War, Culture and Society, 1750– 1850 Series Editors: Rafe Blaufarb (Tallahassee, USA), Alan Forrest (York, UK), and Karen Hagemann (Chapel Hill, USA) Editorial Board: Michael Broers (Oxford, UK), Christopher Bayly (Cambridge, UK), Richard Bessel (York, UK), Sarah Chambers (Minneapolis, USA), Laurent Dubois (Durham, USA), Etienne François (Berlin, Germany), Janet Hartley (London, UK), Wayne Lee (Chapel Hill, USA), Jane Rendall (York, UK), Reinhard Stauber (Klagenfurt, Austria)

Titles include: Richard Bessel, Nicholas Guyatt and Jane Rendall (editors) WAR, EMPIRE AND SLAVERY, 1770– 1830 Eveline G. Bouwers PUBLIC PANTHEONS IN REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE Comparing Cultures of Remembrance, c. 1790– 1840

Michael Broers, Agustin Guimera and Peter Hick (editors) THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE AND THE NEW EUROPEAN POLITICAL CULTURE Gavin Daly THE BRITISH SOLDIER IN THE PENINSULAR WAR Encounters with Spain and Portugal, 1808– 1814 Charles J. Esdaile and Philip Freeman BURGOS IN THE PENINSULAR WAR, 1808– 1814 Occupation, Siege, Aftermath

Alan Forrest, Etienne François and Karen Hagemann (editors) WAR MEMORIES The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture

Alan Forrest, Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (editors) SOLDIERS, CITIZENS AND CIVILIANS Experiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790– 1820

Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (editors) THE BEE AND THE EAGLE Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 Rasmus Glenthøj and Morten Nordhagen Ottosen EXPERIENCES OF WAR AND NATIONALITY IN DENMARK AND NORWAY, 1807– 1815 Marion F. Godfroy KOUROU AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A FRENCH AMERICA

Karen Hagemann, Gisela Mettele and Jane Rendall (editors) GENDER, WAR AND POLITICS Transatlantic Perspectives, 1755– 1830

Janet M. Hartley, Paul Keenan and Dominic (editors) RUSSIA AND THE NAPOLEONIC WARS Leighton James WITNESSING THE REVOLUTIONARY AND NAPOLEONIC WARS IN GERMAN CENTRAL EUROPE Catriona Kennedy NARRATIVES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY AND NAPOLEONIC WARS Military and Civilian Experience in Britain and Ireland

Catriona Kennedy and Matthew McCormack (editors) SOLDIERING IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 1750– 1850 Men of Arms Ralph Kingston BUREAUCRATS AND BOURGEOIS SOCIETY Offi ce Politics and Individual Credit, France 1789– 1848 Mark Lawrence SPAIN’S FIRST CARLIST WAR, 1833– 40 Kevin Linch BRITAIN AND WELLINGTON’S ARMY Recruitment, Society and Tradition, 1807– 1815 J.R. Moores REPRESENTATIONS OF FRANCE IN ENGLISH SATIRICAL PRINTS 1740– 1832 Julia Osman CITIZEN SOLDIERS AND THE KEY TO THE BASTILLE Pierre Serna, Antonino De Francesco and Judith Miller REPUBLICS AT WAR, 1776– 1840 Revolutions, Confl icts and Geopolitics in Europe and the Atlantic World Marie-Cécile Thoral FROM VALMY TO WATERLOO France at War, 1792– 1815 Mark Wishon GERMAN FORCES AND THE BRITISH ARMY Interactions and Perceptions, 1742– 1815 Christine Wright WELLINGTON’S MEN IN AUSTRALIA Peninsular War Veterans and the Making of Empire c.1820– 40

War, Culture and Society, 1750– 1850 Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–54532–8 (hardback) 978–0–230–54533–5 (paperback) (outside North America only)

You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Russia and the Napoleonic Wars

Edited by Janet M. Hartley London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Paul Keenan London School of Economics and Political Science, UK and Dominic Lieven Trinity College, , UK Selection and editorial matter © Janet M. Hartley, Paul Keenan and Dominic Lieven 2015 All remaining chapters © Respective authors 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-52799-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6– 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identifi ed as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the , Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57171-0 ISBN 978-1-137-52800-1 (eBook) DOI 10.105 7/9781137528001 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Contents

List of Tables vii Acknowledgements viii Notes on Contributors ix General Maps xiv

Introduction 1 Dominic Lieven 1 International Relations in the Napoleonic Era: The Long View 12 Dominic Lieven 2 Cicero and Aristotle: Cultural Imperialism and the Napoleonic Geography of Empire 28 Michael Broers 3 ’s Vision of Empire and the Decision to Invade Russia 43 Alan Forrest 4 Russian Perspectives on European Order: ‘Review of the Year 1819’ 57 Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter 5 Alexander I, Talleyrand and France’s Future in 1814 70 Marie- Pierre Rey 6 Russia and Britain in International Relations in the Period 1807– 1812 84 Aleksandr A. Orlov 7 Russia, Napoleon and the Threat to British India 97 David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 8 Factions and In- fi ghting among Russian Generals in the 1812 Era 106 Viktor M. Bezotosnyi 9 The ‘Maid of Orleans’ of the Russian Army: Prince Eugen of Württemberg in the Napoleonic Wars 119 Denis A. Sdvizhkov 10 The Finances of the Russian Empire in the Period of the Patriotic War of 1812 and of the Foreign Campaigns of the Russian Army 136 Liudmila P. Marnei

v vi Contents

11 Patriotism in the Provinces in 1812: Volunteers and Donations 148 Janet M. Hartley 12 The Russian Imperial Court and Victory Celebrations during the Early Napoleonic Wars 163 Paul Keenan 13 Orthodox Russia against ‘Godless’ France: The Russian Church and the ‘Holy War’ of 1812 179 Liubov Melnikova 14 The Enemy behind Our Backs? The Occupation of the Duchy of Warsaw 1813– 1814 196 Andrzej Nieuwazny 15 Heroes of the Napoleonic Wars in the Ruling Elite of the Russian Empire 211 Grigorii Bibikov 16 The 1812 War and the Civilizing Process in Russia 228 Alexander M. Martin 17 The Patriotic War of 1812 in the Commemorative Practices and Historical Memory of Russian Society from the Nineteenth to the Early Twenty- First Centuries 243 Tatiana Saburova

Index 258 List of Tables

15.1 Appointments to the State Council in the period between 1801 and 1881 213 15.2 Appointments to the Committee of Ministers in the period between 1802 and 1855 213

vii Acknowledgements

This volume arises from the international conference ‘Russia and the Napoleonic Wars’, which took place at the former country estate of the Lieven family at Mezotnes (Mesothen), Latvia, 15– 18 May 2014. The pur- pose of the conference was to bring together scholars from Western Europe and North America with scholars from Russia and Eastern Europe to cre- ate a forum in which ideas could be exchanged and scholarship on the Napoleonic era taken forward. The combination of the end of the Soviet Union and a number of bicentenaries celebrating key moments in Franco- Russian relations has led to a flourishing of new scholarship in Russia; at the same time, new research in archives has led to new interpretations of this period by scholars in many countries. Language has, however, sometimes been a barrier to the exchange of ideas: Russian scholarship has not always reached a Western audience; new directions in foreign scholarship have not always been accessible to Russian scholars. This was overcome at this confer- ence by translating all the papers in advance and by the use of interpreters. The conference was a great success. Twenty- four papers were given by schol- ars from eight countries and 17 of those papers have been selected here. All 24 papers were published in Russian by the Russian State Historical Museum in late 2014 as a special volume, entitled Rossiia i Napoleonovskie voiny and edited by Viktor Bezotosnyi, in the series Epokha 1812 goda: Issledovaniia, istochniki, istoriografiia. The conference organizers from the United Kingdom were Janet M. Hartley and Paul Keenan from the London School of Economics and Political Science and Dominic Lieven from Trinity College Cambridge (and LSE IDEAS). The conference organizer from Russia was Viktor Bezotosnyi from the Russian State Historical Museum, Moscow. The conference would not have been such a success without the organizational skills of Liza Ryan from LSE IDEAS. Above all, the editors wish to thank Dr Frederik Paulsen, whose generosity set up the Paulsen programme within IDEAS at the London School of Economics and Political Science and funded this conference in Latvia in full. Note: dates are normally given in the Old style in the papers on Russia, that is, according to the Julian calendar which was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar in the nineteenth century. Where there may be confu- sion, dates are given in both Old and New style.

viii Notes on Contributors

Viktor M. Bezotosnyi is Doctor of Historical Sciences and Director of a sec- tion of the State Historical Museum, Moscow, and the winner of the Russian State award for Culture. He is a military historian of the Napoleonic Wars who has written seven books and more than 300 articles on the Napoleonic era. His books (all in Russian) include The Don Generalitet and the Ataman Platov (1999), 1812: Reconnaissance and Military Plans (2005), The Cossacks in Paris in 1814 (2007) and Recollections by Contemporaries of the Epoch of 1812 (2011). He is the compiler and editor of the monumental volume The Patriotic War of 1812: A Biographical Dictionary and the main editor of the annual series of volumes entitled The Patriotic War of 1812. Grigorii Bibikov is Candidate of Sciences and a senior researcher at the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences, and a military historian of the Napoleonic Wars. He is the author of a recent major biography of Benkendorff: A. Kh. Benkendorf and the Policy of the Emperor Nicholas I (2009) (in Russian), and a number of articles and chapters on the army and central administration in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Michael Broers is Professor of Western European History at Oxford University. He has been a visiting member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and has written eight books, one of which, The Napoleonic Empire in Italy, 1796– 1814: Cultural Imperialism in a European Context? (2005), won the Prix Napoléon in 2006. His most recent book is Napoleon: Soldier of Destiny, the first of a two- volume biography, which was published in March 2014. Alan Forrest is Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the University of York. He works on modern French history, especially the period of the Revolution and Empire, and on the history of modern warfare. Recent publi- cations include Napoleon’s Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire (2002), Paris, the Provinces and the French Revolution (2004), The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation- in- Arms in French Republican Memory (2009), Napoleon: Life, Legacy and Image (2011), and Waterloo (2015). He is co- author, with Jean- Paul Bertaud and Annie Jourdan, of Napoléon, le monde et les Anglais: Guerre des mots et des images (2004). His edited works include: Napoleon and His Empire, with Philip G. Dwyer (2007); The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, with Peter H. Wilson (2008); Soldiers, Citizens and Civilians: Experiences and Perceptions of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1790– 1820, with Karen Hagemann and Jane Rendall (2009);

ix x Notes on Contributors and War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture, with Etienne François and Karen Hagemann (2012). Janet M. Hartley is Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science. She has written extensively on eighteenth- and nineteenth- century Russian history and Anglo- Russian rela- tions including Guide to Documents and Manuscripts in the United Kingdom Relating to Russia and the Soviet Union (1987), Alexander I (1994, translated into Russian in 1998), A Social History of the Russian Empire, 1650– 1825 (1999), Charles Whitworth: Diplomat in the Age of Peter the Great (2002), and Russia, 1762– 1825: Military Power, the State and the People (2008). Her most recent book, reflecting her current research interests, is Siberia: a History of the People (2014). Paul Keenan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science, where he has taught since 2004. His research examines the social and cultural development of Russia during the ‘long’ eighteenth century. He has written recently on the appearance, attitudes and social activities of the Russian court in this period. His first monograph, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, 1703– 1761 (2013), examined the question of Russia’s ‘Europeanization’ in this period through the prism of its new ‘European’ capital and the cultural life of the ruler’s court. His new project studies the Russian court during the reign of Alexander I, with particular emphasis on its role as a (contested) centre of official culture and identity during the Napoleonic Wars. Dominic Lieven is a Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge (since 2011) and Fellow of the British Academy (since 2001). He was a Lecturer and then Professor at LSE from 1978 until 2011. He is the author of seven monographs and the editor of the Cambridge History of Russia vol.2 (Imperial Russia). Russia against Napoleon: The Struggle for Europe: 1807– 1814 (2009), won the Wolfson Prize, the Prix de la Fondation Napoléon and has been translated and published in eleven languages. His recent book is Towards the Flame. Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (2015). His areas of interest are imperial Russian foreign and military policy, international history, empires and emperors. Liudmila P. Marnei is Candidate of Sciences and a senior researcher at the Slavonic Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and is a nineteenth- century economic historian. She is the author of D. A. Gur’ev and the Finances and Policies of Russia at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century (2001) (in Russian) and a number of articles and chapters on trade and economics in Russia and Eastern Europe in the time of the Napoleonic Wars. Alexander M. Martin is Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame (Indiana, USA). He works on the social, cultural and intellectual Notes on Contributors xi history of pre- Reform Russia, and is the author of Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I (1997) and Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762– 1855 (2013). Liubov Melnikova is Candidate of Sciences at the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences, and is a historian of the Orthodox Church. She is the author of The Russian Orthodox Church and the Patriotic War of 1812 (2002), The Army and the Orthodox Church of the Russian Empire in the Napoleonic Wars (2007), The Russian Orthodox Church and the Crimean War (2012) (all in Russian), and many articles and chapters on the Orthodox Church in wartime, on Napoleonic propaganda, and on the diplomacy and personality of Alexander I.

Andrzej Nieuwazny sadly died in June 2015 before the publication of this volume. He was Professor at the Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun. He is a historian of Poland during the Napoleonic period and has a particular interest in the legacy of the wars for Polish identity. He is the author and/or editor of eight books in Polish on the Poland in the period of the Napoleonic Wars. He also wrote, in English, the article ‘Napoleon and Polish Identity: How Bonaparte Has Retained His Hold over the Polish Imagination through the Vicissitudes of the last Two Centuries’, History Today, 48, 1998.

Aleksandr A. Orlov is Doctor of Historical Sciences and Professor at the Sholokhov Moscow State University of the Humanities, and is a historian of the diplomatic relations between Russia and Britain. He is the author of The Alliance between St Petersburg and London: British- Russian Relations in the Epoch of the Napoleonic Wars (2005) and ‘Now I see the English more Closely’: Britain and the British in the Impressions of Russians about the World and about Themselves; the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century and the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (2008) (both in Russian). He is researching ‘peace projects’ from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries.

Marie- Pierre Rey is Professor of Russian and Soviet History at the University of Paris Pantheon Sorbonne. She has written several books and many articles devoted to Russian and Soviet history. Among her most recent publications: on the tsarist period are: 1814, Un tsar à Paris, (2014); L’effroyable tragédie, une nouvelle histoire de la campagne de Russie (2012) and Alexandre Ier (2009 and 2013) translated under the title Alexander I, the Tsar Who Defeated Napoleon (2012) and in Russian (2013); and on the Soviet period: ‘Gorbachev’s New Thinking and Europe, 1985– 1989’ in Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal, edited by F. Bozo, M-P. Rey, N.P. Ludlow and L. Nuti (2008); ‘The Mejdunarodniki in the 1960s and first half of the 1970s: backgrounds, connections and the agenda of Soviet international elites’ in The Making of Détente, Eastern and Western Europe in the Cold War, 1965– 1975, edited by xii Notes on Contributors

W. Loth and G- H. Soutou, (2008). Marie-Pierre Rey has also written exten- sively on Russia and twentieth- century European politics. Tatiana Saburova is Professor at the Omsk State Pedagogical University, and is a historian of the social and intellectual life of Russia in the second half of the nineteenth century. She is the author of Mythologies of the Russian Intellectual World: Socio- Cultural Representations of the Russian Intelligentsia in the Nineteenth Century (2005, in Russian). She was a Fulbright visiting scholar at Indiana University in 2011 and a DAAD Fellow in Tubingen in 2013. Her current research is on the identities and behaviour of the Russian intelli- gentsia in late imperial Russia. David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye is Professor of Russian history at Brock University, Canada. His research interests focus on eighteenth- and nineteenth- century Russian cultural, intellectual, diplomatic and military history. He is the author of Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan (2001) and Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration (2010). He is writing a book about Russian expansion into Central Asia. Denis A. Sdvizhkov is a Research Fellow at the German Historical Institute, Moscow, and is a historian of the intelligentsia in Russia. He is the author of The Intelligentsia in History: The Educated Man in Representation and Social Reality (2001, in Russian). He is the co- editor of The Achievement of an Ideal: A History of Peacemaking and the Intelligentsia (2005) and The Concept of Russia: Historical Semantics of the Imperial Period (2012) (both in Russian). Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter is Professor of History at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona. She has written six books: From Serf to Russian Soldier (1990), Structures of Society: Imperial Russia’s ‘People of Various Ranks’ (1994, Russian translation 2002), Social Identity in Imperial Russia (1997), The Play of Ideas in Russian Enlightenment Theater (2003), Russia’s Age of Serfdom 1648– 1861 (2008), and Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia: The Teachings of Metropolitan Platon (2013). Her current research is devoted to Russian diplomacy in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.

General Maps

30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚

ARCTIC OCEAN

Archangel

SWEDEN RUSSIAN St Petersburg Perm

Moscow Ekaterinburg Tomsk Kazan PRUSSIA DUCHY OF WARSAW FED. OF Kiev THE Tsaritsyn KAZAKHS RHINE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Astrakhan K. OF ITALY

FRENCH Black Sea KHIVA EMPIRE Caspian KOKAND K. OF Sea NAPLES Constantinople BUKHARA

E KUNDUZ R BALKH BADAKHSHAN I Tehran Me dit P ISTAN erra ea AN nean S M PERSIA GH H E AF i SIKH m a O A N Cairo STATES T T O M NEPA

N L A ST EGYPT HI UC BAL Delhi NEJD SIND MARATHA CONFEDERACY Arabian OMAN Peninsula The Russian Empire Bombay c. 1812 Arabian Sea YEMEN Goa

CARNATIC

Extent of Russian Empire c.1812 General Maps xv

120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚ 180˚ 165˚

Siberia

EMPIRE

Okhotsk Krasnoiarsk

Irkutsk

Gobi Desert

Beijing KOREA JAPAN QING EMPIRE Edo N a l a ya s BHUTAN

BIHAR ASSAM BENGAL BURMA PACIFIC Rangoon OCEAN Bay of Bengal SIAM Manila Bangkok PHILIPPINE ISLANDS CAMBODIA xvi General Maps

20° 25° 30° Lake 35° 40° Ladoga Vyborg Belozersk Russia in 1812 Ladoga Stolbova 60° Russian Empire N Vologda St Petersburg Narva Invasion Novgorod

a g Retreat l o Dorpat V Rostov Pskov Tver Gotland

Riga Rzhev 3 a Öland e Moscow S Libau 2 i c Nevel 4 l t a Velizh B Memel Polotsk 1 Smolensk Vitebsk Tula 55° Kovno REP. OF Vilna DANZIG Königsberg Danzig Mogilev SSIA Minsk PRU Grodno 5 A N Orel S I Bialystok U S V Thorn R is Gomel Kursk tu l a Warsaw Pinsk R E P I DUCHY OF E M Chernigov WARSAW O d Lublin e r Kharkov Sandomir Kiev Cracow 0 200 km Poltava 50° Lvov AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Tarnopol Vinnitsa 0 200 miles Major Events of the 1812 Campaign 1 Smolensk 3 Occupation of 4 Maloiaroslavets Moscow 2 Borodino 5 Crossing the Berezina

Invasion of Russia 1812 General Maps xvii

Memel

12° 16 20° 24° 28° 1 The 1813 Campaign N a e Major fortress held S French advance E c by French t i a l Allied advance Russian Empire D B Königsberg

Battle Occupied by Russia E Danzig W a i French forces Elbing S Köslin n a besieged by Allies Lübeck e r m A Grodno Hamburg P o I S S Lobau Stettin U FRENCH R P 1 EMPIRE Bromberg Thorn Mlava RUSSIAN 3 EMPIRE Berlin Hanover Modlin Posen Warsaw Magdeburg Frankfurt 52° FEDERATION 2 Kalisch Lodz OF THE RHINE Glogau GRAND DUCHY OF WARSAW N Leipzig 6 (occupied by Russia) Dresden S 4 5 i Breslau 9 8 l e s i a

Bohemia Frankfurt Crakow Mayence Bayreuth Prague 7 0 100 km 10 Pilsen AUSTRIAN EMPIRE 0 100 miles

1 Winter 1812–13: Russian army deploys into Prussia and the 6 4 June–16 August: Armistice, Russian reinforcements arrive. Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Napoleon and the Prussians train their new recruits. 2 22 January: Frederick William, King of Prussia, leaves Berlin for 7 12 August: Austria declares war. Breslau. 8 3 Spring 1813: Russian army launches a series of raids deep 26–27 August: Battle of Dresden. behind French lines. Berlin is occupied 4 March. 9 September–October: After suffering defeats, ending with the 4 April: Napoleon concentrates his army to face Allied forces. Battle of Leipzig, the French army withdraws to the Rhine. 5 May: Driving the Allied forces eastwards, Napoleon is 10 30–31 October: Bavarian-Austrian army attacks the retreating victorious at Lützen and Bautzen. French but is beaten off.

The 1813 campaign to the borders of France