Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms
COMPOUND NOUNS IN COMPUTER SOFTWARE TECHNICAL TERMS
Jefry Aris Indarto Susie Chrismalia Garnida
Abstract. Makalah ini membahas studi morfologis tentang proses pembentukan nomina majemuk dalam peristilahan teknis piranti lunak komputer. Fokus penelitian adalah proses pembentukan kata majemuk dan jenis makna dari kata majemuk bentukan tersebut. Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif ini menggunakan 40 data berupa nomina majemuk dari kamus komputer dan Internet data software appendix dalam Windows. Studi menemukan empat tipa pembentukan nomina majemuk: nomina+nomina (28), adjektiva+nomina (5), verba+nomina (5) dan preposisi+nomina (2). Jenis makna yang terbentuk dari pemajemukan tersebut adalah nomina majemuk berinti (headed compound nouns, 15 data) dan nomina majemuk takberinti (headless compound nouns, 25 data).
Keywords: compound noun, headed/headless compound noun, computer technical terms
INTRODUCTION of various paper and electronic dictionaries of Morphology is a relevant discipline to technical terms in different disciplines has deal with the increase of new words in a shown the effort to meet the need. language as a result of rapid development of A compound noun is a noun that is made science and technology, because many new with two or more words. Each compound terms in various fields of technology have noun acts as a single unit and can be modified been invented to express the new concepts by adjectives and other nouns. Nordquist and ideas in the fields. Many of the new terms (http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/compnount are formed by combining two or more erm.htm: 20/10/2013) explains the compound existing words to create new meaning. Such a noun structure is extremely varied in the types formation process is known as compounding. of meaning relations it can indicate. It can be Compounding is a joining of two separate used to indicate what someone does words to produce a single form (Yule, (language teacher), what something is for 2006:54), for example: bookcase, doorknob, (waste-paper basket, grindstone), what the fingerprint, sunburn, textbook, wallpaper, qualities of something are (whiteboard), how wastebasket and waterbed. Of these terms, something works (immersion heater), when formation of compound nouns seems to be the something happens (night frost), where dominant process. It is predictable because something is (doormat), what something is new concepts and ideas are normally made of (woodpile). Also, compound nouns expressed in the form of nouns. may be written in three ways: Open or spaced Compounding has become one important that is when there is space between words instrument of forming new words, especially (tennis shoe); Hyphenated that is when there in the attempt to catch up with the is hyphen between words (six-pack), and development of science and technology. The Closed or solid that is when there is no space need here is to find or invent new words that or hyphen between words (bedroom). can express new concepts and ideas in many According to Carstairs-McCarthy areas of science and technology. The increase (2002:62) that compound noun really comes
* Jefry Aris Indarto, S.S. adalah alumnus Prodi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya ** Dra. Susie Chrismalia Garnida, M.Pd. adalah dosen Prodi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
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into its own as a word forming process in Headless compounds (exocentric) is a English. Cultural and technical change term used to refer to a particular type of produces more novel artefacts than novel compounds that lack a head. Often these activities or novel properties. Examples can compounds refer to pejorative properties of be found with each of the other main word human beings. An exocentric compound, by classes supplying the left-hand element: contrast, is one which is not a hyponym of 1. verb–noun (VN): swearword, drop- one of its elements, and thus appears to lack a hammer, playtime head or perhaps to have a head (or ‘centre’) 2. noun–noun (NN): hairnet, mosquito net, external to the compound itself. The first butterfly net, hair restorer person to extend the notion of exocentricity 3. adjective–noun (AN): blackboard, from syntax to the morphological form of greenstone, faintheart compounds was Bloomfield (1933: 236). 4. preposition–noun (PN): in-group, Bloomfield himself links the term ‘exocentric outpost, overcoat compound’ with the earlier Sanskrit term bahuvrihi, thus establishing the equivalent use English compound has two kinds of of the two terms in the subsequent technical compounds: Headed compounds (endo- literature. This is unfortunate. First, the centric) and headless compounds (exo- original Sanskrit i compounds were adjectives centric). Spencer (2004: 1264) statements, not nouns. Examples are bahuvrīhi- itself, they are double-headed. At the same time, literally ‘much rice’ but meaning having Spencer lists these in a discussion of exo- much rice’, or gatāyus- ‘departed life = dead’ centric compounding, suggesting that exocen- (Gonda 1966: 83). Second, as will be shown, tricity arises when it is difficult to take a bahuvrihis represent a very small proportion decision on headedness. of those compounds which may be termed Headed compounds are a type of com- exocentric. According to Andrew Carstairs- pound in which one member functions as the McCarthy (2002:65) headless compounds is head and the other as its modifier, attributing not determined by any element inside them. a property to the head. According to Andrew This has led some grammarians to call them Carstairs-McCarthy (2002:65) headed com- exocentric In this thesis the writer shall pounds would be regarded as having an consider some of the different kinds of internal ‘centre’; and, sure enough, they are exocentric compound in English, and suggest sometimes called endocentric. A compound that some of them are not exocentric at all. can be classified as endocentric if the For examples: red-cap (in Britain ‘military compound has the same grammatical function policeman’, in the US ‘railway porter’), red- as the head member (typically the right-hand eye (several meanings, including ‘cheap element is the head of the construction).For whiskey’), hatchback (‘car whose boot and example: the English compound steamboat as rear window form a single opening door’), compared with boat is a modified, expanded paperback (‘book in soft binding’), skinhead version of boat with its range of usage (‘person — usually of a particular social type restricted, so that steamboat will be found in — with a shaven head’) (2004:6-7). basically the same semantics contexts as the There has been a study of compound noun boat. The compound also retains the word by ZaenalArifin (2009). The study primary syntactic features of boat, since both focuses on the study compound words in are nouns. Hence, a steamboat is a particular Kangguru Radio English Magazine, and tried type of boat, where the class of steamboats is analyze the bases of the compound words and a subclass of the class of boats their meanings, and the meaning of the
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compound words that are derived from the used in computer software terms? (3) What base words. The study used morphological are the meanings of the compound nouns used theory in word formation or compounding on in the computer software terms? The finding noun, verb, adjective and adverb that found in of this study is expected to give valuable Kangguru Radio English Magazine. contribution theoretically and practically. One particular area of technology that Theoretically, this study will deepen our shows a great increase of technical understanding and knowledge about vocabulary is computer. A number of morphological study especially on English technical terms about computer software, compound words and semantics theory for the computer processing system and relevant meaning found in Business computer activities that computer technology can do software. Practically, this study will be useful have been added to the vocabulary of for adding more vocabulary in specific areas language. And many of these terms are such as computer software. particularly formed by compounding. Many software or applications for software have METHOD been available in internet, beginning from The design of the study is descriptive freeware and software that requires paying qualitative, in that it concerns with collecting license. The names of many of these data in attempt to describe a subject as programs are in the forms of compounds, accurately as possible and to answer the meaning that the names are made from questions, that is to identify the construction combinaton of two words with each word has and compounds words in computer software. its own meaning. The qualitative method, the design evolves There has been a study of technical terms during the research, it can be adjusted or by Alia Ni’am (2011) focusing on the changed as it progress (SamyTayie: 2005:86). semantic change on nouns used as technical The data involves forty (40) compound nouns terms in Computer Science. The study obtained from computer term dictionary and focuses on the study of semantic change on e-book (Microsoft Computer Dictionary (fifth computer technical term of single nouns, and edition)) from the software compatible tried to identify the types of meaning changes windows operating system. from the general or common words into technical words. However, there have been no RESULT AND DISCUSSION studies that focus on the computer technical The study found four types of compound terms in the form of compound nouns. noun formation: noun + noun, adjective + Therefore, the focus of the study is the noun, verb + noun and preposition + noun formation and meaning of the compound combinations. nouns for computer software technical terms. The present study deals with compound 1. Noun+Noun nouns used in computer software technical There are twenty eight (28) data that are terms. In this study, the writer will focus on formed in this combination. This combination the formation of the compound nouns and the divided two types based on exocentricity, i.e. meaning, particularly the computer program headed and headless. names.The questions to be answered in the study are: (1) What are the formation of a. Headed Noun + Noun Combination compound nounsused incomputer software The analysis found eleven (11) terms? (2) What are the lexical categories and compound nouns belong to this category, meanings of the bases of the compound nouns including Adobe reader, iTunes, Internet
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Explorer, Jetaudio, Microsoft Office, PDF files from files created with Microsoft Word, Microsoft Project, Net business software).’ Meter, ProjectcReader, Android Studio, and The compound noun Adobe Reader refers to a Microsoft Publisher. The analysis of some kind of computer program produced by a data is presented below for illustration. company called Adobe, Inc. Here, the second (1) Adobe (noun)+Reader (noun)Adobe meaning of the word Reader is used. Thus the Reader (noun) combination of the two bases creates a new This compound noun has two bases: Adobe meaning, a specific software product and Reader. The meanings of the bases are: produced by Adobe company whose Adobe (n): ‘An American multinational specification is for converting a fully computer software company head- formatted document created on a Windows, quartered in San Jose, California, United Macintosh, MS-DOS, or UNIX platform into States. The company has historically a Portable Document Format (PDF) file that focused upon the creation of multimedia can be viewed on several different platforms. and creativity software products, with a more-recent foray towards rich Internet(2) Internet (noun)+Explorer (noun) application software development.’ InternetExplorer (noun) Reader (n): ‘(1) A person who reads a This compound noun has two bases: Internet book, magazine, newspaper, etc. (2) A and Explorer. The meanings of the bases are: machine that is used for reading text or Internet (n): ‘A global computer network information that is stored on film, tape, providing a variety of information and etc. (3) A book that is used to learn how communication facilities, consisting of to read or to practice reading in your own interconnected networks using language or in a foreign language.’ standardized communication protocols.’ The combination of the two words create a Explorer (n): ‘A person who explores an new meaning: unfamiliar area; an adventurer’ Adobe Reader (n): ‘A program from The combination of two words creates a new Adobe Systems, Inc., that converts a meaning: fully formatted document created on a Internet Explorer (n): ‘a series of Windows, Macintosh, MS-DOS, or graphical web browsers developed by UNIX platform into a Portable Docu- Microsoft and included as part of the ment Format (PDF) file that can be Microsoft Windows line of operating viewed on several different platforms. systems, starting in 1995. It was first Acrobat enables users to send documents released as part of the add-on package that contain distinctive typefaces, color, Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later graphics, and photographs electronically versions were available as free to recipients, regardless of the appli- downloads, or in service packs, and cation used to create the originals. included in the OEM service releases of Recipients need the Acrobat Reader, Windows 95 and later versions of which is available free, to view the files. Windows. Internet Explorer is one of the Depending on version and platform, it most widely used web browsers, also includes tools such as Distiller attaining a peak of about 95% usage (which creates PDF files from PostScript share during 2002 and 2003. Versions of files), Exchange (which is used for links, Internet Explorer for other operating annotations, and security-related systems have also been produced, matters), and PDF Writer (which creates including an Xbox 360 version called
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Internet Explorer for Xbox and an Billquick: ‘A time tracking, project embedded OEM version called Pocket management and billing software for Internet Explorer, later rebranded Architects, Engineers, Accountants, Internet Explorer Mobile, which is Consultants and other service currently based on Internet Explorer 9 professionals. and made for Windows Phone, Windows The compound noun billquick refers to a kind CE, and previously, based on Internet of computer program. Here, the general Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile. It meanings of the bases are specialized into a remains in development alongside the specific kind of software product. desktop versions. Internet Explorer for Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX (4) Cam (noun)+Frog (noun)Camfrog (Solaris and HP-UX) have been (noun) discontinued.’ This compound has two bases: Cam and This compound noun InternetExplorer refers Frog. The meaning has two bases are: to kind computer software program product Cam (n): ‘(1) A projection on a rotating by Microsoft. Here, the second meaning of part in machinery, designed to make the word Explorer is used. Thus the sliding contact with another part while combination of the two bases creates a new rotating and to impart reciprocal or meaning, a specific software product variable motion to it; Abbreviation to produced by Microsoft whose specification is Camera: (1) computer-aided manufac- for graphical web browsers. turing, (2) computer-aided manufac- turing.’ b. Headless Noun + Noun Combination Frog (n): ‘A tailless amphibian with a There are seventeen (17) compound short squat body, moist smooth skin, and nouns belong to this category: Billquick, very long hind legs for leaping.’ Camfrog, Earmaster, Firefox, Format The combination of two words create a new Factory, Goldwave, Handbrake, Paintshop, meaning: Onenote, Photoshop, Photoline, iCloud, Camfrog (n): ‘A video chat client created Powerpoint, Pro Tool, Thunderbird, by Camshare LLC first launched in Lightroom, and Apple Safari. The analysis of 2003. the data is illustrated below. The compound noun Camfrog refers to kinds of computer software program created by (3) Bill (noun)+Quick (noun)Billquick Camshare LLC. Here, the general meanings (noun) of the bases are specialized into a specific This compound has two bases: bill and quick. kind of software product. The meanings of the bases are: bill (n): ‘(1) an amount of money owed 2 Adjective + Noun for goods supplied or services rendered, There are five (5) data that belong to this set out in a printed or written statement group. This combination is also divided into of charges. (2) a draft of a proposed law two types of exocentricity:headed and presented to parliament for discussion’, headless. quick (adj): ‘(1) moving fast or doing something in a short time.(2) (of a a. Headed Adjective + Noun Combination person) prompt to understand, think, or There are two (2) compound nouns learn; intelligent.’ belong to this category:Open Office and The two bases form a new meaning: Smartdraw.
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(5) Open (adjective) + Office (noun) This compound noun Open Office refers to Open Office (noun) kinds of computer software program This compound noun has two bases: Open developed by OpenOffice.org. Here, the and Office. The meanings of two bases are: second meaning of the word Office is used. Open (adj): ‘(1) Allowing access, Thus the combination of the two bases creates passage, or a view through an empty a new meaning, a specific software product space; not closed or blocked up. (2) produced by OpenOffice.org whose Exposed to the air or to view; not specification for an open-source office suite. covered. It was primarily developed for Linux, Office (n): ‘(1) A room, set of rooms, or Microsoft Windows and Solaris, and later for building used as a place for commercial, OS X, with ports to other operating systems. professional, or bureaucratic work. (2) A position of authority, trust, or service, (6) Smart (adjective)+Draw typically one of a public nature. (3) A (noun)Smartdraw (noun) service or kindness done for another This compound noun has two bases; Smart person or group of people. and Draw. The meaning has two bases are: The combination of two compounds creates a Smart (adj): ‘(1) Having or showing a new meaning: quick-witted intelligence. (2) (Of a Open Office (n): ‘An open-source office person) clean, neat, and well-dressed. suite. It was an open-sourced version of Draw (n): ‘A person or thing that is very the earlier StarOffice, which Sun attractive or interesting. Microsystems acquired in 1999 for The combination of two words create a new internal use. Sun open-sourced the meaning: software in July 2000 as a competitor to Smartdraw (n): ‘A visual processor Microsoft Office, releasing version 1.0 developed by SmarDraw, LLC used to on 1 May 2002. The project was closed create flowcharts, organization charts, by Oracle Corporation, the then-owner of mind maps, project charts, and other Sun, in April 2011. Active successor visuals. It is built exclusively for projects include Apache OpenOffice, Windows operating systems and works LibreOffice and NeoOffice. with Windows 7, Vista, XP, and 2000. OpenOffice.org's default file format was Since version 7, it uses Microsoft’s the OpenDocument Format (ODF), an Fluent User Interface in conjunction with ISO/IEC standard, which originated with automated panels specific to each type of OpenOffice.org. It could also read a wide diagram. It integrates with Microsoft variety of other file formats, with Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Microsoft particular attention to those from Project; it can export diagrams to Microsoft Office. OpenOffice.org common image formats and PDF contained a word processor (Writer), a format.’ spreadsheet (Calc), a presentation This compound noun Smartdraw refers to application (Impress), a drawing kind of computer software program application (Draw), a formula editor developed by SmartDraw, LLC. Here, the (Math), and a database management second meaning of the word Draw is used. application (Base). OpenOffice.org was Thus the combination of the two bases creates primarily developed for Linux, Microsoft a new meaning, a specific software product Windows and Solaris, and later for OS produced bySmartDraw, LLC whose X, with ports to other operating systems.’ specification for A visual processor used to
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create flowcharts, organization charts, mind meanings of the bases are specialized into a maps, project charts, and other visuals. It specific kind of software product. integrates with Microsoft Word, Excel, (8) Real (adjective)+Player (noun)Real PowerPoint and Microsoft Project; it can Player (noun) export diagrams to common image formats This compound noun has two bases: Real and and PDF format. Player. The meaning has two bases are: Real (adj): ‘(1) Actually existing as a 2. Headless Adjective + Noun Combination thing or occurring in fact; not imagined There are three (3) compound nouns or supposed. (2)(Of a substance or thing) belong to this category: Quick Time, Real not imitation or artificial; genuine. (3) Player, and Bluestack . Complete; utter (used for emphasis). (4) (7) Quick (adjective) +Time (noun) Adjusted for changes in the value of Quick Time (noun) money; assessed by purchasing power. This compound noun has two bases: Quick (5) (Of a number or quantity) having no and Time. The meaning has two bases are: imaginary part. (6) (Of an image) of a Quick (adj): ‘(1) Moving fast or doing kind in which the light that forms it something in a short time. (2) (Of a actually passes through it; not virtual. person) prompt to understand, think, or Player (n): ‘(1) A person taking part in a learn; intelligent.’ sport or game. (2)A person who plays a Time (n): ‘(1) The indefinite continued musical instrument. (3) An actor.’ progress of existence and events in the The combination of two words create a new past, present, and future regarded as a meaning: whole. (2) A point of time as measured Real Player (n): ‘a cross-platform in hours and minutes past midnight or software product created by noon. (3) An instance of something RealNetworks primarily used for the happening or being done; an occasion. playing of recorded media. The media (4) (Following a number) expressing player is compatible with numerous multiplication. (5) The rhythmic pattern formats within the multimedia realm, of a piece of music, as expressed by a including MP3, MPEG-4, QuickTime, time signature.’ Windows Media, and multiple versions The combination of two words create a new of the proprietary RealAudio and meaning: RealVideo formats. RealPlayer is also Quick Time (n): ‘An extensible available for other operating systems multimedia framework developed by (OS) and Linux, Unix, Palm OS, Apple Inc., capable of handling various Windows Mobile and Symbian versions formats of digital video, picture, sound, have been released. The software is panoramic images, and interactivity. The powered by an underlying open source classic version of QuickTime is available media engine called Helix. for Windows XP and later, as well as This compound noun Real Player refers to Mac OS X Leopard and later operating kinds of computer software program product systems. A more recent version, created by RealNetworks primarily used for QuickTime X, is currently available on the playing of recorded media. Here, the Mac OS X Snow Leopard and newer.’ general meanings of the bases are specialized This compound noun QuickTime refers to into a specific kind of software product. kinds of computer software program developed by Apple Inc,. Here, the general 3 Verb + Noun
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There are five (5) data that belong to this group, which are also divided into two types (10) Cheat (verb) + Engine (noun) of exocentricity: headed and headless. Cheat Engine (noun) This compound has two bases: Cheat and a. Headed Verb + Noun Combination Engine. The meaning has two bases are: There are two (2) compound nouns that Cheat (v): ‘(1) Act dishonestly or belong to this category: Split Cam and Cheat unfairly in order to gain an advantage, Engine. esp. in a game or examination. (2) Avoid (9) Split (verb)+Cam (noun)Split Cam (something undesirable) by luck or skill. (noun) Engine (n): ‘(1) An machine with This compound noun has two bases: Split moving parts that converts power into and Cam. The meaning has two bases motion. (2) A thing that is the agent or are: instrument of a particular process. (3)A Split (v): ‘(1) Break or cause to break railroad locomotive. forcibly into parts, esp. into halves or The combination of two words create a new along the grain. (2) (With reference to a meaning: group of people) divide into two or more Cheat Engine (n): ‘An open source groups. (3) Betray the secrets of or memory scanner/hex editor/debugger inform on someone.’ created by Eric Heijnen ("Dark Byte") Cam (n): ‘(1) A projection on a rotating for the Windows operating system. Cheat part in machinery, designed to make Engine is mostly used for cheating in sliding contact with another part while computer games, and is sometimes rotating and to impart reciprocal or modified and recompiled to evade variable motion to it; Abbreviation to detection. This program resembles L. Camera: (1) computer-aided manufac- Spiro's "Memory Hacking Software", turing. (2) computer-aided manufac- TSearch, and ArtMoney. It searches for turing.’ values input by the user with a wide The combination of two words create a new variety of options that allow the user to meaning: find and sort through the computer's Split Cam (noun): ‘A freeware program memory. Cheat Engine can also create developed by Split Video Capture Driver standalone trainers that can operate for webcam features extending. Its independently of Cheat Engine. Cheat webcam software offers cool webcam Engine's latest version is 6.3. effects for having more positive This compound noun CheatEngine refers to emotions during video calls with friends. kinds of computer software program Additionally it is the easiest way to split resembles L. Spiro's "Memory Hacking webcam video stream. Software", TSearch, and ArtMoney. Here, the This compound noun Split Cam refers to kind second meaning of the word Engine is used. of computer software program developed by Thus the combination of the two bases creates Split Video Capture Driver. Here, the second a new meaning, a specific software product meaning of the word Cam is used. Thus the ceated by Eric Heijnen ("Dark Byte") whose combination of the two bases creates a new specification for An open source memory meaning, a specific software product scanner/hex editor/debugger for the Windows produced by Split Video Capture Driver operating system. Cheat Engine is mostly whose specification for webcam features used for cheating in computer games, and is extending. sometimes modified and recompiled to evade
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detection. graphics, 3D graphics, an embedded scripting language called ActionScript b. Headless Verb + Noun Combination executed in ActionScript Virtual There are three (3) compound nouns Machine, and streaming of video and belonging to this category:Flash Player, audio. ActionScript is based on Dropbox, Google Chrome. ECMAScript, and supports object- (11) Flash (verb)+Player (noun)Flash oriented code, and may be compared to Player (noun) JavaScript. Flash Player has a wide user This compound noun has two bases: Flash base, with over 90% penetration on and Player. The meaning has two bases are: internet connected personal computers, Flash (v): ‘(1) (Of a light or something and is a common format for games, that reflects light) shine in a bright but animations, and GUIs embedded into brief, sudden, or intermittent way. (2) web pages. Adobe Systems, the Display (an image, words, or developer of Adobe Flash Player, states information) suddenly on a television or that more than 400 million of total more computer screen or electronic sign, than 1 billion connected desktops update typically briefly or repeatedly. (3) Move to the new version of Flash Player within or pass very quickly.’ six weeks of release. Flash Player can be Player (n): ‘(1) A person taking part in a downloaded for free and its plug-in sport or game. (2)A person who plays a version is available for recent versions of musical instrument. (3) An actor.’ web browsers (such as Internet Explorer, The combination of two words create a new Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera meaning: and Safari) on selected platforms. Flash Player (n): ‘A freeware software Google Chrome distribution comes for viewing multimedia, executing rich bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash Internet applications, and streaming plug-in and will continue to support the video and audio, content created on the plug-in in Windows 8 Metro mode. Each Adobe Flash platform, developed by version of Adobe Flash Player is Adobe System and Microsoft backwards-compatible. Corporation. Flash Player can run from a This compound noun Flash Player refers to web browser (as a browser plug-in) or on kinds of computer software program supported mobile devices, but there also developed by Adobe System and Microsoft exist versions running directly on an Corporation. Here, the general meanings of operating system intended both for the bases are specialized into a specific kind regular users and content developers, of software product. denoted with the Projector (or Standalone) and Debugger name (12) Drop (verb)+Box (noun)Dropbox suffixes, respectively. Flash Player runs (noun) SWF files that can be created by the This compound noun has two bases: Drop Adobe Flash Professional authoring tool, and Box. The meaning has two bases are: by Adobe Flex or by a number of other Drop (v): ‘(1) Let or make (something) Macromedia and third party tools. Flash fall vertically. (2) Fall vertically. (3) Player was created by Macromedia and Make or become lower, weaker, or less. now developed and distributed by Adobe (4) Abandon or discontinue (a course of Systems after its acquisition. Flash action or study). (5) Set down or unload Player supports vector and raster (a passenger or goods), esp. on the way
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to somewhere else. (6) (in sports) fail to Look. The meaning has two bases are: win (a point, game, or match).’ Out (prep): ‘Through to the outside.’ Box (n): ‘(1) a container with a flat base Look (n): ‘(1) An act of directing one's and sides, typically square or rectangular gaze in order to see someone or and having a lid. (2) An area or space something. (2) The appearance of enclosed within straight lines, in someone or something, esp. as particular. (3) A small structure or expressing a particular quality.’ building for a specific purpose, in The combination of two word create a new particular. (4) A protective casing for a meaning: piece of a mechanism. (5) A mailbox at a Outlook (n): ‘a personal information post office, newspaper office, or other manager from Microsoft, available as a facility where a person may arrange to part of the Microsoft Office suite. The receive correspondence.’ current versions are Microsoft Office The combination of two words create a new Outlook 2013 for Windows and meaning: Microsoft Office Outlook 2011 for Mac. Dropbox (n): ‘A file hosting service Although often used mainly as an email operated by Dropbox, Inc., application, it also includes a calendar, headquartered in San Francisco, task manager, contact manager, note California, that offers cloud storage, file taking, journal, and web browsing.’ synchronization, and client software. This compound noun Outlook refers to kinds Dropbox allows users to create a special of computer software program developed by folder on each of their computers, which Microsoft. Here, the general meanings of the Dropbox then synchronizes so that it bases are specialized into a specific kind of appears to be the same folder (with the software product. same contents) regardless of which computer is used to view it. Files placed (14) After (preposition)+Dark in this folder also are accessible through (noun)AfterDark (noun) a website and mobile phone applications. This compound noun has two bases: After and Dropbox provides client software for Dark. The meaning has two bases are: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, After (prep): ‘(1) During the period of Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS and web time following (an event). (2) Behind. browsers.’ (3) In pursuit or quest of. (4) Next to and This compound noun Dropbox refers to kinds following in order or importance. (5) In of computer software program that a file allusion to (someone or something with hosting service operated by company called the same or a related name). (6) Dropbox, Inc. Here, the general meanings of Concerning or about.’ the bases are specialized into a specific kind Dark (n): ‘(1) The absence of light in a of software product. place. (2) A dark color or shade, esp. in a painting.’ 4 Preposition + Noun The combination of two words create a new There are two (2) data that belong to this meaning: group: Outlook, (40) After Dark. Both are After Dark (n): ‘A series of computer headless type of compound. screensaver software introduced in 1989 (13) Out (preposition)+Look by Berkeley Systems for the Apple (noun)Outlook (noun) Macintosh, and for Microsoft Windows. This compound noun has two bases: Out and This compound noun AfterDark refers to
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Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms
kinds of computer software program that a Language. Ortanda Florida. Horcourt. series of computer screensaver developed by Gleason, Jr. H.A. 1961. An Introduction to Berkeley System. Here, the general meanings Descriptive Linguistics. New York, of the bases are specialized into a specific Chicago. San Fransisco. Toronto. kind of software product. London. Rinehart and Winston. Gonda, Jan. 1966. A Concise Elementary CONCLUSION Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. El This study found four combinations of Cerrito. University of Alabama Press. compound nouns in computer software terms: Hockett, Charles Francis 1959. A Course in Noun + Noun combination (jetaudio, Modern Linguistics. New York: The Firefox), Adjective + Noun combination Macmillan Company. (OpenOffice, QuickTime), Verb + Noun Hornby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advanced combination (CheatEngine, GoogleChrome), Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University and Preposition + Noun combination Press. (Outlook). The combination may form headed Libben, Gary and GoniaJarema. 2006. The or headless compounds, and the meanings Representation and Processing of may refer to specific kinds of software Compound Nouns. Oxford University products. Press. Ni’am, Alia. 2011. An Analysis of Semantic REFERENCES Change on Nouns Used as Techncal Terms in Computer Science. Anderson, Stephen R. 1992. A-Morpheus Unpublished Thesis. Surabaya: Jurusan Morphology. Cambridge. Cambridge Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Untag University Press. Surabaya. Arifin, Zainal. 2009.A Morphological Study Press, Microsoft. 2002. Microsoft Computer on English Compound Words Found in Dictionary: Fifth Edition. Washington. A Kangguru Radio English Magazine. Division of Microsoft Corporation One Unpublished Thesis. Malang: The Microsoft Way. Degree of S1 Program STIBA Malang. Spencer, Andrew and Arnold Zwicky. 2001. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New The Handbook of Morphology. Ohio. York. Henry Holt And Company, Inc. Blackwell Reference Online. Brinton, Laurerj. 1987. The Structure of Tayie, Samy. 2005. Research Methods and Modern English: A Linguistics Writing Research Proposals. Cairo. Introduction. Amsterdam. John Center for Advancement of Benjamin’s Publishing Company. Postgraduates Study and Research in Carstairs, Andrew and McCarthy. 2002. An Engineering Science, Faculty of Introduction to English Morphology: Engineering, Cairo University. Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh. Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. An Introduction Third Editions. Crystal, David. 2003. The Cambridge Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Encyclopedia of the English Language: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Windo Second Edition. Cambridge. Cambridge ws_software. Accessed date: January University Press. 19, 2014. Fromkin, Robert Rodman.1997. An http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/Word- Introduction to Language. Canada. Formation.htm. Accessed date: Fromkin., Victoria. 1999. An Inroduction to November 22, 2013.
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Jefry Aris I & Susie Chrismalia G – Compound Noun In Computer Sofware Technical Terms
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