rivers (Bain et al 2005, Buteux & Chapman 2009). Other extensive cropmark complexes in the study area have been shown (through excavation) to have elements of Neolithic (and often later) date [08-16] (Lupton 1995, Coates 2002, Hewson 2006, Mann forthcoming).

3.3.8 Bronze Age (2,000 to 1,000 BC) activity is well represented in the region. It is likely that by the early Bronze Age the rivers and their tributaries were being actively utilised by small groups of farmers for pasture, with the higher ground being wooded and interspersed with the occasional scattered settlement. This period is also represented by the cropmarks of ring ditches (ploughed out round barrows) which are presumed to be of that period. They are distributed throughout the study area and are particularly frequent in the Tame Valley, although their highest concentration is around the confluence of the Tame and Trent (Vine 1982). Excavated examples tend to support a Bronze Age date (Coates and Richmond 2002; 2009; 2015, Coates 2002, Hewson 2006, Mann forthcoming), however several ring ditches at Whitemoor Haye have turned out to be the remains of Iron Age round houses (Coates 2002, Hewson 2006, Mann forthcoming). Two Bronze Age cremation cemeteries have been excavated at Whitemoor Haye in recent years, with over 100 burials being identified [16] (Hewson 2006, Mann forthcoming). A further Bronze age cemetery has recently been identified during the current works at Alrewas Quarry (Wilkins & Mann 2019).

3.3.9 Bronze Age domestic occupation is generally less easy to identify than funerary activities. Possible settlement activity has, however, been found on the current Alrewas Quarry, being represented by features associated with burnt mound material (Cornah & Jackson 2016, Wilkins 2019). Several rectangular enclosures discovered at the neighbouring Barton Quarry may also indicate domestic activity from this period (Mustchin et al. 2019). Perhaps the best evidence for Bronze Age settlement, however, comes from the early excavations at Fisherwick (Smith 1979).

3.3.10 Throughout Britain the Iron Age period (1,000 BC to AD 43) represents a time when farming settlements become more widely established and human groups created a substantial reduction in the level of woodland cover with the creation of fields for pasture and arable. In the vicinity of the site Iron Age activity is well represented.

3.3.11 All along the river terraces of the region are cropmark complexes [16], [17], [18]and [19]. Although many groups remain undated, excavations of several

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large cropmark spreads have shown them to have Iron Age origins. At Whitemoor Haye Quarry, detailed excavation over a decade has identified a settlement complex that emerged during the Middle Iron Age and continued through into the period of Roman occupation [16] (Coates 2002, Hewson 2006, Mann forthcoming). Further Iron Age settlement has been identified on the current Alrewas Quarry, to the north (Mann 2019). Aside from settlement evidence a number of extensive (and enigmatic) pit alignments have been identified in the region [16], [18] and [19], some of which are believed to represent territorial boundary markers of Iron Age date (Coates 2002; Coates and Richmond 2002).

3.3.12 The coming of Roman Britain (43 to 410 AD) equates with a massive increase in the material record. Settlements expanded in size and number to cope with the increased demands for produce, and new areas of land were exploited as population levels increased. Throughout the wider region this period of expansion is reflected in an increase in the quantity and diversity of finds and settlements.

3.3.13 The nearest Roman centre, Letocetum (Wall), was occupied during the Claudian period, and appears to have been a military centre with major communication links to Wroxeter and Derby (Derventio). Outside of the centres, farming communities developed, and have been investigated at Newbold Quarry (Francis & Richmond 2018), Barton Quarry (Coates & Richmond 2013, Francis & Richmond 2016, Mustchin et al. 2019), Fisherwick (Miles 1969), Tucklesholme Farm (Coates & Richmond 2009; Francis & Richmond 2015;) and Whitemoor Haye [16] (Coates 2002, Hewson 2006, Mann forthcoming). The high incidence of such settlement is perhaps not surprising when one considers that the present-day A38 follows the line of the Roman Ryknild Street [20]. In the study area have been found many Roman artefacts including fragments of pottery, building material, coins, metallic fastenings and weapons [21], [22].

3.3.14 Our understanding of the post-Roman Anglo-Saxon period (AD 410-1066) is far from clear. Tamworth is known to have developed into the capital of Mercia in the 7th century and Lichfield, the successor of Wall, may have developed in the early Bishopric of Diuma. Although it is generally thought that the area did not become densely settled until the 8th century (Gelling 1992), an extensive 7th settlement has been identified at Catholme, 4km to the north (Losco-Bradley and Wheeler 1984, Martin 1998, Losco-Bradley and Kinsley 2002). This settlement included 65 buildings amongst trackways and enclosures.

3.3.15 Excavations in advance of mineral extraction at the neighbouring Barton Quarry have identified further Saxon activity including so-called ‘sunken- featured buildings’, settlement pits and a late Saxon ritual enclosure surrounding an earlier Bronze Age barrow (Coates & Richmond 2013). At Tucklesholme Quarry, c.5km to the north, excavations have uncovered further ‘sunken-featured buildings’, one which contained a collapsed loom (Francis and Richmond 2018).

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3.3.16 Alrewas is the earliest extant settlement to the site and it is mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086 (Old English: Wicenore) suggesting it has Saxon Origins. It developed, however during the Medieval period (AD 1066– 1539)1 when it was in the ownership of the King in the Offlow Hundred:

‘There are 3 hides. There is land for 8 ploughs. In demesne are 2 [ploughs], and 1 slave; and 20 villans and 6 bordars with a priest have 6 ploughs. There are 24 acres of meadow. A fishery renders 1,500 eels. [There is] woodland 1 league long and half broad. TRE (In the reign of King Edward) it was worth £10; now £11.’ (Williams & Martin (eds) 1992).

3.3.17 The nearby settlement of Fradley is thought to have developed in the 12th century, when it split off from the main Parish of Alrewas. A number of cropmarks identified in the region are thought to be the remains of former Medieval field systems and/or enclosures [12], [23], [24] and [25] and former ridge and furrow earthworks [26]. Artefacts, which date to this period (and into the post-Medieval period) include:

• Copper alloy buckles [27] • Copper alloy dagger fragment [28] • Cast copper alloy sword fragment [29] • Uncertain copper alloy object [30]

3.3.18 Alrewas continued to grow through into the post-Medieval period (AD 1540 onwards), probably as a fording settlement along the Salt Traders’ route from Cheshire to London, although its population was greatly reduced for a while following the Black Death in 1349 (Stubbs 1987). The area of the proposed extension was probably outlying agricultural land, heath, marsh and woodland associated with the village.

3.3.19 There are a number of buildings which originated and develop in the post- Medieval period. Amongst these are the following:

• Roddige Farmhouse Listed Grade II [31] • Fradley Arms Hotel, Listed Grade II [32] • 18 Long Lane, Fradley, Listed Grade II [33] • Blue Gates Farmhouse, Whittington. Listed Grade II [34] • Barn & Granary, Blue Gates Farm. Listed Grade II [35] • Oldbrook Cottage, Alrewas. Listed Grade II [36] • Thatch Cottage Fradley Listed Grade II [37] • Cruck House, adj. Rose Cottage, Fradley [38]

3.3.20 Coventry Canal (Fradley Junction to Huddlesford Section) was built in 1787 [39] to link the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Oxford Canal. It was serviced by a number of locks and bridges, in particular Brookhay Bridge [40] and Dunstall Bridge [41], in the vicinity of the proposed extension. Burton-upon-

1 The origins of the Church of St. Stephen date to c. AD 822

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Trent turnpike road [42], first recorded in 1762, also lies in this direction, and is now superseded by the modern A38 trunk road, with associated mileposts [43] and [44]. To the SE of the proposed extension, a ford was recorded across the River Tame, believed to have survived into the 19th century and referred to Willi Ford [45]. Amongst the other records from this period include the 18th century farmsteads associated with Blue Gates Farm [46], Brookhay Farm [47] and the later 19th century Roddige Farm [48].

3.3.21 During the Second World War, RAF Lichfield was established, to the west of the site [49]. Originally opened in 1940 as an aircraft storage unit, it later became one of the busiest airfields in the region. It continued as a flying school after the War until it was closed in 1958. A number of the original buildings have survived and include an air raid shelter [50] and several aircraft hangers [51], [52] and [53]. A pillbox, also of WWII origin, is located on the western bank of the River Tame [54].

Plate 5 Looking across the southern extent of the Site towards Sittles Farm.

3.4 Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC)

3.4.1 The landscape of Staffordshire as we see it today is the result of both natural and man-made actions which have taken place over many years. Activities such as settlement, farming and recreation have all left behind physical traces that help to give individual parts of the County their own special character. In order to have a better understanding of the historic dimension of today’s landscape, Staffordshire County Council has undertaken an Historic Landscape Characterisation Project (2008, with revisions in 2011).

3.4.2 The landscape in which the proposed extension lies comprises of Post-War Amalgamated Fields, which reflects the removal of field boundaries to create larger agricultural fields for the purpose of intensive farming. The extension is surrounded by a similar landscape containing small areas of Post-1880s

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Reorganised Fields and Post 1880s Piecemeal Enclosure. The woodland to the south is recorded as Ancient Woodland, which likely had their origins in the Medieval period, or earlier.

4.0 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

4.1 Archaeological and historical potential

4.1.1 There are 3 recorded archaeological HER sites within the boundaries of the proposed Southern Extension to Alrewas Quarry. These relate to cropmarks, detailed in the HER as trackways, field boundaries and enclosures of unknown, though potentially Prehistoric origin. Whilst there were no correlating responses recorded in a geophysical survey carried out in 2012 (Bartlett 2012), subsequent trial trenching identified a number of suspected Prehistoric features, together with a suggested Medieval enclosed farmstead (Bradley 2013). It was clear, however, that a number of the cropmarks relate to former field boundaries as depicted on historic mapping.

4.1.2 The proposed Southern Extension lies in a wider landscape setting that contains a number of Prehistoric monuments dating as far back as the Neolithic. These include Neolithic henge monuments, Bronze Age burials and Iron Age farmsteads and pit alignments. Archaeology of most periods has been excavated on the bordering Whitemoor Haye and Alrewas quarries, including extensive remains of Bronze Age and Iron Age date.

4.1.3 Roman archaeology is also well represented in the wider landscape, and includes rural settlement sites, enclosures and trackways. The high incidence of Roman archaeology is perhaps not surprising when one considers that the present-day A38 follows the line of the Roman Ryknild Street.

4.1.4 Evidence of Saxon and Medieval date largely lies beyond the immediate study area, being centred around Catholme Farm to the north (where an extensive Saxon village was discovered in the 1970s) and the villages of Alrewas and Fradley, which have Saxon and Medieval origins respectively.

4.1.5 In the Medieval period the terraces associated with the river are likely to have been a combination of agricultural fields, heath and common land, often subject to seasonal flooding. The agricultural character of the landscape continued throughout the post-Medieval period, with enclosure of fields and associated farms being built, along with the emergence of transport routes, such as the Coventry Canal and the Lichfield to Derby railway line. In more recent times, Fradley was notable for the presence of RAF Lichfield, which played an important role in World War II.

4.1.6 The map regression illustrates that the Site has been in agricultural use since at least the early 19th century, with the creation of larger fields over time. An extant, but abandoned cottage in the SE quadrant of the Site is visible on the maps from the late 18th century.

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5.0 CONCLUSION

5.1 Concluding statement

5.1.1 A wide range of sources were consulted for this study, including the local Historic Environment Record, published articles and books and manuscript documents. In addition, the Site was visited for a visual inspection. The proposed extension has also been subjected to a geophysical survey and a trial trench evaluation.

5.1.2 There are 3 recorded sites within the proposed extension area, detailed in the HER as cropmarks of probable Prehistoric date. Trial trenching of two of these cropmark groups identified a number of suspected (but not proven) Prehistoric features, together with a suggested Medieval enclosed farmstead. It was clear, however, that a number of the cropmarks relate to former field boundaries as depicted on historic mapping.

5.1.3 The Site lies in a wider landscape of known Prehistoric settlement and ritual activity, centred on the confluence of the Rivers Trent and Tame. Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman activity has been recorded on the neighbouring Whitemoor Haye and Alrewas quarries, but no archaeology here has been deemed so significant as to warrant preservation in situ. Indeed, in many cases identified archaeology has been severely plough damaged, with only the bases of features surviving.

5.1.4 The cartographic regression shows that the proposed extension area has changed little over the centuries. The most notable change since the 18th century has been the removal of field boundaries to create larger fields. An isolated and dilapidated brick cottage in the SE part of the Site is visible on maps dating back to the late 18th century.

5.1.5 On the basis of the accrued evidence the proposed extension area can be assumed to have good potential for the recovery of locally significant archaeological remains. This potential could be adequately mitigated by undertaking a suitable programme of archaeological investigation prior to mineral extraction. This would likely be in line with the approved scheme of works presently being followed for the existing quarry (Coates and Richmond 2015), involving a combination of targeted ‘strip, map and sample’ excavation and ‘watching brief action’.

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REFERENCES

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Coates G and Richmond A 2008 Barton Quarry Phases 12 and 13, Barton-under- Needwood. Staffordshire. Archaeological strip. map and sample. Interim report. Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report P231g

Coates, G. and Richmond, A. 2009 Archaeological Strip, Map and Record. Interim Report. Tucklesholme Quarry, Phase 2, Haul route, Soil Heaps and Stocking Area. Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire. Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC237b

Coates, G. and Richmond, A. 2013 Archaeological Interim Report. Excavations at Barton Quarry, 2007 to 2012, Barton under Needwood, Staffordshire. Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC231h

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Coates, G. and Richmond, A. 2015 Specification for Archaeological Works; Southern Extension, Alrewas Quarry, Staffordshire. Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC330.3a

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Francis, K. and Richmond, A. 2015a Excavations at Tucklesholme Quarry, Phases 3-8 (2012-2014). Barton under Needwood, Staffordshire. Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC237c

Francis, K. and Richmond, A. 2015b Excavations at Newbold Quarry Southern Extension Phases 1 and 2 (2015), Barton under Needwood, Staffordshire. Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC314f

Francis, K. and Richmond, A. 2016 Excavations at Barton Quarry 2014-2015. Barton under Needwood, Staffordshire. Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC231i

Francis, K. and Richmond, A. 2018 Anglo-Saxon Settlement and Textile Production at Tucklesholme Quarry, north of the Trent-Tame Confluence, Transactions of the Staffordshire Archaeological and Historical Society Vol 50, 26-46

Francis, K. and Richmond, A. 2018b Excavations at Newbold Quarry, Southern Extension, Phases 1 & 2 (2015-17). Barton under Needwood, Staffordshire Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC314g

Francis, K. and Richmond, A. (in preparation) Two Iron Age post alignments at Tucklesholme Quarry, Staffordshire

Ferris I 1992 An archaeological evaluation at Echills Farm, Kings Bromley, Staffordshire, BUFAU archaeological report 214

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Gaffney V and Hughes G 1993 Settlement and Environment on the South-East Stafford Gravels: new approaches to a threatened resource, BUFAU archaeological report 237

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Gelling M 1992 The West Midlands in the Early Middle Ages, Leicester

Gould, J 1983 Lichfield Canal and Wychnor Ironworks in Trans. South Staffs. Arch. & Hist. Society for 1981 – 82 Vol XXIII , 109-117

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Hewson M 2006 Excavations at Whitemoor Haye Quarry, Staffordshire 2000-2004: a prehistoric and Romano-British landscape, British Archaeological Reports 428, Oxford

Hilton C 1979 Bower Farm, near Rugeley, West Midlands Archaeological Newsletter 22 7

Hodder M A 1982 The Prehistory of the Lichfield Area, Trans S Staff Archaeol Hist Soc 12, 13-23

Hughes E G 1991 The excavation of a ring ditch at Tucklesholme Farm, Barton-under- Needwood, Staffordshire, BUFAU archaeological report 163

Hughes E G 1992 An Archaeological Evaluation at Newbold Gravel Pit, Barton-under- Needwood, Staffordshire, 1991-2, BUFAU Archaeological Report 197

Johnson, S 1999 Fieldwalking on Land at Fatholme Farm, Staffordshire, John Samuel Archaeological Consultants, Report No 573/99/02

Jones A E 1992 Catholme, Staffordshire: an archaeological evaluation, BUFAU archaeological report 209

Jones H 2000 Newbold Quarry, Tatenhill proposed extension – a desk-top assessment, TPAU report 2634.

Knight D and Howard A 2004 Trent Valley Landscapes: The Archaeology of 500,000 Years of Change.

Losco-Bradley S and Kinsey G 2002 Catholme: An Anglo-Saxon Settlement in the Trent Gravels in Staffordshire

Losco-Bradley S and Wheeler H M 1984 Anglo-Saxon settlement in the Trent Valley: some aspects, in Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon Settlement, (ed M L Faull), 101- 114

Mann, A, Griffin, L, Leary, R, McKinley, J I, Pearson, E, and Richer, S, forthcoming Archaeological Investigations at Whitemoor Haye Quarry, Staffordshire, 2005- 2012. A Prehistoric and Roman Landscape in the Tame Valley, BAR British Series,

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Martin A L 1998 Report on an archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Fatholme, Staffordshire, Gifford and Partners Ltd archaeological report B1488A.02R

Mayes, P, and Scott, K, 1984 Pottery Kilns at Chilvers Coton, Nuneaton Medieval Archaeol. Soc. Monog, 10

Meeson R 1991 Archaeological evaluation, Moat Field, Hamstall Ridware, Staffordshire, Staffordshire County Council Report

Miles H 1969 Excavations at Fisherwick, Staffordshire 1968 - a Romano-British farmstead and a Neolithic occupation site, Trans S Staff Archaeol Hist Soc 10, 1-22

Mustchin, A., Francis, K. and Richmond, A. 2019 Excavations at Barton Quarry 2014- 2017. Barton under Needwood, Staffordshire Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd., Report PC231j

Richmond A 1997a Report on a programme of archaeological at Monument Staffordshire 220c, Whitemoor Haye, Alrewas, Staffs, Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC213A

Richmond A 1997b Report on first phase of archaeological fieldwalking at Scheduled Ancient Monument Staffordshire 200, Whitemoor Haye, Alrewas, Staffs, Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC104c

Richmond A 2007 Written Scheme Of Investigation For Archaeological Mitigation Barton Quarry (East Of Railway) Barton-Under-Needwood Staffordshire Phoenix Consulting Archaeology Ltd. Report PC 231f

Shaw, S 1798 The History and Antiquities of Staffordshire Volume 1

Shotton F W 1973 Two Lower Palaeolithic Implements from South-East Staffordshire, Trans S Staff Archaeol Hist Soc 14, 1-14

Smith C 1976 Second report of excavations at Fisherwick, Staffordshire 1973: Ice wedge casts and a middle Bronze Age settlement, Trans S Staff Archaeol Hist Soc 16, 1-14

Smith, C. A. 1979 Fisherwick: the reconstruction of an Iron Age landscape, BAR Brit Ser, 61. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports

Stone R 2005 Barn at Hill Farm, Wychnor, Staffordshire: Report on excavation and watching brief. Marches Archaeology

Stubbs, N 1987 The History of Alrewas

Vine P M 1982 The Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures of the Middle and Upper Trent Basin, BAR 105

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Watters, M S 2003 Where Rivers Meet Volume 4. Geophysical Survey at Catholme Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund Project

Webster M & Hindmarch E 2000 Archaeological Evaluation of Land at Barton Quarry, Barton-under-Needwood Staffordshire June 2000. Northamptonshire Archaeology Report

Whimster R 1989 The Emerging Past: air photography and the buried landscape, London

Wilkins, J. 2019 Phase 3A (i) Alrewas Quarry, Alrewas, Staffordshire. Archaeological Watching Brief Report. Worcestershire Archaeology Report 2540

Wilkins, J, & Mann, A, 2019 Alrewas Quarry, Alrewas Staffordshire. Archaeological Watching Brief. Southern Extension. Phase 2 (2016): Archive Statement. Worcestershire Archaeology Report 2539

Williams, A. & G.H.Martin (eds.) 1992 ‘Doomsday Book. A Complete Translation

Maps and Plans

1775 Yate’s Plan of Staffordshire Post-1790 Copy plan of lands of Lord Spencer Chichester in the Parish of Alrewas c.1818 Anson Estate Map: Alrewas 1840 Tithe Map of Alrewas 1870 Ordnance Survey 1” to 1 mile 1883 First Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53.1 (6” to 1 mile) First Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53.9 (6” to 1 mile) 1887 First Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53 SW (2” to 1 mile) First Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53 NW (2” to 1 mile) 1901 Second Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53.1 (6” to 1 mile) Second Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53.2 (6” to 1 mile) Second Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53.5 (6” to 1 mile) Second Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53.9 (6” to 1 mile) 1925 Second Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53 NW (2” to 1 mile) 1923 Edition Ordnance Survey Staffordshire 53.1(6” to 1 mile) 1972 Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet 1611-1711 1:2,500 Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet 1612-1712 1:2,500 Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet 1613-1713 1:2,500 Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet 1614-1714 1:2,500 Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet 1814-1914 1:2,500

All Ordnance Survey Maps included in this document are from the Landmark Information Group and are reproduced under Licence: Phoenix Consulting Licence: AL 100030371.

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Aerial Photographs

Reference NGR Date SK1612/1 SK166126 25.7.70 SK1612/12 SK169124 1.8.77 SK1613/1 SK169132 25.7.70 SK1712 [22] SK176123 24/06/89 SK1712 [23] SK175127 24/06/89 SK1712 [24] SK175123 24.6.89 SK1713/8 SK177130 1971 SK1713/10 SK174132 1971 SK1713/11 SK174132 1971 SK1713/12 SK174132 1971 SK1713/27 SK177130 1965 SK1713/34 SK177130 4.7.83 SK1714/1 SK177147 1964 SK1714/2 SK177147 1964 SK1714/3 SK177147 1964 SK1714/4 SK177147 1964 SK1714/5 SK177147 1964 SK1714/7 SK177147 23.7.69 SK1714/8 SK174141 23.7.69 SK1714/15 SK173140 25.7.70 SK1714/16 SK173140 25.7.70 SK1714/28 SK179146 3.7.78 SK1813/18 SK182185 24.6.89 3325/11 SK175127 1979 3325/17 SK185147 10.7.81 3355/27 SK177127 1979 3358/19 SK177124 1979 3358/20 SK177124 1979 3358/21 SK177124 1979 3358/22 SK185146 10.7.82 90.33.14 SK175123 10.7.90 90.33.15 SK177123 10.7.90 90.33.17 SK177130 10.7.90 90.33.18 SK177130 10.7.90 ASL 65 SK177127 n.d. No ref. SK176123 1989

Websites

http://www.bgs.ac.uk http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk http://www.magic.gov

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APPENDIX A

INVENTORY OF KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES & MONUMENTS (based upon entries held by Staffordshire Historic Environment Record)

NGR National Grid reference HER Historic Environment Record (reference)

Unk of unknown date Pre Prehistoric c 500,000- AD 43 Palaeo Palaeolithic c 500,000-10,000 BC Meso Mesolithic c 10,000-3,500 BC Neo Neolithic c 3500-2000 BC BA Bronze Age c 2000-800 BC IA Iron Age c 800 BC - AD 43 RB Romano-British AD 43-410 Sax Saxon 410-1066 Med Medieval c 1066-1560 PMed post-Medieval c 1560-present

No. on Period Evidence Description HER Grid Fig 2 No. Ref. SK WITHIN THE SITE BOUNDARY 1 Unk Cropmark Parallel linear features seen as cropmarks to the south of 01342 1695 BA-RB Roddige Lane, interpreted as the possible remains of a former 1325 trackway and/or the partial remains of a double-ditched enclosure. 2 Unk Cropmark Cropmark features identified from aerial photography including 01343 1652 PMed linear features and possible enclosures. Some of the linear 1247 features appear to be the remains of former post-Medieval field boundaries. Probable cropmark field boundaries of post Medieval date seen as perpendicular linear features each defined by a single ditch, with a maximum length of 220 metres and by forked linear features defined by a single ditch, with maximum lengths of 490 metres. Also, a potential cropmark enclosure of unknown date seen as an incomplete oval enclosure.

Trial trenching across these cropmarks in 2012 identified a number of undated features which could potentially be of Prehistoric date, together with a number of features that are likely to be former (post-Medieval) field boundaries.

3 Med Cropmark Recorded in the HER as an enclosure / ring ditch and seen on 03576 1689 aerial photographs as a double-ditched rectangular enclosure, 1224 with possible hut circle inside. Also, linear feature cropmarks, a trackway and a polygonal enclosure with entrance. The HER details that the cropmarks may be of Prehistoric and/or Roman date.

Trail trenching of a part of the cropmark complex in 2012 identified features of Medieval date in the form of a large ditch, a pit, several gullies and a post-hole. The evidence suggested ‘an enclosed rural farmstead … overlooking the surrounding rural landscape’ (Bradley 2013). No certain Prehistoric or Roman features were identified here.

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OUTSIDE THE SITE BOUNDARY 4 Palaeo Findspot A complete quartzite pointed biface handaxe of Lower or 60970 16 Middle Palaeolithic date, recovered during fieldwalking in 12 Fradley and Streethay parish in September 2010 5 Palaeo Findspot An incomplete flint handaxe of Lower or Middle Palaeolthic 60976 17 date, recovered during field walking in Whittington parish in 11 May2009. 6 Palaeo Findspot The well preserved partial skeleton of a woolly rhinoceros, 52175 174 recovered during quarrying works at Whitemoor Haye Quarry 126 in September 2002. 7 Neo/BA Findspot A Group VI type stone axe found in Alrewas parish 01352 173 135 8 Neo – Cropmark A series of cropmarks identified on aerial photography to the 01380 1718 IA east of Stockford Lane, Whittington. The cropmarks include a 1110 Med possible prehistoric pit cluster, medieval enclosures and post- PMed medieval field boundaries 9 Neo – Cropmark Cropmark features identified on aerial photography in the area 01344 1645 IA to the north of Broad Lane, Whittington. The features include a 1069 Med possible prehistoric enclosure, a possible medieval boundary PMed and post-medieval field boundaries. 10 Neo – Cropmark A circular cropmark feature identified from aerial photography 01382 1784 IA to the west of Bisphill Plantation. Other cropmark features, 1119 Unk including a probable pit alignment are also recorded in this area. 11 Neo – Cropmark A series of linear features, enclosures and pit alignments 54082 1802 IA identified on aerial photography in the area to the north-west of 1076 Elford. 12 Med Cropmark Two possible enclosures with possible internal features 01349 1733 PMed identified as cropmarks in the area to the north of Roddige. The 1407 enclosures are actually probable formed by a series of field boundaries of medieval and post-medieval date. A possible post-medieval trackway has also been identified in this area. 13 Unk Cropmark Enclosures and linear feature 01350 1788 1410 14 Unk Cropmark A series of cropmark features identified on aerial photographs 01357 1751 PMed in the Whitemoor Haye area. Probably representing the 1374 remains of a post-medieval field system 15 Unk Cropmark A curvilinear feature identified as a cropmark to the south of 01362 1727 Med Roddige Lane, Alrewas, which is interpreted as the possible 1324 PMed remains of a former field boundary or a polygonal enclosure of possible medieval date. Other linear features have also been identified in this area. 16 Neo- Cropmarks Whitemoor Haye Quarry. Scheduled Monument & Excavations. 00194 1800 PMed Excavations Investigations carried out in advance of quarrying at Whitemoor 01358-63 1300 Haye Quarry. A number of cropmarks on the site have been 01368-77 Scheduled (SM194) and subsequently excavated and recorded. 04235 Evidence has been recovered for Bronze Age barrows and 04502-3 cremation cemeteries, Iron Age enclosures, round houses, field systems, pit alignments and droveway. There is also evidence of a farming regime continuing into the Roman British period.

17 Unk Cropmark A series of linear cropmark features, thought to mainly represent 01341 1608 Med recently removed post-medieval field boundaries. Also 1230 PMed identified in this area are two cropmark enclosures, one of which is thought to be medieval in date 18 IA Cropmark A pit alignment of probable Iron date and a series of linear 03578 1648 PMed cropmarks interpreted as probable post-medieval field 1126 boundaries, identified on aerial photography east of Brookhay Lane, Whittington.

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19 IA Cropmark A pit alignment identified as a cropmark on aerial photography. 04272 1649 Suggested to be of Iron Age date. 1299 20 RB Documentary The projected course of a section of the Ryknild Street Roman 01144 1795 Excavation road, the course of which is now largely followed by the route 1285 of the modern A38. The earthwork remains of the agger survives in places along the route and elsewhere the possible roadside ditches have been identified as cropmarks. Archaeological investigations along the route have also revealed evidence for a possible road surface in places. 21 RB Findspot An incomplete, copper alloy Colchester (Polden Hill) type 60005 17 Roman brooch, recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas 13 parish in 1997 22 RB Findspot An elongated, cast object thought to be some form of projectile, 60012 17 recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas parish in January 13 1998. The object is thought to be of possible Roman date (although no comparisons are known) 23 Med Cropmark Cropmarks identified on aerial photography in the area to the 01348 1704 east of Fox Lane, south of Alrewas. The features have been 1433 interpreted as possible field boundaries and pits of medieval date 24 Med Cropmark Cropmark evidence for a rectangular enclosure and possible 01378 1789 PMed building suggested to be of medieval date, identified from aerial 1159 photography of the area to the west of Elford Park. Post- medieval field boundaries have also been mapped in this area. 25 Med Cropmark A series of cropmark features mapped from aerial photography 04090 1580 PMed in the area to the south of Brookhay Lane, Fradley. The features 1170 include possible medieval boundaries, enclosure, gravel pit and pit cluster, along with a possible post-medieval wood bank. 26 Med Earthwork The earthwork remains of medieval ridge and furrow, identified 20200 1585 on aerial photography from 1963. 1320 27 Med Findspots A collection of buckles, a fragment of lead vessel and a crotal 60013 17 PMed bell, all of post-medieval date, recovered during metal detecting 13 in Alrewas Parish in 1997 28 Med Findspot A slender, U-shaped copper alloy dagger of probable 13th to 60009 17 PMed 15th century date, recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas 13 parish in January 1998. 29 Med Findspot A U-shaped copper alloy sword of late medieval or early post- 60015 17 PMed medieval date, recovered during metal detecting in Alrewas 13 parish in January 1998. 30 Unk Findspot A copper alloy object of uncertain date and function, recovered 60011 17 during metal detecting in Alrewas parish in January 1998. The 13 object has a flat body, slightly tapered at one end and is engraved with a 'V' and parallel lines on one surface 31 PMed Building Rodigge Farmhouse, Rodigge Lane, Alrewas. A Grade II listed 12518 17185 late 18th century farmhouse built in red brick (Monk bond). T- 13631 shaped in plan with tile roof. 2 storeys high. 32 PMed Building Fradley Arms Hotel, Ryknild Street, Alrewas. A Grade II listed 12519 16211 late 18th century house built in brick. L-shaped in plan with tile 12975 roof. 3 storeys high. 33 PMed Building 18 Long Lane, Fradley. A Grade 2 listed 17th century timber- 03565 1612 framed cruck house, with later alterations. 1372 34 PMed Building Blue Gates Farmhouse, Brookhay Lane, Whittington. A Grade 12561 1611 2 listed early 18th century farmhouse with plastered brickwork 1136 and a tile roof. 35 PMed Building Barn and Granary, Blue Gates Farm, Brookhay Lane, 12562 1612 Whittington. A Grade 2 listed 18th century red brick barn and 1138 granary to Blue Gates Farm.

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36 PMed Building Oldbrook Cottage, 44 Church Lane, Alrewas. A Grade 2 listed 12460 1617 late 17th century timber-framed house (now rendered), with a 1362 tiled roof and brick chimney stack. 37 PMed Building Thatch Cottage, Long Lane, Fradley. A Grade 2listed 17th 12478 1604 century timber-framed house with a thatched roof. 1374 38 PMed Building Cruck House, Adjacent to Rose Cottage, Church Lane, Fradley. 03591 1594 A cruck-framed house which may originally have been built as 1353 an open hall. The house (which is now derelict) has been largely rebuilt in brick and the formerly thatched roof has been replaced with corrugated iron sheets. 39 PMed Canal Canal: Coventry Canal, first authorised in 1768 to Link the 02223 1956 Trent and Mersey Canal with the Oxford Canal and surveyed by 0798 Brindley before his death in 1772. Re-authorised 1783 and completed in sections from Alrewas southwards. The initial survey for the canal was undertaken by James Brindley and the building contractor was Thomas Sheasby who completed the work a year ahead of the June 1790 deadline set by the company. 40 PMed Bridge Brookhay Bridge, Coventry Canal, Alrewas. An 03045 1596 accommodation bridge spanning the Coventry Canal at 1180 Alrewas. Of probable late 18th century date. 41 PMed Bridge Dunstall Bridge, Coventry Canal, East of Fradley South. An 03046 1590 accommodation bridge spanning the Coventry Canal at 1265 Alrewas. 42 PMed Road Burton upon Trent (Alrewas and Shenstone) Turnpike Road. A 58462 1429 mid 19th century turnpike Road, connecting the towns of Burton 1218 upon Trent, Alrewas, Lichfield, Brownhills and Shenstone 43 PMed Milepost An early 20th century triangular cast iron milepost located to the 51387 165 south of Crown Inn Farm and gives distances to Lichfield, 134 Alrewas and Burton. Slightly damaged. 44 PMed Milepost An early 20th century triangular cast iron milepost located on 51388 15552 the south-east side of the A38 to the north-east of Hilliard's 12147 Cross. The milepost gives distances to Lichfield, Alrewas and Burton. 45 PMed Documentary Documentary evidence for the site of a ford on the River Tame 57907 1730 to the west of Elford. The ford may have been extant by the late 1091 18th century and by the 19th century was referred to as 'Willi Ford'. 46 PMed Farmstead Blue Gates Farm, Brookhay Lane, Whittington. A small 18th 53109 1614 century farmstead laid out around a regular U-plan courtyard, 1137 situated within a cluster of farms at Brookhay. 47 PMed Farmstead Brookhay Farm, Brookhay Lane, Whittington A farmstead laid 52820 1633 out around a regular courtyard with a main, L-plan range and a 1144 detached farmhouse. Situated in a cluster of farmsteads at Brookhay. A 'Brook Hay' appears to have been extant by the late 18th century, and is suggested to be of possible earlier origin. The original farm buildings are extant and the farm still appears to be in agricultural use 48 PMed Farmstead Roddige Farm, Roddige Lane, Alrewas. An isolated farmstead 53113 1717 originally laid out around a series of dispersed yards. The 1364 farmstead appears to have been established in the late 18th century and although some of the outbuilding ranges have now gone, there are some surviving in a cluster around the listed late 18th century farmhouse. 49 PMed WWII Airfield RAF Lichfield / Fradley Airfield. The site of the former RAF 20057 1473 Lichfield, originally planned as an aircraft storage unit, which 1291 opened on August 1st 1940. It became one of the busiest airfields in the country with some 113,800 take-offs and landings being made between 1942 and June 1945. Lichfield was retained by the RAF after the war and used as a 'flying school' until it was finally closed in April 1958. It has since been

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used for light industry and storage and has now been largely redeveloped and built over, although a number of original airfield buildings still survive. 50 PMed WWII structure Air Raid Shelter, RAF Lichfield, Fradley. One of a at least nine 04963 1555 Second World War air raid shelters at Fradley Airfield, Alrewas 1238 51 PMed WWII structure A Second World War aircraft hangar associated with RAF 54686 1527 Lichfield, identified on aerial photography 1240 52 PMed WWII structure A Second World War aircraft hangar associated with RAF 54687 1541 Lichfield, identified on aerial photography. 1242 53 PMed WWII structure A Second World War aircraft hangar associated with RAF 54688 1544 Lichfield, identified on aerial photography 1288 54 PMed WWII structure A hexagonal Second World War pillbox situated on the western 05042 1748 bank of the River Tame 1178

Information kindly supplied by Staffordshire County Council HER

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