Human Exploration and Operations Committee Status

Committee Chair - Ken Bowersox March 28, 2018 NAC HEO Committee Members

• Ms. Bartell, Shannon • Mr. Bowersox, Ken, Chair • Ms. Budden, Nancy Ann • Ms. Caserta Gardner, Ruth G. • Dr. Chiao, Leroy • Dr. Condon, Stephen "Pat" • Mr. Cuzzupoli, Joseph W. • Mr. Holloway, Tom • Mr. Lon Levin • Dr. Longenecker, David E. • Mr. Lopez-Alegria, Michael • Mr. Sieck, Robert • Mr. Smith, Gerald • Mr. Voss, James

2 NAC HEO Meeting Summary March, 2018

NAC HEO Committee Meeting

Monday, March 26, 2018

Human Exploration & Operations Status HEOMD Budget for 2018 Commercial Crew Program Status Exploration Systems Status Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications

Tuesday March 27, 2018

ISS Status Solar Electric Power Propulsion Element Status Advance Exploration System Status Global Exploration Roadmap

3 53S Dock 12/19/17 53S Undock 06/3/18

Anton Shkaplerov Drew Feustel Soyuz CDR (R) – 53S FE (US) – 54S (CDR Inc 55) (CDR Inc 56)

Scott Tingle Oleg Artimyev FE (US) – 53S Soyuz CDR (R) – 54S

54S Dock 3/23/18 54S Undock 8/28/18 Ricky Arnold Norishige Kanai FE (US) – 54S FE (J) – 53S

4 ‣ Increment 55: 96 days ◦ Stage 55-3: 52S undock to 54S dock: 23 days ◦ Stage 55-6: 54S dock to 53S undock: 73 days ◦ US EVAs (March and May) • N3 External Wireless Comm (EWC) & Camera Port 8 (CP8) • N2F EWC • PFCS Relocate & CP13 ◦ Cargo vehicles: • SpaceX-14 • Progress 68P Undock

• Orbital ATK-9 Increm ent 55 Increm ent 56

◦ Science/Utilization: • Airway M onitoring - Lab Session (ESA) • Airway M onitoring - Lab Session (ESA) • Human Research Facility (HRF) Centrifuge • ACME E-Field Flames • Fluid Shifts • Veggie Ponds • M arrow (CSA) • GRIP/GRASP (ESA) • Probiotics (JAXA) • SpX-15: Cell Science-02 Utilization • Plant Habitat 01 • SpX-14: APEX-06 • SpX-15: Rodent Research-7 • Divert Unwanted Space Trash (DUST) • SpX-14: Invitrobone (ESA) • SpX-14: Mouse Stress Defense (IAXA) • NanoRacks RemoveDebris (NR RemDeb) • SpX-14: Metabolic Tracking • Robonaut (return SpX-14) • NREP Mission 4 Transfer (TBD) JEM A/L ◦ Maintenance/Outfitting: • NRCSD #15 Deploy (OA-9) Candidates • RPCM R&Rs • MBSUIFM • Umbilical Interface Assembly (UIA) R&R • SpX-14: PFCS Xfer, ASIM Install, MISSE Install • SpX-15: ECOSTRESS Install, LEE Xfer to ISS, HREP • Linguini Service Pack Dispose • PMA3 Inter-Module Ventilation (IMV) Duct Install EVA, • JSL 11.0 Software / Firewall Flardware Install • Marinara Service Pack • Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) Robotics, • ESA MPCC 2.1 Software Transition • JSL 11.1 Software Transition Stowage Systems, • New USOS Printer Install / Checkout • USOS ITCS Gas Trap Plug Installation Softwa re • USOS EVA: N3 EWC & CP8 R&R • USOS EVA: PFCS Relocate & CP13 R&R • USOS EVA: N2F EWC

5 Use the International Space Station (ISS) as a testbed to demonstrate the critical systems necessary for long-duration missions. Between October 1, 2017, and September 30, 2019, NASA will initiate at least eight in-space demonstrations of technology critical to enable human exploration in deep space.

‣ New Agency Priority Goal released with FY19 Budget and Volume of Integrated Performance ‣ Goal focuses on Exploration-enabling demonstrations to be conducted on ISS ‣ Includes demonstrations funded by ISS, AES, HRP, and Orion ‣ Demonstrations currently planned for FY18/19 ◦ Thermal Amine for CO2 removal (FY18) ◦ In-space manufacturing Refabricator (FY18) ◦ Spacesuit Evaporation Rejection Flight Experiment (SERFE) (FY18) ◦ Acoustic Monitor (FY18 – on ISS) ◦ Brine Processing Assembly (BPA) (FY19) ◦ Spacecraft Atmosphere Monitor (SAM) (FY19) ◦ Universal Waste Management System (UWMS) (FY19) ◦ Siloxane control technology (FY19) ◦ Water Processor Multi-Filtration Bed Upgrade (FY19) ◦ Long Duration In-Suit Waste Management (FY19 - late) ◦ Anomaly Gas Analyzer (AGA) on SAFFIRE (FY19)

https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_2019_volume_of_integrated_performance.pdf 6 Thermal Amine Scrubber Demonstrating Carbon Dioxide Removal for Exploration Missions PI: John Garr, MS, NASA , Houston, Texas CO2 Removal • Tests carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology which uses Locker alternating actively heated and cooled solid amine fixed beds • Removes 4 crew CO2 load at 2 mmHg cabin air – Lower cabin CO2 may reduce crew symptoms compared to ~3 mmHg cabin air concentration using existing ISS CO2 removal technology Water Save Locker • First of three CO2 removal technology demonstrations planned – Performance and reliability data gathered over at least one year on each technology will inform downselect of technology that will undergo 3 year closed loop, integrated demonstration on ISS from 2021 to 2024 • Demonstrates more efficient air and water saving technologies compared to Orion and previous ISS amine scrubbers • Expect improved reliability as compared to existing ISS system • First tech demo to utilize new Ku-Band command/telemetry system for MCC-H control of exploration demonstrations • Projected to launch on SpX-15 in June 2018

Thermal Amine tech demo and ops timeline

7 In Situ Bioanalyzer The Non-Invasive Sample Investigation and results Transmission to Ground with the Utmost Easiness (IN SITU) PI: Professor Aldo Roda, D.Sc., Ph.D., Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Sponsoring Space Agency: NASA Research Overview • Performs diagnostic tests and biomedical research involving the analysis of biosamples directly within the ISS rather than collecting and storing samples for analysis upon return to Earth • Each session one crew member collects a saliva sample, analyzes it, and discards the cartridge, and sends data to ground • Saliva analysis is used to monitor stress levels and appetites among crew members • A miniature analytical device that can detect certain biomarkers using non-invasively collected samples would benefit health care workers on Earth, from emergency medical technicians on call, to small rural clinics in developing countries

Measurement Device (Center) and the disposable analytical cartridge (right) Astronaut Paulo Nespoli collects and processes a saliva sample in the bioanalyzer

8 ‣ Business Integra Technology achieved the maximum technology readiness level (TRL9) for their new single-board computer (SG100) ‣ Enabled company to begin actively marketing this new product, which has 12 times the processing capability of “I’m not sure we ever common low Earth orbit processors at could have sold the 40% of the cost. product without completing the CASIS project.” (BI Tech)

9 HRP Integrated Path to Risk Reduction, Revision D PPBE19 Baseline - 30 November, 2017 DPMC Mar 2018

Mars Flyby FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 FY25 FY26 FY27 FY28 FY29 ISS EM-1 EM-2 EM-3 EM-4 EM-5 EM-6 EM-7 EM-8 Risks LxC End Standard Measures/MedB proposed 1YM2 1YM3 1YM4 1YM5 1YM6 Space Radiation Exposure (Cancer Biological CMs) * 3x4 2x4 Space Radiation Exposure (Cancer LTH) * 3x4 Space Radiation Exposure (Degen/CVD/Late CNS) *^ 3x4 Cognitive or Behavioral Conditions (BMed) *^ 3x4 Inadequate Food and Nutrition (Food) *^ 3x4 Team Performance Decrements (Team) * 3x4 Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS/VIIP) *^ 3x4 Renal Stone Formation (Renal) * 3x4 Human-System Interaction Design (HSID) * 3x4 Medications Long Term Storage (Stability) 2x4 Inflight Medical Conditions (Medical) * 3x4 Injury from Dynamic Loads (OP) 3x3 Sensorimotor Alterations (SM) *^ 3x3 Injury Due to EVA Operations (EVA) 3x3 Hypobaric (ExAtm) 3x3 Sickness (DCS)* 3x2 Altered Immune Response (Immune) *^ 3x3 Host-Microorganism Interactions (Microhost) * 3x3 Reduced Muscle Mass, Strength (Muscle) *^ 3x3 Reduced Aerobic Capacity (Aerobic) *^ 3x3 Sleep Loss and Circadian Misalignment (Sleep) *^ 3x3 Orthostatic Intolerance (OI)^ 3x2 Bone Fracture (Fracture)*^ 1x4 Cardiac Rhythm Problems (Arrhythmia) * 3x2 Space Radiation Exposure (Acute Radiation SPE) 2x2 Concern of Intervertebral Disc Damage (IVD) * TBD Celestial Dust Exposure (Dust) TBD Concern of Effects of Medication (PK/PD) TBD ISS End

Delayed for Planetary ops 1YM# - proposed 1-year missions (ISS) ISS Required Milestone Requires ISS ISS Mission Milestone ^ HRPCB-approved * Standard Measures/MedB - Standard Measures/MedB schedule PPBE19 Ground-based Milestone Exploration Mission Milestone ISS Not Required Risk accepted by HMTA (with countermeasures) Baseline 10 High LxC Mid LxC: Requires Mid LxC: Accepted Low LxC Optimized 10Insufficient Data 28 Feb 2018 Mitigation Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications Division

Human Research Program Space Biology Physical Sciences

Human Health Cell & Molecular Fluid Physics Countermeasures

Human Factors and Behavioral Microbiology Complex Fluids Performance

Space Radiation Animal Combustion

Exploration Medical Capability Plant Materials Science

Developmental, Reproductive ISS Medical Project Biophysics & Evolutionary

Fundamental Physics

11 Decadal Survey: Midterm Assessment

• Midterm Assessment of Implementation of the Decadal Survey on Life and Physical Science Research at NASA - Released December, 2917 - 12 Findings - 13 Recommendations

https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24966/a-midterm-assessment-of-implementation-of-the-decadal-survey-on- life-and-physical-sciences-research-at-nasa 12 ‣ CRS-2 missions are planned Integration Review Milestones for launch beginning in 2019 Provider 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Orbital-ATK ‣ ISS Integration Review (IR) Milestones – 7 in total SpaceX ◦ 3 fully complete for all providers Sierra Nevada May 2018 • IR #1: Kickoff • IR #2: System Requirements Review • IR #3: Preliminary Design Review (PDR)

‣ ISS IR Milestone #4: Critical Design Reviews (CDR) ◦ Orbital-ATK Systems delta CDR successfully completed 6/28/17 ◦ SpaceX CDR successfully completed 11/8/17 ◦ Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) CDR planned for 3/12-23/18; IR#4 in May

‣ ISS IR Milestone - #5 Functional Interface/Demonstration testing ◦ Orbital-ATK IR#5 successfully completed 1/18/18 ◦ SNC IR#5 planned for Aug. 2018 ◦ SpaceX IR #5 is planned for Oct. 2018

13 SpaceXSpaceX Commercial Demo 1/Demo Provider 2 Status Status

14 Boeing OFT/CFT Mission Status

15 Program Progress

CCP has made significant progress over the last quarter, notably: • Mission planning and preparations for eight CCP missions are in work: ⁃ Official Dates For Boeing: • August 2018: Orbital Flight Test (unmanned demo) • November 2018: Crewed Flight Test (demo) • PCM-1 awarded May 2015; Completed 5 milestones to date • PCM-2 awarded in December 2015; Completed 4 milestones to date • PCM-3,4,5,6 awarded in January 2017 ⁃ Official Dates For SpaceX: • August 2018: Flight to ISS without crew (Demo Mission 1) • December 2018: Flight to ISS with crew (Demo Mission 2) • PCM-1 awarded November 2015; Completed 4 milestones to date • PCM-2 awarded July 2016; Completed 3 milestones to date • PCM-3,4,5,6 awarded in January 2017 • Space hardware manufacturing, testing and qualification are underway • Both providers are making tangible progress toward flight tests and crewed missions to the International Space Station • Continued engagement as the providers perform critical test and verification events • Continue to make progress in the burn down of key certification products with the providers ⁃ Progress for each provider is included in provider-specific sections of this briefing

16 NAC - March 26, 2018 17 Orion NAC - March 26, 2018 18

SLS

Pre-decisional- For NASA Internal Use Only NAC - March 26, 2018 19

EGS

Pre-decisional- For NASA Internal Use Only 19 EM-1 INTEGRATED MISSION MILESTONE SUMMARY

NAC - March 26, 2018 20 Space Policy Directive-1

“Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities.

Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations.”

3 21 STRATEGIC PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE EXPLORATION

• FISCAL REALISM: Implementable in the near-term with the • ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: Opportunities for U.S. buying power of budgets and in the longer term commercial business to further enhance their experience with budgets commensurate with economic growth; and business base;

• SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION: Exploration enables science and • ARCHITECTURE OPENNESS AND RESILIENCE: Resilient science enables exploration; leveraging scientific expertise architecture featuring multi-use, evolvable space for human exploration of the solar system. infrastructure, minimizing unique developments, with each mission leaving something behind to support subsequent • TECHNOLOGY PULL AND PUSH: Application of high TRL missions; technologies for near term missions, while focusing sustained investments on technologies and capabilities to • GLOBAL COLLABORATION AND LEADERSHIP: Substantial address the challenges of future missions; new international and commercial partnerships, leveraging current International Space Station partnerships and • GRADUAL BUILD UP OF CAPABILITY: Near-term mission building new cooperative ventures for exploration; and opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling and integrated human and robotic missions, providing for an • CONTINUITY OF HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT: Uninterrupted incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex expansion of human presence into the solar system by missions over time; establishing a regular cadence of crewed missions to cis- lunar space during ISS lifetime.

22 National Policy (NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017, Space Policy Directive 1, etc.)

NASA Exploration Strategy Strategic Plan; Strategic Goal 1; Objectives 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3

HEOMD Configuration HEOMD Exploration Management Objectives HEOMD Strategic Principles Process HEOMD-001 HEOMD-001 HEOMD-002 HEOMD Implementation drives Principles HEOMD-001 informs Deep Space Exploration Systems HEOMD Exploration HEOMD Exploration HEOMD Exploration Certification Requirements Design ConOps Utilization Plan Requirements and Standards HEOMD-004 HEOMD-005 HEOMD-006 HEOMD-003

Mission-Specific Program/Enterprise Baselines and Design ConOps, Requirements, and Standards Objectives HEO Strategy/Document Structure and Current Status

HEOMD Exploration Objectives HEOMD-001

Deep Space Exploration HEOMD Exploration HEOMD Exploration HEOMD Exploration Systems Certification Requirements Design ConOps Utilization Plan Requirements and Standards HEOMD-003 HEOMD-004 HEOMD-005 HEOMD-006 Coordination Approved/Released Comment Disposition ISS Cargo Flights ESD Requirements Final product of EM-1 Crewed Gateway Ops ESD-10002 HEOMD Standards New document Working Group EM-2 Uncrewed Science DSG Top-Level created from ESD- 10012 (ESD ConOps) What is needed for Requirements to include DSG&T EM-X Shakedown exploration system DST Top-Level certification? Requirements What do we want the systems and crews to be Evolved version of the What are we capable of doing ESD Enterprise building? (drive system performance)? Strategic Mission Guidance (ESMG) Purple: Existing Content Green: New Content How will we use the systems and when do we need capabilities/resources? 24 Draft Deep Space Interoperability System Standards – Posted for Feedback on March 1, 2018

• NASA, in coll aboratio n w ith Internatio nal Space Statio n partners , has develop ed a draft set of deep space interop erabil ity syste m stand ards i n sev en prio ritized domain area s: - Av ioni c s - Comm uni cations - Env i ronmental Control and Life Support Systems - Power - Rendez vous - Roboti c s - Thermal • The draft standards were released for public comment on March 1, 2018, with the goals of: - enabli ng industry and international enti ti es to inde pe nd en tl y dev elop syst em s and elements for deep s pac e that woul d be c ompati bl e aboard any s pac ec raft, irrel evant of the s pac ec raft dev el oper; - defi ni ng interfac es and env i ronments to facilitate cooperativ e deep space exploration endeavors ; and - engagi ng the wi de -ranging gl obal s pacefl ight i ndus try, and enc ourage feedbac k on the s tandards from all poten tial stakeholder audiences .

www.internationaldeepspacestandards.com 25 NASA’s Exploration Campaign

Earth Moon Mars

Orio n

Robotic Surface Missions

Notional Commercial ISS SLS Platform

Mars robotic exploration, technology development

Commercial launch vehicles

Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Commercial Lunar PPE- Habitat - - Logistics Lander

In LEO In Cislunar Space On Mars Commercial & International A return to the moon for Research to inform future partnerships long-term exploration crewed missions

4 LUNAR ORBITAL PLATFORM-GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT Establishing leadership in deep space and preparing for exploration into the solar system

FOUNDATIONAL GATEWAY ELEMENTS CAPABILITIES •Supports exploration, science, and commercial activities in 2023 2024 + cislunar space and beyond •Includes international and U.S. commercial development of elements and systems • Provides options to transfer between cislunar orbits when uncrewed

OPPORTUNITIES

Logistics flights and logistics providers Orbit o f the M o o n ___ _ Use of logistics modules for additional available volume Ability to support lunar surface missions

Habitafion Logistics Airlock INITIAL ACCOMMODATIONS

• • m * TUT 4 Crew Members lt V « 1 m At least 55 m3 Habitable Volume // L These foundational gateway capabilities can JJV n 30 Day Crew Missions X support multiple U.S. and international partner objectives in cislunar space and beyond.

20180315 Bus shown for 27scale Human Exploration and Operations Gateway Functionality

• Assumptions – Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway provides ability to support multiple NASA, U.S. commercial, and international partner objectives in cislunar space and beyond – The gateway is designed for deep space environments • Supports crew of 4 for a minimum of 30 days • Supports staging of other assets including landers • Emphasis on defining early elements – functional allocations are still being traded – Power Propulsion Element – Habitat – Logistics Strategy – Airlock • Feasibility trades and future work - Partner-provided elements - Lunar Landers - Deep Space Transport 28 Power & Propulsion: First Element in the Gateway

Power and propulsion element industry engagement

• July 2017: NASA issued a request for information to capture U.S. industry’s Boeing Orbital ATK capabilities and plans for spacecraft concepts that potentially could be advanced to power an advanced SEP system for the gateway. • August 2017: NASA issued NextSTEP Appendix C, Power and Propulsion Studies seeking U.S. industry-led studies on leveraging Sierra Nevada Corporation, commercial spacecraft, plans, and risk reduction Lockheed Martin Aerojet Rocketdyne, Draper for 50 kW-class SEP vehicle capabilities. Five companies began four-month studies in late November 2017. • February 2018: NASA issued synopsis for a Spaceflight Demonstration of a Power and Propulsion Element. Draft BAA to be issued April 2018. SSL, DSS, Draper, University 29 of Illinois-Urbana Champaign Gateway Concept Investigations U.S. Industry:

Five full-scale prototypes in development for ground testing across the U.S.

Boeing: Leverages Existing Bigelow: Expandable Technologies One feasibility study on converting a spent rocket stage.

Orbital ATK: Lockheed: Refurbishes Sierra Nevada: Builds on proven cargo Heritage Hardware Modular Buildup spacecraft development

International Partners: Concepts for contributions and utilization for gateway buildup in cislunar space 30 Gateway Utilization – Four Focus Areas

• Technology: Identifying high-priority technologies for gateway demonstration: – Evolve its initial capabilities or enable new capabilities for human exploration. – Stimulate the development of commercial capabilities for operations in cislunar space – NASA Working Group – Cross Center/technology organizations (workshop 28 March) – Evaluating Request For Information (RFI) to obtain non-NASA technology insights (April) • Commercial: Developing overall commercialization strategy for gateway: – Linked with evolving Agency and HEO/SMD planning – RFI on commercial uses of a gateway (early summer) • International: Enabling collaboration between interested parties: – International Space Station partner discussions ongoing, working on strategy to involve international, non-ISS partners (ongoing) • Science and Research: Identifying potential science opportunities, and how gateway infrastructure can support various investigations: – Identifying science events and forums to raise awareness and obtain insight – NASA-hosted event completed – Denver gateway science workshop (February) • Revising current gateway utilization ground rules & assumptions 31 Leveraging the Gateway for Destinations Farther Into the Solar System

Operating for long durations in a deep space environment pushes the boundaries of science, opens opportunities for partnerships and prepares us for robotic and human

missions to other destinations, farther into the solar system.

• Advancing planetary lander capabilities • Honing sample return operations • Deploying CubeSats, small sats and other science platforms • Provides opportunities for commercial ventures and international partnerships • Informing Mars transportation

32 The Global Exploration Roadmap

• The GER is a human space exploration roadmap reflecting consensus on expanding human presence into the Solar System and is intended to serve as a tool to help promote support for participation • First released in 2011. Updated in 2013 and 2018

• Discussions which led to the non-binding roadmap included • Sustainability Principles • Importance of ISS and LEO • The Moon: Lunar vicinity and Lunar surface • Mars: The Driving Horizon Goal

33 ISECG Background

• The ISECG is a voluntary, non-binding forum where participating space agencies share information and work together on products with the goal of strengthening individual agency exploration programs and the collective effort • Human and robotic exploration of destinations humans may someday live and work • Established in 2007, rotating chairmanship • NASA currently chairs ISECG • Avoid duplication with other forums • Main benefits of participation • Promotes discussions enabling a common understanding on aspects that will inform future human exploration related partnerships • Develops products which inform individual agency efforts and decisions • Facilitates agency efforts to leverage investments in human exploration preparation activities • Engages a broader set of agencies than ISS partnership

34 TheThe Global Exploration Roadmap

2020 2030

O N T O M A R S

MARS SURFACE Robotic Mars Sample Return MARS ORBIT

Mars Mars Orbital Mission T O T H E M O O N Transportation Capabilities LUNAR SURFACE Robotic Resource Prospecting Missions LUNAR ORBIT

IN L E O

EARTH ORBIT A Human Lunar Surface Exploration

Deep Space Gateway Gateway Moon and Mars Mission Support Operations

Com m ercial Orion Transportation Russian Crew and SLS System s Transportation System

f International Space Station

China Space Station Future Platform s Common Goals and Objectives

• Expand Human Presence into the Solar System • Ensure continuity for human spaceflight and continued utilization of LEO • Enable sustained living and working around and on the Moon • Enable sustainable human missions living and working around and on Mars • Understand Our Place in the Universe • Study the origin and evolution of the Earth and the Moon system, the Solar System and the Universe • Search for evidence of past or present life ad the origin of life on Earth • Investigate habitability of potential human destinations • Engage the Public • Inspire and Educate • Create opportunities for participation in space exploration • Deliver benefits to society • Stimulate Economic Prosperity • Promote industrial capability and competitiveness for space exploration • Facilitate the development of commercial markets at exploration destinations • Promote collaboration with the private sector • Foster International Cooperation • Encourage and embrace the participation of nations in space exploration initiatives • Promote interoperability to increase opportunities for international cooperation 36 Sam Scimemi Director, International Space Station NASA Headquarters ISS Transition August 9, 2017

37 ‣ The NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 directed NASA to develop a plan to transition ISS from the current regime that relies heavily on NASA sponsorship to a regime where NASA could be one of many customers of a LEO non-governmental human space flight enterprise.

‣ There are key principles for a strategy for the future of ISS and LEO:

◦ Continuity among NASA’s LEO, deep space exploration, and development and research activities and missions toward expanding human presence into the solar system ◦ Expanding U.S. human spaceflight leadership in LEO and deep space exploration, including continuity of the relationship with our current ISS international partners ◦ Increase platform options in LEO to enable more ISS transition pathways, security through redundant capabilities, and industrial capability that can support NASA’s deep-space exploration needs ◦ Spur vibrant commercial activity in LEO ◦ Maintaining critical human spaceflight knowledge and expertise within the Government in areas such as astronaut health and performance, life support, safety, and critical operational ground and crew experience ◦ Continuing to return benefits to humanity through Government-sponsored basic and applied on-orbit research ◦ Continuing Government-sponsored access to LEO research facilities that enable other Government agencies, academia, and private industry to increase U.S. industrial competitiveness and provide goods and services to U.S. citizens ◦ Continuing to reduce the Government’s long-term costs through private industry partnerships and competitive acquisition strategies

38 ‣ Begin a step-wise transition of ISS operations from a government- directed activity to a model where private industry is responsible for planning how to meet and executing NASA’s requirements. NASA maintains leadership and governing responsibilities as outlined in the Partnership agreements, and continues to maintain the essential elements of human spaceflight such as astronaut safety and the high- risk exploration systems. ◦ In order to effect a smooth transition, NASA is proposing that this transition of ISS execution responsibility to private industry is essentially complete by 2025.

‣ Solicit information from industry on the development and operations of private on-orbit modules and/or platforms and other capabilities that NASA could utilize to meet its long-term LEO requirements that are consistent with the ISS Transition Principles. The scope of the solicitation may include risk reduction development activities or modules or elements that could either be attached to the ISS or be free-flying.

39 ‣ Maintaining the Partnership with our current ISS international partners and possibly adding new international and domestic participants ‣ Regular LEO crewed operations, including short and long durations: ◦ Enables operational space proficiency ◦ Shift from human health and performance countermeasures development (the ISS portion of which is expected to be complete by 2024) to validations of integrated long-duration system, habitation, operations, and crew isolation ‣ Long-term technology/systems development and demonstrations (e.g. life support) ‣ Space life and physical sciences basic and applied research at current level and capabilities ‣ National Laboratory-based research and technology development ‣ Opportunities for astrophysics, space, and Earth science research

Could be met with various types of modules or platforms that do not necessitate a vehicle (or vehicles) as complex as the ISS

40 ‣ Solicit inputs from industry on what LEO capabilities it wants to provide, and resources required that could meet NASA’s needs as one of many customers ◦ Monetary ◦ Physical (e.g. ISS port) ◦ Expertise ‣ Develop ISS commercial use policy to allow private industry to use spare ISS resources for commercial for-profit activities

41 Proposed Recommendation for HEOMD AA March, 2018

TITLE: Metrics for ISS Transition and Fleet Leader Approach for Critical Exploration Systems

Recommendation: NASA HEOMD should formulate a set of metrics to guide ISS transition. Suggested metrics include the minimum amount of run time for fleet leader exploration systems in the areas of life support, propulsion and avionics.

Major reasons for proposing the recommendation: NASA has set forth a very clear set of principles to guide its ISS transition plan for 2024 and beyond. In addition to these principles, it would be helpful for HEOMD to formulate metrics to guide the transition. Some suggested metrics would be the cost of alternative platforms, cost of conducting exploration systems development without access to low earth orbit, the minimum annual amount of orbital time required for crew preparation and training, and the amount of running time needed on exploration systems in low earth orbit before those systems could be certified for a trip to Mars. In particular it would be helpful to consider specific run time requirements for the critical systems that must be tested prior to a Mars transit such as life support, propulsion and avionics. It may even be appropriate to consider a fleet leader continuous test program for critical systems, where there is always a test platform that has more run time than the critical systems to be used aboard a reusable Mars transport vehicle.

Consequences of no action on the proposed recommendation: NASA will lose opportunities to clearly communicate the status of ISS transition criteria. HEO Committee Observations

• NASA has set forth a very clear set of principles to guide its ISS transition plan for 2024 and beyond. A set of metrics to accompany these principles and guide the progress of ISS transition would be very useful.

• The latest policy directive, and the recently approved 2018 NASA budget, show support for NASA’s sustainable approach for human exploration.

• HEOMD’s approach to leadership of future human exploration efforts in cislunar space relies more on communication and coordination of international efforts, technical standards and opportunities for involvement of commercial and international partners than on direction and prescriptive definition of individual contributions. The approach being used by HEOMD and NASA management seems very reasonable to the HEO Committee when considering the maturity level and capabilities of NASA’s international and commercial partners.

• Audits and program assessments optimized for discreet missions which are used by outside organizations to review multi-decadal capability development programs with long operating lives and multiple individual missions such as ISS, SLS, or Orion may result in confusing results and conclusions that are not useful. It could be beneficial for NASA to take a look at different program evaluation products for multi-decadal capability development efforts.

• The approach and flexibility displayed by NASA in its commercial cargo program is resulting in the provision of essential services at a cost lower than previously possible. Whenever appropriate, NASA’s other human exploration programs should be allowed to take advantage of the flexibility which has made the ISS commercial cargo delivery effort so successful. For example, allowing the SLS and Orion programs additional programmatic flexibility could be helpful as they continue to evaluate options for increased flight rate.

43 HEO Committee Concerns

• As the Commercial Crew Program, SLS and Orion finish their development phases and transition toward operations, NASA’s approach to program governance may unnecessarily slow the resolution of critical issues as they make their way through the programs and independent technical authorities for final resolution.

• The committee believes that the first crewed launch of the commercial crew program vehicles is very likely to occur within the next 8 to 24 months, and that NASA has adequate options to continue work on ISS throughout this period. If operational availability of commercial crew vehicles for station crew rotation is delayed beyond 18 months, the capability to do exploration systems development and science research aboard ISS may be impacted. US crew presence aboard ISS could be lost if availability of commercial transportation to ISS is delayed beyond about 24 months. The programs are continuing to look for ways to mitigate these impacts. An additional three months of margin was gained by the program since our last NAC review.

• Low SLS and Orion Launch rate pose future risks for proficiency of the operations team and reduce program resilience in the event of mission failure.

• Shifting priorities may result in the reduction of government funding for the ISS before a viable U.S. commercial follow-on capability is established. This capability is critical to allow NASA continued access to low Earth orbit for research, deep space exploration system testing, and other applications that may arise.

• The current HEOMD organization is working well due to its strong management team and also due to the synergy that comes from having exploration development and operations in the same mission directorate. Efforts to reorganize HEOMD at this time could increase the risk level of NASA’s human exploration programs, especially considering the large amount of critical engineering work that must be completed prior to the first launches of the Commercial Crew vehicles, SLS and Orion.

44 Special Topics at Future HEO Committee Meetings

• Future Special Topics:

– International Participation in future human exploration *** – ISS after 2024 and ISS commercialization efforts *** – Deep space telescopes and possible servicing missions – Planetary Protection – Program decision making approach and independent technical authorities – Exploration EVA Capability – HEO External Review Summary – SLS and Orion activities to increase launch rate – Mars Transport Maintenance, Parts Commonality and Strategy

*** Discussed at this meeting – March 2018

45 www.nasa.gov

Speakers Bureau 46 Why a Deep Space Gateway?

• Develop propulsion and life support systems for Mars in preparation for a deep space transport. (The deep space transport will need more propulsion capability and life support systems which are more reliable than currently available.) • The gateway allows operation in a more hostile deep space environment than the ISS, (Radiation levels are higher in the area where the deep space transport will be located, and servicing from earth will be more difficult.) • The gateway can be moved to support different missions using its solar electric propulsion – Assembly, Provisioning and Return of a Mars Transport – Safe haven for crew transport vehicles which can carry crews from Earth to Cis Lunar Space – Safe haven for transportation to and from the lunar surface – Potential servicing of deep space telescopes – Lunar surface science operations – Other deep space research and operations

47 DSG Orbits

Orbit Type Orbit Period Lunar (or L-Point) Earth-Moon Amplitude Range Orientation

Low Lunar Orbit (LLO) ~2 hrs 100 km Any inclination

Elliptical Lunar Orbit (ELO) ~14 hrs 100 to 10,000 km Equatorial

Near-Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO) 6 to 8 days 2,000 to 75,000 km Roughly Polar

Earth-Moon L2 Halo 8 to 14 days 0 to 60,000 km (L2) Dependent on size

Distant Retrograde Orbit ~14 days 70,000 km Equatorial Human Exploration Framework

EXPANDING HUMAN PRESENCE IN PARTNERSHIP CREATING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, ADVANCING TECHNOLOGIES, AND ENABLING DISCOVERY

After 2030 2020s Leaving the Earth-Moon System Operating in the Lunar and Reaching Mars Orbit Now Vicinity (proving ground) Using the International Space Station

Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phases 3 and 4 Continue research and Begin missions in Complete Deep Begin sustained testing on ISS to solve cislunar space. Build Space Transport crew expeditions to exploration challenges. Deep Space Gateway. and conduct Martian system and Evaluate potential for lunar Initiate assembly of Deep yearlong Mars surface of Mars. resources. Develop Space Transport. simulation mission. standards. PHASE 1 Proposed Recommendation for HEOMD AA

• Background: NASA has set forth a very clear set of principles to guide its ISS transition plan for 2024 and beyond. In addition to these principles, it would be helpful for NASA to formulate some clear metrics to govern the transition. Some suggested metrics would be the cost of alternative platforms, cost of conducting exploration systems development without access to low earth orbit, the minimum annual amount of orbital time required for crew preparation and training, and the amount of running time needed on exploration systems in low earth orbit before those systems could be certified for a trip to Mars. In particular it would be helpful to consider specific run time requirements for the critical systems to be used for Mars transit such as life support, propulsion and avionics. It may even be appropriate to consider a fleet leader continuous test program for critical systems, where there is always a test platform that has more run time than the critical systems to be used aboard a reusable Mars transport vehicle.

• Recommendation: NASA HEOMD should formulate a set of metrics to guide ISS transition. Some suggested metrics include the minimum amount of run time for fleet leader exploration systems in the areas of life support, propulsion and avionics.

51 Fluid Shifts Fluid Shifts Before, During and After Prolonged Space Flight and Their Association with Intracranial and Visual Impairment Principal Investigator: Michale B. Stenger, PhD, KBRwyle; Scott A. Dulchavsky, MD, PhD, Henry Ford Hospital; Alan R. Haragnes, PhD, University of California San Diego Sponsoring Space Agency: NASA Research Overview • More than half of American astronauts experience vision changes after long duration space flights. Findings have also included structural changes of the eye, as well as signs of elevated intracranial pressure. This is thought to be the result of prolonged exposure to space flight-induced headword fluid shifts and elevated intracranial pressure • The purpose of this investigation is to characterize the space flight-induced fluid shifts using noninvasive techniques. • Lower body negative pressure is being investigated for its ability to mitigate some of the effects of the space flight-induced fluid shift. • Results from this investigation are expected to help define the causes of the ocular structure and vision changes associated with long duration space flight, and assist in the development of countermeasures • Results from the investigation are expected to improve scientists' understanding of how blood pressure in the brain affects eye shape and vision, which could also benefit people confined to long-term bed rest, or suffering from disease states that increase swelling and pressure in the brain

52 Path to Agency Flight Readiness

Integrated Flight Test Readiness Review Process

Series of CCP/ISS Program reviews culminate in integrated CCP Agency FTRR

DCR is not intended to be a final data drop of all certification work required for flight test. As such, agreements are made with the Providers to incrementally buy off products as the work is completed. 53 CCP Summary

• CCP continues to facilitate the development and certification of U.S. industry-based crew transportation systems • Boeing and SpaceX are meeting contractual milestones and maturing their designs ⁃ A significant amount of hardware is in development, test and qualification in preparation for upcoming missions ⁃ Risks are being identified and important design challenges are being addressed ⁃ NASA is engaged in meaningful insight • Both providers are making tangible progress toward flight tests and crewed missions to the International Space Station • CCP has robust and efficient processes for certification including addressing waivers and deviations ⁃ Progress is being made in the burn down of key certification products with the providers • In preparation for flight, there is significant work ahead

54 Lunar Orbital Platform – Gateway Top Level Schedule

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan 2017 2017 2017 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020

Gateway Level 2 Final Level 3 Gateway Level 3 Gateway Implementation EM-1 Requirements Requirements for Requirements Plan PPE

ISEF2 Interoperability Standards HEO Lunar Finalized Orbital DCBs Platform – Gateway Check Point Sync / Gateway Update to Gateway Draft Functional Functional Allocations Allocations

Draft Gateway Level 2 Finalize Gateway Req’ts - PPE Level 3-5 Level 3 Req’ts Requirements

PPE Acquisition Process PPE Development Underway

Acquisition and International Partner Strategy and Mechanisms

Conduct Acquisition activities for Domestic Habitation Capabilities

NextSTEP Phase 2 Architecture and Prototype development

Final NextSTEP Habitat Ground Tests Results

International Partner Decision Process for Formal Commitments Gateway Core Functionality

• Power and Propulsion Element - First gateway capability targeted for launch readiness in 2022 - Spaceflight demonstration of advanced solar electric propulsion spacecraft for industry and NASA objectives; developed through public-private partnership - Power to gateway and externally accommodated elements - Orbital maintenance and potential to transport the uncrewed gateway between cislunar orbits - Attitude control for the gateway in multiple configurations - Communications with Earth, space-to-space communications, and radio frequency relay capability in support of extra- vehicular activity (EVA) communications; accommodations for an optical communications demonstration in the future • Habitation – Provides habitable volume and short-duration life support functions for crew in cislunar space – Docking ports allow for attachment to the PPE, other Gateway elements and visiting vehicles – Offers attach points for external robotics, external science and technology payloads or rendezvous sensors – Provide accommodations for crew exercise, science/utilization and stowage • Airlock – Provides capability to enable astronaut EVAs as well as the potential to accommodate docking of additional elements, observation ports, or a science utilization airlock • Logistics – Deliver cargo to enable extended crew mission durations, science utilization, exploration technology demonstrations, potential commercial utilization, and other supplies 56 Conclusion

• SLPSRA is executing valuable research ‒ To enable exploration ‒ To pioneer scientific discovery ‒ Guided by the Decadal Survey ‒ Guided by NASA-identified needs • The Midterm Assessment of the Decadal Survey ‒ Prioritization & implementation advice • President’s Budget Request for FY19 ‒ Budget appears stable ‒ Re-organization could separate HRP and BPS • Lunar Orbital Platform – Gateway ‒ Deep space radiation provides new opportunities for biological research • SLPSRA Strategic Plan ‒ Supporting the post-ISS and beyond LEO era

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