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Hydrogeology, Water Resources, and Water Budget of the Upper Rio Hondo Basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 2010

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Hydrogeology, Water Resources, and Water Budget of the Upper Rio Hondo Basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 2010 Prepared in cooperation with Lincoln County, New Mexico Hydrogeology, Water Resources, and Water Budget of the Upper Rio Hondo Basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 2010 Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5153 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front cover: Top, View from Capitan Mountains looking northeast to Sierra Blanca, October 2011 (photograph by Michael J. Darr, U.S. Geological Survey). Bottom, Eastern slopes of Sierra Blanca, summer 2009 (photograph by Michael J. Darr, U.S. Geological Survey ) and winter 2006 (photograph by Gordon W. Rattray, U.S. Geological Survey). Back cover, View of Capitan Mountains from plains near Fort Stanton, March 2011 (photograph by Michael J. Darr, U.S. Geological Survey). Hydrogeology, Water Resources, and Water Budget of the Upper Rio Hondo Basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 2010 By Michael J. Darr, Gordon W. Rattray, Kurt J. McCoy, and Roger A. Durall Prepared in cooperation with Lincoln County, New Mexico Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5153 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2014 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Darr, M.J., Rattray, G.W., McCoy, K.J., and Durall, R.A., 2014, Hydrogeology, water resources, and water budget of the upper Rio Hondo Basin, Lincoln County, New Mexico, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5153, 72 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145153. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) ISBN 978-1-4113-3843-2 iii Acknowledgements The authors of this report appreciate the work performed by Dave Lutz, Leeanna Torres, and Matt Gebhardt of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to collect hydrologic data in the upper Rio Hondo Basin over the past several years. Discussions with Geoffrey Rawling and Talon Newton of the New Mexico Bureau of Geology were very helpful. The authors also wish to thank the residents of Lincoln County for allowing the USGS to access their properties and gage their wells, for their courteousness, and for sharing their many insights and observations. A special thanks is offered to Jack Veenhuis, whose collaborative work with the New Mexico Office of the State Engineer has provided invaluable insight into gaining and losing stream reaches in the study area. Finally, appreciation is expressed to the Lincoln County Commissioners who have generously supported this study over the years. v Contents Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................................iii Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................3 Location and Setting ...........................................................................................................................3 Topography and Relief ...............................................................................................................3 Climate ..........................................................................................................................................4 Land Use and Vegetation ...........................................................................................................4 Population ....................................................................................................................................4 Regional Hydrogeology ..............................................................................................................4 Previous Investigations .......................................................................................................................7 Geologic Studies .........................................................................................................................7 Hydrologic Studies .....................................................................................................................7 Hydrogeology, Water Resources, and Water Budget ............................................................................7 Geologic Framework ...........................................................................................................................7 Geologic History ..........................................................................................................................7 Geologic Units and their Hydrologic Properties ....................................................................9 Precambrian Rocks ...........................................................................................................9 Permian Sedimentary Rocks ............................................................................................9 Grayburg Formation ..................................................................................................9 San Andres Formation .............................................................................................9 Yeso Formation ........................................................................................................10 Abo Formation .........................................................................................................10 Triassic Sedimentary Rocks ...........................................................................................10 Chinle Formation and Santa Rosa Formation .....................................................10 Cretaceous Rocks ............................................................................................................11 Mesaverde Group ...................................................................................................11 Mancos Shale .........................................................................................................11 Dakota Group ...........................................................................................................11 Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks ...........................................................................................11 Intrusive Rocks ........................................................................................................11 Sierra Blanca Volcanics ........................................................................................12 Cub Mountain Formation .......................................................................................12 Quaternary Alluvium ........................................................................................................12 Geologic Structure ...................................................................................................................12 Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................13 Precipitation ...............................................................................................................................13 Mean Annual Precipitation ............................................................................................13 Precipitation Patterns over Time ...................................................................................15 Surface Water ...........................................................................................................................18 Stream Systems ...............................................................................................................21 Rio Ruidoso ..............................................................................................................21 Eagle Creek ..............................................................................................................22 vi Rio Bonito .................................................................................................................23 Salado Creek ...........................................................................................................24 Rio Hondo .................................................................................................................24 Reservoirs/Lakes .............................................................................................................25 Groundwater ..............................................................................................................................25 Springs ...............................................................................................................................25
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