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This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights and duplication or sale of all or part is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for research, private study, criticism/review or educational purposes. Electronic or print copies are for your own personal, non-commercial use and shall not be passed to any other individual. No quotation may be published without proper acknowledgement. For any other use, or to quote extensively from the work, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder/s. B U R S L E M The development of statutory bodies and their interactions with local institutions, 1850 - 1910 Catherine A. Oldham MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE 1977 CONTENTS Abstract iv- V Chapter I The Town of Burslem 1- 34 Chapter II Public Health and Utilities 35-120 Chapter III Religion 121-206 Section I - The Church of England 122-155 Section II - The Non-Conformists 155-179 Section III - Relations between the Established Church and the Non-Conformists 180-186 Section IV - The Roman Catholics 187-189 Section V - The Anti-Catholic Movement 189-194 Section VI - Other Religious Groups 195-196 Chapter IV Education 207-303 Section I - 1850 - 1874 207-235 Section II - 1874 - 1903 236-276 Section III - 1903 - 1910 276-290 Chapter V The Poor 304-336 Chapter VI Industry and Commerce 337-432 Section I - Bricks and Tiles 340-341 Section II - The Pottery Industry 342-386 Section III - Colour Works 387-388 Section IV - Mills 388-390 Section V - The Engineering and Metal Trades 391-393 Section VI - The Mining Industry - Coal and Ironstone 394-408 Section VII - The Brewing Industry 409-412 Postscript 433-434 Bibliography 435-447 ii ILLUSTRATIONS facing page Physical map of the Potteries 1 Ordnance Survey - Staffordshire, Sheet XI NW surveyed 1865-77; revised 1898; second edition 1900; scale 1:10,560. Central Burslem 2 Map of Burslem town centre 4 St. John's Square, cl89Os - 1900s 5 Burslem Town Hall 9 Wedgwood Institute, Queen Street 11 Map of Burslem 1842 35 from John Ward - History of the Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent 0. S. map 1900; South-West Burslem 54 The Terrace, Burslem Park, cl890s - 1900s 86 Burslem Parish Church 122 from John Ward - History of the Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent St. Paul's Church, Dalehall 132 0. S. map 1900; South-East Burslem 340 0. S. map 1900; North-West Burslem 366 The front view of Messrs. Samuel Alcock & Co.'s China Manufactory 380 from John Ward - History of the Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent Burgess & Leigh's Middleport Pottery 383 from Potteries and Newcastle Directory 1907 William Boulton, Burslem, Pottery and Tile-making Machines 393 from Keates's Gazetteer and Directory 1892-93 0. S. map 1900; North-East Burslem 397 . iii. ABSTRACT The years 1850 to 1910 cover the period when a number of statutory bodies were established to carry out Acts of Parliament which had been passed to improve the condition of the people. This thesis examines the background to the establishment of such bodies in Burslem as the Local Board of Health in response to the Public Health Act 1848; the School Board in 1874 after the Education Act of 1870; the Education Committee after the 1902 Education Act; the Board of Guardians in 1838 as a result of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Actt outside bodies that were also involved were the School Inspectorate and the Factory Inspectorate, the latter to enforce the 1864 Factory Acts Amendment Act, the operation of which was not put in the hands of local people. The problems faced by the elected bodies and how they coped with the situation are also examined, as is the composition of the membership. The period 1850 to 1910 saw the only time when Burslem had an effective local government of its own. The major local institutions were those of the Church and the Chapel. The religious institutions were well organised and the state of the established church, of non-conformism and Roman Catholicism is examined as are the relationships between the religious groups and the conflicts that arose between them, that were extended to the field of education in particular. In other fields the role of bodies such as the friendly societies and trade unions is seen in the context of their relationship with the statutory bodies. In conclusion it can be seen that the primary moves for the changes came from Parliament, but once the framework had been established the local people responded with varying degrees of enthusiasm and considered ways of extending the powers that they had been provided with .iv. in the appropriate Act. Opposition to the creation of such statutory bodies was very slight. .v. NOTES There were two men called Thomas Hulme, who were both active in local affairs at the same time. They will be distinguished as Thomas Hulme (D) and Thomas Hulme (W). The 'D' standing for Dunwood Hall, Endon, and the ' W' for Woodleigh, WolStanton, their respective residences. There were also two men called Edward Walley, though they were not quite contemporaries, one was an earthenware manufacturer and the other was a builder. Abbreviations S, Adv. Staffordshire Advertiser C E C Children's Employment Commission B S B Burslem School Board B Ed C Burslem Education Committee W & B Wolstanton and Burslem Poor Law Union/Guardians CHAPTER I The Town of Burslem Location Burslem was one of the six towns of North Staffordshire that were collectively known as 'the Potteries', because the predominant and staple industry was the manufacture of earthenware and china, and in the production of such goods the six towns formed the major centre in Britain as nowhere else was there such a concentration of firms nor so many firms. The six towns followed an approximately linear pattern, with Burslem lying between Tunstall and Hanley in the northern trio (Stoke-upon-Trent, Fenton and Longton made up the southern trio). The Potteries lay on the fringe of the Peak district and particularly on the east were moorlands, the river Trent created the main valley and local streams were its tributaries. The area was within reasonable access of both Manchester and Birmingham and the port of Liverpool for business purposes and in the latter part of the period the coast of North Wales and the Isle of Man were the main recreational destinations. Geology and Topography Burslem was sited, mainly on coal measures, those ran in the general direction,north-west to south-east, and the sequence from east to west was - middle and lower coal measures, then the Black Band group, then Etruria Marls. The coal measures, especially the Black Band group, contained iron as well as coal, and were of economic importance to the town. The marls contained the clays that were used, at that time for bricks, tiles and saggars.Most of Burslem was on a ridge of land, some 500 feet above sea-level, to the west was the valley of the Fowlea Brook, a tributary stream of the river Trent, to the east was the 1. Containers in which pottery was packed for protection whilst it was being fired. 1. CENTRAL BURSLEM À * ! \ \ >î>A ••: /* V ‘ v ■.* A A KM 637 j Metf. Chof» x "i v *x jfàSUuifiM y V V/ 636 :kîS '/Works' ï 5.4 À\ --. /.WM, s. J fi *'( shojt Ç / Jf.p, subv & Z yX ..-^0 y \ \ n L-i V «T \ •\£ U fa*rsi* i9 v>7 • Z. 0. \ \ \ V ' fe o> j °\ JA ÙUCoalShaJti ». 1 -» V f O Z ° V 6480 A ' \ £ Coal Shafis y f ffi' .... t ’ -■ vx <^\ ^.r ^■■Y'Jtarnvir 1 si * • T\ U s 4»'-1’ . ' À ty* '^SCWerburga^ A637 K/ TJ’VrS’ Dia a ?Vou oui /7i\x/7/y • <V À.® . i 1 ¡25 ‘ ‘>^r •Zr2i^e Â\ £>Xp> Jf. ‘/î. awsl?, ^■¿Ch WM. 4556.. ,:. ■•. : X//R\\V  è^jy V ■' “ ' :Uw8«ek. t-c5 irck ^sytch’.--• < 'ÀWVX' Œ XPUe&Z "S: *t ’Î\/J9ÀûVGM. 1 M. 62 XrÀXK'X.<A-A:’WP« •'••^- ' *'» i^ .j‘ . 'K & X<» - ■‘ ♦«K* *> ’ <<£ pir\n 1/ v"A *“ ‘C>2 8\h»Woà >d v<<\vS^X Kh. 442-2 Its ¿T jhu/îîÇS^^ 'fights Thitàt9ry\ iàÿlBRS, .% w ¿?Waw Î//-5 \ $ . jTLï- x->'-s*\X<^ “Sb-PauN ^¿¿Sfeÿrf CtfëtHj 6 Çbvrch ' fart^irtMrC '•^f' Brick Wrrîtrz<> 553-i;^ , a >:’l x'1^ *'2Sr</-9 . <Q, gS§ js&££s2* 53 IWwiii I »%. K wfeWv7’JW l Q.Ç/gâtriAejrutors. >(çL ¡O =§XC AfiJv M*nvfact«^ KM. 513'5. Chutch<^K & xj>< 11 «y *'»^WXWèf -rt pcjy* V fl s ,ÿ‘ rl l$S rr® Mi Jt -cbridgeiifl y® ^StetionVÆ1 ?AV <£x. sm o\<^ ¿?«c oV h ¡MX. w\x ?0&â»2 tr«QÎj «m» ''<. # ,x ■fi &'* ..M^.il''®' ! Ma 014 Cool^Shafâ^ Jtrr& ‘ h /Work. /fc iïiàt33 1 vL V* “* i '* ' t&r^axvorÀ'k\ I 8.M. 4l2'-8i\ •Ô.tf. SAVA ^Isnùfactory! fw w \ »( V * ■a twdiW“,||ï! \ 1 ' 3jAu. A •Ijso S, Xko* ¡f exjfë'*.£arlhe ? ; feSI K/pr yfaiiajoxt&m &w>* 7 WW ï'xA'Oi \ ff//’ /) r. "S"/ ~^|* ‘’6fâ/;■J_. -XSSMwMeC' /' :i~ | *e .v\-i<vs? A. O. S. 1:10,560 Six inches to one mile 1900 confluence of the Fowlea and the Trent which formed a lowland area 1 Communications Transport of raw materials and manufactured goods depended to a major extent on the Trent and Mersey Canal. Built between 1766 and 1772 it provided a connection with Liverpool to the north and Burslem had a short stretch of branch canal leading from Burslem Wharf to the main canal through the district known as Newport.