LIST OF

1998-1999

FOR A LISTING OF THE 1998-99 100 MOST ENDANGERED SITES,

please see page 42. A World Fund program. Founding sponsor, Company. ® •• CONTENTS

AFFILIATES 4 HEWORLD MONUMENTS FUND BOARD OF TRUSTEES Acknowledgments is a private nonprofit organi­ 5 zation founded in 1965 by Marilyn Perry From the Chairman T individuals concerned about the Chairman Dr. Marilyn Perry, Chairman, World Monuments Fund Bertrand du Vignand accelerating destruction of important Chairman artistic treasures throughout the Hon. Ronald S. Lauder 6 Why Preservation Matters to Us world. To date WMF has orchestrated H. Peter Stern ASSOCIAZIONE COMITATO , Chairman and ChiefExecutive Officer, over 165 major projects in 51 coun­ Vice Chairmen ITALIANO tries. Today, with affiliates established American Express Company Count Paolo Marzotto in Europe-in Britain, France, , Robert W. Wilson Chairman 7 , and -the World Vice Chairman and Treasurer Foreword Monuments Fund sponsors an ongo­ Bonnie Burnham, President, World Monuments Fund ASSOCIAc;:AO ing program for the conservation of Robert J. Geniesse Secretary and General Counsel WORLD MONUMENTS FUND cultural heritage worldwide. WMF is Paulo Lowndes Marques 9 1997 Selection Panel and Major Donors to the World Monuments currently involved with 62 projects in Chairman Watch Program 46 countries. The World Monuments Anthony P. Balestrieri Watch, a global program launched in J. Carter Brown WORLD MONUMENTS FUND 10 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 1998-99 1995 on the occasion of the 30th W. L. Lyons Brown, Jr. ESPANA (listed alphabetically by country) anniversary of the World Monuments Juan Carlos Fierro BOJ;lnie Burnham Fund, aims to enhance the organiza­ Chairman tion's unique capacity to identify Patricia Falk 40 Site Map imperiled cultural heritage sites and Louise L. Grunwald WORLD MONUMENTS FUND leverage financial and technical sup­ IN BRITAIN 42 Key to Site Map Ashton Hawkins port for their preservation. TheRt. Hon. Prince Amyn Aga Khan The Viscount Norwich 43 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 1998-99 Peter Kimmelman Chairman (continued) Jonathan S. Linen WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH 71 Progress Report: List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 1996-97 Lois de Menil INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF HONOR Samuel C. Miller 76 List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 1996-97 Copyright © 1997 World Monuments Fund Peter M. F. Sichel H. E. Javier Perez de Cuellar All rights reserved. Bertrand du Vignaud Co-Chairman 77 World Monuments Fund Staff Directory Hon. Cyrus R. Vance World Monuments Fund Paolo Viti Co-Chairman 949 Park Avenue 78 European Offices and Affiliates Nancy Brown Wellin , N.Y. 10028 79 World Monuments Watch Program Guidelines and Schedule ISBN 1·890879·05·3

Designed by Jessica Weber Design, Inc., NY 80 Photo Credits Printed in Spain by Ediciones El Visa, Madrid

3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FROM THE CHAIRMAN

The World Monuments Watch program is the product of an active collaboration between World Monuments Fund and EW OCCASIONS IN THE TBIRTY-TWO YEAR HISTORY Monuments Watch register is a commentary on our the founding sponsor American Express Company as well as with many organizations and experts in the field. WMF of the World Monuments Fund have been as stewardship and a touchstone for our values. In the best expresses its gratitude to the many individuals and groups that have cooperated to make this work possible. Fcelebratory as the evening in May 1996 when we circumstances, it is also a stimulus to action. The Board of Trustees of World Monuments Fund has been extremely supportive-especi,~.lly its Chairman, Dr. Marilyn announced the first round of grants for the World Perry and Vice Chairmen, H. Peter Stern, Ronald S. Lauder, and Robert W. Wilson, who have made generous financial Monuments Watch. In a rOOm high above For the listed sites, the World Monuments Watch is a commitments to the World Monuments Watch. (auspiciously named Windows on the World), an invit­ spotlight in the dark. An international panel of experts ed group of WMF trustees and supporters, World has judged the work to be endangered, to be capable of American Express as a whole has embraced the World Monuments Watch program. OUf thanks to Chairman and CEO Harvey Golub and Vice Chairman Jon Linen, a WMF board member; to Vice Chairman Chuck Farr and to Don Daly, Monuments Watch donors, diplomats, project spon­ rescue, and to be important in its context-in other for their innovative contributions through special programs directed at the travel industry; to members of the American sors, and preservationists inaugurated a comprehensive words, to be worth saving. Local champions seize this Express grants panel; to Tom Ryder, President of Travel Related Services International, and American Express managers private sector initiative for the survival of great archi­ as a new and powerful defense, and sometimes the list­ worldwide for their support of individual World Monuments Watch projects; to Beth Salerno, Connie Higginson, Anne Wickham, and Marian Hansen of the Philanthropic Program and Nancy Muller and Richard D'Ambrosio of American tecture. ing alone has favorably influenced public policy on Express Public Affairs. Special thanks are owed to Ed Kelly, Publisher, and Pat Girty and Denise Fulco of Travel and behalf of a site. For most, however, the greatest help is Leisure magazine. It was a memorable event. The initial List of 100 Most financial. Even modest outside suppOrt can leaven new Endangered Sites was impressive for the breadth of the pride, new energy, new local partnerships, new funding Special thanks to ICOMOS, through its Paris headquarters, its U.S. Committee and its Blue Shield program, and espe­ cially to Jean Louis Luxen, Todor Krestev of ICOMOS , and Leo Van Nispen for cooperating in the organiza­ World Monuments Watch approach and the quality of sources, and new attention from established authorities. tion of a special session on endangered sites at the ICOMOS 11th General Assembly and International Symposium in the sites in peril. Above all, there was a sense of promise The site may still require much work, but it is no longer Sofia in October 1996. that a mechanism had been created to fill a widespread, in imminent peril. It moves off the World Monuments Gratitude is expressed to the World Monuments Watch selection panel (listed on page 9). In addition, many experts recognized need. Watch list. enhanced the selection ,process by commenting on the nominations to the endangered list: Akhtar Badshah, Badshah Consulting, ; Richard Brilliant, Columbia University; William C. Brumfield, Tulane University; William Demonstrating this promise, the first World For WMF, the establishment of the World Monuments Chapman, University of Hawaii at.Manoa; Miguel Angel Corzo, The Getty Conservation Institute; Ricardo J. Elia, Monuments Watch grantees-36 sites in 27 countries­ Watch program has significantly increased both our Department of , Boston University; Christine Ferinde, New York Landmarks Conservancy; James Marston Fitch, Beyer Blinder Belle Architects & Planners, New York; Raul Garcia, URBANA Consultants, Ltd, Miami; Oleg were as various as human life on this planet, and as vul­ presence in the field and our capacity to respond. Grabar, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton University; Dino Milinovic, UNESCO Secretary General, Croatia; nerable. Flooded temples in Thailand, an abandoned Indeed, so impressive were the results generated by the Mary Miller, Yale University; Dorothy Miner, Columbia University; Jan Hird Pokorny, Jan Hird Pokorny Architects & synagogue on Crete, a storm-damaged conservatory in first round of grants that their progress almost over­ Planners, New York; Theodore H. M. Prudon, Conservation Architect, New York; Nasser Rabbat, History, Theory, and Criticism of , Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Thomas Reese, The Getty Research Institute for the San Francisco, a looted archaeological zone in Mali, a shadowed the presentation of the 1997 awards. And History of Art and the Humanities; Thomas Roby, American Academy in ; Katherine Stevenson, United States derelict Islamic in , eroding sub­ most promising of all, a significant number of the orig­ Department of the Interior, National Park Service; Herman Van Hooff, Programme Specialist for the Americas, structures on , an ill-used imperial palace in inal 100 Most Endangered Sites have been removed UNESCO World Heritage Centre; Augusto Fabella Villalon, A. Villalon Associates Architects, Manila; James Wiseman, St. Petersburg, unprotected monasteries on the coast of from the new list, as now out of immediate peril. Department of Archaeology, Boston University; Ann Webster Smith, Chairman, US/ICOMOS; Phyllis Madeline Wright, Scholar, Ancient Roman Cryptology. Croatia-by definition, a rOster of the forlorn state of much of our historic patrimony in the late-twentieth In all respects, the World Monuments Watch has proven WMF thanks Sylvio Mutal and Elizabeth Childs Johnson, who have spent many hours in discussions about shaping pro­ century. But far from a litany of despair, the first World its value. For dozens of monuments in trouble, it has grams in South America, Africa, and China. Monuments Watch awards, sponsored by the American pinpointed need, attracted attention, and provided a David Masello researched and wrote the catalogue texts for the 1998-99 list and the progress report for the 1996-97 list, Express Foundation, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, means to move forward. As an international mecha­ which form the core of this publication. Mario Mercado helped to bring publication production to a smooth close as and several other donors, were a beacon of internation­ nism, the program has also demonstrated the essential copy editor. al interest, practical attention, and new hope. advantages of private sector leadership-the capacity to An indispensible cadre of interns, translators, and volunteers participated in the development of program materials and identify problems, to activate concern, and to facilitate the transfer of site nominations to the World Monuments Watch database: Simon Clark, Cynthia Jill Coleman, Sarah It is in these terms that the purposes and the preliminary solutions. WMF must now enlarge its effectiveness by Ganz, Bronwen B. Hamrah, Hansel Hernandez, Diana Hernandez, Michael Kelleher, Maureen A. Marino, Frank Garcia effects of the World Monuments Watch are best under­ increasing its visibility, its recognition, and its funding. Montes, Sarah Diaz Negron, Anne-Sophie Roure, Julie Sumsion, Helen Tsui and Geraldine Casey in the WMF Paris stood. For the greater public, the 100 Most Endangered We look forward to celebrating its significance far into office, and Elizabeth Llewellyn in the London office. Michael Kelleher, a graduate student in at the University of , deserves special recognition for his ongoing role in developing an evaluation of the World Sites-the only worldwide listing of heritage in peril­ the future. Monuments Watch in its first two years. provides a means of comprehending the universal nature of the cause. Through case after case, it illustrates The World Monuments Watch is a staff-wide, worldwide activity; every employee of the organization is involved, and an astonishing spectrum of unique human creations many have worked extra hours to coordinate this effort and contribute to its quality, especially Rebecca Anderson, Jon Calame, Stephen Eddy, Martha Flach, Felicia Mayro, Katherine Rodway, and Kirstin Sechler. To them and to represen­ afflicted by the ravages of time, nature, neglect, abuse, CJi±'f; tatives of the scores of preservation organizations throughout the world who have freely given their advice and counsel, and harmful policies. As a compendium of immediate Chairman special thanks. need and a bellweather of potential loss, the World

4 5 WHY PRESERVATION MATTERS TO Us FOREWORD

NE OF THE KEY ELEMENTS THAT DEFINES the biennial List of 100 Most Endangered Sites, and by HE WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH, A GLOBAL the public platform offered by the World Monuments American Express Company in the eyes of offering emergency grants to help save a numberofthem. program to call attention to cultural sites Watch listing to initiate local action that would result O our customers is our relationship to travel and T throughout the world that are in urgent peril, in positive change. tourism. What are tourism's greatest assets? Wel1-train~d We firmly believe that the selection panels for the twO was pioneered in 1996 by the World Monuments Fund people, historic sites, traditions, and culmral heritage. lists have done their job wisely. All of the listed sites are and American Express. It is, first and foremost, a call to Every site listed in 1996 was reviewed for inclusion in action-to challenge government authorities responsi­ the present list. Following this review, 25 sites were These precious resources are critical to the quality of life important and urgently in need ofhelp. We were pleased ble for important cultural resources to identify sites retained, vacating 75 places on the 1998 list for new worldwide. They are also prime motivators for interna­ to assist 31 of the sites on the first list with grants. immediately at risk, and to stimulate public awareness selections. In a few cases, sites were removed because a tional travel-and they are increasingly at risk. We have tried to supportprojects in different parts of the of the tremendous need to preserve and create sustain­ dramatic turnaround has occurred since the original world, to emphasize that this is a global initiative. Some able uses for significant heritage made by man. The listing in 1996 and we can say with certainty that the No industry has a greater stake than ours in the preser­ of the sites chosen for American Express grants have had first biennial phase of the program has been a time of site's future is secure. For the Morgan Lewis Sugar Mill vation of the world's great endangered sites. Travel and a high profile, some have not. All of them are either momentous progress, and it is with pride and confi­ in Barbados, the Etz Hayim Synagogue in Crete, and tourism is the largest industry in the world as well as the tourist sites or show potential for tourism-and for sev­ dence in the process and its results that we now joint­ the Temple of Hercules in Rome, the mission of the major employer. According to the World Travel & eral of them, insensitive tourism presents a threat that ly announce the List of100 Most Endangered Sites for World Monuments Watch listing has been accom­ Tourism Council, OUf industry now generates about 10.7 needs to be better managed. 1998-99. plished. The is well on its way to being percent of global gross domestic product and employs saved. 262 million people worldwide. We can look ahead to an In the course of my own travel I have visited several of This list is chosen from amongst hundreds of nomina­ even more productive future. But if we want to achieve these sites, an experience which I heartily recommend. tions received from public authorities, local preserva­ Many sites were removed from the 1998 list because and sustain our growth, we will have to address critical There is nothing like seeing with your own eyes sites tion groups, and qualified individuals. Every site nom­ significant progress had been made toward a healthy issues such as protecting our environment-natural and such as San Ignacio Mini in Argentina or Our Lady's inated was endorsed by an institutional sponsor, state of conservation; these sites will be monitored man-made-and preserving the very cultures and tradi­ Assumption Basilica in Cracow, to appreciate the devas­ adding credibility to the nomination and institutional and reviewed again for inclusion in the list at the time tions upon which tourism depends. tating threats that they face and the extraordinary role support to the project. All nominations are reviewed of the selection for the year 2000. Finally, a few sites that even a modest contribution can play in helping to by a panel ofexperts in the field of cultural heritage were removed from the World Monuments Watch American Express has chosen to assume a leadership role save these vitilinks between the present and the past. and its conservation. This panel selects the list of 100 list because there had been no progress or no com­ in the preservation of the world's endangered sites and sites, which will become the focus of the World munication with the nominator, suggesting that list­ monuments, fOf the good ofour communities around the Now more than ever our industry faces the challenge of Monuments Watch promotion and fundraising efforts ing had no impact. The panel removed these sites world and for the sake of our own industry. safeguarding its major assets-people and places. The for the next two years. from the list to make room on the list for others that track record of the World Monuments Watch in its first might benefit more from the World Monuments That is why, two years ago, we made a major investment two years has renewed our confidence in the ability of The criteria for listing sites as endangered are both Watch process. The Progress Report section of the in the World Monuments Watch, an ambitious new pro­ timely intervention to help preserve endangered sites. We straightforward and broad-the site's overall signifi­ present catalogue summarizes the status of each site gram of the World Monuments Fund. Designed to are proudto be at the forefront of this effort and gratified cance, the urgency of its situation, and the viability of on the 1996 list that was excluded from the present address an enormous problem of direct interest to our that so many others, including our colleagues in the trav­ action plans to save it. Over the last year, we have listing. Overall, it shows an impressive record of industry, this initiative offered an unprecedented oppor­ el and tourism industry, have begun to rally behind this refined what we mean by these terms, and identified momentum building behind the solution of prob­ tunity to reach many other potential contributors who cause and to offer financial support to individual sites and some of the common issues that affect many of the lems that until very recently seemed insurmountable. would understand the magnitude of the global challenge to the World Monuments Watch program as a whole. sites that are nominated. In light of this, the selection and respond accordingly. panel in 1997 added to the list an additional criterion of The second step in the World Monuments Watch sustainability-evidence that the site, if restored, could process is the awarding of grants, including $1 million American Express has a long history of involvement in ~74LL- be maintained properly in the future by a local con­ per year from American Express, with additional sup­ historic preservation, during which time the World Harvey Golub stituency with the means to do so. port provided by several other WMF donors and new Monuments Fund has often been a partner of choice. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer partners. Nearly half the sites on the 1996 list have Our experience with them in the past led us to believe American Express Company When the panel met to select the present list of endan­ received financial support from the World Monuments that this new, much larger investment would be money gered sites, it was with the mission to choose sites that Watch. A total of $3 million in grants has been well spent, and our confidence has been rewarded. satisfy these criteria and also represent the best oppor­ approved for World Monuments Watch sites, and the tunities to address the great challenges facing the search for funds continues. But direct support is only The World Monuments Watch has made it possible to part of the story. We have learned from many nomina­ raise the company's involvement in historic preservation preservation field. In its selection, the panel also weighed the nominators' ability to take advantage of tors that, as a direct result of listing, governments have to a higher level, both by supporting the development of

6 7 1998 99 SELECTION PANEL made significant funds available for World Monuments Brussels; the Alameda Railway Station in Santiago, Colin Amery Architecture Critic, The Financial Times Watch sites, in cases where these funds were not forth­ ; and the fabricated steel-frame San Sebastian Special Advisor, World Monuments Fund in Britain coming prior to tbe listing. Funds allocated by gov­ Church in the Philippines, to remind us that the archi­ ernment agencies and local donors are at least equal to tectural products of engineering and large-scale enter­ Gustavo Araoz Executive Director, US/ICOMOS the support contributed by WMF. This tremendous prise are now amongst the meaningful landmarks that leverage is perhaps the program's greatest strength, and many communities cherish. Lester Borley Former Secretary General, one that we will learn to maximize as more successful case histories are gathered from the field. U. S. sites listed this year are all victims of an inade­ Gael de Guichen Assistant to the Director-General of ICCROM Museums and Collections quate vision to recognize and properly manage pri­ Finally, we turn to the new listing-what does it con­ mary cultural resources. Lancaster County, Jan Fontein Former Director, Boston Museum of Fine Arts tain and why? As in the last round, several of the Pennsylvania, besieged by mall shoppers; the South grandes dames of the world's monuments and sites are Pass Cultural Landscape in Wyoming potentially Meehtild Rossler Programme Specialist, Natural Heritage and Cultural Landscapes, UNESCO World listed-, the Metropolitan Cathedral in opened to oil pipelines; and the deserted mining Heritage Center City, , Mesa Verde. These great town at Bodie State Park in California, left to its own sites are in need of new strategies and significantly destruction, all suffer from commonly misguided increased funds to ensure their continued role amongst public policies for their management. Mona Serageldin Director, Unit for Housing and Urbanization, Graduate School of Design, Harvard the world's greatest cultural treasures. University This year's endangered list contains many jewels The list contains sites affected by catastrophe, especial­ whose names are not yet familiar yet they are at risk of Giora Solar Director of Special Projects, The Getty Conservation Institute ly the recent conflicts that have left ancient cultural disappearing. The marvelous Bogd Khaan Palace in resources on the brink of destruction. The Islamic city Mongolia; the Russakov Club in Moscow, a stellar John Stubbs Vice President of Programs, World Monuments Fund; Adjunct Associate Professor, of Herat in Afghanistan, the Roman ruins at Butrint in modern landmark; and the recently discovered Rio Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University Albania, and the great Franciscan Monastery in Lauca Prehistoric Burial Towers in Bolivia are sites Dubrovnik, Croatia need international help now to that deserve and will receive more recognition through prevent irretrievable losses in the difficult postwar the World Monuments Watch. times that these countries face. MAJOR DONORS TO THE WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH These and the other sites on the endangered list have Historic urban areas, where rapid change has placed two things in common: they are seriously imperiled, American Express Company The J. M. Kaplan Fund the traditional historic fabric at risk, were the theme of but they can still be saved. To read the endangered list many nominations to this year's list. Several of the is an instructive and enjoyable process of discovery­ Anonymous Kenneth and Evelyn Lipper Foundation world's most picturesque cities-including Prague, both of the places and of their current challenges. Ms. Eleanor Briggs Lita Annenberg Hazen Charitable Trust Tbilisi in Georgia, Ahmedabad in central India, and the Please realize that your engagement in learning about high-rise, mud-brick city of Shibam in Yemen-are these places by reading the List of 100 Most The Brown Foundation Loews Hotels listed to reflect concern of nominators that new urban Endangered Sites is part of the process of saving them, Cotsen Family Foundation The Ronald S. Lauder Foundation design, abandonment of traditional building materials, and in itself, a way to help. Therefore, enjoy. and the new scale of modern cities will obliterate the The East India Hotels Ltd. Samuel H. Kress Foundation fabric of the past. With city populations expected to Ms. Virginia Gilder The Search Charitable Foundation Ltd. escalate in corning decades, this is one of the key prob­ lems facing conservationists today. The Florence Gould Foundation Somerville Easter Island Bequest Bonnie Burnham Grand Circle Foundation The Starr Foundation The legacy of the nineteenth century and the modern President era-elaborate soaring churches and massive industrial Ms. Betty Wold Johnson The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts and Mr. Douglas F. Bushnell and utilitarian structures-poses special problems and Mr. Robert W. Wilson this year's listing contains a sprinkling of examples, including the Radio and Television Building in

8 9 LIST OF

HERAT OLD CITY BUTRINT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE HERAT, AFGHANISTAN SARANDE, ALBANIA

1100-1899 SITE NO.1 8TH CENTURY B.C.-5TH CENTURY A.D. SITE NO.2

HE REGION'S ONGOING CONFLlCf, WITH ITS m ORFIOT TRADERS IN THE EIGHTH CEN'l'lJRY subsequent population displacement and con­ LIS T B.C. conducting business along the Adriatic MOST T comitant looting of artifacts, has seriously OF 100 Ccoast needed a base between Epirus and the ENDANGERED threatened the viability of Herat. Brilliantly colonies in southern Italy and so they founded colored , teeming markets, and vast Butrint. Over the centuries the city gained vaulted spaces have marked the city since at importance as a stop along the merchant trade least the fifteenth century when it served as routes and successive waves of Romans, SITES the capital of Central Asia's Timurid empire. Goths, Byzantines, Venetians, and Turks came Herat's architecture reflects its many succes­ to control it. By the fourteenth century, the 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 sive conquerors-Greek, Persian, Arab, and site had long vanished. But in the 1920s, Italian Indian among them. As it grew, Herat's archaeologists rediscovered it, unearthing the medieval structures became the heart of what Greek polygonal wall around the acropolis, a is one of the premier examples of a traditional fourth-century amphitheater, and keenly artic­ and vital Islamic urban center. Up until 1978, ulated statues. Since its uncovering, a site man­ much of the city center remained intact but agement program has yet to be developed, war damage has been brutal, resulting in the made more difficult by Albania's recent politi­ destmction of entire quarters of the old city as cal mrmoil. Because of wholly inadequate well as part of its citadel. Furthermore, many drainage systems, flooding of the ruins of the structures are of mud brick, a material remains a constant threat and dense vegetation especially vulnerable to earthquakes and continues to inflict damage. The most insidi­ chronic ground water problems. A plan to ous threat of all, though, is the plan for large­ reconstruct Herat, which uses local expertise scale tourist facilities along the coast nearby. and indigenous materials, could serve as an While Butrint already receives more visitors important example of how conservation can than it can accommodate, insensitive develop­ contribute not only to the preservation of cul­ ment would destroy its context. Butrint is on tural identity but also to economic recovery. the World Heritage List.

10 11 USHUAIA PRISON PREVIOUS RADIO AND TOUR AND TAXIS WORTEL COLONY ESTATE USHUAIA, TIERRA DEL FUEGO, TELEVISION BUILDING BRUSSELS, BELGIUM HOOGSTRATEN, BELGIUM 1897-1907 ARGENTINA BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SITE NO.5 1822 SITE No.6

1902-1912 SITE NO.3 1935 SITE NO.4 lID HE DEMISE OF BRUSSELS'S TOUR AND TAXIS RINCE FREDERIK'S IDEA IN 1822 WAS THOUGH THE 600 CONVICTS THAT OCCUPIED RUSSELS IS ONE OF THOSE EVER-CHANGING LIS T site would represent the loss of a significant noble and seemingly sound: give destitute OF 100 the 380 cells in the Ushuaia prison up until cities that has been known to sacrifice much T aspect of the world's industrial heritage. When P.families a small house, an arable plot of A'ts closure in 1947 were not exactly town citi­ Bof its early noteworthy architectural stock this facility arose at the turn of the century it land, two cows, a sheep, tools, and cloth- zens, their work was integral to the daily life for generic speculative development. But as was a model transportation hub-the meeting ing-all of which would be paid for by of the city beyond the formidable walls. difficult as it is to save truly old buildings in point within a city of railroad, customs, and income derived from selling one's own pro­ Public works projects and were often city centers, it is often even more challenging maritime interests. Tour and Taxis was instru­ duce. But the novel social experiment failed built by prison labor, which also supplied the to save newer structures, especially those mental in the development of the economies by 1843 when it was realized that most of southern Argentine town with such staples as built for highly-specialized functions. The of both city and nation. The complex's ratio­ the occupants of the 524-hectare estate firewood, bread, and electrical power; prison­ Radio and Television Building, with its dra­ nalist town planning, engineering, and archi­ were from big towns and had little or no ers and citizens relied on each other. Given matic telescoping tower, each floor of which tectural ideals-where the potentials of cast­ experience with farming. By the late-nine­ the prison's prominent site in town, its is wrapped with a band of glass, is an exem­ iron, reinforced concrete, steel, and glass in a teenth century the estate, with its beckon­ restoration would be the key impetus for plar of the vulnerability of important build­ Flemish Renaissance vernacular style were ing avenues, park land, and handsome overall local development. The is ings of this century. Until 1995, the 10 realized-was revolutionary. With the estab­ structures became a shelter for the home­ defined by a central ward from which radiate acoustically renowned recording studios and lishment of the European Community, cus­ less. Ironically, now that Belgium has five cellblock spokes. One of the wings has 400-seat auditorium were in use. When its toms and storage practices have changed, ren­ repealed a law that made vagrancy a crime, housed a maritime museum, but the plan is owners, the national radio and television, left dering most of Tour and Taxis moot. the estate's reason for being-its farm-no for the prison to become a revenue-generat­ for quarters elsewhere, a significant work by Although the buildings remain in good shape, longer has a Source of cheap labor. ing cultural center, a goal that remains distant architect Joseph Diongre Was left behind, the threat comes from developers who want to National, regional, and local authorities unless emergency maintenance is done. including much of bis furniture. Upon dis­ demolish significant tracts, close down the few have agreed to keep the land and buildings Windows need to be reglazed and portions of covering recently that a costly asbestos remaining customs and railway functions, and intact but there is no official law to ensure the corrugated metal replaced to make removal was needed, the Owners have decid­ transform much of what would be left into an that. A site survey and comprehensive the building watertight. Once these repairs ed to sell the property rather than maintain it. inappropriate entertainment extravaganza. A reuse plan, perhaps one involving the are addressed the prison's transformation into Unless a new use is found for this marvel of plan outlining sensitive, pragmatic adaptive resumption of its humanitarian functions, a cultural center can proceed. technology and modernist aesthetics, the reuses could serve as a definitive example for are necessary. building could be lost. other such transportation centers.

12 13 ROYAL PALACES OF ABOMEY ARANI AND CALLAPA CHURCHES Rio LAUCA PREHISTORIC BURIAL TOWERS VILLAGE OF POCITEL} ABOMEY, BENIN BOLIVIA DEPARTMENT OF ORURO, BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

1645-1906 SITE iVO. 7 1560 AND 1745 SITE NO.8 1200-1600 SITE NO.9 1444-PRESENT SITE NO. 10

UCCESSION OF TWELVE KINGS RULED THE HE CHURCHES OF CALLAPA AND ARANI ARE ORTY-FIVE AYMARA FUNERARY TOWERS OCITEL), WHICH PRESENTS ITSELF IN A Im1 but two examples of the scores of adobe (chullpares) recently discovered in Western Im1 spectacular natural amphitheater in the val­ LIS T African kingdom of Abomey from the sev­ LIS T OF 100 j\ churches in Bolivia that face extinction, Bolivia have endured centuries of assault OF 100 ley of the Neretva River near , has had enteenth century until the early-twentieth T F P century and each of them built a lavish despite designation as National Monuments. from the wind and sand erosion, persistent a long acquaintance with conflict, though palace on the royal grounds. Over the cen­ Callapa is the best preserved sixteenth-centu­ freezes, lichen infestation, and aggressive never before has its existence been so ques­ turies, the complex came to be filled with ry church complex in Bolivia, with church nesting birds rypical of the altiplano. But the tioned. The settlement began in 1444 as a dwellings and attendant facilities (nearly and bell tower set within a spacious atrium isolated adobe structures, with their unique Hungarian fortress, but by 1471 it was con­ 200) embellished with bas-reliefs, murals, with stone arcades and open chapels. Inside polychrome decoration influenced by Inca quered by the Turks and its layout and archi­ and sculpture. Apart from the Glele and the church are the earliest surviving colonial designs, have been unable to withstand the tectural stock reflect Ottoman rule. Under Guezo palaces which now house a histori­ frescoes in Bolivia, highly important painted damage imposed by humans. Since a high­ subsequent Austrian occupation in 1878 the cal museum, the site is one of abandon­ canvases, and eighteenth-century mural way was opened in 1996 that made accessible town's strategic importance diminished and it ment. The most historically and aesthetical­ paintings in the baptistry that are a master­ this starkly remote region of the Sajama was not until the 1960s that a renewal began ly resonant palaces, including those of the piece of the - sryle. The National Park, tourists have threatened deli­ in earnest. The political environment, looting, Queen Mother, the royal tombs, and the church has been robbed twice, and the roof is cate ecosystems and vandalized three of the and willful destruction of buildings, includ­ residence of the priestesses are in danger of unstable and could collapse any time. Such towers. The necropolis, which represents the ing the , during recent conflicts have imminent collapse. Once roofs fall the was the case at Arani, an exemplar of the most important monumental complex of the led to wholesale abandonment by residents. earthen walls containing the bas-reliefs incipient in Andean baroque architec­ Aymara people, extends over a 20-kilometer A safeguarding of extant monuments, recon­ become vulnerable during the rainy season. ture. In 1993 the presbytery vault crumbled, range in a vast park that is staffed by only struction, and a plan to encourage the return Over the last two years, locals have become destroying part of the magnificent high altar three full-time employees. Scarce human and of its citizens are needed. Even though a con­ involved in preservation efforts and a site retable. Donations from local residents and financial resources have precluded adequate dition survey has been completed, the issue manager has been hired to oversee emer­ pilgrims financed restoration of the vault and site supervision and maintenance and emer­ remains of how to reinstitute a basic infra­ gency repairs. However, until a workable rctable, but the entire structure remains in gency stabilization of the monuments. structure so that PoCitelj life can be renewed maintenance plan is adopted, the majority danger from unstable foundations and inade­ and its glory reestablished. Revitalization of of structures are at immediate risk. The quate drainage. the hilltop town would serve as a critically Royal Palaces are on the List ofthe World needed model in a region filled with towns Heritage in Danger. equally laid to ruin by war.

14 15 BANIEAY CHHMARTEMPLE OFJAYAVARMAN GULF OF GEORGIA CANNERY ALAMEDA RAILROAD STATION MADARA HORSEMAN vn THMAR PuOK, RICHMOND, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA SANTIAGO, CHILE KASPICHAN, BULGARIA 1100-1199 SITE NO. 12 1894-1964 SITE NO. 13 1900 SITE NO. 14 8TH-9TH CENTURY SITE NO. 11

ENEATH THE STRANGLING VINES AND OR GENERATIONS MANY WEST COAST RAINS STILL ARRIVE AND DEPAKr FROM T IS THE DEFINITIVE ICON FOR BULGARIANS: nearly impenetrable Cambodian jungle near Canadian towns depended on the local Chile's largest and grandest railroad sta­ IImI a carved rock relief depicting the life-size LIS T the Thailand border lies a twelfth-century cannery. When the Gulf of Georgia tion. The shed's single-span metallic vault, OF 100 forms of a horseman trailed by a running B F T I complex of temple ruins that are among the Cannery opened in 1894 at the mouth of supported by 16 arches, seems to stretch dog and a speared lion caught beneath the most important Khmer sites. King Jayavarman the salmon-rich Fraser River in Richmond, for an infinite distance from the waiting crushing hooves of the horse. Inscriptions VII built his "Fu,e Citadel" in homage to five it was one of scores of active canneries that area. The French firm of Schneider & Cie in Greek on either side describe the early heroes who died in defense of their country, dotted the coastline; now it is one of the designed the 7,500-square-meter terminal history of the Bulgarian state, founded in one of them his son. Bas-reliefs depict the war few remaining wooden structures of its at the height of Santiago's urban develop­ 681. The scene presents itself 25 meters up between the Khmer and Champa kingdoms kind. After a number of additions, the ment. The station is framed by two earlier a 100-meter-high cliff in the Madara and the accession of the Khmer king (similar building grew to 50,000 square feet and (1885) single-story Beaux Arts inspired plateau in northeastern Bulgaria. But this scenes are repeated at Cambodia's better rests on 600 wooden piles. Until it closed buildings. A busy schedule of trains would enduring signature of Bulgarian culture known Bayon temple at ). Also on the in 1979, the facility had served as a major seem to bode well for a railroad station flakes away with every season. Exposure to nine-square-kilometer site are eight temples. fish processing depot and employed a ffiul­ except that here a massive redevelopment the elements-especially freeze-thaw­ Ironically, peace has brought new threats. tiethnic work force. In 1994 it opened to scheme for the deteriorating area around cycles-microorganisms, pollution erosion, Although artifacts from the temple have been the public as an interpretive center for the Alameda Station conspicuously includes no and cliff face shearing and earth tremors looted and nature has virtUally subsumed the fishing industry. A recent assessment of plan for its continued use. Despite its threaten the destruction of the scene. Its structures, was largely left structural members has revealed severe National Historic Monument designation, preservation presents a technical conun­ alone because of its remoteness, especially insect infestation and dry rot. Replacement Alameda Station's historical, cultural, and drum: the relief was meant to be of the during the Khmer Rouge occupation in the of affected substructure members needs to architectural significance in the city appears open air but some Bulgarian experts have 1970s. With pacification and easier road access, be done immediately followed by the at risk. It is feared that the station will be concluded that installing a permanent roof the ruins are increasingly open to exploitation. installation of fire stops. The cannery's shut down or, at 'minimum, its aesthetic over it is the only solution-and as soon as The site is in urgent need of being document­ presence in town serves as tangible docu­ integrity seriously compromised. possible so that stabilization of the carvings ed and cleared of destructive vegetation before mentation of a once-vital industry and its Restoration plans for Alameda Station need can begin. The Madara Horseman is on the its artifacts are either carried off or conquered loss would create a cultural vacuum. to be implemented within the existing mas­ World Heritage List. by nature. ter plan since the station is still a vital ingredient in the life of Santiago.

16 17 NAMSELING MANOR PALPUNG TIBETAN MONASTERY TULORALDEA JUFU HALL, XIAN NONG TAN DRACHI, TIBET, CHINA BABANG VILLAGE, SICHUAN, CHINA SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA, CHILE (THE TEMPLE OF AGRICULTURE) 14TH CENTURY SITE NO. 17 1725 SITE NO. 18 5TH CENTURY B. C.-2ND CENTURY A.D. SITE NO. 15 BEIJING, CHINA 1420 SITE NO. 16 AMSELING MANOR IS AMONG THE RAREST HOUGH PALPUNG MONASTERY IS REACHABLE HE PRE-HISPANIC ATACAMENA CULTURE !!Pm and most revealing examples ofTibetan ver­ only by horseback (six hours from the near­ built a dense series of dwellings grouped HE EMPERORS LITERALLY HAD NEW CLOTHES L I 5 T OF 100 nacular architecture. Although the destruc­ est road), it remains highly active, complete concentrically around a central one in to put on in Jufu Hall. During the Ming N T T tion of the Tibetan Buddhist heritage is well with a college, printing house, monastic quar- northern Chile (south-central ) ~nd Qing dynasties, this structure inside T known, the demise ofTibet's great manor ters, meditation retreat, and numerous stupas. beginning in the fifth century B.e. Tulor's Xiannongtan (the Temple of Agriculture), houses, palaces, fortresses, and noble estates­ The main assembly hall is the second largest dwellings exemplify the earthen architec­ one of Beijing's extant imperial palaces, a phenomenon of equal import-has been traditional Tibetan building embodying the ture of those early settlements. Mud walls was where emperors changed into farming ignored. Up until 1959, this seven-story coun­ ethos of the Dege style: thick rammed earth­ were often fashioned into intriguing circu­ garb every spring in order to conduct ritual try residence was occupied by members of the en walls, portions of which are embellished lar dwellings whose diameters measured plowing to show respect for the discipline. Namseling family who oversaw the surround­ and strengthened with inset logs; decorated between three and eight meters. To date, 22 But Jufu Hall is no mere changing room. ing gardens, orchards, farmland, and stables. w:ndow frames; carved wood motifs. Nine designated sections (about 10 percent of Long windowed expanses, a sweeping roof One of only six extant Tibetan manor houses, major earthquakes have rocked the region in the village of Tulor Aldea) have been fitted with glazed tiles, and support beams Namseling is especially conspicuous because it this century and one in 1993 leveled a three­ unearthed in the 5,600-square-meter embellished with lacquered scenes of gold­ stands alone in its landscape, with no modern story wing of the monastery, itself now archaeological site but the ruins have been en dragons (the symbolic figures for buildings intruding on it. The Tibetan reli­ weakened. Driving rains have rotted away left open to the harsh elements. Powerful emperors) marked the imperial-style hall. gious community has remained uninterested structural members and a buildup of clay on winds buffet the fragile walls, bringing Jufu Hall is the last of its kind in Beijing in preserving Namseling because it is a former the roof from repairs has made them too with them eroding salts; the exposed walls and it is in danger of collapse. Many of the fief. But since the building's plight was made weighty. The building's problems are beyond are crumbling at an alarming rate. wooden frames and beams have decayed known, largely because of World Monuments the capacity of local authorities; what cannot Conservation measures are urgently needed and steps up to the building have given Watch listing, progress has been made, includ­ be fixed is often discarded, which usually to preserve this significant village for future way. Architects have completed a detailed ing structural stabilization, the rebuilding of a means original carved interior decorations. A generatIOns. plan for restoration but funds are needed porch, and removal and recording of debris. In seismic survey, emergency repairs, and a for building materials. Jufu Hall is located order for the goal to be met of making the near the popular tourist site of the Temple restoration using traditional materials and of Heaven and its restoration would guar­ house into a cultural center, funds are needed local artisans would also serve as a model for antee it a large and admiring audience. for documentation and technical assistance. preservation of other monasteries in the reglOn.

18 19 DUCAL PALACE FRANCISCAN MONASTERY LIBRARY REINA CEMETERY FOLLIES AND CONSERVATORY IN LEDNICE ZADAR, CROATIA DUBROVNIK, CROATIA CIENFUEGOS, CUBA PARK, LEDNICE AND VALTICE VILLAGES, SITE NO. 19 SITE NO. 20 1839 16TH CENTURY 1667 SITE NO. 21 CZECH REPUBLIC

1797-1848 SITI:: NO. 22 ESPlTE THE LEVELING OF TWO-THIRDS OF UBROVNIK'S MIGHTY CITY WALLS PROVED WAS LEFT FOR THE LIVING TO SEE IN Zadar during World War II, the town's insufficient protection against the missiles this neoclassical cemetery, a poignant exam­ THIN THE SOUTHERN MORAVIAN LANDSCAPE ducal palace survived. Up until it was O that rained down during the siege of the ple of Cuba's many endangered sites that are O M are a Turkish-inspired , a classical heavily shelled in 1991 and 1992, the palace town in 1991-92. One of the many targets far removed from I-Iavana. Reina is novel in building with a semicircular arcade, a Roman had been serving as Zadar's cultural heart. ~ithin was the Franciscan monastery-which W that burial niches are aligned vertically in triumphal arch, and a colonnade of Corintruan The building contained the public library had been in continual use since l3l3-whose three-story groupings. In addition to these arches and niches containing Greek vaSes. and the city's music school and cOncert tally of direct shell hits was 51, enough to edifices, there is a noteworthy chapel and Apart from its natural beauty, the defining fea­ hall. Like many Croatian towns, Zadar render the library unusable. Fortunately, the offices, as well as elaborately wrought vaults ture of Lednice-Valtice Park, one of Europe's today is one of many historical layers and 70,000 manuscripts and books covering all and tombstones. Many headstones feature largest man-made landscapes, is its two castles the palace exemplifies that timeline. Early fields of scientific study, thousands of musical cast iron, marble, and/or slate bas-reliefs. with their attendant "period" follies. Lednice, records mention the palace as having been compositions and choral volumes, early Ornamental cast iron work that surround established in the early trurteenth century, has built around 1200 and at least two renova­ printed books, and medieval parchment vaults reveal a high level of local artisanship. been transformed over time into a superb neo­ tions-one in the sixteenth century and pieces of inestimable value had been moved Great winged marble sculptures create a sky­ Gothic structure. Architectural follies were another in the nineteenth century-have beforehand to temporary quarters off-site. line within the grounds. Reina was rendered added to the landscape in the late-eighteenth given the building an intriguing profile. For five years, though, the printed treasures obsolete in 1926 when a newer cemetery and early-nineteenth centuries, 15 of which Some 50 percent of the first floor and 40 have languished in a storage facility with opened nearby and today it is used only by survive-though in precarious condition. The percent of the attic are damaged and a poor ventilation and alarmingly high humidi­ families who own plots. Because the grounds Lednice flower conservatory is rusting away; recent collapse of the roof has made the ty. The damage caused by war and previous are near the shore line, flooding is a regular the Minaret's foundation is cracking; and other interior vulnerable. The municipality is earthquakes to the building complex is occurrence; several inches of water is always buildings share roof, vandalism, and water well underway with a construction plan daunting but start-up funding for site specific present in most vaults. The cemetery and its damage problems. These problems are due to but it will become moot without emer­ conservation could be the catalyst for the sculpture are being lost to water damage and the lack of financial resources for maintenance. gency repairs. The ducal palace's restora­ eventual reopening of one of the world's a general deferral of maintenance. Flood Restoration of the monuments would reinstate tion could serve as a singular example of great centers of learning. The Old City of control and reconstruction would once again the park's natural and built integrity and estab­ how the architectural and social fabric of Duhrovnik is on the List ofthe World make trus cemetery a better place for the liv­ lish it as an important ecotourism site. The the region can be rewoven. Heritage in Danger. ing and the dead. Lednice- Valtice Cultural Landscape is on the World Hentage List.

20 21 PRAGUE'S HISTORIC CENTER MORTUARY TEMPLE OF KING Al'lMENH01EP III HEAVENLY FATHER CHAPEL NEBILOVY MANSION PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC GURNA, LUXOR, KUTNA HORA, CZECH REPUBLIC NEBILOVY, PLZEN DISTRICT, 9TH CENTURY B. C.-PRESENT SITE NO. 25 14TH CENTURY B. C. SITE NO. 26 14TH CENTURY sm NO. 23 CZECH REPUBLIC 1706-1715 SITE NO. 24 RAGDE'S MEDIEVAL CENTER survived World EYOND THE n'>;'o LOOMING COLOSSI OF N rrs EARLIEST DAYS, THE HEAVENLY FATHER War II and decades of negligence under Memnon on the west bank of the Nile are Chapel had a dual pUlpose: its lower level was HE UNUSED COUNTRY HOUSE IS AREGULAR Communist rule, and so it is especially ironic remains of what was once the largest and a depository for human bones while the upper sight throughout the Czech Republic. With P B I that the current economic boom is doing most richly equipped of all Theban temples. level was a chapel where one could celebrate !pany in grave states of disrepair, finding new T more to destroy its authenticity than any Partial excavations made decades ago uncov­ the requiem mass. When the Jesuits arrived in uses for these palaces and mansions is a preser- overtly hostile act. What was the most pris­ ered fragments of statues and architectural 1626 they converted the Gothic building into vation challenge. Nebilovy Mansion, designed tine city left on the continent following the remains that speak of high artistic achieve­ a single chapel with baroque influences. by J. B. Hildebrandt, one of the Hapsburg war .is being so rapidly transformed that its ments. Trial trenches hint at many more Following the dissolution of the Jesuit Order Empire's most distinguished architects, exem­ historical integrity is disappearing. Although structural pieces and colossal statues. in 1777, the site's religious affiliation was tenu­ plifies the pure Baroque. It is a two-winged Prague has been the capital of Bohemia for Ultimately, the temple was never fully uncov­ ous as it became a factory for church organs. symmetrical structure with curvaceous roofs, 11 centuries, it has now been "discovered." ered and the site is overgrown with vegeta­ While under private ownership much of the bold massing of forms, an interplay of solids Inappropriately scaled buildings are being tion, the roots of which can break apart building's beauty and integrity were lost. Its and voids, a bulbous ; the interiors have erected; new building materials clash with stone. Seasonal floods and vegetation fires are open lower spaces are now full of dirt and painted scenes by A. Tuvora in the sryle of original ones; infill sites are being occupied regular occurrences. The most pressing prob­ vegetation. The chapel is roofless and much of Louis XVI. On the grounds is a decorative with commercially and contextually insensi­ lem is encroachment. The temples are located its interior has been destroyed. Despite its High Baroque garden whose containing wall tive projects; old structures are being modi­ en route to the Valley of the Kings. This is no grave condition, the building has many surviv­ includes niches and pavilions; elsewhere is a fied beyond recognition. Administrators are longer an uninterrupted open expanse. ing Gothic features and forms part of the Renaissance fermenting house, later adapted overwhelmed with applications for construc­ Pressures for both urban growth and agricul­ important architectural complex with Kuma into a granary. Unoccupied, left to the ele-· tion projects and approvals are made too tural development are severe. The country Hora's Cathedral of St. Barbara. Local officials ments, the mansion continues to deteriorate. A quickly. Yet, burgeoning Prague is a model counts so many ancient sites of great impor­ wish to convert the chapel into a center inter­ four-year restoration plan has been drawn up for other less prosperous Eastern European tance that it is very difficult for the authori­ preting the city's history. This could be an and some repairs made, but structural stabi­ cities. The muting of Prague can be halted ties to supply each of them with specialized ideal training project for local architects and lization, roof repairs of the rear wing, and with an educational/media campaign show­ conservation teams. Emergency technical preservationists. The Histonc Center ofKutna restoration of the interior artwork have been ing appropriate ways for the city to move assistance is called for to eliminate threats to Hora with the Church of5t. Barbara and the suspended. Like many great houses through­ into the future. The Historic Center of exposed remains, followed by a long-range Cathedral ofOur Lady at 5edlac is on the out the Czech countryside, Nebilovy deserves Prague is on the World Heritage List. plan for conservation. World Hentage List. to be reinfused with life and purpose.

23 MENTEWAB-QWESQWAM PALACE LEVUKA TOWNSHIP 'GALERIE DES ACTIONS DE MONSIEUR LE SUCHITOTO CITY LEVUKA TOWNSHIP, FIJI PRINCE,' CHATEAU OF CHANTILLY, SUCHITOTO, CUSCATLAN, EL SALVADOR GONDAR, SITE NO. 28 1830-1925 SITE NO. 29 CHANTILLY, FRANCE 181H CENTURY 16TH CENTURY SITE NO. 27 1560-1897 SITE NO. 30 HE POWERFUL COURT OF GONDAR WAS THE OON AFTER BRITISH COLONIZATION, THE FIRST URING EL SALVADOR'S RECENT CIVIL WAR, capital of Christian Ethiopia heginning in Fijian capital was established at Levuka in RANCE'S CA,TLE MUSEUMS, SUCH AS much of the population of historic Suchitoto 1632 and one of its principal rulers waS 1877. Although a settlement had been in place Chantilly's Musee Conde, are the country's City left-most never to return, even though T S D Queen Mentewah (1730-1799). The palace before that, capital designation brought about greatest repositories of art. This island the city suffered little damage. During the 12 F she had built for herself came to be the king­ a major building of churches, social and civic years of conflict, the city did receive many chateau, built by Jean Bullant for the High dom's finest example of "Gondarian style" institutions, humble bungalows, and a wide refugees displaced from the country's notth­ Constable Anne de Montmorency, is best architecture, embodying the best of variety of Victorian, neo-Gothic, and even known today for its 11 paintings commemo­ ern region. Since the 1992 peace accord, PortUguese and Indian influences. Her twO­ false-fronted commercial buildings. Within wealthy Salvadorans from the capital and for­ rating the great Conde victories of 1643-1674 story, 350-square-meter palace in the fortified only three years, though, the Fijian capital was and another later piece recalling the revolt eigners have started to buy up houses as compound of Qwesqwam was complemented moved to the main island and Levuka became weekend retreats. For the majority of its against Louis XIV The works fill the apart­ hy a church (reconstructed in 1953). This site a kind of time capsule of vernacular and inhabitants, however, the standard of living in ments of the Conde princes, now known as in northwest Ethiopia is maintained by the British colonial-style architecture. The town the "Galerie des Actions de Monsieur Ie Suchitoto is precarious due to the lack of Ministry of Culture and is open to the public, was left with a meager economic base and employment. The cohesive, mid-sixteenth­ Prince." Although the painter Sauveur Le but the queen's palace is in ruins. The founda­ over the last century it has remained in a state century settlement overlooks a reservoir Conte captured the spirit of the family's vic­ tion has been invaded by choking plants, little of benign neglect. The ethnically diverse town whose source is the Lempa River. Buildings tories, the scenes on his canvases are falling of the roof remains, and humidity continues of 2,500 has been feeling the effects, though, of throughout the grided city have roof tiles prey to decades of dampness; rivulets of water to compromise the walls. Even with minimal that malaise-insufficient tourist facilities, made of clay, and entire square hlocks are have run over them, and the resulting effects funds, admirable conservation work has been government indifference, and deteriorating made up of single-story arcaded structures. of repeated drying and rehydrating are carried out by the Center for Research and buildings. A rigorous review process for new At the city's core is a park, fronted hy an out­ ruinous. Although the Domaine de Chantilly Conversation of Cultural Heritage buildings, maintenance guidelines, preserva­ and other private and state agencies are standing nineteenth-century church. (CRCCH). Given continued support, it is tion apprenticeship programs, and other civic Although the city's renaissance is cause for addressing roof repairs and installing a heating hoped that a restored palace would become a management issues need to be implemented. celehration, there is concern that the lack of a system in the Petit Chateau, monies are need­ nationwide training cemer-a new capital of Levuka remains intact but without such mea­ master plan for conservation and develop­ ed to further restore the paintings themselves, sorts-for the conservation of Ethiopian cul­ sures the town will lose its strong sense of ment will lead to further destruction of the some of which have had to be covered with place. The government ofFiji has nominated central core. In Suchitoto's streets, houses, tural monuments. conservation paper to stabilize them. Levuka Township to the World Heritage List. and stores, life should come back as it was.

25 24 TBILISI HISTORIC DISTRICT SPA CENTER HISTORIC ENSEMBLE AHMEDABAD WALLED CITY JAMES ISLAND BALATONFORED, HUNGARY AHMEDABAD, INDIA J AMES ISLAND, GAMBIA TBILISI, GEORGIA 6TH CENTURY-PRESENT SITE NO. 32 1790-1880 SITE NO. 33 1411-PRESENT SITE NO. 34 1460-1860 SITE NO. 31

UNGARIANS WANTING TO TAKE THE CURE f FIRST GLANCE, THE PROVINCIAL CAPITAL HE MOST RESONANT EPISODE IN THE LONG BILISI IS AEURASIAN CROSSROADS SETTLE­ MENT -a seamless melding of east and west. in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth cen­ city of Ahmedabad seems healthy. There is a history of the James Island fort is the fact }\ A highly distinctive turies went to the baths at Balatonfiired to teeming commercial core-the Manek that this was one of the many sites from T H T resulted. At the heart of the medieval core soak in restorative carbon-rich waters. Chowk-and strongly defined residential which slaves embarked for America. Native When the beneficial properties of the pols or neighborhoods. But, in fact, the city's Gambians near this settlement on the north Of this Georgian capital-a role it has held springs near Lake Balaton were recognized, traditional mercantile economy is eroding, bank of the Gambia River have long since the sixth century and again in 1991 following independence from Soviet control a fashionahle spa resort arose. A complex which is leading to a neglect of the pols. acknowledged the importance of the of Swiss cottage style villas were built in Courtyard houses with elaborate wood catv­ ruinous complex: with restoration it could -are scores of dwellings whose street facades are defined by wide wooden bal­ town, as well as restaurants, a theater, and a ings that are a synthesis of Gujarat and become one of Africa's most charged conies adorned with carved panels, cornices, sanatorium. In between bathing, guests Muslim cultures, as well as majestic gateways tourist destinations. The island-and its could stroll the waterfront promenade or leading to the Jumma Masjid (Great Mosque) associated settlements-was a major and columns. Also figuring into the fabric sail on the lake. Beginning in the 1960s, and palace, are decaying and being European trading point for 400 years, with of Old Tbilisi are glorious Orthodox and though, large resort facilities were being encroached upon by poorly planned devel­ Portuguese, German, British, and finally Catholic churches, synagogues, and built on the shoreline, sapping the historic opment. Incongruous new elements have French occupiers (the latter blew up the . Invasions by , Persians, center of life. The final blow was the disso­ been tacked on to traditional dwellings. Since fort in 1778). The landfill upon which the Turks, and others over the centuries changed the city's built character, but it was lution in the early 1990s of the organized inception, Ahmedabad has been a prosperous ruins rest is eroding, as are the remaining holiday system upon which hotels had metropolis of merchants, weavers, and crafts­ walls. Archaeological remains are inadver­ during Soviet annexation that whole por­ relied. Many of the old spa center buildings men. In 1817 the city experienced a rush to tently taken by locals who dig in the sur­ tions of the historic section were leveled for a modern infrastructure. The greatest threat became abandoned and shops have relocat­ industrialism, eventually earning it the rounding earth for the raw materials to ed to more active parts of town. Since the moniker of Manchester of India. The demoli­ make mud bricks; in so doing, they extract now is the continued decay of the tradition­ newly adopted strategic plan of the munici­ tion of the great city walls 60 years ago left building fragments. An operational training al dwellings, many of which have gone from state to private ownership; as a result, inap­ pality stresses conservation of historic her­ Ahmedabad without houndaries and the program in situ would develop both a itage in the town, finding new uses for the resulting growth has been ad hoc. A strongly preservation plan and a willing cadre of propriate alterations have been made. An international conservation conference would structures and upgrading the quality of the defined and enforced strategic plan for the local citizens who could further apply their area is urgent. region could reestablish the city's built and new skills to other sites in the country. highlight the city's unique vernacularism and outline strategies for conservation. historic integrity.

26 27 RAMLA WHITE MOSQUE ANCIENT POMPEII J AISALMER FORT GEMEINDEHAUS RAMLE MUNICIPALITY, POMPEII, ITALY JAISALMER, RAJASTHAN, INDIA HAIFA, ISRAEL SITE' NO. 36 9TH CENTURY SITE NO. 37 1ST CENTURY B.C.-A.D. 79 SITE NO. 38 12TH CENTURY SITE NO, 35 1869

ANOMALY IN THE URBAN FABRIC OF TANDING TALL AMONG THE RUINS OF THIS VEN TO THOSE WHO HAVE NOT VISITED HE GOLDEN CITY ON THE HILL MAY BE AN 1m 1m 1m Haifa is the German Colony,within which very early Muslim site is a five-story square LIS T Pompeii, the name summons up images of LIS T over-used phrase, but it is an apt descrip­ LIS T OF 100 OF 100 minaret, its stone facades marked by multihued frescoes on interior walls, casts OF 100 tion for Jaisalmer. Golden colored sand­ N he two buildings of the Gemeindehaus S E T complex are situated. The House of recessed, arched windows. Beyond the of figures crouched at the moment of their stone and limestone are the primary mate- tower is a complex of ruins that includes death, the simple objects of daily life left rials for this city on the plains of west (Beit Ha Am) and community school were the mosque, subterranean vaults and cis­ behind-wine jugs, cooking pots, dinner Rajasthan in the Thar Desert. Although built in 1869 by a group of immigrant terns, and the tomb of Nebi Salih, which is plates. Since its excavation, which began in much fine architecture exists at the foot of German Lutherans-known as Templars. a regular pilgrimage site. Little has been 1748, no other site has revealed as much the citadel, within the fortification there is The colony functioned as such until the done to protect the remnants of the struc­ about the everyday urban life in the ancient a royal complex of palaces, squares, and beginning of World War II when British tures since they were excavated between world; the Roman city buried by the erup­ temples. Jaisalmer's origins can be traced to authorities in Palestine expelled the 1949 and 1956. In addition to erosion from tion of Mt. Vesuvius-its ominous profile 1156 when it was a military post on a Templars, who returned to Germany. blowing sand, vegetation that has taken visible above the ruins-is the source for major east-west caravan route. It continues Subsequent abandonment has made the root in cavities, and general structural most of our knowledge of ancient wall to have great vitality, the only still-func­ buildings inviting targets of vandals, who to decay from exposure, the site suffers from painting. The adequate maintenance and tioning fortress city in India. Threats to the have set fires the roofs. Consequently, the lack of a management and conservation conservation of the 1,500 buildings on the finely carved architecture of Jaisalmer rain water has continued to erode the inte­ plan. Although the municipality is largely 163-acre open-air site are ongoing chal­ include inadequate drainage systems caus­ rior walls, many of which have collapsed. Muslim, the religious authorities have lenges. Also, seismic activity, exposure, and ing water logging, changing climatic condi­ A sizable earthquake in 1996 further weak­ expressed little interest in preserving the vandalism remain threats. New and effec­ tions, and absence of a sustained mainte­ ened the already fragile foundations. ruins. Meanwhile, the Israel Antiquities tive on-site leadership is in place. What is nance program. Of 469 structures, 87 have Despite the efforts of a neighborhood con­ Authority recognizes the need to carry out needed is a comprehensive site survey and collapsed-with more on the verge. A 1996 servation group, as well as designation by historical research and an architectural sur­ the strengthening of the effective governing American Express grant, along with fund­ the National Council for Preservation of vey and master plan, followed by a long­ legal entity that directly supports repair ing from state and international agencies, is Sites and Buildings and by the city of Haifa term conservation project; but neither local and maintenance of the city-something addressing stabilization of the fort and as a site to be preserved, no funds have nor state funds have been made available Pompeii had nearly two millennia ago. restoration of a palace wing that will serve been secured from the local government for any work. as a demonstration project for preservation. for emergency restoration.

28 29 ARCH OF TRAJAN BOTANICAL GARDEN OF PADUA UNIVERSITY ETRUSCAN PAINTED TOMBS OF TARQUlNIA LIMONAIAAT BOBOLI GARDENSAND ANCONA, ITALY PADUA, ITALY TARQUlNIA, ITALY GARDENS OFVILLA MEDICIAT CASTELLO SITE NO. 40 7TH CENTURY B. C.-2ND CENTURY B. C. SITE NO. 41 FLORENCE, ITALY A.D. 115 SITE NO. 39 1545 1777-1778 AND 1577 SITE NO. 42 IRDS WHEELING ABOVE A FISHING BOAr, N AN UNLIKELY SETTING OF TOWERlNG UST BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES OF THE loading-dock cranes, piles of coal, and rail­ world's oldest botanical garden, a large apart­ mounted horsemen, and competing athletes HE MEDICI FAMILY'S COLLECTION OF POTTED ment building with an underground garage is are among the painted scenes covering the mm road tracks stands the Arch of Trajan, one of B LIS T citnJs plants, established in the sixteenth cen­ I OF 100 the'most intact ancient Roman commemora- Jbeing constructed. Since the garden's establish­ walls and ceilings in some 200 Etruscan T tury, has survived the centuries because the tive monuments. Its builder, Apollodorus of ment by decree of the Venetian Republic in tombs. These tombs in Tarquinia represent plants have been housed in the limonaia struc- , the architect for Trajan's markets 1545, its inventory of specimens has been the best evidence of the great pre-Roman tures at the Boboli Gardens in the heart of and column in Rome, set his creation on a among the world's most extensive and rare, painting tradition in the Mediterranean, Florence and at the Villa Medici at Castello. podium (altered by an imposing staircase in and today it has a seed exchange program with and although their purpose was to accom­ About 1,000 plants are now divided between the eigbteenth century) near the Adriatic 693 botanical gardens. During the eighteenth modate death, the depictions within bring the gardens. Zanobi del Rosso's Classical-style shoreline. The Corinthian-columned monu­ century, the landscape was embellished with Etruscan civilization to life. Some of the limonaia at Boboli is unique in that it still ment, with its many cornices, inscriptions, and , statuary, masonry greenhouses, and chambers, all carved out of bedrock, were retains its original exterior stucco, a vibrant statues of Neptune and others was commis­ wrought-iron work. Nearly 6,000 plants are discovered during the Renaissance and it is indicator of the polychromatic schemes that sioned by Emperor Trajan to symbolize the currently cultivated on the site. Even though thought that Michelangelo derived inspira­ had once characterized the facades of most securing of the port for sailors. Today a coal some of the delicate plantings have endured tion from visits to them. Of 50 accessible Florentine buildings. Although many of the distribution plant occupies much of that port for centuries in their original circular (Hortus tombs, only 20 are now on state property leaded rose and green colored glass panes are area and the resulting corrosive dust, along conclusus) plan, their abilities to regenerate are and only nine of these can be visited. One intact, missing panes and warped frames have with wind-borne salt, auto exhaust, and train dueatened. Because of the adjacent construc­ key to restoration and improved interpre­ allowed cold air to enter during the winter vibrations have had their effects on the arch. tion, plants are showing evidence of stress tation is the public appropriation of the months, which threatens the viability of the However, much of the adjacent, blighting from resulting changes in the water table, land in which all of the tombs were con­ rare plants; re-leading and restoration of win­ industry will be relocating and the railroad especially trees with superficial root systems. structed. Concurrently, problems of dow frames is an urgent priority. Meanwhile, tracks dismantled. This is the right moment to Subterranean pumps and changes to natural humidity need to be addressed. Once fres­ the limonaia at Villa Medici, included on the proceed with proper restoration-ineluding ground water levels are anticipated. The instal­ coes are repaired, transparent barriers, low­ 1996-97 list, remains without an emergency documentation, cleaning, consolidation, and lation of a soil moisture monitoring system in heat lighting, and climatic monitoring sys­ heating system; a season's first frost could kill environmental monitoring-that would the garden would resolve one of tems need to be installed. the plants. Also, its earthen floor needs to be enable the arch to reemerge in a new, the major long-range threats to this historic recompacted, for dust that is raised settles on improved context. garden. the plant leaves.

30 31 NEOPITAGORICA BASILICA PALAZZO DORIA PAMPHILI RUPESTRIAN CHURCHES OF PUGLIA AND TERRA DEL SOLE PRISON CELLS ROME,ITALY VALMOTONE, ITALY THE CITY OF , ITALY CASTROCARO TERME AND

1ST CENTURY SiTE NO. 43 MID-17TH CENTURY SITE NO. 44 1000-1753 SITE NO. 45 TERRA DEL SOLE, ITALY

MID-16TH CENTURY SITE NO. 46 ~ USTOCRATIC ROMANS WHO FOLLOWED THE IRE, AIR, WATER, EARTH-THE FOUR ANCIENT NTIL RECENTLY, MATERA'S SAN PIETRO LIS T doctrines of Neo-Pythagoreanism (a syn­ elements-are represented in a cycle of endan­ Barisano was one of 160 rupestrian (rock­ RISONERS CONFINED TO TERRA DEL SOLE'S OF 100 Xcretistic philosophy/religion that sought to Fgered frescoes in the Palazzo Doria Pamphili U hewn) churches in the town left abandoned nine cells passed time carving messages into interpret the world in terms of harmonic that are among the most important examples when scandalous living conditions made pub- P the walls or rendering scenes of the city arithmetical relationships) literally went • outside Rome of the stylistic shift from the lic in the 1950s forced people to move. Now visible through their window bars. Prison underground to practice their beliefs. The high to the late Roman baroque. A team of that locals have begun to reoccupy restored officials added their own propaganda subterranean basilica they built in the first painters that included Francesco Cozza, dwellings, all of which are carved out of soft inscriptions. The resulting graffiti, dating century contains what may be the greatest Giacomo Cortese, Giambattista Tassi, and volcanic rock, the seventeenth-century church from 1564, act as an informal and candid extant interior stucco finishes in bas-relief Mattia Preti were commissioned in the late finds itself in the reviving I Sassi neighbor­ record of prison life in Renaissance Terra of ancient Rome. With its three naves and 1650s to decorate ceilings in Prince Camillo hood, and its viability as a place of worship del Sole, a fortified ducal city that served as central apse, the basilica's configuration Pamphili's palace. Work on the Allegory ofAir depends on an extensive interior restoration. both war machine and administrative cen­ prefigures that of later traditional Christian had been started by Pier Francesco Mola, but Although the town of Matera is the most dra­ ter on the frontier of Florentine Romagna. churches. Because of its position 20 meters during a bitter disagreement between artist matic example of Italian nlpestrian settle­ The efficiency of the city's commissioners, beneath a major railroad line, many of the and patron the Prince destroyed the nearly ments, the Puglia region has nearly 400 all of whom were appointed by the grand delicate plaster and stucco decorations have completed frescoes (minor works by Mola churches-some used by early Greek-Italian duke, is reflected in the archive they main­ suffered from continual vibrations. Water elsewhere in the palace survive) and hired the monastic orders (often taking over caverns tained of criminal and civic cases. More permeates the site and an antiquated venti­ new artists. Even before substantial Allied first utilized by pagan cults), others isolated in than 2,000 volumes document court cases lation system (installed shortly after the bombing of the palace during World War II, the country, but most situated in towns. Many that came before them between 1490 and basilica's discovery) has fostered bacterial the frescoes had been deteriorating. Preti's still feature their original Byzantine wall paint­ the tribunal reforms of 1780. Continued growth on the polychromatic surfaces. frescoes representing air and Cozza's depicting ings, often inscribed with the artist's name. All restoration of the archive Contents is need­ Although initial restoration efforts have led fire have been preserved, though Cortese's of the region's rupestrian churches are subject ed, as well as measures to preserve the graf­ to a better understanding of how to pro­ water and Tassi's earth series are in precarious to acts of vandalism and theft, as well as natur­ fiti. Inscriptions have begun to erode from ceed with the project, the scale of work to condition. Their plaster bases are unstable and al deterioration and earthquakes. In-depth visitors brushing up against them, excessive be done has grown dramatically. The his­ subject to imminent collapse unless consolida­ conservation studies and active restorations are carbon dioxide produced by visitors, hot toric center ofRome is on the World tion work begins immediately. necessary. I Sassi di Matera is on the World lights, and modern graffiti. Heritage List. Heritage List.

32 33 OLD IRON BRIDGE VAT SISAKET ABAVA VALLEY CULTURAL LANDSCAPE , ST. CATHERINE, JAMAICA PETRA, WAD! MOUSA, JORDAN VIENTIANE, LAOS KURZEME DISTRICT, LATVIA

SITE NO. 47 SITE NO. 48 1800 1sT-6TH CENTURY 1819-25 SITE NO. 49 13TH-19TH CENTURY SITE NO. 50

HE CROSSING OF A FOOTBRIDGE CAN BE URING ONE OF THE SEVERAL EXCAVATIONS ARADOXICALLY, VAT SrSAKET IS THE OLDEST NUL ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE SOVIETS in such a regular daily occurrence for locals 1m LIS T 1m LIS T of Petra, the ancient capital of Edom in and newest monastery in the Laotian capital. LIS T 1991, the Abava River valley, a region that OF 100 OF 100 OF 100 T that its aesthetic merits may go unnoticed. D southwest Jordan noted for its - PMonasteries were specific targets of invading U developed during the Middle Ages along the Until its recent closure, this handsome Hellenistic structures carved in rock, it was Siamese forces in 1828 but Vat Sisaket was route to Germany, had remained immune to cast-iron bridge from 1801, its parts pre­ postulated that a great temple existed the only one spared, perhaps because it the modern age. Medieval towns such as fabricated in England and assembled on­ somewhere in its plan. In 1993 researchers embodied Siamese stylistic influences. Its Kandava, the vineyards of Sabile, the country site, served a vital function as a link from Brown University discovered the founder, King Chao Anou, had been raised estates of Pedvale, eighteenth- and nineteenth­ between Kingston and Spanish Town. remains of the Southern Temple, originally and educated in Siam and during his years century churches and dwellings, and signifi­ Thought to be the first of its kind in the a 20-meter-high, multicolumned edifice there he had been inspired by the many exot­ cant wildlife and nature reserves were intact. Americas, the bridge is composed of four with vast vaulted interior spaces. In its day, ic monasteries around him, some of which The historic character of the landscape could arched ribs fitted with cast-iron frames the Structure was covered with white stuc­ even adopted ceiling flourishes typical of soon be compromised unless a conservation similar to the of masonry co-a brilliant contrast to its backdrop of Loire Valley chateaux. The complex of Vat area is established and protected by a legal bridges. Its clear span of nearly 82 feet over rose-red cliffs. Excavations have revealed Sisaket, a melding of Laotian and Siamese framework for development. With indepen­ the Rio Cobre is supported by massive stairwells, a chamber with a Roman styles, includes a sanctuary, cloister, three stu­ dence, though, has come political decentraliza­ stonework abutments. Despite its decided­ inscription, archways, and other portions. pas, library, drum shelter, and three koutis tion and privatization ofproperty, which has, ly pragmatic engineering, the bridge is a As work progresses, Petra's political, artis­ (housing quarters for Buddhist priests). in turn, spawned insensitive development. melding of European and West Indian aes­ tic, social and religious life becomes more Unlike the typical traditional Laotian Lots are being subdivided and filled with the thetics and it is an integral component of defined. Although consolidation measures monastery, the sanctuary is situated at the wearyingly common fixtures of contemporary the landscape. Its abutments have become for many of the ruins have been dramati­ center of the cloister, yet unlike any Siamese life--gas stations, entertainment centers, park­ unsound and rusting has weakened struc­ cally successful, floods remain a constant monastery the cloister is closed off to the ing lots. Since World Monuments Watch list­ tural portions. Repairs would not only issue. Further work is required, as well as a exterior. The monastery's many woes require ing, heritage-awareness events have taken reopen the span but awaken the local pop­ coordinating of the efforts of the many attention: deteriorating roof tiles and rafters, place and, most significantly, the government ulation to the role it has had in their town active preservation parties. Petra is on the termites, water damage, the flaking away of declared the area as a Specially Protected for 200 years. World Heritage List. gilded interiors, crumbling stupas, and the Cultural Territory. Implementation of a prop­ insensitive replacement of parts in COncrete. er conservation plan is what should follow.

34 35 ENFEH VILNIUS TOWN WALL KAMPONG CINA RIVER FRONTAGE MNAJDRA PREHISTORIC TEMPLES ENFEH (TRIPOLI), LEBANON VILNIUS, LITHUANIA KUALA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA MNAJDRA, MALTA

2ND MILLENNIUM B.C.-13TH CENTURY A.D. SITE NO. 51 1503-22 SITE NO. 52 LATE 19TH CENTURY-EARLY 20TH CENTURY SITE NO. 53 3600 B. C.-2500 B. C. SIT! NO. 54

OST OF THE ANCIENT FABRIC OF THIS SITE TRUCruRE ERECTED FOR PURE FORTIFICATION KYSCRAPERS AND BOULEVARDS LINED WITH THOUSAND YEARS BEFORE EGYPT'S GREAT lies buried. What has been unearthed on has evolved into a valuable historic aesthetic modern shopping emporia lie behind this were conceived, a series of temples Mthe rocky peninsula are remnants of two A element in Vilnius. Built as a defense against Sriverfront of wooden shop houses. For gener­ A were being built on the southern coast of eras in the settlement's history-from its the hostile Tartars, the town wall when com- ations, these traditional Malay stnlctures were Malta. Those at Mnajdra are thus considered earliest origins in the second millennium pleted ran three kilometers and encircled a well-tempered living machines functioning as the oldest surviving free-standing stone struc­ B.C. and the seventh century B.C. (two settlement of about 85 hectares. Fitted with a synthesis of commerce and domestic life; tures in the world. The ruins stand as group­ medieval rupestrian chapels remained 10 gates, the handsome brick and stone struc­ now they are disappearing. Every stage of ings of buildings in intriguing figure-eight­ exposed). Discoveries include a Phoenician ture embodied Gothic and Renaissance fea­ shop house development is represented along like arrangements, and they may have first town wall, Roman wall, mosaic flooring, tures. Attacking forces were felled by troops this semicircular street: single-story timber been rediscovered in medieval times; their real wine presses, millstones, and stairways. stationed at regularly-spaced artillery open­ houses, others with ornate plaster work, and significance emerged through archaeological Despite its designation as a national his­ ings and on the wooden shooting gallery at later streamlined ones. They repre­ research in the nineteenth and twentieth cen­ toric site, Enfeh receives little respect. the top, a common element in fortifications sent an entire vernacular tradition and way of turies. Built of hard coralline and softer glo­ Houses encroach on the ruins, trash is left of the time and region. By the early-nine­ life in Kuala Terengganu, which had been one bigernina limestone, the Mnajdra temples, behind by visitors, and excavated archaeo­ teenth century, the wall had lost its defensive of the major trading points between China along with others in the immediate region, logical remains lie open to the elements. function and part of it was demolished. The and the West. Now that the city's economic reveal much about the western world's earliest The most serious threat is a proposed port extant section runs between the Subacius and traditions have changed, the local government methods of construction. But without geo­ project that will inelude jetties, a sea wall Medininkai gates mostly without interrup­ wants to raze the whole village, deeming it a physical assessment and conservation these (some of the Roman wall has already been tion. 'Rain, snow, and freeze-thaw cycles have detriment to tourism. The shop houses remain megaliths will collapse. Exposure to rain and quarried for it), marinas, and a lOO-meter weakened its bricks and mortar, which can be occupied, albeit in various states of dilapida­ salt air, combined with vibrations from near­ pier that would be erected over part of the repaired once a temporary roof would be tion-a situation not helped by illegal jetties by quarries, have weakened walls. Visitors site. Both UNESCO and the Direction erected over the damaged section. Artillery that reduce water levels and collect rubbish. and vandals alike have inflicted their own Generale des Antiquities have called for a openings would be restored and, given ade­ Studies need to be conducted to show how forms of damage. The Maltese government suspension of the construction and a dis­ quate funds, the wooden shooting gallery dwellings can be readapted and how the has made available only a portion of the mantling of the destructive elements would be reconstructed. The Historic Center neighborhood's potential as both a thriving resources necessary for conservation and pro­ already in place. ofVilnius is on the World Heritage List. community and tourist destination can be tection. The megalithic temples ofMalta are realized. on the World Heritage List.

36 37 CAROLINA , MAIN HOUSE MADERA CAVE DWELLINGS METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL MONASTERIES OF SAN JUAN BAUTISTA CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO MADERA, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO , MEXICO TETELA DEL VOLcAN AND TLAYACAPAN,

1896 SITE NO. 55 6TH CENTURY-7TH CENTURY A.D. SITE NO. 56 1573-1813 SITE NO. 57 MORELOS, MEXICO

16TH CENTURY SITE NO. 58 HE LAST GENERATION OF WEALTHY IKE THEIR CONTEMPORARIES OF THE VER SINCE THE LAST BUILDING STONE WAS

landowners to emerge in Mexico to build American southwest, the Paquime people secured in 1813, the Metropolitan Cathedral OR THE FIRST SEVERAL DECADES AFrER THE T elaborate within huge land tracts Lof northern Mexico lived in remote com­ Ehas been sinking and leaning into its spongy Spanish colonialists arrived in Mexico, a furi­ arose during the dictatorship of Diaz, who munities built in adobe against sheer foundation. The site chosen for Latin Fous convent and church building campaign became president in 1876 and ruled until mountain cliffs. Of the indeterminate num­ America's largest cathedral-this combina­ began with the arrival of Christian missionar- 1911. Carolina Hacienda was the summer ber of these pre-Hispanic sites, the settle­ tion Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque icon ies. Many of the structures hearkened to residence of General Luis Terrazas, ment of Casa Grande is the largest and the -was a landfill over a lagoon and the foun­ sober medieval European styles but were Mexico's wealthiest landowner before the first of many establishments along a com­ dations of TenochtitLin, the capital city of the infused also with Renaissance flourishes and revolution. He built a French neoclassical­ mercial route that led to the Pacific. While Aztec empire. Within its 14 chapels are five references to native mythology. BrotherJuan style house with a portico, domed watch similarly scaled cliff and cave dwellings are gilded altars with innumerable paintings, de la Cruz from Spain was among the most towers, and a center cupola. Beyond a sur­ well documented in the United States, including a notable collection of altarpieces, prolific builders, and his convent at Tetela rounding garden were a chapel, workers' those south of the border have received lit­ stames, and portraits of archbishops. To rem­ exemplifies his aesthetic ideals: a carved houses, school, and stables, each strongly tle recognition. Out of hundreds of such edy its unstable condition, heavy elements wooden sacristy, light-filled cloister walks, an articulated but forming a cohesive estate sites in Mexico, only 30 have been regis­ from the building have been removed to overall symmetty. Like similar buildings of its aesthetic. The main house is in precarious tered on the official government inventory lighten the load and steel and concrete piers type, the nearby San Juan Bautista Monastety condition. The roof is at risk of collapsing, of cultural heritage, and even that designa­ have been inserted in the foundations. But in Tlayacapan (not by Brother Cruz) is the walls are eroding, and decorative elements tion is no guarantee of protection. Casa the constant pumping of subterranean wells focus of a purely colonial tOwn grid. The are crumbling. A strong local constituency Grande is vulnerable to vandals and looters for drinking water has exacerbated the cathe­ buildings share another similarity beyond aes­ is eager to integrate this hacienda into the and local ranchers have used the ruins as dral's problems. A recently added forest of thetic integrity: severe decay. They require life of the town before it is beyond repair. shelter for their livestock. To save these steel structural scaffolding installed within considerable repair and reintegration of miss­ As has been the case with many haciendas disappearing remains, all of the Madera the building provides temporaty stability but ing structural members. This stabilization is throughout Mexico, it could then function caves need to be registered, media attention also adds more weight. The scope of work urgent because of the current activity at the again as the center of a local economy needs to be secured, a team of professionals needed is daunting but the cathedral's role in nearby volcano, Popocatepetl. The Historic enhanced by its presence. must be enlisted to guide research and con­ the life of Mexico City is too great to ignore. Centers ofPuebla and Morelos and the Earliest servation, and a cogent tourism master plan The Historic Center ofMexico City is on the 16th-Century Monasteries On the Slopes of needs to be implemented. World Heritage List. Popocatepetl are on the World Heritage List.

38 39 SITE NAME, CITY, 22 Follies and 42 Limonaia at 61 Vega de la Pena 81 Yelagin Island COUNTRY Conservatory in Boboli Gardens in Archaeological Site, Palace/Park Ensemble, Lednice Park, Lednice Florence and Gardens Fila-Babos, Veracruz, St. Petersburg, Russia 1 Herat Old City, and Valtice Villages, of Villa Medici at Mexico 82 Hell House, Herat, Afghanistan Czech Republic Castello, Florence, 62 Bogd Khaan Banska Stiavnica, 2 Butrint 23 Heavenly Father Italy Palace Museum, Archaeological Site, Chapel, Kuma Hora, 43 Neopitagorica Ulaanbaatar Town, 83 Wind Mills of Sarande, Albania Czech Republic Basilica, Rome, Italy Mongolia Mallorca, Balearic 3 Ushuaia Prison, 24 Nebilovy 44 Palazzo Doria 63 Gombas of Upper Islands, Spain Ushuaia, Tierra del Mansion, Nebilovy, Pamphili, Valmotone, Mustang, Mustang, 84 Fuego, Argentina Plzen District, Czech Italy Archaeological Site, 4 Previous Radio Republic 45 Rupestrian 64 Wooden Ocarli K6yii, Kars, and Television 25 Prague's Historic Churches of Puglia and Architecture of Turkey Building, Bmssels, Center, Prague, Czech the City of Matera, Trondheim, 85 Hagia Sophia, Belgium Republic Italy Trondheim, Norway , Turkey 5 Tour and Taxis, 26 Mortuary Temple 46 Terra del Sole 65 Uch Monument 86 Patara, Kas, Patara, Bmssels, Belgium of King Ahmenhotep Prison Cells, Complex, Punjab Turkey 6 Wortel Colony III, Gurna, Luxor, Castrocaro Terme and Province, Pakistan 87 Masaka Cathedral, Estate, Hoogstraten, Egypt Terra del Sole, Italy 66 San Lorenzo Kitovu Village, Uganda Belgium 27 Suchitoto City, 47 Old Iron Bridge, Castle - Colon and 88 Ancient 7 Royal Palaces of Suchitoro, Cuscatlan, Spanish Town, St. San Geronimo Fort ­ Chersonesos, Portobelo, Panama Sevastopol, Crimea, Abomey, Abomey, El Salvador Catherine, Jamaica PALACE OF FINE ARTS TEOTIHUACAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Benin 28 Mentewab­ 48 Petra, Wadi 67 Apurlec Ukraine 8 Arani and Callapa Qwesqwam Palace, Mousa, Jordan Archaeological Site, 89 Hadlow Tower, MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SAN JUAN TEOTIHUACAN, MEXICO Churches, Bolivia Gondar, Ethiopia 49 Vat Sisaket, Lambayeque, Tonbridge, England, 1904-1934 SITE NO.59 100 B. A.D. 750 SITE NO. 60 9 Rio Lauca 29 Levuka Township, Vientiane, Laos 68 La Quinta Heeren, c.- Prehistoric Burial Levuka, Fiji 50 Abava Valley Lima, Peru 90 Mussenden Cultural Landscape, 69 "Ransom Room," Temple, Castlerock, Towers, Department of 30 'Galerie des F THE MANY PUBLIC BUILDINGS BEGUN URING THE CLASSICAL PERIOD IN Omro, Bolivia Actions de Monsieur Ie Kurzeme District, Cajamarca, Peru Northern Ireland, Mesoamerica, Teotihuacan was the region's 10 Village of PoCitelj, Prince,' Chateau of Latvia 70 Kabayan Mummy United Kingdom during the Porfirio period, the Palace of PoCitelj, Bosnia and Chantilly, Chantilly, 51 Enfeh, Enfeh Caves, Kahayan, 91 St. Francis Church Fine Arts is Mexico City's grandest and cultural, religious, political, economic, and Benguet, Philippines and Gorton Monastery, O (Tripoli), Lebanon D Herzegovina France most conspicuous. The Italian architect social center. The settlement in the interior of 11 Madara 31 James Island, 52 Vilnius Town Wall, 71 San Sebastian Manchester, England, Horseman, Kaspichan, James Island, Gambia Vilnius, Lithuania " Basilic~, Manila, United Kingdom Adamo Boari was commissioned in 1904 to Mexico grew to be one of the largest cities in Bulgaria 32 Tbilisi Historic 53 Kampong Cina Philippines 92 The St. Vincent build an opera house in the popular Art the world. Teotihuacin flourished until abour District, Tbilisi, River Frontage, Kuala 72 Debno Parish Street Church, 12 Banteay Chhmar Nouveau style. Construction halted during A.D. 750 when it was abandoned and set Temple ofJayavarman Georgia Terengganu, Malaysia Church, Nowy Targ, Glasgow, Scotland, VII, Thmar Puok, 33 Spa Center 54 Mnajdra Poland United Kingdom the Revolution and so by the time the mar­ afire; eventually, its pyramids of the Sun and 93 Bodie State . Cambodia Historic Ensemble, Prehistoric Temples, 73 Vistulamouth ble edifice was completed in 1934 under Moon, citadel, temples, palaces, plazas, and 13 Gulf of Georgia Balatonfured, Hungary Mnajdra, Malta Fortress, Gdansk, Historic Park, architect Federico Mariscal its interior and paved streets became buried. When the Cannery, Richmond, 34 Ahmedabad 55 Carolina Hacienda Poland California, U.s.A. British Columbia, Walled City, (Main House), 74 Brancusi's Endless 94 Fort Apache, were decidedly Art Deco. The Aztecs arrived at the site in the fourteenth Column, Targu-Jiu, Arizona, U.s.A. Canada Ahmedabad, India Chihuahua, Mexico National Institute of Fine Arts has occu­ century, the ciry's legacy was well known. 14 Alameda Railroad 35 , 56 Madera Cave Romania 95 Lancaster County, Station, Santiago, Chile Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, Dwellings, Chihuahua, 75 Romano Catholic Pennsylvania, U.S.A. pied the great domed building since 1947. They renamed the complex of mins 15 Tulor Aldea, San India Mexico Church, Ghelinta, 96 Mesa Verde Its collection includes paintings by Rufino "Teotihuacan," which identified it as the place 36 Gemeindehaus, 57 Metropolitan Romania National Park, Pedro de Atacama, Tamayo and Mexico's most famous trio of where gods are born. The most visited archae­ Chile Haifa, Israel Cathedral, Mexico 76 Agate Pavilion of Colorado, U.S.A. 16 Jufu Hall, Xian 37 Ramla , Mexico the Catherine Palace, 97 South Pass muralists-Rivera, Orozco, and ological site in Mexico, it is also among the Nong Tan, Beijing, Mosque, Ramie 58 Monasteries of San Tsarskoe Selo, (St. Cultural Landscape, Siqueiros-and its theater is a central venue world's most researched and excavated Municipality, Israel Juan Bautista, Tetela Petersburg), Russia Wyoming, U.s.A. China for national and visiting arts companies. archaeological sites-"loved to death" some 17 Namseling Manor, 38 Ancient Pompeii, del Volcan and 77 Alexander Palace, 98 San Francisco Drachi, Tibet, China Pompeii, Italy Tlayacapan, Morelos, Tsarskoe Selo, (St. Church, Coro, Falcon, Many of the gallery spaces are illuminated say. Even though it is a national icon and a Venezuela 18 Palpung 39 Arch of Trajan, Mexico Petersburg), Russia naturally from skylights, and the major center of tourism, government support Monastery, Babang Ancona, Italy 59 Palace of Fine 78 Irkoutsk Historic 99 My Son Temple are prone to leaking, especially during has been ambivalent and commercial exploita­ Village, Sichuan, China 40 Botanical Garden Arts, Mexico City, Center, Irkoutsk, District, Duy Xuyen 19 Ducal Palace, of Padua University, Mexico Russia District, Vietnam heavy seasonal rains. Murals and walls have tion of Teotihuacan has been ongoing. A per­ 79 Paanajarvi Village, 100 Shibam Historic Zadar, Croatia Padua, Italy 60 Teotihuacan been damaged and will deteriorate until the manent conservation program and tourist 20 Franciscan 41 Etruscan Painted Archaeological Site, Kemi Province, Russia City, Shibam, Yemen Monastery Library, Tombs of Tarquinia, San Juan Teotihuacan, 80 Russakov Club, cupolas are restored. The Historic Center management plan are needed. The 1're­ Dubrovnik, Croatia Tarquinia, Italy Mexico Moscow, Russia ofMexico City is on the World Heritage Hispanic city ofTeotihuacan is on the World 21 Reina Cemetery, List. Heritage List. Cienfuegos, Cuba

42 43 VEGA DE LA PENA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE BOGD KHAAN PALACE MUSEUM GOMBAS OF UPPER MUSTANG WOODEN ARCHITECTURE OF TRONDHEIM FILO-BoBOS, VERACRUZ, MEXICO ULAANBAATAR TOWN, MONGOLIA Lo MANTHANG, MUSTANG, NEPAL TRONDHEIM, NORWAY

BEFORE 1400 SITE NO. 61 1893-1903 SITE NO, 62 15TH CENTURY 51TE NO. 63 1850-1890 SITE NO. 64

VIDENCE Of A SIGNIFICANT ANCIENT URBAN NTIL 1936 THERE WERE THOUSANDS OF ,A RESULT OF THEIR REMOTENESS, THE EW Of NORWAY'S ORIGINAL WOODEN TOWNS settlement at Vega de was first m Buddhist mOnuments in Mongolia. By the m la Pena LIS T LIS T gombas (temple/monasteries) of the Upper exist. Fires, urban renewal, indifferent Owners OF 100 OF 100 Erevealed by archaeologists in 1926, though U end of the next year, following a Stalinist Ai ustang have remained unchanged by Fhave reduced many to dereliction. In little remained known about the site until the cleansing of the past, all but five of the sites modern life. The two earthen gombas of Trondheim, though, considerable parts of the early 1990s. When the Bobos River changed haa been destroyed. Among the survivors Thubchen and Jamba are still used daily by historic town center are filled with log build­ course in 1995, though, it damaged the struc­ was this temple-palace of Khanna VIII Bogd local inhabitants who adhere to traditional ings covered with wood panels. Korsgata tures and carried away with it most of the of Mongolia, the last of the Mongolian Tibetan cultural beliefs, but their structural (Cross Street), for instance, is a typical residen­ decorative elemems on the "Building of the emperors. The highly ornate wooden temple, viability is in question; the buildings may tial street lined with snch bnildings, most of Dentils," the site's large, freestanding, pyra­ built without nails, is a sacred monument for no longer be safe to use. These sites are which have remained unchanged since their midal edifice. What remains of the city, Mongolians and continues to have an active among the best surviving examples of clas­ erection. Part of the millermial celebration for besides the Demils, is a ball court with function as a museum of cultural artifacts. sical Tibetan monastic architecture of the Trondheim in 1997 will focns on the preserva­ sculpted impressions of quetzal wings, cen­ Both the palace and the Nogoon Labrin Sakya-pa, one of the most distinguished tion of these wooden structures because they tral plaza, palace, and other stnlctures of (Green Residence) are rapidly deteriorating artistic periods in Tibetan history. are at risk of being compromised with inap­ unknown function. The National Institute of in the windy, wet climate of the steppes. Ornamental and iconographic wall paint­ propriate new materials and additions. In 1969, Anthropology and History envisions an Many of the decorated ceramic tiles on the ings considered to be among the finest the University of Trondheim bought the site of innovative plan to integrate the cultural and roofs have broken and rainwater has pene­ Buddhist murals in Nepal or Tibet fill the Korsgata and began demolishing its buildings; natural attributes of the site. The remains of trated interiors, virtually washing away interiors. Jamba Gamba contains 1,500 public demonstrations halted the destruction. Vega de la Pena would be preserved, further paintings and finishes. Wooden columns and mandalas (diagrams of the spiritual cos­ But since then, the properties have been rented archaeological investigation would take place, window frames are rotting and there is a pro­ mos)-the only Tibetan temple painted to low-income tenants and maintenance has and a protected ecological reserve around the nounced settling of the buildings into their entirely with them. Both gambas are in been neglected. The university is now selling site would be created. The first tasks in real­ muddy foundations. Funds from the state advanced states of disrepair-falling roofs, the properties and it is feared that the rehabili­ izing these goals are to stabilize the buildings and income from the museum have allowed leakage, sagging floor joists, cracking exte­ tations undertaken by new owners may whol­ and protect them from the elements and van­ some restoration work to go forward, but at rior walls. A progressive conservation ly transform the houses. Guidelines for the dals, and to register all excavated remains and a pace too slow to ensure the temple's sur­ strategy is required, as well as a recording sensitive restoration of this enclave of buildings surrounding flora, vivaL of traditional building materials and tech­ need to be established, which, in turn, could be mques. applied to Norway's other wooden towns.

44 45 UCH MONUMENT COMPLEX, BAHAWALPUR SAN LORENZO CASTLE - COLON AND SAN ApURLEC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE LA QUINTA HEEREN DIS1RICf, PuNJAB PROVINCE, PAKISTAN GERONIMO FORT - PORTOBELO, PANAMA MOTUPE, LAMBAYEQUE, PERU LIMA, PERU CA 2ND MILWVNIUM B. C- 1595-1779;1653-1760 SITE NO. 66 7TH CENTURY-14TH CENTURY SITE NO. 67 1888-1930 SITE NO. 68 MID-16TH CENTURY A.D. srIENO.65 AN LORENZO CASTLE AND SAN GER6NIMO DOBE PYRAMIDS, CIVIC SQUARES, A QUINTA WAS ONE OF THE EARLIEST ANY OF THE SIXTEEN SUFI SHRINES AND Fort a~e among th~ man~ fortificatio~s that residential blocks, ceremonial fora, and versions of an in-town suburban neighbor­ sanctuaries, cemeteries. and mausoleums in Sonce lmed Panama s Canbbean coastlme. A planting fields were left behind in Apurlec, Lhood. Its builder, German businessman and M Uch, including the Bibi Jawandi tomb, gleam Beginning in the early-sixteenth century, the one of the largest pre-Columbian settle- diplomat Oscar Heeren, conceived it as a against their earth-colored surroundings. They Spanish and British began an intense rivalry ments in the Americas. The city was devel­ romantic retreat from the rigorous grid of represent several aspects of Indus Valley archi­ for control of colonies in the Caribbean basin. oped over a 500-square-kilometer range by nearby downtown Lima. It was to be an tecture and incorporate colorful glazed tile and Many of the resulting shoreline forts reveal the Lambayeque and Chimu cultures and upscale, picturesque neighborhood of nar­ brick revetment, lime plaster panels, miniature evidence of progressive European influences. their monuments and tombs speak of a cul­ row lanes of residences with ample back­ terra-cotta architectural elements, baked or San Geronimo began as a seventeenth-century, ture tbat had a grasp of art and technology yards, public gardens, and a main square. unbaked brick stmctural walls laid in earth Italian-style polygonal fortress to which was unknown elsewhere in the world. A vast By the early 1930s, Lima's elite began to mortars and ingenious corner tower buttress­ added in the mid-eighteenth century a long, and complicated irrigation system (still vis­ abandon the urban center for areas farther es. Uch was a capital during the early Delhi low battery favored by French builders. When ible) enabled the inhabitants to turn fallow out, and for houses with updated electrical sultanate and an independent seat of power the Spanish established San Lorenzo in 1595, desert terrain into fertile agricultural land. and plumbing systems. Once the original just before the thirteenth-century Mongol they chose a rocky site above the mouth of the Since 1981, the Bruning Museum has owners fled La Quinta, the once-bucolic invasions. Now, howl"'Ver, the city is stagnating Chagres River. Its mins include the castle worked diligently to document and protect area never recovered. Partial abandonment, and there is little concern for its decaying fortress, a military lunette, and high battery, all the site and raise public awareness. But deterioration of houses and public areas, monuments. In addition to ad hoc repairs built over a 200-year period. Even though because of Apurlec's remoteness, govern­ and crime have made La Quinta one more made with cement, the monuments are endan­ both fortresses have been declared National ment agencies in charge of looking after example of inner-city woes. As urban lead­ gered by rain water penetration, rising damp, Patrimony, little maintenance is performed on national monuments have largely ignored ers' attention in Lima turns to restoring the wind and sand erosion, and salt crystallization. them. Vegetation, water erosion, and exposure it. The site is neglected, being encroached fabric of the historic center, a preservation A holistic conservation program for the site have tbreatened significant portions. The forts upon and looted of artifacts (a problem plan needs to be formed for La Quinta that needs to be established to address the are defenseless unless aggressive structural sta­ with archaeological sites throughout Peru). strikes a delicate balance between conserva­ improvement of urban amenities, promote bilization plans are implemented. The Preservation depends on conducting a gen­ tion and development, social diversity and sustainable economic development, raise citi­ Fortifications ofPortobelo and San Lorenzo eral site survey, creating a greater awareness the upgrading of living conditions. The zen awareness of strengthening local institu­ are on the World Heritage List. of Apurlec, and initiating legal action Historic Center ofLima is on the World tions, and train local craftsmen and students. against unscrupulous land dealers. Heritage List.

46 47 "RANSOM ROOM" KABAYAN MUMMY CAVES SAN SEBASTIAN BASILICA DEBNO PARISH CHURCH CAJAMARCA, PERU KABAYAN, BENGUET, PHILIPPINES MANILA, PHILIPPINES NoWY TARG, POLAND

1430-1460 SITE NO. 69 2ND MILLENNIUM B.C.-2ND CENTURY A.D. SiTE NO. 70 1886-1891 SiTE NO. 71 15TH CENTURY SiTE NO. 72

HEN THE SPANISH CONQUISTADOR PIZARRO \'liAS DONE IN EGYPT DURING THE TWlENTY­ HE BASILICA OF SAN SEBASTIAN IS A STUDY ~ NCE CONSTRUCTION OF A LARGE began his pillaging of Peru in 1533, he seized first dynasty, and by other ancient societies, in perseverance. The first church of the LIS T reservoir is completed in Poland's OF 100 W the Inca emperor Atallllaipa and held him A the lbaloi tribe of the Kabayan hinterlands in T Augustinian Recollect Order in Manila was O Podhale district, the area's water table prisoner in what has come to be known as the the Philippines mummified their dead. They dedicated in 1621 but was burned down in will rise sufficiently to threaten the founda- Ransom Room. In exchange for his freedom, lai11 the mummified bodies in wooden coffins 1651 during an uprising. The Recollect tion and painted surfaces of this wooden Atahualpa offered to fill the twelve-by-eight­ with etched anthropomorphic and geometric fathers reconstructed the church only to framed structure, one of the five oldest meter room with gold-up to the height of designs and placed them in mountainside bave it felled by an earthquake in 1859. wooden churches in the region. Other the emperor's outstretched arm. Upon secur­ caves. These sacred sites remained hidden Subsequent reconstructions were likewise medieval wooden churches in and around ing the gold, Pizarro had Atahualpa executed until recently, when logging operations began destroyed by earthquakes in 1863 and Debno are equally at risk (an entire village anyway. The building, once part of a larger in the area. To date, five caves have been 1880. Finally, in 1886 the Recollects com­ has been relocated) and, like Debno's complex, is typical of structures built during found containing deteriorated mummies and missioned an engineer to design an all-steel Cburcb of the Archangel Michael, they the height of the Inca Empire: a rectangular hundreds of skulls and coffins. Not surpris­ church. A Belgian company was hired to have considerable spiritual, social, and aes­ dwelling consisting of polygonal blocks artic­ ingly, though, their discovery has brought fabricate tbe parts in their Brussels shop thetic significance. The brooding late­ ulated with trapezoidal niches and a single tourists and vandals, who mark their visits and ship them to Manila wbere they would medieval character of Debno's church is door. Most of the volcanic stone is spalling, a with graffiti and carvings on the cave walls be assembled. The resulting Gothic Revival evident from the exterior; the interior con­ condition aggtavated by pollution and and coffins. The site's designation as a church-tbe only steel cburch in Asia­ tains notable Gothic wall paintings. The weather fluctuations. The building has become N'ational Cultural Treasure has not meant remains standing. But in a tropical country survival of 10 historic churches in the so absorbed in a dense urban center that the that the relics have been safeguarded. Some like the Philippines, steel rusts easily, a region is so tenuous that a collective listing building is hardly noticeable. Drainage from caves have been protected with fencing but a condition that is not only unsightly but is being considered by tbe Polish Ministry adjacent buildings must be diverted so the comprehensive survey and documentation of structurally compromising. Air pollution of Culture for submission to UNESCO for foundations are not threatened. Unbecoming each cave needs to be done. Site management has added to the condition. The Recollect World Heritage listing. Civil engineers additions-inappropriate roof, signage, raised measures need to address also the building of fathers are poised again to save their struc­ should be able to address Debno's threat floors and steps, exposed electrical conduits­ a new access road for visitors, removal of ture. The National Historical Institute has and the Polish Ministry of Culture bas also need to be removed so that the site can vegetation, and the instituting of a public prepared a conservation work plan, but acknowledged the need to protect the attain a level of dignity worthy of its historical awareness campaIgn. funds are lacking as well as expertise about structure but the national authorities need significance. how to prevent further rusting. to act on tbat judgment.

48 49 VISTULAMOUTII FORTRESS BRANCUSI'S ENDLESS COLUMN ROMANO CATHOLIC CHURCH AGATE PAVILION OF THE CATHERINE PALACE GDANSK, POLAND TARGU-JIU, ROMANIA GHELINTA, ROMANIA TSARSKOE SELO, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA

SITE NO. 73 1937-8 SiTE NO. 74 13TH CENTURY 1482-1800 SITE NO. 75 1780-1787 SITE NO. 76

OR CENTURIES, THE MIGHTY VISTULAMOUTH mI CORDING TO ITS SCULPTOR, CONSTANTIN mI ONTINUOUSLY SINCE IT WAS CONSTRUCTED T WAS ALL THE RAGE IN EUROPE IN THE LATE Forrress has withheld assaults from military LIS T Brancusi, the purpose of the nearly 30­ L t 5 T in about 1300, Hungarian Catholics in this eighteenth century to recreate ancient Rome. OF 100 OF 100 Fforces, but today aggressive sulphur oxide N eter-tall Endless Column was "to support Cregion of Romania have used the Romano I Among the best examples of that neoclassi­ deposits from an adjacent chemical plant and the vault of heaven." Constructed as the ter- Catholic Church, which still contains its cism was the Agate Pavilion, designed for pounding waves from the port canal test its minus of a large-scale axial plan with two original nave and wooden ceiling with 104 Catherine II by Charles Cameron. The build­ defensive qualities. It is one of the few other works, Gate ofthe Kiss and Table of square panels painted with Renaissance flo­ ing, one of the finest creations of Imperial remaining forts of the several that once lined Silence, the Endless Column was erected in ral and heraldic motifs. Despite its solid Russia, includes Roman-style thermae and the Vistula River. The fortress probably the sculptor's hometown as a tribute to form and two-meter-thick support walls, relaxation rooms, all decorated by leading arti­ dates from the early Middle Ages but after Romanian youths who died defending the the church is riddled with ominous cracks sans of the time-Charlemagne, Hoferr, the reunification of Gdarisk Pomerania with village duting World War L When first built, and seepage threatens the Gothic murals Rudolf, and de Pedro. Although valuable inte­ the Commonwealth of Poland a brick light­ the 16 polished modular elements of copper­ illustrating the legend of King St. Laszlo. rior flourishes were pillaged during World house was built on the site in 1482. Over coated iron rose from an open setting; today, Frequent earthquakes continue to under­ War II, many of the rooms are still embell­ time, a three-story gun tower was erected, roadways, railroad tracks, and buildings mine the building; two tremors in 1996 ished with paintings, stucco work, bronze bas­ which in turn was surrounded by a palisade, intrude on the complex, yet it remains an deepened already sizable cracks in the tri­ relief moldings and ornaments, multihued par­ water ditch, and blockhouses. Flemish archi­ emblem of national pride. Previous World umphal arch and exterior walls and an quet floors, and colored marbles; walls are tect Anthony van Obberghen added four Monuments Watch listing called attention to inadequate gutter system allows moisture faced with faux marble and jasper. The pavil­ bastions and by 1675 the fort had taken on serious corrosion of the modules and its to penetrate the interior. Since previous ion has remained accessible to the public but its still discernible semi-star plan. In prepara­ overall structural soundness. Helped by siz­ World Monuments Watch listing, though, the top floor has become too dangerous to tion for Napoleon, the Prussian government able grant monies and continuous support the roof has been reinforced and clad in keep open and severe water infiltration over strengthened the compound. By 1919 the from the Constantin Brancusi International new tiles. Also, the panels of the painted the decades has damaged paintings and stucco compound had lost its military significance. Foundation, the column has been disassem­ wooden ceiling have been taken down and work and nearly ruined the floors. After 50 To assume a semblance of its old role as a bled and its parts are being restored. A new each is being restored. But unless the struc­ years of neglect, substantial resources, skilled symbol of the might of the region, the forr's stainless steel spine remains to be construct­ tural and drainage issues are fully reme­ craftsmen, and rare materials are required to foundations need to be strengthened and its ed and it is vital that the work be completed died, the church may be lost. restore the valuable site. The Historic Center buildings restored. since the column is in a delicate state of dis­ ofSt. Petersburg and Related Groups of assembly. Monuments are on the World Heritage List.

50 51 ALEXANDER PALACE IRKOUTSK HISTORIC CENTER PAANAJARVI VILLAGE RUSSAKOV CLUB TSARSKOE SELO, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA IRKOUTSK, RUSSIA KEMI PROVINCE, RUSSIA Moscow, RUSSIA

1792-6 SITE NO. 77 1770-1799 SITE NO. 78 14TH CENTURY -PRESNET SITE NO. 79 1929 SiTE NO. 80

ATHERINE TIlE GREAT COMMISSIONED THE N THE OFTEN GRAY SIBERIAN LANDSCAPE, FA PROPOSED HYDROELECTRIC DAM IS BUILT NSTANTIN MELNIKOV'S RUSSAKOV CLUB 11m 11m downriver from Paanajarvi, the village will be LIS T neoclassicalltalian architect Giacomo the colorful wooden houses of Irkoutsk LIS T is one of the premier examples of late OF 100 OF 100 ~ CQuarenghi to design a palace for her grand­ I stand out. Most of the 553 best examples I submerged. What will be lost is not only the onstructivist architecture and its presence son, later Emperor Alexander 1. The result still standing are two-sroried buildings last surviving complete wooden village in the in central Moscow is still startling. Three was a splendid U-shaped building with a dou­ wilh intricate roof facings and the occa­ Viena Karelia district but a priceless repository massive, angled planes protrude high above ble-Corinthian colonnade at the center of its sionallong balcony. Before a devastating of oral folk traditions that have been passed the street and at ground level the building front facade. At the end of the nineteenth cen­ fire in 1879, the town was largely one of down since the Vikings. Paanajarvi was estab­ presents itself as a rigorously geometric tury, its interior was partly remodeled by Tsar wooden dwellings. The remaining houses lished in the fourteenth century as a trading amalgam of forms. It was built as a theater Nicholas II and it was here that the royal fam­ have endured the punishing Siberian cli­ post between the Vikings and the Byzantine for workers in the nearby factories and has ily was kept under house arrest before being mate but they have reached a serious state Empire and it is one of the villages from recently been granted a 25-year lease for moved to Ekaterinburg and their execution. of decrepitude. Most have been abandoned which material for the Karelian-Finnish epic use as a venue for the stage productions of Even though the palace has long been occu­ for lack of running water, heat, and elec­ Kalevala was gathered in the early 1800s. director Roman Viktiuk. But the revolu­ pied by a naval division, many interior details tricity. Their central city location makes During an aggressive agricultural expansion in tionary engineering techniques employed have remained intact, while most original fur­ them a prime target for property develop­ the 1960s, the Soviets cleared many of the by its architect have aged to the point nishings have been stored elsewhere. The ment and they are gradually being demol­ region's villages but spared Paanajarvi, in part where the building has become structurally intention has been to convert it to a museum ished and replaced by plain concrete build­ because plans were already set for a dam unsafe. The long, flat roof has weakened, as about Russia's imperial family. Previous World ings. Yet skilled craftsmen are available across the Viena Kerni River. Since priof have the foundations; the columns in the Monuments Watch listing resulted in funds for locally and a few houses have already been World Monuments Watch listing, the Russian fan-shaped auditorium need to be rein­ emergency roof repairs. Now that the naval restored. The France-Baikal Association Energy Ministry insists that the project will be forced or rebuilt and brick walls are crack­ branch has offered to move, it is crucial to has been lobbying for funds that will lead completed by 2004. Before the waters drown ing. If the lights are to go back on in the complete remaining roof and other repairs so to a realistic and comprehensive urban out the voices of Paanajarvi and its precious Russakov Club a conservation assessment that the palace can assume its new interna­ restoration plan. buildings, international attention needs to rally plan needs to be created and acted upon. tional role. The HistorU: Center ofSt. Petersburg in support of the site and the concerted efforts and Related Groups ofMonuments are on the by the Karelia Republic and Finland to save it. World Hentage List. Paanajarvi Village has been nominated to the World Hentage List.

52 53 YELAGIN ISLAND PALACE AND PARK HELL HOUSE WIND MILLS OF MALLORCA ANI ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE ENSEMBLE BANSKA STIAVNICA, SLOVAKIA BALEARIC ISLANDS, SPAIN OCARLI KOYU, KARS, TURKEY ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA 1500-1850 SITE NO. 82 167H CENTURY -19TH CENTURY SITE NO. 83 3RD-14TH CENTURY SITE NO. 84

1780-1826 SITE NO. 81 NTIL ABOUT TWENTY YEARS AGO, THE OMETIMES THE SIMPLEST VERNACULAR 1m.! HEN ANI'S MOSTLY ARMENIAN historic center of Banska Stiavnica was a buildings speak most strongly of place. It is LIS T citizens were forced to leave in 1336 ELAGIN ISLAND, JUST NORTH OF CENTRAL the hundreds of flour wind mills that are OF 100 during Mongol rule of Asia Minor, the St. Petersburg, was one of the Romanov's U thriving mining town with 3,000 residents. S W the signature elements in the Balearic city was never inhabited again. Left behind suburban retreats, functioning as a con­ Since then, the population has dropped to Y Islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and were proto-Gothic-style churches (perhaps tained world of residences, pavilions, ser- about 800 and along its lifeless streets are pre­ Formentera. They appear as readily in the Europe's earliest realizations of the form), vants quarters, park land, and guardhouses. cious Gothic/Renaissance buildings for country as in towns. Some still feature con­ palaces, crenelated defensive walls, an The ensemble of buildings by Carlo Rossi which there is seemingly little use. One of the ical towers and giant soil supports, while impressive bridge, even hotels. Before that, that occupy the 237-acre island work most evocative structures in the historic cen­ ter is Hell House, which served for centuries ,others are ruinous truncated stone cylin­ the city in northeastern Turkey had been a together as one of the city's most beautiful ders. At one time, 894 of them dotted the medieval capital of political, economic, cul­ assemblages. The centerpiece is the Yelagin as an inn, stagecoach stop, and mail center. islands; some 200 have been lost. The fact, tural, and architectural importance and a Palace, built in the 1780s by the island's Unoccupied and not maintained for decades though, that so many still survive says principal destination on the Silk Route. previous owners, but redone by Rossi in now, Hell House continues to deteriorate: its something about their symbolic impor­ Continuous changes in rule began in the the Russian Empire style. The other two two main vaulted ceilings have collapsed, structural problems abound, and it is subject tance to the island inhabitants. Weather is seventh century-Islamic Muslims, important structures include the Wharf the biggest threat to the mills, the effects of Byzantines, Mongols, among the occupy­ Pavilion, which defines the island's eastern frequently to vandalism. Finding a party will­ which are exacerbated by lack of mainte­ ing forces. Through a recent grant from the promontory, and the Guardhouse Pavilion, ing to restore a seriously damaged building nance. Over the last year, the local govern­ Samuel H. Kress Foundation, an on-site which housed regiments of the Imperial having no modern conveniences in a stagnat­ ment, Insular Council of Mallorca, and the assessment conducted by an international Guard. The foundations and bearing walls ing town is not easy. Although the mayor Association of Friends of the Mills of team of experts was completed. But the of the palace and Wharf Pavilion are col­ welcomes proposals for the reuse of Hell Mallorca have seen to the restoration of 31 surviving structures at Ani remain at vari­ lapsing and a fire in the Guardhouse left House and other empty buildings in town, mills but because most of the structures are ous stages of collapse; emergency interven­ only its stone bearing walls. The three his goal is for them to be reoccupied by privately owned it is difficult to address tions are needed, especially before further buildings work as a unified whole and need everyday residents-to see town life reUlrn. them as an entity. Efforts to convince own­ seismic activity. Expert masons and conser­ to be restored as such. With proper conser­ The restoration of Hell House could well be ers to make repairs need to be stepped up vators are needed to repair buildings to vation, the island and its royal structures the catalyst for an overall town regeneration. and funds made available to them. save this, Eastern beacon of Christian could become a useful-and meaningful­ Banskd Stiavnica is on the World Heritage architecture, retreat for the citizens of St. Petersburg. List.

54 55 HAGIA SOPHIA PATARA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MASAKA CATHEDRAL ANCIENT CHERSONESOS ISTANBUL, TURKEY KAS, TURKEY MASAKA, KITOVU VILLAGE, UGANDA SEVASTOPOL, CRIMEA, UKRAINE

A.D. 532-563 SITE NO. 85 3RD MILLENNIUM B. c.- A.D. 1200 SITE NO. 86 1927 SIrE NO. 87 5TH CENTURY B. C.-15TH CENTURY A.D. SITE NO. 88

ImI F HAGIA SOPHIA'S 107-FOOT-DIAMETER IDE, PROTECTIVE SANDY BEACHES AND A HE MASAKA DIOCESAN CATHEDRAL IS WHERE ImI ITHIN SIGHT OF ANCIENT CHERSONESOS'S LIS T ringed with 40 arched windows, a deep Mediterranean helped make Dr. Joseph Kiwanuka, the first Catholic LIS T Corinthian columns and its remains of OF 100 O contemporary at the time of completion W Patara the wealthy capital of the Lycian­ T African Bishop from sub-Saharan Africa, was OF 100 W Greek and Byzantine buildings are the said it looked "as if suspended by a chain Parrphylian province. Those same attributes installed in 1939. During his tenure, which high-rise apartment blocks of Sevastopol, a from heaven." EmperorJustinian commis­ have attracted developers who today are lasted until 1961, he organized many educa­ city whose rapid expansion threatens to engulf sioned the architects Anthemius of Tralles eager to exploit this portion of the southern tional programs and development projects the site. This ancient Greek colonial settlement and Isidoms of Miletus to build the Turkish coast. Patara itself has so far resisted and because of his appointment, Masaka on the shores of the Black Sea was first exca­ Byzantine cathedral, whose interior is tourist development but hotels have been Cathedral became the first autonomous vated in the late-nineteenth century. Greek defined by its shallow dome and play of built on its periphery; a plan to protect the African church within the Catholic commu­ sculpture and paintings and Byzantine ceram­ hemicycles (half domes) and pendentives site needs to be established. Most of Patara nity. Seventy percent of the Masaka popula­ ics, ivory, and bronzes have been housed in (triangular sections of vaulting). After the remains unexcavated though many monu­ tion is Catholic and the cathedral is still used buildings of a former Orthodox monastery first dome collapsed, it was replaced in 562. ments are visible, including a bouleuterion as their daily worshiping center. When built on part the site. For many years, this Hagia Sophia (Greek for "Divine Wisdom") (public assembly building), Roman baths, Brother Flera Martin designed the church in museum complex has hosted archaeological remained the most important ecclesiastical granarium, theater, stone itinerarium listing 1927, he used only simple local materials in expeditions and functioned as a center for building of the Eastern Roman and late distances and directions to other cities, and its construction-bricks, timber, iron sheets. ongoing research. Chersonesos is the only Byzantine capitaL The Ottomans later con­ Corinthian temple. Ironically, it is the Harsh weather conditions, earthquakes, national preserve in Ukraine. However, the verted it to a mosque and eventually it unearthing of rhese monuments that has fos­ defective materials, and poor construction Orthodox church and local politicians now became a museum. Despite its universal tered their decay-from windblown sand, have brought the church to a critical point. want to appropriate the site, thus preventing recognition and ongoing support, including ground water infiltration, as well as tourist The most acute problems are the sagging the museum from implementing conservation a grant from American Express, water pene­ pressures and earthquakes. The stability of roof, which needs to be redesigned and measures and creating an archaeological park. tration, tourist control, and uncertain struc­ the Corinthian temple is especially tenuous; replaced, stmctural cracks in the brick walls, A Samuel H. Kress Foundation grant support­ tural conditions remain threats. Areas of the the architrave of the cella (inner room) is and the lack of supporting arches in the sanc­ ed a pilot restoration project. The activities of lead roof have cracked, roofing members broken and its collapse could take with it tuary. As the damages worsen with time, the more expert restorers would help ensure the have weakened, and leaks are damaging fres­ the entire facade. faithful local community has been working survival of Chersonesos and perhaps keep the coes and mosaics. Histonc Areas ofIstanbul diligently to find support. metropolis at a safe distance. are on the World Heritage List.

56 57 HADLOW TOWER, TONBRIDGE, MUSSENDEN TEMPLE ST. FRANCIS CHURCH AND MONASTERY, THE ST. VINCENT STREET CHURCH ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM CASTLEROCK, NORTHERN IRELAND, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM GLASGOW, SCOTLAND, UNITED KINGDOM 1863-1872 sm NO. 91 SITE NO. 92 1838-1840 SITE NO. 89 UNITED KINGDOM 1857-1859 1760-1799 SITE NO. 90 ROM A DISTANCE, THE l70-FOOT-TALL ANCHESTER'S Sr. FRANCIS CHURCH fu'ill .EXANDER THOMSON'S NICKNAME, 'GREEK' Hadlow Tower appears as a slender sky­ T THE HEIGHT OF THE NEOCLASSICAL Monastery was built at the height of the Thomson, was well-earned. Of the three Fscraper rising from the flat Kent landscape. period, buildings and monuments were MIndustrial Revolution when the city's popula­ A Greek Revival-inspired churches that he But within the center of Tonbridge, it pre- A erected throughout Britain that were meant tion was growing dramatically. The red brick, designed, the St. Vincent Street Church is sents itself as a dramatic example of tbe to c;eate an impressive vista. That nco-Gothic/High Victorian church was the perhaps finest surviving and the only to Gothic Revival that was so popular in the Mussenden Temple accomplishes. The ele­ designed by Edward Welby Pugin and it remain intact. It is a great Glasgow land­ first half of the nineteenth century. Inspired gant rotunda perches on a basalt cliff 50 became the focal point for many Catholics as mark on Blythswood Hill: an Ionic temple by William Beckford's Fonthill Abbey, the meters above roiling surf. Frederick well as a central city landmark. Elaborate altars on a massive plinth with a tall, multitiered, octagonal tower by George Leadwell Hervey, Bishop of Derry and Earl of were fashioned out of alabaster and marble and un-Grecian tower which culminates in an Taylor has gable projections on the four Bristol, built the temple as a library on the stained glass windows flooded the sanctuary exotic dome. Some of this, though, is a main sides. By the early 1990s, the fabric Downhill estate, near Castlerock. Since with light. A variety of stones were used for prop of sorts; the church itself occupies the had deteriorated to the point at which all construction, the cliff has eroded approxi­ columns and ornamental work. But as has hap­ giant plinth upon which the temple/tower decoration and the magnificent pinnacled mately three meters and unless action is pened elsewhere in major European inner cities, assemblage sits. Yet, uncannily, this lower lantern crowning the tower had to be taken soon, the temple-folly is sure to fall. the congregation has decliued. The last mass space is filled with light, as if all of it were removed. The tower is a regional landmark Of course, in a dramatic way, that is part of was held in 1989 and the monks left the elevated rather than partially sunken. and epitomizes the bravado of neo-Gothic its appeal, since its builder must have monastery soon afterwards. Following a failed Although the St. Vincent Street Church architects. Structurally, the tower is strong, known that at some point in the future the attempt to convert the church into apartments, one of the most important nineteenth-cen­ though stucCO wall surfaces require exten­ building would succumb to forces of the building has remained vacant. Most of its tury monuments in Scotland, it has long sive conservation and repair. Hadlow nature. Today we have the technology to sculpntre has been auctioned. Despite perimeter been neglected. Exterior stonework is dete­ Tower is a private house but the owner support and save it. One answer would be fencing, vandals have looted and damaged the riorating and stabilization is required. The cannot afford to make necessary repairs to move the temple inland by 20 meters, interior while rainwater and pigeons have Alexander Thomson Society, a charitable and so its future depends on its being taken but that would greatly compromise its caused further deterioration. The city council, trust, has been formed to take over the over by a public body or preservation intended effect. The preferred solution is to English Heritage and other concerned groups church, rehabilitate it, and provide for its trust. stabilize the cliff using a range of geo-tech­ concur that emergency weather proofing is future maintenance. nical procedures. needed as plans are finalized to convert the buildings into an interfaith community facility.

58 59 BODIE STATE HISTORIC PARK FORT APACHE, WHITE MOUNTAIN LANCASTER COUNTY CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. APACHE TRIBAL LAND, ARIZONA, U.S.A. PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A. COLORADO, U.S.A.

1859-1896 SITE NO, 93 1870-1922 SITE NO. 94 1710-1945 SITE NO. 95 13TH CENTURY SITE NO. 96

ODIE IS THE LARGEST AND MOST COMPLETE JHOUGH ESTABLISHED IN 1870 WITH THE ANCASTER COUNTY IS THE EMBODIMENT OF EGINNING IN ABOUT 1200, MEMBERS OF THE unrestored ghost town remaining in the initial cooperation of Apache leaders, Fort William Penn's seventeenth-century vision of Northern Sanjuan Anasazi culture began con­ BAmerican West. The gold mining settle­ J\i pache quickly became the locus for the Lreligious tolerance. The fertile land in the Bstructing multistory apartments in namral ment was established 8,200 feet above sea repression of the tribe. The fort served as the southeastern portion of the state became a alcoves above the canyons in what is now the level in the eastern Sierra Nevada base of operations from which the u.s. caval­ haven for German, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh Four Corners. In a complex of 600 cliff Mountains. In 1882 Bodie's population of ry carried out assaults against Geronimo and immigrants. Most notable among them were dwellings in Colorado's Mesa Verde National 12,000 people made it one of the largest other Apaches who resisted the policy of the Amish, Mennonite, and other Anabaptist Park, a representative sample of this type of and roughest gold rush towns. The 495­ Manifest Destiny. Fort Apache was decom­ faiths-the so-called "Plain People" -who architecture is preserved. Some dwellings are, acre site has 114 buildings with thousands missioned in 1922, making it the last "non­ have become synonymous with the county. in fact, quite large, one of which-Cliff of artifacts, horse-drawn vehicles, machin­ mechanized" Army post in the United States. Their small family farms are interspersed with Palace-has over 150 rooms, but also towers, ery' and domestic accessories. The Bodie The facility was immediately transferred to the cohesive towns and a central eponymous city. courtyards and ceremonial spaces. Since Mesa Archives, salvaged from the site and Bureau of Indian Affairs and was reopened in Lancaster County is among America's most Verde became a national park in 1906, the cliff secured off-premises, documents in exhaus­ 1930 as the Theodore Roosevelt Indian strongly defined, and intact, cultural land­ dwellings have undergone continuous excava­ tive detail the inhospitable living and Boarding School, but its mission, too, was scapes, but it has reached a crossroads. Rapid tion and attempts at preservation. As a result of working conditions in the town's early insidious for its programs sought to eliminate suburbanization and all its predictable incar­ that attention, it has become clear that the days. Wind-driven dust, sand, rain, and the oral and cultural traditions of the Apaches. nations threatens to negate Lancaster unique plain and decorated earthen plasters snow continually attack the mostly board­ Eventually, the maintenance of Fort Apache's County's sense of place. Despite public and and mortars are deteriorating at an alarming and-batten-pine buildings. Ghosts and remarkable frontier military facilities, red private farmland preservation programs that rate. Excavation has made some buildings memories are all that linger. Preservation of sandstone dormitories, log cabin, and cavalry serve as national models, the integrity of unstable, and waterlines introduced into the this evocative place depends on acquiring stables virtually ceased. The White Mountain Lancaster continues to be eroded by the loss park for public convenience have aggravated an 500 acres of land currently in private Apache Tribe has prepared a master plan for of pristine agricultural land and the subse­ already serious moisture problem in some hands; this would reduce the threat of the adaptive reuse of the fort as a cultural and quent affects on the plain sect communities. alcoves. Researchers from the University of destructive mining exploration. The build­ educational tourist center. What remains to be The region's equilibrium remains at risk and Pennsylvania recently carried Out a successful ings' restoration and creation of a visitor done is an assessment of the site's 29 buildings, further diligent efforts to preserve it must pilot conservation program that should now be center would follow. followed by restoration of each. contmue. implemented throughout the park. Mesa Verde National Park is on the World Heritage List.

60 61 SOUTH PASS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SAN FRANCISCO CHURCH My SON TEMPLE DISTRICT SHIBAM HISTORIC CITY WYOMING, U.S.A. CORo,FALCON,VENEZUELA DUY XUYEN DISTRICT, VIETNAM SHIBAM,YEMEN SITE NO. 98 3RD-12TH CENTURY SiTE:: NO. 99 5TH CENTURY SiTE NO. 100 MID-19TH CENTURY SITE NO. 97 1720-1887

OUTH PASS IS SYNONYMOUS WITH THE HEN THE FRANCISCAN ORDER ESTABLISHED ImI y SON, THE HOLY CAPITAL OF THE HIBAM PRESENTS ITSELF AS A CITY OF MUD opening up of the American West. the Convent of Sa1ceda in Coro in 1613 they liST ancient kingdom of Champa in central brick . The agglomeration of OF 100 SHundreds of thousands of pioneers travel­ W erected San Francisco Church, making it one M Vietnam, contains the oldest and largest S1,600-year-old structures, some eight stories, ing by wagon along the Oregon Trail of their first in Venezuela. After a number of surviving collection of Champa architecture. was a familiar site for travelers on the frankin- passed through this region. They left little enlargement.<) and reconstructions, Coro's only Even though the sanctuary was sited amid a cense caravan route. Shibam's 500 contiguous behind, except wagon wheel ruts, primitive neo-Gothic-inspired structure was in place by ring of ostensibly protective mountains, it has buildings are contained within a rectangular roads, abandoned mines, and remnants of 1887. But the church also manages to embody been invaded repeatedly. In 982, conquest by city wall; verticaliry offered further protec­ the short-lived South Pass City, which in vernacular treatments, such as iron decorative Le-Hoan caused great damage to the sacred tion. All of the houses are set on stone foun­ 1867 became notable as the first place in work in front of decidedly neo-Gothic win­ complex but beginning in 1074, King dations and exteriors are plastered with a the United States where women could vote. dows and a polychromed wood coffered ceil­ Haravarman rebuilt My Son; final restora­ combination of mud and chopped straw. Because the South Pass landscape has ing. San Francisco, situated within a tions were carried out in 1234 by King Increasingly, though, locals have been coming escaped change and development, its vast­ UNESCO World Heritage site, remains an Mesvarman. By the end of the thirteenth cen­ down from these heights to live in modern ness is a testament to what American pio­ active place of worship, but that could change. tury the site had been abandoned and lay houses along the highway. Many use cars neers encountered in the journey west. Inefficient conservation measures carried out largely undisturbed until a bombing raid dur­ now, which the narrow lanes of the Old City Multinational conglomerates want to by state agencies years ago caused consider­ ing the 1970s destroyed many temples. Since cannot accommodate. It is understandably resume mining in South Pass as well as able damage. Part of that misguided restora­ then, visitors to the site have found mostly difficult to convince people to stay in disinte­ build a massive pipeline through it. Pro­ tion project involved removing the church's ruins, pieces of inscriptions, and sculpture grating dwellings without modern amenities development attitudes in the region have roof; the interior was left wholly unprotected scattered about. Since previous World and that are arduous to reach. The key to strengthened their position. The federal for two years. The subsoil became saturated, Monuments Watch listing, the sculpture has reestablishing people in the tower houses is to government needs to stop issuing construc­ the clay within it expanded, and monstrouS been better safeguarded-an important devel­ adapt them for modern life. Baswaidan tion permits. Formal designation of South interior and exterior cracks resulted. Funding opment given the increasing numbers of House, a medium-sized dwelling with six lev­ Pass as a National Historic Landscape and for repairs have come only intermittently from tourists. Protection from the environment is els, would make for an ideal pilot project to listing it on the National Register of the state, making restoration work inconsis­ the issue now. Heavy rains, runoff from the demonstrate how something so ancient can be Historic Places are crucial to the strategy tent. Coro and its Port is on the World mountains, mud slides, and dense vegetation made practical and enjoyable to occupy. The of preservation. Heritage List. inflict damage sufficient to erase what has Old Walled City ofShibam is on the World remained of My Son. Heritage List.

62 63 PROGRESS REpORT: LIST OF 100 MOST ENDANGERED SITES 1996-97

eciding which sites from the. 1996-97 World reach fruition. Conversely, where discussions with Monuments Watch list would be retained nominators indicated that World Monuments Watch D for the 1998-99 List of100 Most listing proved to be an ineffective stimulus for posi­ Endangered Sites presented a new challenge for tive change, those sites were dropped from further selection panel members. While the threats affecting consideration. many previously listed properties intensified, hun­ dreds of new nominations competed for recognition. Nearly three-quarters of all listed sites were owned by government agencies. In some cases) sound Two steps were taken by the WMF staff to aid this recommendations foundered due to complacency, PROGRESS evaluation. First, all nominators to the 1996-97 list neglect by the public sector, or the absence of influ­ were asked to provide updates on the status of their ential high-level support. Elsewhere, governments sites. Seventy sites were renominated. Second, WMF immediately responded to listed sites within their REPORT: established focused criteria to guide the removal of jurisdiction, providing a majority of the secondary sites from the list, emphasizing: the scope and nature funding leveraged through initial World Monuments of interventions listing; mitigation of primary Watch grants. threats; scale of continuing deterioration; and rela­ OF tive significance, urgency, and viability in compari­ The summary updates that follow provide an LIST son to every other nomination. overview of those 75 sites removed from the List of 100 Most Endangered Sites, with mention of the Many nominators reported progress towards the grants awarded to date through the World goals outlined in their original 1996 World Monuments Watch program. Detailed information Monuments Watch nominations; projects with the about the List of100 Most Endangered Sites, grants combined support of the property owner, local gov­ awarded under the World Monuments Watch pro­ ernment and area residents met most consistently gram, and the most recent progress reports available with success. Using World Monuments Watch listing may be accessed through the World Monuments as a platform for other fund raising and publicity Fund Web Site at http://www.worldmonuments.org efforts, 22 sites leveraged financial support without or may be requested in writing from WMF's head­ funding from the World Monuments Fund. Forty­ quarters in New York. MOST eight grants totaling $3 million were awarded during this program's first cycle. The majority of projects ENDANGERED receiving support were part of a larger, carefully organized, long-term conservation plan. Seventeen succeeded in obtaining additional grants or loans from other sources.

SITES Case-by-case review resulted in the removal of 75 sites from the first endangered list. Where positive 1996-1997 momentum towards protection was evident, sites were generally removed from the list, with the rec­ ommendation that they be monitored during the next listing cycle. Those sites that have been retained face problems of extreme urgency that the best efforts of the nominator failed to countermand; in these cases, the panel recognized the existence of viable solutions that need more time or funding to

64 65 SAN IGNACIO MINI SAN XING Dur SITE attention has been focused on SAN IGNACIO, ARGENTINA CHURCHES OF CHlLOE EASTER ISLAND, CHILE GUANG HAN CITY, the sensitive development of CHILOE ARCHIPELAGO, SICHUAN PROVINCE, the historic buildings of the CHILE CHINA area. Slow but sure progress is being made at several sites, including Lopud.

OLD CITY HARBOR DUBROVNIK, CROATIA tion to garnering sizable islated in both countries. WMF of the monastic complex's local volunteer support. As a participated in a 1997 confer- thirteenth- and fourteenth- result, restoration work on ence that forged a concrete century wall paintings, the WORLD MONUMENTS SURFACE EROSION AND the church facade and roof agreement for joint research, Samuel H. Kress Foundation Watch grants totaling cliff face detachment have stabilization was completed. conservation, and presentation provided a grant of $20,000. $50,000 from American FUNDING PROVIDED BY been threatening the richly SINCE THE WORLD Currently, work is beginning of the ancient Maya cultural The funds are supporting Express were awarded to sup- the European Community, carved petroglyphs high on Monuments Watch listing, on the restoration of the center. The project is on its emergency work to prevent port a conservation plan for the Andes Foundation, the the dramatic cliffs of the a dike has been built to pro- monastery facade. way to rescuing the site and is water infiltration and site San Ignacio Mini, the seven- Spanish Agency for Inter- southwest tip of the island. A tect this extraordinary recent breaking new ground in monitoring. teenth-century Spanish national Cooperation, Esso $30,000 commitment from archaeological discovery from MORGAN LEWIS archaeological conservation. baroque mission complex and Chile, and local parishes, WMF through its Somerville flooding, and a site museum EVEN BEFORE 2,000 MISSILES SUGAR MILL ANGKOR the restoration of the portal. along with the labor of local Easter Island Bequest will has been built to present the fell on the city in the early ST. ANDREW, BARBADOS SERRA DA CAPIVARA ARCHAEOLOGICAL Significant headway is being preservationists and the provide for studies of the geo- extraordinary artifacts of a lit- 1990s. Dubrovnik's harbor NATIONAL PARK DISTRICT made in reopening the site to University of Chile are logical setting and how it can de known ancient culture to walls had been compromised SAo RAIMUNDO SIEM REAP, CAMBODIA tourists as part of a program increasing the chances for sur- be strengthened. But before the public. A $30,000 Ameri- by earthquakes. Fortunately, NONATO, PIAUI, funded by the Inter American vival of these 70 important these studies can proceed, a can Express grant will support the sense of urgency has Development Bank. wooden churches. means must be found to bring site interpretation, artifact passed. Two state agencies are in drilling equipment to this conservation, and an English- addressing the issue of their BELVEDERE GARDENS ELEVATORS OF very remote locale. language guidebook to the repair, but World Monuments VIENNA, VALPARAISO museum. Watch will continue to moni- VALPARAISO, CHILE LIAO DYNASTY SITE tor the site. CHI FENG CITY, INNER LOPUD FRANCISCAN JUST BEFORE THE 1996 HUR- MONGOLIA, CHINA MONASTERY SPLIT HISTORIC CENTER ricane season, the last sur- DUBROVNIK-N ERETVA SPLIT, CROATIA viving wind-driven sugar mill .kTHOUGH VANDALISM COUNTY,CROATIA in the Caribbean was disman- NATURAL AND HUMAN nd looting have largely tied-and damaged parts threats to the Stone Age been stemmed, increasing replicated-with an American paintings have largely been tourism poses a new threat to Express Award of $20,000. To removed. The Inter American the site's integrity. WMF has a date, $50,000 has been raised Development Bank has allo- major ongoing role in THANKS TO A GRANT OF for the mill's continued cated funds to build roads to addressing Angkor's conserva- $20,000 from the Samuel WORLD MONUMENTS restoration and American the site, a UNESCO-spon- tion challenges through its H. Kress Foundation, a steer- Watch listing generated Express awarded a second sored technical mission is project at the Preah Khan ing committee has been creat- enormous publicity and a pLANS HAD BEEN APPROVED grant of $30,000 to help com- being sent, and specialists temple. With this and many ed, and a strategic plan is $40,000 grant from American to build dikes to prevent pEACE GREATLY FAVORS THE plete the work. from the International on-site projects now under- being developed for the Express supported conserva- further devastating floods of $25,000 GRANT FROM return of tourism to the Council of Museums and way, Angkor is progressing A restoration of this French tion planning for the 24 origi- the excavated tombs, and there the Samuel H. Kress Dalmatian coast, and has EL PILAR Seikei University ofJapan slowly toward the goal of baroque garden and its struc- nal elevators, a rare surviving has been neither a progress Foundation enabled the Save allowed Croatia's monuments ARCHAEOLOGICAL have detailed conservation having an adequate conserva- tures. The selection panel will example of a pedestrian funic- report nor request from the Dalmatia Foundation to orga- conservation infrastructure to RESERVE measures. tion management infrastruc- reassess the site in two years. ular system. The selection nominator, the State Bureau of nize a conference highlighting rebuilt itself. New archaeolog- BELIZE RIVER AREA, ture to address its unrelenting panel considered the project Cultural Relics of China, to the plight of Lopud and other ical research underway on BELIZE IVANOVO ROCK needs. FRANCISCAN CHURCH to have sufficient momentum retain the site on the list. islands on the southern Diocletian's palace, the center- THE CONTIGUOUS BIOS- CHAPELS VIENNA, AUSTRIA for implementing the conser- Dalmatian coast. As a result of piece of this ancient Roman phere reserve of El Pilar, ROUSSE REGION, FRANCISCAN FRIARS I-lAVE vation plan. the conference dignitaries, city, further indicates that bisected by the border between BULGARIA secured funds and loans including the Prince of Wales progress is being made to Belize and Guatemala, is in the N RESPONSE TO THE NEED of nearly $1 million, in addi- I and Croatia's prime minister, integrate Split's rich history process of being officially leg- to halt further deterioration

66 67 within its modern needs. The panel will reevaluate progress Mary Church. The selection trough needed a plan of concrete columns is in place exemplified hoth hy its archi- development pressures. World traffic from the monument. selection panel feels that list- at the site again in two years. panel is confident that other action. American Express pro- now. A $50,000 grant from tecture and hy the original Monuments Watch listing That project, comhined with American Express will help performances that took place highlighted those threats and other in-town anti-pollution ing has highlighted the city's v sources will continue to pro- vided a $40,000 grant, which need to maintain its important CESKY KRUMLOV vide resources for the preser- other sources matched. The determine the proper strategy within. Damaged roofs were helped catalyze efforts to efforts, are all part of a 25- monuments. VARDEN vation of the complete project is moving forward. for the stahilization and repaired using government develop a tourism and conser- year plan to ensure the preser- CESKY KRUMLOV, baroque complex. preservation of the church. monies and funds from the vation program. The viability vation of the Taj , which VILLAGE OF TVRDA CZECH REpUBLIC CHATEAU AQUEDUCT Getty Grant Program. Work of the resulting proposed plan is now in motion. OSIJEK, CROATIA CHURCH OF THE CASTELNAU- PITARETI MONASTIC on the site is progressing. is questionahle, hut the selec- COMPANiA PEGAYROLLES, FRANCE COMPLEX tion panel will reevaluate the BOROBUDUR , ECUADOR TETRITSKARO DISTRICT, ETZ HAYIM SYNAGOGUE site again in two years. CENTRAL JAVA, GEORGIA HANIA, CRETE, GREECE INDONESIA ROYAL GARDEN PAVILIONS BUDAPEST, HUNGARY

KTHOUGH MANY OF THE THE WORLD MONUMENTS rchitectural qualities of Watch has learned that this garden were irreversibly BECAUSE OF WORLD reconstruction plans for this lost during the Communist FOLLOWING A DEVASTAT- Monuments Watch list- baroque fortified city, which period, preserving the remain- ing fire last year during ing, this eleventh-century .A;20,000 GRANT FROM SINCE ITS BOMBING IN IT WAS THOUGHT THAT sustained bombardment from ing elements is the focus of conservation work, emer- aqueduct system was made a he Samuel H. Kress World War II, this last sur- Borobudur's chief threat Yugoslavian army forces, have new energy. The government's gency funds were received nationally registered historic Foundation for this site was viving Jewish monument on was degradation by the intro- been developed. Although the restoration work is addressing from the government, monument in France. the first international funding Crete has been disintegrating. AN AMERICAN EXPRESS duction of inappropriate integrity of its medieval char- the terraced baroque fountain, Pichicha Bank, and UNESCO. Resulting public and private for cultural heritage in A $40,000 World Monuments award of $50,000 has tourist attractions-a sound acter is unquestioned, this is which requires extensive Before the fire there were funds were sufficient to repair Georgia. Emergency stabiliza- Watch graut from the Samuel resulted in consolidating and light show, more vendors, a site of essentially national structural foundation work serious threats to the build- collapsed walls and address tion measures were taken on H. Kress Foundation in 1996 government efforts to stabi- among them. But a visit by significance. Other, more and restoration of the foun- ing-its location in an active some of the water infiltration the thirteenth-century church. spurred up to $76,000 from lize, conserve, and reuse the WMF staff last year revealed urgent projects in this war- tains sculptural pieces. seismic zO'ne, atmospheric problems. Heightened aware- Substantial puhliciry was other sources. A building sur- pavilions in this late nine- that the ninth-century torn region merit immediate American Express has joined pollution, ground-water ness of the site will be instru- generated by the World vey and restoration plan has teenth-century garden com- Buddhist site remains in good attention. the project with a $50,000 infiltration, past overcleaning mental to its continued Monuments Watch listing, been completed. The structur- plex-in time for the 125th condition; while it would ben- World Monuments Watch of metal objects and surfaces, preservation. including the making of a al repairs and construction of anniversary of Budapest in efit from better tourist man- CONVENT OF SANTA grant. and wood deterioration. Georgian television documen- a new roof has commenced. the year 2000. WMF staff agement and interpretation, CLARA OF ASSISI Although the immediate cri- SAINT-EMlLION tary about the complex. Conservation of the syna- participated in an interna- the physical integriry of HAVANA, CUBA KLADRUBY BENEDICTINE sis has passed and seven reta- MONOLITHIC CHURCH gogue is an ongoing project tional on-site planning con- Borobudur is largely uncom- MONASTERY bles have been restored, SAINT-EMILION, FRANCE FESTSPIELHAUS of WMF's Jewish Heritage ference in the fall of 1996. promised. TACHOV DISTRICT, funds are still needed. HELLERAU Program. CZECH REpUBLIC DRESDEN HELLERAU, TAJMAHAL CLONMACNOISE NEW QA'ITBAY SEBIL GERMANY MORUKA-WAINI AGRA, INDIA GRAVEYARD (FOUNTAIN HOUSE) CULTURAL LANDSCAPE COUNTY OFFALY, CAIRO, EGYPT WARAO SETTLEMENTS, IRELAND GUYANA

CUBA'S NATIONAL COUNCIL of Cultural Patrimony, W~IAT IS KNOWN ABOUT which occupies part of this this subterranean convent, Havana's first, has FUNDS FROM THE CZECH church is that the 3,000-ton reported that the recent allo- state budget and Commis- bell tower above it is increas- FOLLOWING WORLD SINCE WORLD MONUMENTS cation of funding in the range sion of the European Cornrnu- ingly off center from its sup- Monuments Watch listing, Watch listing, construction of $40,000-$50,000 will sup- nities have restored the roof WHEN LISTED LAST YEAR, porting pillars. What's not international attention focused has begun on the Agra Ring WORLD MONUMENTS port the site's stabilization and and rafters of the monastery's this deteriorating fif- known is how to remedy the on this historic cultural arena, THIS ANCIENT SITE OF Road and Bypass that will Watch listing focused roof repair. The selection Assumption of the Virgin teenth-century watering problem-although a forest of a birthplace of modernism- shell mounds faces severe divert 650,000 tons of truck public attention on the nega-

68 69 tive impact of extending a new agents posed a serious threat the famous fresco and stucco Kress Foundation answered graveyard adjacent to this to the sculpture's surface. decorations in the remains of requests by UNESCO and ancient site. Funds provided The requested $15,000 has Nero's lavish Roman resi­ the International Association by the National Monuments been raised to complete the dence. Inclusion on the 1996­ to Save Tyre for a preservation Service led to further archaeo­ preliminary analytic cam­ 97 list highlighted the urgent plan with a $25,000 grant. To logical investigation and a paign necessary to establish need to prepare a report on date, no action has taken place ground-penetrating radar sur­ the extent and procedures of the condition of all that sur­ and the World Monuments vey. The site is now a regis­ a final restoration. vives in one of the most Watch panel awaits findings tered National Monument innovative achievements of from two UNESCO missions ments, and private sector Major structural problems progress has been made structural surveys have begun which protects it from further GROTTOS OF SAN Roman architecture. The to the area; the site will be sponsors all dedicated to car­ threatening the structure have thanks to the help of this pri­ and it is hoped that other encroachment. MICHELE selection panel will reassess reassessed in two years. vate-sector counterpart. requested funds will come SALERNO, ITALY the site in two years. rying out the restoration of been resolved. this important monument. through for major repairs and THE WHITE CITY DJENNE-DJENO TEMPLE OF HERCULES, MODERN MURAL conservation. TEL AVIV, ISRAEL RUINS ON THE RIVER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE SANTA MARlA IN STELLE PAINTINGS CENTA DJENNE, MAll ALBENGA (SAVONA), VERONA, ITALY ROME, ITALY VARlOUS CITIES, YUCATAN INDIAN ITALY MEXICO CHAPELS YUCATAN PENINSULA, MEXICO

s A RESULT OF WORLD A Monuments Watch list­ N THE YEAR SINCE WORLD ing, the local municipality of I Monuments Watch listing, Olevano suI Tusciano contin­ A $40,000 AMERICAN 50 buildings in this city within ued to finance emergency HIS SECOND-CENTURY MERICAN EXPRESS HAS ..t\Express award is support­ grotto was listed in 1996 awarded grants totalling EXICO'S EXTRAORDI­ a city have been restored conservation in the grotto; a AD THE CITY OF ALBENGA T A ing efforts to stabilize and by the World Monuments $185,000 towards the restora­ naty murals that adorn faithfully to their appropriate regional conference about H carried out plans to protect the site from erosion M Watch panel because of the tion of the temple. These funds its public buildings face NCWSION IN THE 1996-97 modernist idiom. The munici­ this extraordinary monument widen a portion of the river and looting, continue neces­ precarious condition of its have financed the restoration chronic threats from earth­ World Monuments Watch pality has also made progress was organized and a fund bed, a significant area of the sary excavation work, and I early Christian frescoes and of the temple's cella and the quakes and their accompany­ List resulted in a gift of in instituting a computer raising campaign launched to archaeological remains of the train Malian students in mosaics. The Samuel H. interior's fifteenth-century ing effects, but a grant of $20,000 from American archive of information on secure support from the Roman city would have been archaeological survey, excava­ fresco, a reminder of the mon­ $30,000 from American Express to support a model each of the 1,000 buildings European Community. destroyed. A court order has Kress Foundation granted tion, conservation, and man­ $20,000 to support environ­ ument's conversion to use as a .Express is highlighting the treatment program and an and is beginning to compile Particularly high humidity halted the project and World agement skills. Other interna­ mental analysis of the causes Christian church. The entire importance of involving the exhibition that teaches standards of appropriate levels continue to threaten Monuments Watch listing tional support, from the Getty of deterioration. The selec­ project is scheduled to be com­ public in restoration work. It appropriate restoration tech­ preservation techniques. the frescoes decorating the has encouraged all concerned Conservation Institute and the tion panel will reassess the pleted for the millennium cele­ is expected that broader niques for the'Yucatan's chapels constructed within parties to investigate alterna­ World Bank, has also been site in two years. bration in 2000. appreciation of Mexico's mod­ more than 100 important BARTOLOMEO the cavern's extensive interior. tive solutions to the flood forthcoming. ern mural paintings will result ecclesiastical buildings, all COLLEONI MONUMENT control problem. STS. AMBROGIO AND ANCIENT TYRE in a much needed comprehen­ built between the sixteenth , ITALY NERO'S PALACE­ CHURCH OF JESUS CARLO AL CORSO TYRE, LEBANON sive and systematic approach and eighteenth centuries. DOMUsAuREA SAN GIACOMO NAZARENO ROME, ITALY to the problems. Work is in progress. ROME, ITALY MAGGIORE PORTICO ATOTONILCO, ry-trrrs SIGNIFICANT FEATURE BOLOGNA, ITALY GUANAJUATO, MEXICO .1 of the Roman skyline was SAN JUAN DE ULUA MEDIEVAL SIJILMASSA HE RENAISSANCE PORTICO ITH THE HELP OF A included on the 1996 list FORT RISSANI, Twas listed in 1996 in W $20,000 award from because of increasing damage to VERACRUZ, MEXICO ANY OF THE THREATS reaction to its advanced dete­ American Express matched by its dome, decorative interiors, INCE WORLD MONUMENTS to the central archaeo­ riorated state, due to factors the local government, the M and crypt. The Italian govern­ Watch listing, the Mexican logical site of this city are ranging from urban pollu­ Mexican conservation group S ment continues to sustain the government and National being reversed. Since World tion to repeated acts of van­ Adopti' una Obra de Arte has project and major funding is Institute of Anthropology and Monuments Watch listing, HE WORLD MONUMENTS dalism. Listing has resulted conserved one of the church's expected to be allocated in con­ HAT WAR HASN'T DONE History have supported it has been designated a Watch selection panel in the formation of acoali­ chapels and is working to T junction with preparations for to Tyre, urban devel­ restoration efforts with National Historical Site and listed this bronze monument OMPLICATED ENVIRON­ tion of local civic groups, the W restore some of the many Rome's millennium celebration. opment has. The Samuel H. $400,000. Geological and financial support has been because environmental C mental issues threaten city and national govern- threatened murals. Significant

70 71 VAGA OLD CHURCH HISTORIC CENTER ANGONO PETROGLYPHS PROZNA STREET KIZHI POGOST JODENSAVANNE VAGAMO, OPPLAND OFCUSCO RIZAL, PHILIPPINES WARSAW, POLAND KIZHI ISLAND, LAKE JODENSAVANNE, COUNTY, NORWAY ,PERU ONEGA, RUSSIA SURINAME

coming from private individu­ extensive preservation, eco­ als and foundations. Further nomic, and social needs (80 archaeological excavation percent of its buildings need NCLUSION ON THE WORLD RANTS FROM RONALD occurred, anti-desertification major repairs). No new sub­ AGA WAS NOT ONE OF A MERICAN EXPRESS HAS Monuments Watch 1996-97 Lauder have resulted in h. AEASURES ARE FINALLY T WAS HOPED THAT WORLD measures have been put in mission was received and no I G Norway's 20 wooden Aawarded $50,000 so that a List highlighted the necessity the purchase by the Jewish 1V lbeing taken to address Monuments Watch listing place, and the local communi­ word on progress has been V I churches claimed by arson, proper assessment of the city's for bringing an expert to the Renaissance Foundation of high humidity levels and would encourage national and ty is becoming involved. available. The selection panel but it was vulnerable to historic monuments can take site to prepare a conservation Poland of two of the four sur­ restore the iconostasis and corporate sponsorship of is encouraged by UNESCO's attack. A $15,000 World place. The selection panel plan for these ancient rock viving buildings from the decorated altar elements in the efforts to maintain the RABBI SHLOMO IBN involvement in the site, Monuments Watch grant from expects given that process, a carvings. A grant of $40,000 Warsaw Ghetto. American multi-domed wooden Church remains of the oldest syna­ DANAN AND MANSANO through which it will monitor the Samuel H. Kress set of preservation guidelines from American Express will Express, the Kenneth and of the Transfiguration, the gogue in the Americas. The SYNAGOGUES progress. Foundation means that the for private owners will be make it possible for a rock art Evelyn Lipper Foundation, result of a $35,000 grant from status of the site remains FEZ, MOROCCO church will soon be equipped developed and implemented conservation specialist to trav­ and Ambassador Lauder have the Samuel H. Kress essentially unchanged. Given a TEKU THAPATALI with surveillance cameras and by the city authorities. el to the site, assess conserva­ each provided grants of Foundation and $49,720 from continuing national economic MONUMENT ZONE a motion detection system. tion needs, and develop a con­ $25,000 to renovate the Grand Circle Foundation. crisis, the selection panel con­ BAGMATI RIVER, The municipality has provided MURALS OF THE servation plan. facades of the other two struc­ The larger issues of stmctural sidered further listing to be of KATHMANDU, NEPAL $50,000 for an emergency fire ALLAUCA CHURCH tures, which the city of repair and maintenance needs little benefit. system. RAPAZ, PERU OUR LADY'S Warsaw still owns. to the church remain. ASSUMPTION BASILICA KILWA KISIWANI TAMBA WARI CRACOW, POLAND COA VALLEY MOORISH HOUSES OF PORTUGUESE FORT INDUS RIVER DELTA, PETROGLYPHS GRANADA LIND! REGION, SINDH, PAKISTAN VILLA NOVA DE Foz GRANADA, SPAIN TANZANIA INCE WORl.D MONUMENTS COA, PORTUGAL SWatch listing, American Express has awarded $30,000 towards restoration of the Ibn Danan. Listing helped to FFORTS TO STIMULATE secure the involvement of the Egrass roots efforts to ORLD MONUMENTS Danan family in conserving ensure the survival of the Watch listing in 1996­ the structure and transferring site's Hindu and Buddhist W 97 highlighted the fading of UNDREDS OF DAILY ownership to a public trust; ghats and temples are the church's 27 murals, but no visitors, air pollution, international NGOs and encouraging. The World H HE REMAINS OF THE preservation measures have and inadequate maintenance A MERICAN EXPRESS AWARD INCE WORLD MONUMENTS Jewish organizations have also Monuments Watch selection tenth-century mosque been undertaken in the last have had their effects on this NCE THESE PALEOLITHIC 1\ed a World Monuments Watch listing, the Calouste indicated an interest in partici­ panel noted that a vision for T S with a synthesis of Islamic year. Because the church is historic church. The govern­ petroglyphs were dis­ Watch grant of $50,000 for a Gulbenkian Foundation has pating. The Jewish Heritage the project has been articu­ O and Hindu art had long been one of hundreds of Peruvian ment has matched a $25,000 covered during survey work, a demonstration project to decided to send two experts to Program of WMF continues lated by an architectural affected by flooding. colonial sites in need of con­ grant from American Express dam project was canceled and restore 10 surviving houses the masonry fort to assess the to monitor these two syna­ team and recommended Unfortunately, within six servation, the selection panel to restore the portal of the lobbying efforts were started from the period of the effects of ocean erosion, van­ gogues. revisiting the project Once months of World feels that the site is simply not stmcture's west facade. Other to convince the Portuguese . Planning is under­ dalism, and plant growth. further steps had been car­ Monuments Watch listing, sufficiently competitive with funds are expected to be government to establish a way and work will soon begin Interest has been expressed by MOZAMBIQUE ISLAND ried out, including the estab­ the Indus River has com­ other more urgent projects in secured this year. national park on the site, to restore one house as an other potential donors. The NAMPULA PROVINCE, lishment of a qualified orga­ pletely swept the site away. the country. which it has. Also, a scheme interpretive center. The locally selection panel will reassess MOZAMBIQUE nization to promote and for controlled site visitation is based El Legado Andalusi the site in two years. NCLuSION IN THE 1996-97 support the project. being carried out. (Legacy of al-Andalaus) has World Monuments Watch I garnered considerable local list highlighted the island's support for preservation.

72 73 AYUTTAYA AND OrnER ADOBE CHURCHES OF selection panel feels that pre- discussion and, in light of a given $40,000 to establish a Save Our Cemeteries is now SUBOTICA SYNAGOGUE KHAMI NATIONAL FLOODED SITES ALONG NEW MEXICO vious listing sufficiently high- recent Supreme Court ruling conservation laboratory and actively working to imple­ SUBOTICA, YUGOSLAVIA MONUMENT CHAO PRAYA RIVER, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A. lighted the work to be done. awarding the island's south hire experts in order to com­ ment the conservation plan. BULAWAYO, ZIMBABWE THAILAND end to New Jersey, the World mence restoration of the pieces. EASTERN STATE Monuments Watch panel feels The church's urgent stmctural MINH MANG TOMB PENITENTIARY it must reassess the situation problems have been addressed. HUE CITY, VIETNAM , in two years. PENNSYLVANIA, U.S.A. LAFAYETTE CEMETERY GOLDEN GATE PARK No.1 CONSERVATORY OF , FLOWERS LOUISIANA, U.S.A. SAN FRANCISCO, n ESTORATION OF THE CONSERVATION CHAL- CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. f'-foundation, structural VER THE PAST YEAR, THE ANNUAL FLOODS THAT lenges to these unique elements, and interior decora­ Osteps have been taken have inundated Ayuttaya structures persist, but the tive work had begun in the to educate the local popula­ and other nearby sites is the effortS of Cornerstones OCUMENTATION OF THE 1980s but was halted follow­ tion about the site and find result of improper land man- Community Partnerships in Dsite for its eventual ing Yugoslavia's economic col­ ways to address the problems agement, including land filling Santa Fe have ensured a future SOME REGARD 11-1E PRESER- restoration and conservation lapse and war. No update on of vandalism, animal and veg­ and deforestation. American for many formerly endan- vation of this prison as a will be made possible with an further progress was received etative damage, and structural Express awarded $50,000 for gered adobe churches and great white elephant project. $80,000 World Monuments after 1996-97 World instability. A World restoration of one of the tero- theiT communities. Listing But since World Monuments A CONSERVATION PLAN TO Watch grant from American Monuments Watch listing. Monuments Watch grant of pIes which was completed in highlighted the importance of Watch listing, considerable .r\save this earliest example Express. Stmctural repairs and The selection panel will $50,000 from American ten months. The World this work, which continues to funding has been raised from STORM DAMAGE, COUPLED of New Orleans's above­ continuing damage from reassess the site in two years Express has been awarded to Monuments Watch panel is gain momentum. In the past private and municipal sources with earthquakes and nor- ground interment tradition weather conditions and other and WMF's Jewish Heritage formulate a plan of action. awaiting word from the year the organization has for emergency roof repairs mal weathering, led to the from vegetation damage, cli­ natural effects will be Program continues to monitor Ministry of Education con- received grants totaling and a $100,000 challenge grant closing of the Conservatory of matic effects, and vandalism addressed. The selection panel this site. cerning the status of other $21,000 for the repair of seven has been offered by the Flowers. American Express was completed with a $20,000 will reassess Minh Mang preservation plans. leaking church roofs. Commonwealth of awarded $100,000 for emer- World Monuments Watch Tomb in two years. Pennsylvania. Plans are'being gency repairs. Architectural grant from American Express. <;ATAL HOyOK CHACO CULTURE considered for making the site plans are going through the KO<;;UKKOY, TURKEY NATIONAL HISTORIC a museum or center for the approval process and a local 1996-97 SELECTION PANEL PARK study of criminal justice. constituency is involved. The selection panel will reassess MCKINLEY COUNTY, Colin Amery Architecture Critic, The Financial Times - the site in two years. NEW MEXICO, U.S.A. Special Advisor, World Monuments Fund in Britain SournEND NEW YORK, NEW YORK, HOLY ASCENSION Gustavo Araoz Executive Director, US/ICOMOS U.S.A. CHURCH UNALASKA, ALASKA, U.S.A. Lester Borley Secretary General, Europa Nostra

THE SURVIVING 9,000-YEAR- Vishakha Desai Vice President for Program Coordination and Director of Galleries, old wall murals at <;:atal The Asia Society U.S.A. Hiiyiik mark the beginning of fresco as an art form. An WORLD MONUMENTS Jeanne Epping President, American Society of Travel Agents American Express grant of Watch listing in 1996- $25,000 enabled experts to 97 highlighted the constant Giora Solar Director of Special Programs, The Getty Conservation Institute travel to the site to determine preservation challenges facing LOEWS HOTELS AWARDED proper ways of conserving the this vast concentration of a grant of $25,000 to help John Stubbs Vice President of Programs, World Monuments Fund; Adjunct Associate Professor, Anasazi ruins-exposure to preserve the former hospital painted surfaces. TICHURCH'S 252 Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University the elements, too many buildings on the island's south Orthodox icons were inad- tourists, and the lack of a end, all of which have stood vertently damaged during past J ames Wiseman Chairman, Department of Archaeology, Boston University comprehensive strategic plan abandoned for 40 years. Use preservation effortS and for the site. At this point, the of grant money is still under neglect. American Express has Former President, Archaeological Institute of America

74 7S WORLD MONUMENTS WATCH LIST OF 100 MOST ENDANGERED SITES 1996-97 WORLD MONUMENTS FUND STAFF DIRECTORY ALBANIA CROATIA ISRAEL MOZAMBIQUE THAILAND Sarande . Burrint Dubrovnik . Old City German Colony, Haifa' Nampula Province' Ayuttaya & Other Flooded Archaeological Site Harbor Gemeindehaus Mozambique Island Sites on Chao Praya Dubrovnik-Neretva County . Tel Aviv' The White City River' Flooded Sites in ARGENTINA Lopud Franciscan Monastery NEPAL Central Thailand San Ignacio· San Osijek . Village of Tvrda ITALY Bagmati River, WORLD MONUMENTS FUND (HEADQUARTERS) PROGRAMS Ignacio Mini Split· Split Historic Center Albenga (Savona) . Ruins on Kathmandu' Teku TURKEY 949 PARK AVENUE the River Centa Thapatali Monument Zone Ocarli Koyii, Kars . Ani NEW YORK, N.Y. 10028 John Stubbs AUSTRIA CUBA Bologna . San Giacomo Lo Manthang, Mustang· Archaeological Site TELEPHONE: (212) 517-9367 Vice President - Programs Vienna' Belvedere Gardens, Havana' Convent of Santa Maggiore Portico Gombas of Upper Mustang Kii<;iikkoy . <;atal Hiiyiik TELEFAX: 212 517-9494 Franciscan Church Clara of Assisi Florence' Garden of Villa Istanbul· Hagia Sophia Jon Calame Medici at Castello NORWAY Projects Coordinator BARBADOS CZECH REPUBLIC Pompeii (Naples) . Ancient Vagamo, Oppland County· UKRAINE Bonnie Burnham Sr. Andrew· Morgan Lewis C:esk)' Krurnlov . C:esk)' Pompeii Vaga Old Church Sevastopol, Crimea' President Sugar Mill Krumlov Garden Rome' Neopitagorica Ancient Chersonesos Felicia Mayro Kladruby, Tachov District· Basilica at Porta Maggiore, PAKISTAN Program Administrator BELGIUM Kladruby Benedictine Nero's Palace - Domus Indus River Delta, Sindh . UNITED STATES OF Monastery Aurea, Sts. Ambrogio & Tamba Wari ADMINISTRATION Brussels' Tour and Taxis AMERICA Katherine Rodway (transport hub) Carlo al Corso, New Mexico' Adobe New Media Coordinator ECUADOR Temple of Hercules - PERU Missions Irene Bareis BELIZE Quito· Church of the Forum Boarium Cusco . Historic Center McKinley County, New Business Manager Belize River Area, Cayo Compania Salerno' Grottos of San of Cusco . Mexico' Chaco Culture Kirstin Sechler Belize' E1 Pilar Reserve Michele Rapaz . Murals of the National Historic Park World Monuments Watch Program Manager Daniel Burke EGYPT Venice· Bartolomeo Allauca Church New Orleans, Louisiana' Office Manager BENIN Cairo' Qa'itbay Sebil Colleoni Monument Lafayette Cemetery No. CONSULTANTS Abomey and Porto-Novo' (Fountain House) Verona . Santa Maria PHILIPPINES New York, New York· Royal Palaces of Benin in Stelle Rizal . Angono Petroglyphs Ellis Island National Josette Lubin A. Elena Charola FRANCE Monument (Unrestored Receptionist BOSNIA AND Castelnau-Pegayrolles· JORDAN POLAND South End) Easter Island Program Consultant HERZEGOVINA Chateau Aqueduct Wadi Mousa, Petra' Cracow' Our Lady's Philadelphia, Pennsylvania' Nichole Nichols Pocitdj . Village of PoCitelj Saint-Emilion . Saint­ Southern Temple Assumption Basilica Eastern State Penitentiary Diana Goldin Assistant to the President Emilion Monolithic Nowy Targ· Debno Parish San Francisco, California' Special Advisor - jewish Heritage Program BRAZIL Church LAOS Church Golden Gate Park Sao Raimundo Narrato, Vientiane' Vat Sisaket Warsaw' Pr6zna Street DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS Piaui . Serra cia Capivara GEORGIA Unalaska, Alaska' Holy Samuel Gruber jewish Heritage Program Consultant National Park Tetritskaro District· LATVIA PORTUGAL Ascension Russian Laurie Beckelman Pitareti Monastic Complex Kurzeme District· Abava Vila Nova de Foz C6a' Orthodox Church Vice President - External Affairs BULGARIA Valley Cultural Landscape C6a Valley Petroglyphs John Sanday Rousse Region· Ivanovo GERMANY VIETNAM Preah Khan Project Manager Rock Chapels Dresden Hellerau . LEBANON ROMANIA Duy Xuyen District· Rebecca Anderson Kaspichan . Madara Festspielhaus Hellerau Tyre . Ancient Tyre Ghelinta . Romano My Son Temple District Director ofPublications Horseman Catholic Church Hue City' Minh Mang GREECE MALI Targu-Jiu . Brancusi's Tomb James Deadwyler CAMBODIA Hania, Crete' Etz Hayim Djenne . Djenne-Djcno Endless Column Development Officer- jewish Heritage Program Sicm Reap' Angkor Synagogue Archaeological Site YUGOSLAVIA Archaeological District RUSSIA Subotica . Subotica GUYANA MEXICO Kemi Province' Paanajarvi Synagogue Martha Flach CHILE Warao Settlements' Atotonilco, Guanajuato . Village Archivist Chiloe Archipelago· Moruka-Waini Cultural Church ofJesus Nazareno Kizhi Island, Lake Onega· ZIMBABWE Churches of Chiloe Landscape Veracruz' San Juan de Kizhi Pogost Bulawayo . Khami National Holly Hawkins Valparaiso' Elevators of Ulua Fort Tsarskoje Selo, St. Monument Marketing Assistant Valparaiso HUNGARY Yucatan Peninsula· Yucatan Petersburg· Alexander Easter Island· Orango Budapest· Royal Garden Indian Chapels Palace Pavilions Various buildings' Becky Powell CHINA Modern Mural Paintings SPAIN Development Officer Chi Feng City, Inner INDIA Granada' Moorish Houses Mongolia· Liao Jaisalmer, Rajasthan· MONGOLIA of Granada Monika Riely Dynasty Site Jaisalmer Fort Ulaanbaatar Town' Bogd Director ofInternational Marketing Drachi, Tibet· Namseling Agra . Taj Mahal Khaan Palace Museum SURINAME Manor Jodensavanne . Sichuan Province' San INDONESIA MOROCCO Jodensavanne Vanessa Samet Xing Dui Archaeological Central Java· Borobudur Fes . Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Development Associate Site Danan and Mansano TANZANIA IRELAND Synagogues Lindi Region· Kilwa Shannonbridge, County Rissani . Medieval Sijilmassa Kisiwani Portuguese Fort Offaly . Clonmacnoise New Graveyard

76 77 EUROPEAN OFFICES AND AFFILIATES

World Monuments Fund France Associa<;ao World Monuments Fund (Portugal) PROGRAM GUIDELINES 34, avenue de New York Mosteiro dos Jer6nimos 75016 Paris Prar;a dos Imperio How TO NOMINATE A SITE France 1400 Lisbon telephone: (33 1) 47 20 71 99 Portugal Nominations to the biennial List of100 Most Endangered Sites are solicited from throughout the world-from telefax: (33 1) 47 20 71 27 telephone: (351 1) 362 0034 governments, organizations active in the field of heritage conservation, and individuals (it is strongly recom­ telefax: (351 1) 363 97 45 mended, however, that a preservation professional advise on preparation of the form). Isabelle de Broglie European Representative World Monuments Fund Espana Nomination forms are available from WMF's headquarters in New York as well as its offices in London, Paris, Nunez de Balboa, 83 and Venice. Application forms are provided in English, French, and Spanish. Nominations may not be sent by Chantal de Beauregard 28006 Madrid fax or e-maiL Executive Assistant telephone: (34 1) 577 7042 Cultural sites of all types may be nominated to the List of100 Most Endangered Sites, including historic struc­ World Monuments Fund in Britain tures, groups of buildings, historic districts, archaeological sites, public art, and cultural landscapes. Movable World Monuments Fund (Venice Office) 39-40 St. James's Place artifacts and works of art are eligible only when they are integral to an architectural context. Both privately Piazza San Marco 63 London owned and public sites are eligible for listing. The feature that distinguishes the World Monuments Watch from 30124 Venice SWIA INS United Kingdom other international listings of cultural properties is that each site listed WMF must be in significant danger of Italy telephone: (44 17) 499 8254 being lost or seriously compromised, through acts of either man or nature. telephone: (3941) 5237614 telefax: (44171) 493 3982 telelax: (39 41) 523 7614 Colin Amery Donatella Asta Special Advisor PROGRAM SCHEDULE Venice Representative EARLY SUMMER 1998 Gillian Blackburne Stephen Eddy Program Coordinator • Announcement of first round of grants to the 1998-1999 list. World Monuments Watch Project Manager - Italy o Distribution of nomination forms for the List of 100 Most Endangered Sites 2000-2001. Clare Manning. NOVEMBER 1998 Carla Toffolo Administrator • Deadline for submission of nomination forms. Venice Office Assistant

EARLY SUMMER 1999 Associazione Comitato Italiano World Monuments Fund Contra del Monte 13 • Announcement of second round of grants to the 1998-1999 list. 36100 Vicenza SEPTEMBER 1999 Italy • Announcement of List of100 Most Endangered Sites 2000-2001. telephone: (39444) 323 688 telefax: (39 444) 325 825 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM THE WORLD MONUMENTS FUND

Sites that are selected for the List of100 Most Endangered Sites are eligible for limited financial assistance. Funding will not be provided automatically but will be awarded on a competitive basis to selected sites on the list. Not all sites on the list will receive financial assistance.

Over the five years of the World Monuments Watch program $1 million dollars in grants will be awarded annually from American Express, the program's founding sponsor. Other grants will be made as funds become available from other World Monuments Watch sponsors.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Evaluations will be made annually to monitor the status of sites, and after completion of projects supported by the World Monuments Watch Fund to measure the effectiveness of World Monuments Watch grams.

78 79 PHOTO CREDITS 41 S.A. per !'Etruria 89 Keith Nicholson Office of Public Works, Meridionale 90 John Ruddle Ireland AU photographs reproduced 42 S.RA.S. per Roma e il 91 Monastery of St. Francis Zionist Archive herein are courtesy of the Lazio and Gorton Trust Giovanni Morigi nominators to the World 43 Arch. S.B.A.A. Firenze, 92 Alexander Thomson Archivio Soprintindenza Monuments Watch and are not Pistoria e Prato Society B.A.A.A. Salerno to be reproduced. 44 Archivio Fotografico 93 William N. Lindennann Archivio Fotografico S.A.R S.A.R 94 John Welch Soprimendenza Archeologica LIST OF 100 MOST 45 Foteea S.B.A.A.A.S, 95 Blair Seitz deHa Liguria ENDANGERED SITES Puglia: Beppe Gerone 96 Larry S. Diese/Connie Archivio Soprintindenza B.A. 1998-99 46 Corrado Metfi Silver e A. - Bologna 47 Coleen McGeachy 97 Todd Guenther Soprintendenza Archeologica 1 Said Faizi 48 John StubbsfWMF 98 Mercedes Medina per il Veneto 2 The Butrint Foundation 49 Ministry of Information 99 John StubbsfWMF Arciconfraternita SS. 3 Victor Hugo Cuello and Culture, Laos 100 UNESCO Ambrogio E Carlo 4 Sine Lurasarchief, 50 Ojars A. Feldbergs Archivio Fotografico S.A.R Luc Magels 51 G. Bustros/I. Kouatily/H. PROGRESS REPORT, 1996- Veronique Dauge/ UNESCO 5 AIRPRINT Jreij 97 SITES R. McIntosh 6 Mia Uydens 52 Mecislovas Sakalauskas N. Sapieha 7 Joffroy Thierry 53 Brian Quirk Carlos Pernaut Adopte una Obra de Arte 8 The Embassy of Bolivia 54 Museums Dept. Austrian Society for Historical Carlos Cano 9 Juan Carlos Jemio Slinas 55 Ichicult (Chihuahua Gardens Miguel A. Bretos 10 Dr. Vjekoslava Sankovic Culture Institute) Bundesdenkmalamt~Wien Clemson University Simcic 56 Carlos Lazcano Sahagun William Cummins/Barbados Isaiah WynerlWMF 11 N.LM.C. - Sofia 57 M. FbchfWMF Nat'l Trust National Directorate of 12 Claude Jacques 58 Juan Amonio Siller BRASS/EI Pilar Program - Cultural Heritage, I3 C. Estabrook, P. Buchik, Camacho Francia Gaunt Mozambique G. Weibe 59 Palace of Fine Arts FUMDHAM J. Sanday 14 Jaime Migone Rettig 60 Catalina Figueroa N.LM.C. - Sofia NOlwegian Heritage 15 Archivo Consejode 61 lNAH Douglas C. Comer Foundation Monumentos N acionales 62 Museum of Bogd Khaan Fundaci6n Cultural Amigos de Dr. Monique Kervran 16 State Bureau Cultural 63 Philip Lieberman las Iglesias de Chiloe Roberto Samanez Relics 64 Eir Grytli J. Migone/CONPAI-Chile Luis Castro and Rodo 17 State Bureau Cultural 65 Masood A. Khan WMF(2) Menendez Relics 66 Carla M. Lopez-Abello State Bureau of Ctntural Relics National Museum of the 18 Pamela Logan 67 Carlos Westler la Torre (2) Philippines 19 City Of Zadar 68 John Belle Sylvia Gottwald-Thapar ICOMOS Pobnd 20 Damir Fabdanic 69 Beyer Blinder Belle Mediterranean Centre for Unknown; Courtesy Ronald S. 21 Julio Rodriguez-Roldan 70 Orlandov. Abinion Built Heritage Lauder Foundation 22 j. StubbsfWMF 71 Reynaldo A. Inovero Agency for the Historic Core IPPAR 23 Kuttla Hora Archives 72 Mary Borley of Split Johan Mansson 24 Inst. of Hist. Bldgs. and 73 Dr. Krzepztof Biskup State Agency for Protection of Carlos Sanchez Monuments 74 Christian Crampont/ Culture Ministry of Education, 25 CORA Courtesy Dr. Radu Varia K. Randall Suriname 26 E. Johnson/Hourig 75 Biroul de Architectura Historical Monuments of Department of Antiquities, Sourouzian Atelier M srI. Ceske Budejovice Tanzania 27 Orplid Forrer 76 Arkadi Bugaev Pamatkovy Ustav (Institute of Thailand Fine Arts 28 A. Oesal 77 John StubbsfWMF Historic Buildings and Department 29 Township of Levuka 78 A.Iakovlev Monuments) American Express 30 Musee Conde - Chateau 79 Marbbu Nieminen Luis Sanchez International Inc., Turkey de Chantilly 80 Russian Monuments Centre for Conservation & Jim Gautier 31 T.Joffroy (CRATene- Foundation Preservation, Cairo Southwest Parks & EAG) 81 S.G. Nikiti/ T.A. Ershova Chateau Aqueduct Monuments Association 32 George Morbedadze 82 Ing. Arch. Katarina Commune of Saint~Emilion City of Philadelphia 33 PALATIUM Veskeva Georgian Restoration Institute National Park Service 34 Debashish Nayak 83 Asac. Amigos de los Jim Webster Deanna Brinkman 35 John StubbsfWMF Molinos de Mallorca Sally Magid Alaska Regional Office, 36 H<'Iifa Municipality 84 John Stubbs/WMF Walter Roth Museum of National Park Service 37 Israel Antiquities 85 Ministry of Cultures, Anthropology Elizabeth D. Calvit Authority Istanbul Liszlo VeghiPalatium J. StubbslWMF 38 Arch. Sop. Pompeii 86 H.Dunne Bombay Development Ruth Ellen Gruber 39 Paolo Guiri 87 Diocese of Masaka Authority National Museums and 40 F. Danesin & G. Deganello 88 Christopher Williams Douglas C. Comer Monuments, Zimbabwe

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