The Oration of Demosthenes on the Crown

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THE ORATION

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN

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PLAN OF THE ORATION.

Exordium.

Refutation of charges foreign to the indictment (a) Of a private nature;

(6) Of a public nature.

Reply to the charges contained in the indictment.

Strictures upon /the character and course of his an- tagonist, compared with his own.

Peroration. THE OKATION OF DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

Ctesiphon, an Athenian citizen, had proposed a decree that the state should bestow a crown upon Demosthenes for his public services, and that proclamation should be made of the same in the theatre during the great Dionysia, at the per- formance of the new tragedies. Aeschines thereupon indicted Ctesiphon as the author of an illegal measure. "The proposal of Ctesiphon," so ran the indictment, "was a

violation of Athenian law in three distinct points : two

purely technical ; the third, that the characterization of Demosthenes as a public benefactor wT as false, while to lodge a document false in substance among the state records is forbidden by law." This arraignment of the public career of Demosthenes was continued with great violence by Aeschines throughout his speech. Demosthenes, in his speech for the defence, refuses to follow the order suggested by Aeschines, but throwing the legal questions, as to which he feels himself weak, into the middle of his oration, devotes his supreme efforts to a vindication of his own public career and motives,and to $a violent attack upon Aeschines. First, men ,of Athens, I pray -to all the ,all (the goddesses), that as gods and much evvoiav 4 re goodwill as 1 continue having (continually have), both

(1) 2 DEMOSTHENES ON THE ,CROWN. towards the state 'and towards you all, so much in this , may be afforded to me by you present,contest, then (that) which is most in the interest of yourselves, and re , your religious duty as well,as your reputation, this the gods may put in you (in your hearts), not to make my opponent your adviser respecting(the manner in which it \),behooves you to hear me (tor this indeed would be cruel), but (to consult) the laws

and the oath, in which besides all its other

obligations? is written, of justice also this , the impartial ' hearing of.both sides. ,And this is not only to have formed no adverse prejudice, nor,(merely) ^to show your good will to both alike, but , also, as each of the contending (orators) eacrai has desired and predetermined,, so to allow him

to deal with his arrangement and defence.. * * / In many points now 1 am at a disadvantage with Aeschines \ this ,trial, and in two points, men — ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 3

9 ov of,Athens, really ,important. One, that I am not contending wepl ' for an equal stake *for it is not the same thing for me to lose your goodwill, and for this—man not to seize the ,indictment {win h is case), but for me indeed— but ov ovSev I do not wish to say anything of bad omen when beginning my — ' speech but he accuses me at .an advantage. $', 6 And the other is (that) which naturally is inherent in all men,, to hear invectives8 and , #€"# ' accusations' with pleasure, and to be annoyed at those who praise themselves; of ,these then (that) which ministers to ,pleasure, ,has been granted to him,.and(that)which, so to say, offends all, is left for me. And if indeed wiiile guarding against this, I do not8tell {I abstain from telling) what has been done by,myself, I shall seem not to be capable of clearing myself from ov& * the things charged (the charges) nor $of showing in what •#• ' *

I think I have a right to be honored ; but if I proceed to what

I have both done and effected,as a statesman, I shall be forced to speak frequently about .myself. I will endeavor .

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

ovv therefore to do this with all'possible moderation ' but whatsoever the case itself constrains,me to, ^€> for this he ought to bear the blame

. . the one having (ivho ) set on foot (instituted) such a trial. ' i, , , I think that you, men ,of Athens, all elvai would admit that this trial is common both to me and'Ctesiphon, and calls for no less exertion from me; for to be deprived of anything

is painful and ,grievous, both otherwise and especially if * he this happens*to one by (the act of),an enemy, but most of all (to be deprived) of your goodwill and ,humanity,

inasmuch as also to win these is the greatest(of gains). ' trial , This being about these things,

I request (as a right) and beseech all of you alike

to hear me making my defence with regard to the ol charges with,fairness, just as the laws 6 direct,, which the one who originally proposed them, Solon, being well disposed to you and a friend,to the people, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 5

elvai thought it essential should be rendered supreme (valid) not

alone by the fact ,recording them, but also by the fact that you who,are judging have,taken an oath, not (because) distrusting you, as to me ,it appears, but seeing that the charges and the ,calumnies, wherein the prosecutor is strong from speaking ,first, evi it is not possible for the defendant to outstrip (defeat) unless each one of you the jurors, keeping up

through all the cause his religious duty towards the gods, shall likewise admit with favor the pleas of the

/cat last ,speaker, and after showing himself a fair and impartial hearer to both shall thus only make his decision about .everything. Being about to give an account to-day, both life , it of my private in its entirety, as seems, and of those things publicly effected,by me,as a statesman, I wish again to call the gods to my,side (to aid me), and in your presence I pray first, that as much 6 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

good will as I continually, have both towards the state and towards you all, so much may be afforded 1 , to me by you in this present trial, * o tl then whatever will conduce both to the$good name Koivfj of the state and to the good conscience of each ,individual,

this the gods may put in the hearts of you

all to decide concerning this present

indictment.. A If now Aeschines had accused,me only (for those things) on account of which he brought the prosecution,

I too would at once have made my defence on the )' ' preliminary resolution itself; but since he has spent not less of his speech (than half) in going through, the other matters and in most of them has lied against me, eivai , I think it to be necessary and just at the same time, men ,of Athens, to speak briefly8 first about , these things, in order that no one of you

led away by his irrelevant arguments may listen ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

with prejudice to my just arguments about the

.indictment.

N™ private matters Now, as for the calumnies on , which he has abusively uttered about .me, observe how plainly and honestly I speak. et If you know me (to be) such(a man as he (the prosecutor) just now accused'me of being), (for I have not lived anywhere else than among you [consequently you

well not tolerate the,sound (of voice), must me do even my 'know ]), not even if 'I have discharged all my public duties , well, pre-eminently but having risen up condemn me

at once but if you have conceived and know

both me and mine to be much better \, wa than this fellow and of ,a better stock, and, to say nothing ,offensive,' inferior to no one of the respectable,citizens, do not believe ( >9 him even about the rest (for it is plain that ), ) everything was forged in the same way), and what ; ; 8 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.$$ favor you have uniformly (constantly) exhibited upon many former ,trials, that also vvvl . now '^afford .,to me. And maliciously crafty (ill• natured) as you,are, Aeschines, you have been thoroughly simple in fancying this, that I, passing over the arguments on my actions and public conduct,. would turn to your vituperations. ov Srj ' I*will not do this I am not so 'blind but your falsehoods and $calumnies ,about my public conduct I will discuss at once, 8 and afterwards I will touch upon the ribaldry 8 *? so licentiously ,used by you, if it may be

.this court to me). to these wishing to hear(tf wish hear ovv Now the charges (against me) are many and €>, oi serious, and for some of them (at any rate) the laws assign great, nay, the most severe punishments;* but the very principle of the present trial

implies at once (the very principle and object of this trial combine) ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. \)

the malignity and insolence and abuse and

insult of a personal enemy and everything

'; notwithstanding for the accusations and of the kind but

the charges that have,been alleged (by this enemy), if indeed

they were,true, it is not possible for the state to inflict $, $* . 8eZ an adequate penalty, no, nor anything like it. For we ought not to deprive any one of the right to come,before the popular assembly and to obtain a hearing, nor yet iv should a'man exercise this right in,the line of malice and envy by the gods, it is neither e\ov proper, nor constitutional,* nor ' just, gentlemen 'of Athens : but (his duty was) in whatever,cases he saw me $injuring the state,

especially supposing them to be so monstrous as he just now

Sie^ijei, tragically detailed, to take advantage*of the legal penalties at the very same time

,as the offences themselves, if he saw me committing * £ etcra/yyeXtas, what deserved impea< hraent, impeaching me and 10 ,^ DEMOSTHENES)>•™ ON THE CROWN.

«'s brm V„?„ to £ial f« hez £Z> .« 7/><^ „i° proposing Vn unconstitulionaiWasures, ^°^ "^tmg me » T\ - lone: ,. . /* ~'/»vu C° Urse jt > cauuot be . .J X , supposed that

3 ^tesiphou on 6 m^ * > <>> account of

lf hene nadhad seen »S *e ^ nip anyone th~h - wl.ongs whs WMvwi A x^ r he See?™, & I just now fa.se£charged *7 «<" a ?d Sg' eD ' ' , etVt any other whatsoever, there are *% "^P,"» "TvV an(i ^„> » ~ N penalties

,#£„ , - V> ', a^one KaT "of these h P „, he m ' ShthaVe. ^P»t in force against . / € atW 2£ ' Ind ^ ° ™™«,™? ^T™ he v had publicly done

T provisions applicable V VJOpLa to mycasmv case hlshi, .„ ^ speech for the /i„ \ ~> ^• nrosecntion*» Mas- ~te•** f

course ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 11 " ,and avoiding inquiries at the time of the offences themselves, at such intervals of time afterwards he plays his part $'heaping up accusations and scoffings, and revilings then he accuses while he is prosecuting ,another (brings me, my

client here to trial), and puts his

personal hatred against me before all the ' contest,, and yet, though never having met me upon this ground, .he openly ,seeks to take away the civil rights /of another. And again, gentlemen8 of,Athens, besides all the other just things which one might have to say (pleas€which a man might use) in behalf of Ctesiphon, it seems , 9 /cat to me at least that he might say this also and

with very,good reason too, that ought we to have put ,to the issue (discuss) our quarrel by ourselves, not to give up the * contest against ,one another, and seek 2 ;

12 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ' another to whom we shall do an injury (what other

person we can injure); for the height of injustice this is ye. assuredly. CK Therefore any one might see from these things

all the charges alike OV7 to have been prepared neither justly nor * 9 with regard for any truth $but I wish ' , *to examine every one of them separately also, and especially what he falsely charged upon me concerning

the peace and the ,embassy, attributing 5 \

c to me the things done by himself with ' Philocrates.. And it ,is necessary,, ^^gentlemen ,of Athens, and proper perhaps, to remind you how things were throughout iVa those ,times, that you may contemplate^ each.one of them with an eye to the present crisis (with a view to the circumstances of the time). Tap For when the Phocian ; ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 13

OV ' (yap had,been set in operation not through me, (for not then as yet was I engaged in )proposing public measures), you were in the first place in such a state of mind as to wish the Phocians ^to ,be saved, though seeing that they were doing anything but right, * and you would have been delighted at®the Thebaus suffering , OVK anything, being angry at them not * * y«p without reason nor without justice for (that)success which they obtained at ,*Leuctra, they had not used with moderation then all

Peloponnessus had become,completely divided, and ' ol neither were those who hated ,the Lacedemonians strong enough to subdue them, nor « OL ' were those who formerly ruled by means of

them (supported in power by them) masters of the ,cities, but there was both among these and

among all the other states a sort of 6 complicated {interminable) strife and -confusion. And 14 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

(y^P Vp Philip seeing these things, (for they were

anything but)hard to perceive) , by lavishing money on the traitors in the several states kept*bringing them all into collision and confusion one against another ; €LT then, while the?rest were blundering and ill-affected,, he was preparing himself and e 8e Ol against .all. the was®]growing up them But when Thebans, then so ,overbearing, but now so,unfortunate, harassed by the length

of the war, were, as was plain to all, if on the point of being compelled to have recourse to , 6 ^ us, ,Philip,$ that this might not take place and that the cities, ,might not unite, made proffers of peace to you, and of aid

to.them. What then helped $ him to surprise you all but

; willingly deceived ? The (cowardice) of the ', XPV other Greeks,— (I hardly know) whether it is right ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 15

eintiv ayvoiav €IT€ ignorance, or to call it cowardice or \ dt waging both these together— who while you were

and long ,war, and that too an incessant , as has become for matters,of benefit to all, evident from the issue, aided you neither

t with money nor men, nor with anything

justly else whatsoever' against whom, both

readily and fitly incensed, you

' peace lent an ear to.Philip. Tne then agreed upon was through these means brought,about, ' , calumniously charged not through me, as he '; but the wrong-doings and corruption of these ), av ,fairly, in relation to it, if one examines he will find to be the cause ' of the present troubles., And all these things I am stating accurately

and rehearsing at length for the sake of the .truth.

€i tl For if any wrong-doing, however great, should appear

these,transactions, there is nothing assuredly in 16 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. , bearing upon me, but the first who spoke

/cat and made mention about the peace was 6 he Aristodemus, the ,aetor, and the person /cat who seconded him and drew up the resolution and /ucr^oicras let himself out for hire with him for that purpose

* 6 (in this transaction) was Philocrates the ,Haguusian, 6 your* ,associate, ,Aesehiues, not mine, not eveu if you burst ,with lying, ol Se and their supporters from whatever cause it might be [ y {tor I pass this by for the )present) were /cat ' Eubulus and Cephisophon but I * *' ; , had nothing to do.with it anywhere. But nevertheless, /cat * although these things are so and shown to be so bv aXr^etas , ' [on the basis of) the truth itself, to such a pitch of'impudence he had come that he ventured to assert apa that forsooth, in addition to having become atrtos the guilty cause of the peace, had also prevented

the state from making it with DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 17

the general confederacy of the .Greeks. Then— — — what name could one use and address you

; appropriately ? {by what name could,one rightly call you ?) Is there any place where you, being present, seeing me

depriving the state of such an advantage

and ,alliance, * as you just now ^stated, expressed,your indignation, or coming forward ^stated, and 8explained these things which you now

; charge me with ? And truly, if I had sold

to Philip the prevention of the coalition

j of the Greeks, it remained to you not

hear ,effect, to this and naturally. your voice so; for neither was $an embassy sent at that time to any of the ,Greeks, but long ago all had been ,tried and found out, ;

18 DEMOSTHENES OX THE CROWN.

nor . has he spoken a sound (true) word upon this subject. Apart also from this he even

traduces8 the country to the greatest extent in

his falsehoods* for if you were/calling on the Greeks' to take up arms, , while at the very same time you

were sending ambassadors to Philip for

peace, ", , you were doing a deed of Eurybatus, ov not the act 'of a commonwealth or of 'honest men • , , But these things are not so, they are not so ;

for with what object after all would*you have sent for them

* ; ; * at that' time ? For peace ? But <^ ' €771 * they all had it. For ;war \ But you yourselves were deliberating about .peace. therefore appear to be neither the mover of ' € nor in any way responsible for the original peace, > , nor of the other things which he falsely charged upon me is anything shown ov to be . true. ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CBOWN. 19

) therefore the state had made When the ,peace, observe then again what course of action each of us chose

for from this you will understand who

it was that co-operated in all things ,with Philip, aud who it was that acted in your.behalf and sought the interest of the commonwealth.

therefore as a senator moved a resolution that our ambassadors, sail by the quickest way for those ,regions, in which they heard Philip. was, and receive in return $the oaths. And what did this ,amount to, gentlemen 3 . of;Athens? will explain. It was Philip's interest that the interval between the ye^ecr^ai oaths of ratification (those taken by us and by Philip) should be 5

y as long as possible, ; yours (that it should be) as short.as possible. Why? Because you not

* . * only from the day that,you swore, but ;

20 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. * from the day that you hoped that the peace

€cr€cr#ai ? would be effected, broke up all your 6 preparations for war,, whereas he ,all the time was making this delay his chief concern,

,true, that, believing,, which was whatever possessions of the city he might take before taking the oaths in return,, $all these he should hold 'securely for .no one would break the, $peace on account of this. Which things I, gentlemen ,of Athens, foreseeing and considering, moved this ,decree, to sail , for the regions where Philip might be,

/cat and as quickly as possible receive the Iv ®, oaths,in return, in order that while the Thracians, your ,allies, held $,those places which this man was just now disparaging

(pulling to pieces), %Serrium and Myrtenus and ol Ergisce,,under these circumstances the oaths ; ;

', DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 21 might be sworn, and that he (Philip) might not by seizing in advance the favorably ®,situated places become master of Thrace, nor, having become possessed of much money and many ,troops, by means of these might easily enter upon his other .undertakings. eira , And yet this decree he does not mention ' 8 nor 'read but that being a senator, thought proper to introduce the ,ambassadors, this is a matter he taunts.me about. But what ought

; I to have done ? Should I have proposed not to introduce 5 \ * those who were come for the express purpose Iv iv of negotiating with you ? or have ordered Kie auroig ^€/ ; lessee not to assign them a sent? but they might have seen the plays in the

two-oboli.,seats (by payment of two oboli), if this resolution 8 had.not been moved. Was it my duty to guard the

petty interests of the ,state, 22 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

8e and have sold the whole (the highest interests of the state),

; 8. like these men? No, to be sure. Take and read then to me this ,decree, which he, though evidently acquainted with it, has passed.over.

THE.DECREE.

[" ivy via "In the arehonship ,of Mnesiphilus, !$$on the thirteenth of,Hecatombseon, the tribe of Pandionis presiding,,, Demosthenes, the son of Demosthenes of Pseania, moved : — Whereas Philip, having despatched

ambassadors, formally proposed (acknowledged) articles of ,treaty, be^it resolved by the council and people of,Athens, in order that the peace voted in the first

77877 assembly ^ ,may be ratified, to choose immediately from the whole body of the Athenians five ,ambassadors, and that the persons elected do repair, making no ,delay, wheresoever DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN., 23 they shall ascertain Philip to be, "and with all possible speed receive the oaths from

him and give (the oaths themselves) according to the articles ,agreed upon between him and the Athenian people, comprehending

also the allies of.either party. As ambassadors were chosen Eubulus ,of Anaphlestus, Aeschines of,Cothocidse, Cephisophon ,of Rhamnus, , .^" Democrates / of Phlya, Cleon of Cothocidse. Although I then had moved this ,measure and was seeking the interest of the state, oi not that ,of Philip, - these worthy ambassadors, caring little about it, set,themselves down in Macedonia three whole months, until Philip?returned ,from Thrace, having subdued all the parts there, although it was possible within ten,days, or rather three or ,four, cnScrax to reach the 'Hellespont and save ; ;

24 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN.

, received the fortresses, having ' the oaths *before he reduced them for he would uot have touched them if we had,,been present, or we would not have put the oath to him, so that

he would have lost the peace and not have obtained ,both, .namely :—both the peace and the fortresses.

Such therefore was the first trick ,of Philip, bribe-taking of these 'unjust men and enemies of the gods for which I avow

that I was and am and ever will be at Avar and ' variance with them But mark another

piece of villany still greater than this directly

after.. For when Philip agreed to the peace, having secured Thrace® through their disobeying my ,decree, 9 he again purchases from them (bribes them) DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN. 25 that we may not depart from ,Macedonia, until he has made the things ready for the> expedition against the ,Phocians, lest, if we

reported (to you) that he intends and 8 ^ » , is preparing to march hither, you rat? might sally forth and having sailed round with your treasures to Thermopyla3 *just as before block up the ,strait, but at the same time you might hear of these things from our report and he might be *this side of {within) the.Gates and you be able to do nothing. 6 But Philip was in so much fear and ,anxiety, , lest even though he had already gained these advantages, if before the Phocians were destroyed you should vote to,assist them, his pay , affairs should slip from his grasp (he should miss his main objects), that he hires this despicable,fellow here, KOlVTj *> no longer in common with the other 26 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. * * , ambassadors,, but individually by himself, ,to make that statement' and report to you, by which everything .was lost. , oe, See /But I require,' gentlemen ,of Athens, and entreat ,you throughout the trial to remember this, that if$Aeschines had not (in his speech) accused me of anything outside of the ,indictment, ' av $ neither would I have spoken a word , ' / irrelevant, but as he has, at the same time had recourse to all sorts of charges and ,slanders, it is necessary

for me also to answer briefly to each one ovv of his charges. What then were c » 01 ,the statements made' at that time on the part of this man, and on account of which everything

; was lost? That you should not be alarmed

by Philip's having passed this side of the Gates : for everything which you 'wish /p e / , av €X1?^ -^^ will be brought about, if you remain quiet, and ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 27

hvolv you will hear within two or three days

that he has become a friend (of those) against whom 8e has been coming as,an enemy, and on the contrary he . an enemy (to those) to whom (he has come as) a friend.

For it was not words, said he, that consolidate friendships,, using very fine phraseology,,

to be relieved from the heartlessness and ©. ' overbearing insolence of the Thebans. And these statements of his 'some heard with pleasure on account of the then lurking hatred toward the

Thebans.. What then happened immediately TadT% €19 subsequent to these things, not ;long after ? /cat The Phocians were destroyed and their cities )demolished, and you c who kept ^quiet and trusted to this man were shortly afterwards carrying your effects out of the 3 :

28 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

8e while this man received ,gold, , (into the towns), country

hostility and even besides these things that the

and Thessalians on the part of the,Thebans was gained by the city, and their gratitude

that ' done .by Philip. (And to prove) for what was , TO T€ me both the these things are so, read

and the decree of Callisthenes

from both of which letter * of Philip,, . will be clear to you. all. these things Read.

.THE DECREE. " in a special ''In the archonship of Mnesiphilus,,

the generals assembly (called) by

both of the prytanes and with th£ approbation ^

Maeniactenon, the.Senate, on the twenty-first ,of moved Callisthenes, son'of Etenicus of Phaleron,

shall /on any pretext No Athenian ; ;

ON THE CROWN. 29 DEMOSTHENES , ' sleep in the country, but all in

the city and ,Peira^eus, as many as have not

been detailed for the 'garrisons ' and they shall all keep the posts which

they have had assigned to them, neither absenting themselves by day nor .by night. And whosoever disobeys

L this decree shall be subject to the penalties of,treason, unless he can show ov ' some insuperable difficulty in his case but concerning

the impossibility let the general of the infantry and the (general) of the

c O administration and the clerk of the

Senate .judge. And they shall convey , all effects out of the country as quickly as possible, those within a hundred and twenty stadia €1? into the city and ,Peirseeus, those

that are beyond a hundred and twenty stadia to

Eleusis * and Phyle and *. Aphidna 30 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN

and .Siinium. Thus moved and 'Rhamnus "~\ \ of Phalerum." Callisthenes \ 5 "*iVp *inl ^ Was it with these expectations then that ^ you made the ,peace, ar was this

6 ; what this hireling 'promised you? ) Read now the letter which Philip evp . sent hither after this.

.THE LETTER.

[" \ "Philip king of the Macedonians' to the

Senate and the people of the Athenians, greeting.. You know that we have passed > this side of the Gates and have subdued under

to Phocis,, and ourselves what pertains

have put garrisons in as many of the

towns as voluntarily ,submitted, NOV \ be but those not yielding, having taken by

force and having enslaved the inhabitants, ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 31 we.razed to the ground. Hearing, however, that you ,are preparing to assist them \I write to you, 'that you may\trouble yourself no further about this business for on the whole you appear

to me to be doing anything but what,is reasonable,

having concluded the peace and all the same ,being inclined to take the field (drawing out your forces against me), and that too when the Phocians were not even iv comprehended in our common agreements.. So that if you do not abide by your stipulations,, you will gain no further advantage save that of being agressors "in wrong."

You hear how plainly in his letter

to you he evinces and afiirms to u his own ,allies, " These things I have done although the Athenians were unwilling and took it hard, so that if you,are wise,

Thebans® and ,Thessalians, you will regard ;

32 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ' " them ,as enemies, and put confidence in me," not writing ,in these words,, but wishing to8show this. Accordingly by these means he went&on bearing &them away so far that they did not even foresee nor become aware of any , * eacrai of the consequences, but suffered him to put * ' ol everything in his hands hence the wretched (Thebans) are suffering their present 6 misfortunes.. And his co-operator and 6 helpmate (in winning) this confidence and the one who?brought false reports hither and cajoled , 6 you, this is he who is now bewailing the ,^^ sufferings of®the Thebans and dwelling upon them

as pitiable, although he himself is the author both of these calamities and those of the Phocians

and of all as many as the Greeks

.have suffered besides. For you, forsooth, grieve over what,has happened, ^Aeschines, and ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 33

Thebans, though you have pity the , 3 and are farming property in Boeotia

,rejoice, who was ,once was theirs, while I what

him who did .immediately demanded by these things.

But no more for I have fallen upon

more fitting topics which perhaps it will be

. again accordingly to discuss by and by. I will return

that the to my demonstrative,proofs,

causes iniquities of these men have been the of the present state of affairs.*

For when you had been deceived by

Philip through those who during their

embassies let fhem selves out for hire and , oi reported not a word of truth to you, and the

unhappy Phocians had been deceived and

at ; what followed ? their cities ,destroyed,

and stupid The despicable . Thessalians 34 DEMOSTHENES OK THE CROWN. , Thebans regarded Philip as a friend, €K€LVOS a benefactor, 'a saviour; he everything ?', to them : they would not even listen to,a syllable if . one wished to say anything to the contrary.

VfJL€L$ But you, though viewing with suspicion what had been done

and feeling aggrieved at it, nevertheless kept ov yap tl the peace for there was nothing that you could.have doue. '; ', And so also the rest of the Greeks, equally with you having,,been deceived and having failed of what they hoped for, gladly kept the ,peace, though they themselves had been for a long time in a manner .assailed by him.

For when Philip, marching and countermarching,

the Ulyrians and Triballians, was gradually subduing ^. , ^ ? ' and also some of the Greeks. and was putting v

he was making these preparations .were attacked. 8e ,But if they did not ,perceive it, this is a different matter, not concerning me. /For I, for my part, was continually forewarning and $protesting both al before you always and wheresoever .I was sent. The states were diseased {demoralized), on the one hand, since those

engaged in public life and the administration of affairs

$$bribes were taking and becoming corrupted for the sake of gain,, while private individuals and the multitude were on the one hand ,without foresight, and on the other TT, ° beguiled* by the indifference and indolence of their,daily life,,and all were laboring under somewhat of the same affection, imagining,' each of them, that the peril would just stop short of themselves,, . and that by the dangers of others their own interests would hold ,safely, whenever .they wished. : ;

36 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

=*#*;€LT Then I think it has happened to the masses,

instead of their great and unseasonable ease, /* ^ \

that they have lost their ,liberty, but to the

public men and those who supposed they were selling

all else except themselves, that they

discovered that they had bartered away themselves 'first; yap , <\ for instead of friends, $$,they then were,named, when they were receiving bribes, they now hear themselves called parasites' and enemies to the gods and all the other (names) which ? S ' I , befit for .them. J ustly ; r no man, gentlemen of,Athens, lavishes his money seeking' the interest of the man who,is ready to betray, nor

when he has become possessed of what 080777 he has purchased does he still use'the traitor as^adviser for future proceedings $.for otherwise nothing would have been more fortunate than a traitor.

* ' ; But this is not so whence can it be ? ; — —

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 37

Nay, it is far otherwise. But when the man who

is ambitious to rule has become master

of the,position, he is also (master) of those who ., , betrayed it, then, indeed then,

(I say), knowing their ,baseness, he both hates and distrusts and .spurns them. ' • for And mark the reason ; even the time

of the events ,has passed by, still the time aei for appreciating such things always present to men of .sense. 'Until that moment Lasthenes "*was called the friend ,of Philip, until he betrayed Olynthus; ®'until that moment ,Timolaus, until he destroyed Thebes until that moment Eudicus Ol and Simus, the citizens,of Larissa, until they put V 7* Thessaly® into Philip's.hands. So then, the whole

land is become full of traitors driven from city to city and insulted, nay, what ' misery is there which.they do not suffer ? How fared 38 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CHOWN.

in ,Sicyon, and how Perilaus Aristratus

; ; in Megara ? Are they not outcasts? From

(bv av which facts any one might see even most plainly on that he who guards his country most (vigilantly), ,and opposes these secures ,most (strongly), he it is, ,Aeschines, who

hirelings for you traitors' and the possession of that for rhich you will,receive your bribes, and through the majority of these and those who oppose your designs

in the receipt of pay, it is that you are safe and ,

you would have been ruined for.had it depended on yourselves long ago.

Although having still many things to say about the things done at,that time, I think that I have said . * more than enough even (in saying) these. But this (Aeschines)

, as it were is answerable, who has emptied out on me

the stale mess of his own villany and —

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 39

,wrongs, which, to those younger i]v than the events referred to, it was necessary

.to clear myself of. And perhaps you too (as well as myself) ,were disgusted with it, who, even before I said anything.whatsoever, knew of his serving for hire at,that time. And yet he calls it friendship, and lately somewhere in his speech he used the expression of "."The man that reproaches me with the friendship of Alexander." I reproach

; you with the friendship of Alexander ? Whence

; having gotten it or how having merited it ? Neither

Philip's friend nor Alexander's should I ever call ere, you I am not,so mad, unless we are to call

reapers and those who do

anything else for hire the friends of those

] ' * ; who have hired them. / this is not so can it be so ? . But ; how . Nay, it is quite the reverse. But the hireling of Philip

I called you once, and Alexander's I call 40 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ' . el you now, and all these do so. If , \\ * you,disbelieve me,' ask . them, or rather I will do this for you. Gentlemen ,of Athens, € ElVCLl does Aeschines appear to you to be the hireling

; or the friend of Alexander ? You hear what .they say.

I wish then accordingly to vindicate myself also upoii the indictment itself ^and to go through in detail the things done by,myself, that Aeschines, though € 8» <•/ knowing, nevertheless may hear on account of what / €*> I say that I am worthy to receive both these rewards formerly.decreed and even by far greater rewards than.these. Take and read me the indictment itself.

THE.INDICTMENT. [" " In the archonship of Chserondas,, on the sixth -^ 5 of,Elaphebolion, Aeschines, son of Atrometus of()Cothocidse, lodged with the Archon (an indictment) for illegal measures against Ctesiphon, —

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 41

on the son of Leosthenes ,of Anaphlystus, because he moved a decree ,against law, that indeed it is right to crown »Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes

of Pseania, with a golden ,crown, and to proclaim in the theatre at the great ,Dionysia, $, otl 6 8 with the new tragedies, that the people crown

Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes of Pseania, with a golden

account of ,his merit, both the good-will crown on which he continually cherishes towards all $ the "Greeks as well as toward the people Slotl of,the Athenians, and ,his integrity, and because he is constantly^,doing and saying (those things) which are best for the people and is zealous to do tl — whatsoever good he can all these clauses

that he has moved (are) false and illegal,

the laws not allowing in the first place

that false documents be inserted in the

public,archives, in the next place (not permitting) 42 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

Se to crown one waiting for an audit((but Demosthenes is

commissioner of walls and has been appointed to the charge of ), 8e the theoric fund), and in the third place (ordering)

not to proclaim the crown in the theatre at'the Dionysia with the new (exhibition) ,of tragedies, but if the Senate confer,a crown, (ordering) ), 8e ,to publish it in,the senate-hall, and if the city, in the Pnyx, at the ,assembly. Penalty, fifty • .talents. Witnesses'*,to ,the summons, Ctesiphon, son of $."2Ctesiphon of Khamuus, and Cleon, son of Cleon of Cothocidse." #{<> *A , The clauses of the treaty which he prosecutes,

. gentlemen ,of Athens, are these. But8from these very charges I think I shall make it evident to'you at the outset that I shall defend myself honestly in all things ; for, taking the same order of the charges in the indictment' as he has done, I will speak about all one by one in succession, and ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 43

. / ovv shall willingly omit no one. With regard then to the

statement that I have invariably done and

s^id , the best things for the people, and eivat that I am //,, anxious to do whatever good 1 can ' and tne panegyric of me on , these grounds, iv I think that the decision must rest upon my

public acts - for from an examination of these

it wnl be discovered whether true and proper

0r false are these things that Ctesiphon / / has alleged about me ; and as for his proposing to crown me « 8 without the additional " proviso, when he has rendered

Ins "accounts,- and his order to make proclamation iv ' of the crowning m the ,theatre, ^ V 5 I think ^ ° km™™* that this alw has to do with my public acts, ei/u , € whether I am worthy ' of the ^ crown and the iv proclamation among , the citizens, or it may be not' stiU however it appears ' that I must show also ,laws, according to which it was justifiable ; 44 DEMOSTHENES ON.THE CKOWN. for this man to move these resolutions. Thus ? V £ , * honestly and artlessly, gentlemen ,of Athens, eyi>6o/ca have I determined to conduct my ,defence, . * J /.. and I now proceed to my own actual measures. And

let no one suppose that I am withdrawing my

9 \

argument from the indictment,, if I go into *\\• affairs and discussions relating to Greece in general TO for the man who impugns the statement of the

resolution that I speak and act for

the best interests of the state and who has impeached

this statement as untrue, he it is 6 who has made the remarks about all

my public acts appropriate and rrj ). necessary to this indictment. In the next place, when

there were indeed many lines of public life open to my choice,

I chose that which had reference to Grecian ei/u ,affairs, so that I am also.justified in drawing my proofs from them. ; ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 45

\Q° *A Now (the conquest) which Philip had gained and held before *I entered the field of public life and ,oratory, [ will pass over for I think eivat ' oe that none of these concerns me but the * 3 \ checks he met with from the day on which entered

ravra y //^" upon these duties, these I will recall and ov. of these I will render an account, premising .this much.

Gentlemen ,of Athens, Philip had from the first a great

. For it happened that among the ov , , Greeks,, not some, but all alike, y€j>ecr#a& there sprang up a crop of traitors and

bribe-takers and enemies of the gods such as

no one remembers to have ever before sprung up ' ';

whom having taken as coadjutors and fellow-laborers

he brought into a still worse state the Greeks, who even before were ill-disposed^/ towards,each other and divided into factions, by deceiving some and making offers oe, to others. and corrupting others in every , way, 46 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

fxep-, and broke them up into many parties,

a/7T

and still in ignorance of the gathering and , Sei growing mischief, you have ,to consider, gentlemen

of,Athens, what course of conduct and action at, it was fitting for the state to*adopt, and of this to receive a reckoning from me; for et/xt - ^^ am he who placed himself,at this point of the administration.. Should it, ,Aeschines, J

abandoning its spirit and its character

in the rank of (ranging itself with) Thessalians and

,Dolopians, have helped Philip (in trying to gain)

the supremacy over the Greeks and have annihilated

; the honors and rights, of your ancestors ? or if not to do this, for this truly 8, a were horrible, yet allow to take place that which DEMOSTHENES',ON THE CROWN. ,47 it perceived and foresaw, we must suppose,

for a,long time, was,about to take place, if no one ; should prevent? Nay, but I now for my part should like to ask top the man who most severely criticizes what

has,been done, which sort of party he

would best have liked our city ,to belong to, whether (to that which was) an accomplice (in bringing about) the*,' evils and disgraces which have befallen the Greeks, (the^party) to which,one might say that the®Thessalians and their allies (belong), or to that which permitted

these things to take place with a view to the hope of selfish ,advantage, in which we may place ' the?Arcadians and Messenians, and .,Argives. . But many even of these,, or rather all, have come off worse than we. For if

Philip after his victory had immediately marched off and thereafter kept ,quiet, without harassing anyone either of his own ,allies or of the ; 48^ DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN» other 'Greeks, there might have been some blame

and reproach upon those who opposed what

el he did but if he has stripped from all

without exception their ,dignity, their ,dominion,

their ,liberty, nay, rather even the ,constitutions

of all that he,could, can it be doubted that you took;the most glorious course of all by yielding to me? // ' » , (0/ But I return to the question. ,What, ,Aeschines, did it befit the commonwealth to do, when she saw

Philip establishing \ dominion and

; sovereignty over the 'Greeks ? or what ought her counsellor at*Athens [to have advised or proposed, ),myself I mean, (for this makes the greatest difference), who knew 'that from the earliest times to the day on r? , which I myself mounted the platform, (appeared

as a speaker), our country had ever striven DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 49

, and and renown, for primacy and honor

money and men had expended more ^

general weal for the sake of glory and the

expended than the rest of the Greeks had severally ' , , Philip himself, 1 on their own interests, and saw ov 6 , with whom our contention was, in the strife for

power and ,empire, with his eye

his cu,tout, his collar-bone ,broken,

, mutilated, every part hand, his leg , wish whatsoever of his body ,Fortune might , as to live ,to take away, ready to sacrifice this, so ; with the rest/ in honor and glory? rf even venture Nor would any,one indeed to say this, that it was right for a man brought up

at Pella, a place' then indeed obscure

/cat , to have reached such and\\,insignificant, €7^// an elevation of mind, as to aspire to the sovereignty e/z^aXeV^ai of the 'Greeks and conceive this project ; ;

50 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

s €t? , 8 in his thoughts, while you who are Athenians

and every day contemplate in

all that meets your ears and eyes 'the memorials of the virtue ,of your ancestors were possessed with such baseness, as by your own offer

and of your own free will to surrender the independence

| \ ' \°f the Greeks to Philip. Nor would any one iFv '» . say this. It remained therefore and at the same time was necessary to resist rightfully. all that he was doing wrongfully to you.

This you did from the beginning properly and ,becomingly, and the mover of your resolutions* and the adviser of your counsels was I myself during

the period of my political.life. I acknowledge.it. But

€ ; what should I have done ? For now I ask

, \ you, dismissing all the rest, ,Amphipolis, '

,Pydua, Potidsea, *Halonnesus I mention ' , none of them Serrium, and ,Doriscus, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 51

and the ravaging of Peparethus and whatsoever other' similar wrongs the country has,suffered, I do not even know if they have.happened. And yet * you at least said that I, speaking of these things, brought these into ,enmity (with Philip), although the decrees proposed concerning these events were those of Eubulus,and Aristophon and ,Diopithes, not mine, you8who say recklessly whatever you .please. »f Nor will I now (as I did not then) speak of these matters. But (I ask) whether the man that was appropriating Euboea^,and preparing a fortification against Attica, and*,attempting Megara,, and seizing Oreus, and razing ,Porthmos, *and setting up \ Philistides8 as tyrant in Oreus, ,Clitarchus ' 'Eperpia, in Eretria, * ,and bringing the Hellespont into his power, and besieging

,Byzantium, and destroying some of ^the Greek 52 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

cities, to others restoring exiles,,

was he by doing all these things committing injustice

/cat and breaking the truce and violating the peace

; or not ? And was it right that some one of the

Greeks should rise up to stop

; /

his doing these things or not? f For if

this ,not right, should was but Greece be

in the sight of the world " Mysian booty," as the phrase is, 9 , while the Athenians were alive and ,in being, I have exceeded my duty in speaking on these subjects,, and the city has exceeded her duty in following my counsels, d and let it be granted that all .the transactions are iniquities and delinquencies of mine. ,But if some one ought to have arisen to prevent these8things, who else than the Athenian people

yevea0ai ; should it have been ? These things then did I

advise in ,my capacity as a statesman, and seeing

him reducing to subjection all men, ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 53

I opposed him,, and continued forewarning po and instructing you not to make these sacrifices

' to.Philip.

And as for the peace indeed it was he , V that broke it by taking our ships, not the 770X19, state, *Aeschines. Produce the decrees themselves and the letter of Philip,, and read them one after another for from an examination .of them it will be evident who is to blame and for what.

THE.DECREE. [" " In the archonship ,of Neocles, in the month ,Boedroniiou, a special assembly (having been convened) by ,.thegeuerals, Eubulus, son of Mnesitheus of Coprus, moved: AVhereas the generals have reported in the assembly that

Philip's general, Amyntas, ;

54 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. has carried to $Macedonia and holds in custody &Leodamas the admiral and the twenty vessels despatched with him ',for the convoying of corn, to the Hellespont, let the prytanes and the generals take care that the council

be convened and ambassadors to Philip be,chosen, who, going to him, 8shall treat

with him about the release of the admiral I and the vessels and the .troops. And ; el 6 Si if Amyntas has done these things through 6 ignorance,, (they shall say) 'that the people do not make any complaint against him but if from having

found (Leodamas) in any irregularity contrary to his orders,, that the Athenians, having made inquiry, will punish him according to the deserts ,of his disobedience., But if $neither of these it is, ' ISia but a wilful wrong, either on the part of DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 55

6 him who gave or him who received,the commission, , 6 that they say this also, ia order that the people Sei .understanding may deliberate as to what they must do." t£ This decree then Eubulus , ' moved,, not 1, the next, ,Aristophon, * *, , then Hegesippus, then Aristophon again, then ,Philocrates,* then ,Cephisophon, then all the others (rather than I) ; but I had no concern in ' .\ev this matter. Read. THE.DECREE.

[_" evrj via " In the archonship of,Neocles, in the last day of,Boedromion, at the desire of,the council, the prytanes and generals brought up and proposed& the proceedings of the assembly that it had seemed good

to the people to appoint ambassadors to Philip

for the recovery of the ships and

to give them instructions according to the decrees 56 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. , of the ,assembly, and they chose the following, Cephisphon, son o£ Cleon ,of Anaphlystus, Democritus, son of Demophon ,of Anagyrus, Polycritus, son of Apemantus, .of Cothocidse. In the presidency of the Hippothoontian." tribe, Aristophon of Colythus proposed it." Just as I then produce, these decrees,, so do you also, ,Aeschines, show on account of having moved 'what *decree I am to blame for the ,war. But you could not; ^ € 9(€ ^? vvv 1 ^v for if you had been able,.you would just now have produced' nothing sooner than this. And indeed not even Philip makes any charge against me on account.of the ,war, though he complains against others.

Read Philip's own letter. .

.THE LETTER.

[" /3acriXeu5 " Philip, king of the Macedonians, to the DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 57 \) .greeting. Senate and people of the Athenians ol Your ,ambassadors, Cephisophon and

having come Dernocritus and ,Polyeritus, e/xe, the release to me, conferred about

commanded. of the boats which /Laodamas . ^ ovv Absolutely therefore you appear to me iv * silly,, if you think ^ very to be OTlotl boats that I \do not see that these were commissioned ostensibly for the purpose

the of conveying corn from 8e Hellespont' to ,Lemnos, but really to assist by the,Selumbrians who are being besieged me, and not included in .the treaty of friendship existing between us.

And these instructions were given to the admiral without

the sanction of the people of the,Athenians, but by certain ui/ ujv vulilh w^, magistrates and others who are now private citizens,

but who are in every way desirous that the people 58 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

vvv in place of the now existing friendship

€/xe

with me] should renew the ,war, much

patriotically pursuing the accomplishment of TOVTO V this object than aiding the Selumbrians *; tolovto ecrecr#ai and they suppose that such a thing will be • TOVTO ov an income to themselves ; this does not, however, SoKel appear to me .to be an advantageous-thing either for you or for me. Therefore I release to you ret re VVV , the vessels lately brought to us,

5 V KCLL , eav and for the future, if you are willing not to allow your* leaders to act with,bad faith, but will,punish them, I also Vo will endeavor to keep the peace*

Farewell."" ' vBc Here- nowhere has he made mention of ovo Demosthenes,, nor of any charge against . ovv me. Why then, while he complains of the others,

; does he not mention my acts ? Because DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ,59 he must have noticed the unjust acts of himself,' if he had written anything concerning me;

for this (was what) held to and this (what).I opposed, And first I proposed the embassy to ,the Peloponnesus, when he first began to steal into ,the Peloponnesus, next the one to ,Eubcea, when he was laying ,his hands on,Eubcea, then the expedition, * no to , longer',an embassy, $ Oreus, and the one to Eretria, when?he established. rulers ) in those cities. Afterwards 'I despatched all the armaments, by which Chersonesus was preserved 06 and Byzantium and all our .allies.

Whence to you there accrued the noblest,results, ^, ,, praises,, eulogies, honors, ,crowns, thanks ' from those befriended ; while to those of the injured who were then persuaded by you ;

60 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

' safety ,resulted, those who disregarded you

had frequent occasion to remember the warnings,you gave,

and to realize that you were not only

well disposed ,them, but towards also shrewd yap a 'prophets; for all men and that

/ you predicted has.come to pass. / And verily, that Philistides would,have given a great deal of money to keep Oreus, and a great deal Clitarchua ' to keep ,'Eretria, and a great deal ,Philip himself so as to have these advantages against you, &and that nothing concerning the rest might be exposed nor ,anyone examine, everywhere his acts of injustice, no man is ignorant, and least ' oi yap of all you for those ambassadors who. were in the habit of coming here from Clitarchus and ,Philistides at that time used to lodge with 'you, ,Aeschines, and you acted as their host (did the honors of the city to them ;) whom DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 61

as enemies, and making neither

just nor advantageous offers, the state ' . expelled,, but they were your friends. Accordingly

none of these things ,was effected, you who speak slanderously

concerning me and say that I am silent , ' having received something, but clamor having.spent it. , , Not so you, but you clamor while you have,

, and will never cease, unless these having disgraced you to-day shall.stop you. When you , crowned me then for these services at that time, and

Aristouicus proposed the same words that Ctesiphon here has now ,proposed, aud the crown was proclaimed in the theatre,, and this was to me already a second ,proclamation, -Aeschines, being present, neither opposed it nor indicted the mover.. And take also and read me this .decree. :

62 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

.THE DECREE. [" *., ^ " In the archonship ,of Chasrondas, son of Hegemon, on the twenty-fifth ,of Gamelion, the Leontian tribe ,presiding, Aristonicus of Phrearri moved Whereas Demosthenes, sou of Demosthenes of Pseania, has rendered many important

services to the people of the Athenians and to many of her ,allies, and both ,before, iv and on the present occasion has aided them by his ,decrees, and liberated certain of the cities in Euboea,, and perseveres in his goodwill to the people of ,the Athenians, and says and does whatever good he can both for ',the Athenians themselves and the other Greeks, be#it resolved by the Senate and people of the Athenians

to honor Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 63

Hcuaviea of Pseania, and to crown him wiiii a golden ,crown,

and to pruclaim the crown in the

theatre at,the Dionysia, with the new ,tragedies, oe and let the presiding tribe and the

superintendent of the games have a care to the

proclamation of the ,crown. Thus moved 6 Aristonicus^ "of Phrearri." otSe Is there then one of you who knows of any

disgrace ,falling on the state by reason of

this decree, or -scoffing or ,ridicule,

(results) which this man just now said

; will,come to pass, if I am crowned? And ) surely when deeds are recent and , lav T€ ) , familiar to all, if they seem good, they receive lav * , ,favor, and if otherwise, .punishment. ,I then appear to have received reward at that time,

and not blame or .punishment. v f(f ^ ^ Now then, up to that ,period, 64 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

when these things ,were done, I am acknowledged to have done,on all occasions what was best for the state, by prevailing in counselling and or proposing,decrees, when you,were deliberating, by the tact that the measures proposed were,carried into effect, and ye^ecr^ai e^• crowns followed from them to the city /cat , and me, and to you all, and that you made

sacrifices and solemn processions to the gods as though these things were .good. ) 6 When, therefore, Philip was*driven ,out of Eubcea,, with arms indeed by you, tjj * but,by statesmanship and resolutions$,by me, though some of these men deny it till they burst, he sought a second means of attack upon the . ' city. Seeing that 'we used the most imported corn of all ,men, wishing yei/ecr^at to be master of the corn-carrying,trade, passing along by ,Thrace, in the first place, he required DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 65

the Byzantiaus, being his allies, to join in , ' the' war against you, and when they refused and said that they had not made the alliance eVt telling the,truth, built ,terms, on these a palisade against the city and having set his engines he.laid siege to it. , 8 you to do, I will not ask again for it is evident ? ; to all. But who was it that succored the

; people of Byzantium and rescued them ? Who was it ** * that prevented the Hellespont from becoming alienated * * £ ; , at that time? You, gentlemen '. \ TO , of Athens. But when I use the word " you," * t . O I mean the commonwealth. But who was he who spoke $ and moved and acted in the interests of the state

and honestly and $unsparingly devoted €6? ; . himself to the work ? I. But

indeed how great benefits these things rendered ,to all, 66 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

Set , there is no further need to learn from my speech, but tpyV you have tested it experience for the war which theu by ; was& upon8us, besides bringing you a fair reputation, kept you with all the necessaries of life in greater abundance and cheapness than vvv . ol the present ,peace, which these worthy men maintain against the interests of their country with their8,expectations ,for the future, in which I pray that they may be disappointed, and partake of what ol you who , are well-wishers to your country ask of the gods, and uot impart to you . * what they have chosen for themselves. Bead them both the crowns of the Byzantians and those of the Perinthians, wherewith. they crowned the city on account of these things.

THE BYZANTINE.DECREE.

[ " In the presbytership of Bosporichus, Damagetus : DEMOSTHENES ON THE^CKOWN. 67 moved in the Assembly, having obtained €K ' , a preliminary decree from the Senate Whereas the / ^ people of the Athenians, both in former

times have been uniformly friendly to the Byzantians ,,and their allies and their?kinsmen, the Perinthians, and have rendered many

great ,services, and also on the present

occasion, when Philip, the Macedonian,

3 \ has made an expedition against the country and

\ /\ 3 3 the state to destroy the Byzantians and

,Perinthians, both ^burning the land and felling,trees, having assisted us with a hundred and twenty 19 c ships and corn and weapons and heavy?armed troops, rescued us from great perils and preserved our hereditary ,constitution; and our laws and our sepulchres, be^it resolved by the people of the Byzantians and Perinthians to give to the Athenians ;

68 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

the,right of intermarriage, the right of citizenship, the right OVKLOLV, of possessing among us land and houses. an honorable seat

? 7 < Senate at the games, admission to the iepa, $ rites, and Assembly first after the sacred rav Trokiv and to those wishing to dwell in the city rav the state burdens the privilege of being exempt from all '; £\ > oe statues and to erect also three

&of sixteen cubits in the ,harbor, (representing) the ' 8 by people of the'Athenians crowned the people of the Byzantians and of the Perinthians

and to despatch also deputations to the *Icr#/xia L ' in Greece, the Isthmian and general festivals ^ , Pythian, and Nemean and 'Olympian and

wherewith the to proclaim *&the crowns , 8 us, people of the Athenians have been crowned by Ol the "Greeks may know both the that

* virtue of the Athenians and the gratitude of the Byzantians and .Perinthians." DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 69 V Read also the crowns from those in

the.Chersonesus. "*" DECREE OF THE PEOPLE2.OF THE CHERSONESUS. THE

[ " dwelling in *£," Those of the people of the Chersonesus and Alopeconnesus, Sestus, ,Eleus, ,Madytus, , crown the Senate and people

of the Athenians with a golden crown of the value of

sixty ,talents, and build an altar

- and the people of the Athenians, because to Gratitude , (that people) have been a helping,cause of the greatest of ail blessings to the people of Chersonesus, by rescuing them

6/c from the power of Philip and restoring

, their liberty, their ,country,. their laws, ,^ and their sanctuaries. And in all the time

after these things they will not fail to be grateful

good .they can. This and to do them whatever •"] was decreed in the general council." j Therefore not only the saving of the Chersonese 70 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

TOV and Byzantium and the preventing the yeveaOai , Hellespont* from coming then into Philip's hands ovoe and the city's being honored by reason of this have my course and policy ,effected, kcu but they also proved to all men both the nobleness of the city and the baseness .of Philip. He, being the friend KCU and ally of the Byzantians, was seen e \ , by all besieging them. than which

av ; could anything be more shameful or outrageous ?

But you, who might with good reason even have made many just complaints against them

€69 for the wrongs which they had done to you in former ,times, 8appeared not only not resenting injuries nor deserting them ,when wronged, but even protecting,them, $• from which gained glory, ,goodwill and honor you

many of your you have crowned already* ' but through what statesmen all know ; , , ' and orator I mean, other person, ,a counsellor has been crowned, besides myself, the city , ' . not any one could say.

the Therefore, in order that I may show also

the ,reproaches, which he uttered against up Euboeans and the ,Byzantians, calling

whatever injury has*been done by them against

, not only you, to be mere slanders (yap I think by their being false, ),for this , you already know, but also by this,

,true, it has been profitable that, were they ever so

thus as ,to manage matters have,managed them, I wish to relate one or

city two of the things ' honorable, to the done in your time, and these in

is proper for a man privately 'a lew words ; for it always ;

72 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

and a state publicly to endeavor to perform

what remains to be done according to the most honorable J^f^ "^ , of the.deeds which have gone before. You, then,

gentlemen ,of Athens, while the Lacedaemonians

commanded land and sea and occupied

the places in the circle of (around) ^Attica by Harmosts

and ,garrisons, ,Euboea, ,Tanagra,

the whole of ,Bceotia, ,Megara, ,Aegina, Cleonse, the other * islanders when ,our state ,at that time possessed neither ships, ..nor walls, you made an expedition to ,Haliartus,

and again not many days afterwards €t9 to Corinth, although the Athenians might ^ , ' at that.time have borne many grudges, both against the,Corinthians and against ®the Thebans, for 'their actions in the Decelean *war but they did not , ' . do this, nor anything' like it. And yet, at that time, ,Aeschines, they neither did these A ; DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.) 73 two things for benefactors nor did they look on them. * ov as,free from danger. But not for such reasons * would they abandon those* who fled to them,(for protection,) but for the sake of renown ouSovaL and ,glory they were willing to expose themselves? to danger, and a right and noble decisiou.it was. For to,all death is the limit of life, even if one

5 TVPV having shut himself up keep himself safe in

' it a cage (closet) but becomes,; brave ,men to embark always in every honorable undertaking,., holding before them the shield of a good hope, ' yez^aicos o tl and to bear manfully whatever the deity % . ol may allot the: Thus did your ,ancestors, t A * OL , Ol thus the older of yourselves, 'who, though the Laced onians were not friends nor benefactors,, ,but had done many great injuries to our city, when the©Thebans, having 74 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

won their victory at Leuctra, attempted to crush them, prevented,it, not fearing the©,power 'and reputation then possessed by the Thebaus, nor

having considered what those men had done for whose sake Jf ^f /cat tol you would expose yourself to ' so ' danger ; and - **\\ you demonstrated to all the Greeks by this that even if any one of,them may have committed any injury whatever against you, €€€ you reserve your anger for this one in other things, ' but if any danger overtakes them relative to their safety or* ,freedom, you will neither bear them ill-will nor take it.into consideration. And not in these,instances alone have you held yourselves thus, but again when®the Thebans were'getting possession of Eubcea you ,did not suffer it, nor did you remember what wrongs you suffered at the hands of Themiso and 9

Theodorus in the affair of ,Oropus, but DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN. 75

assisted even , these, tiiere being then

rr) ,for the first time voluntary .trierarchs* for the city, of whom was one. But (I will) #J 9 not yet (speak) . about this. And indeed, though

crcucrcu, you did a noble thing, even the saving of ' , c the island, yet you did a far more noble one- still

than this in that, having become masters both of their persons and cities, you justly restored these to them though they had injured you,

having taken into consideration in an affair where you were trusted none of the wrongs you.had suffered.

Though having then countless other cases to mention,

I pass them by sea fights, land ,; , ,marches, campaigns,, both those which occurred long ago and e , V now in your own memory, all which the commonwealth has undertaken for the sake of the freedom and safety of the other

!>-//)[ Greeks.. #J ''Well, then, after observing the 6 ;

76 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

state on so many and such occasions ready

to enter upon a contest for the interests , 5 \ of others, what was to urge or

]/ her to do, what advise when the

; deliberation was in a manner about herself?

To rake up grievances I suppose, against those

wishing to,be rescued, and to seek pretexts £ for . abandoning8 everything. And who might not justly have killed me had I attempted

merely by word to do dishonor to (tarnish) any

; of the honors belonging to the city ? 5 \ 5*5 / /VS , Since you would not have performed the act, 5 / 5

for know 'well ; you wished to, ^ ,

; what was in the way ? Were not those present

; ready to advocate this course? |&^ L• I wish I then to return to the public 1 33/515 c\ 3 \ / e

consider in these matters again DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN.

TL . what ,was the best course for the city. For seeing, gentlemen ,of Athens, your navy ,decaying, and the rich getting off untaxed by small payments,, but those of the citizens possessing moderate or small fortunes losing . ' their substance, and the state moreover from

these causes missing its opportunities,, * OV I proposed a law by which I compelled

? the,one class, the ,rich, to do their duty, and stopped the poor from,being oppressed,, and what was most useful to the state, r0C I.caused her preparations to be made in time. And having been indicted I entered upon ^ €19 this trial before you and

c escaped,conviction, and the prosecutor did not get his portion of the . And indeed what sums do you think that the :

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN. leaders of the symmoriae or ,the second'€ class and the third class offered me, in order first of all that I should not propose this , el , law, but if not this, that haviug dropped it

lav ; I should leave it under protest? ,Such sums, gentlemen

* of,Athens, - as I should hesitate to tell to ^, \ you. *U And no wonder they attempted this.

For it was possible for them under the former laws to perform the service ,by sixteens, themselves indeed spending little or > nothing, but grinding down the needy citizens,, whereas, under my law, each ,had to pay the sum accruing in proportion to his property, and he proved to be the trierarch of two galleys who was formerly the sixteenth /* 5£ * contributor to one for no longer were they calling themselves ,trierarchs, but contributors.. So that, as I have said, to get ; ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 79 ^^ these regulations annulled and not to be compelled

/cat a, OU/C €(TC7 to do their duty, there is not anything i8 18 . % that they would not have given. And read me, TO * first, the decree in consequence of v, eira ? which I appeared on the indictment, then the €K lists,? both that of the .former law. and that under mine. Read. .THE DECEEE. ["' ^ "In the archonship ,of Polycles, on the sixteenth of the month ,Boedromion, , the*Hippothoontian tribe presiding,

Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes of Pseania, TO introduced a law for the navat service * OV in the place of the ,former one, in which there were the associations of the 'trierarch^ V and the council and the people ratified'the law and Patrocles of Phlyus , ;

80 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CBOWN.

brought a charge against Demosthenes for illegal,proceedings,

and not having received his share of the votes

paid the penalty of five hundred "drachmas/' ) Produce also that precious

roll.. .THE EOLL. [" ? " Let the trierarchs be summoned

sixteen for each galley according to

the ,associations, from the ages of twenty-five 3 , 5 \ V to ,forty in the classes, equally "'] discharging the duty." ) Produce now after this . the roll under my law.

.THE EOLL. [" " Let the trierarchs be taken for

each triereme according to their property by

,valuation, from ten *talents upwards DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 81

J\ ON oe tj rated but if their property be

their service at a larger ,sum, let

three be in the same proportion as far as oe And let it be in triremes and .a tender.

persons whose the same proportion also for those

talents, is less than ten , property

ten grouped together a company up to "_ .talents."* helped Do I then appear ,to have but slightly (appear the poor among you, or (do) the rich

small amount of money to you) that they^would have spent a

; what is just? for the sake of not (being compelled) to do

on not Not only, then, do I pride myself

, having having abandoned these measures, and not only on

also been acquitted on the,indictment, but

and on having established a beneficial law

itself by actual experience on the^fact that it has given^proof of the whole ,war, when the For during 82 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN.

naval expeditions 'were fitted out under my

,law, no trierarch ' ' ever lodged a petition with you as if iv having been wronged, \, , nor seated himself in Munychia,

nor was thrown into chains by the commissioners,of despatch,

nor was any trireme, either having ^ been captured at sea

lost , to the city, nor .Jeft behind in port here,

not able to put .out. And yet, under the f f

former laws, all these things .happened. ^ '^ , And the reason was, that the burden was on the

Poor;^ accordingly many 4' cases of inability occurred .• -"* I transferred the eV ' charge of fitting out triremes from the poor to the^ -wealthy; accordingly a n requirements Ka l ' KaT TO{)ro ajTO were.wont to be met. And indeed for this itself too I deserve to receive ,praise, that

Iadopted aii such ^ ^^ £ 86 from which at the same time glory a„d honor DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. '83 and power accrued to the state; but malignant or vexatious or, unprincipled is no public measure of mine, .nor grovelling, nor unworthy of the city, Toivvv I therefore shall be shown to have the same character € both in my city policy and iv in the ^general affairs of Greece for neither in the ' ;

city did I ever choose the favor of the

wealthy rather than the rights of,the many, iv nor in general Hellenic affairs did I value the

gifts and the friendship of Philip in preference*.to the general interests of all the Greeks.

. ^v elvai by" 'I think, then, that it remains to me to speak

about the proclamation and the 'accounts;

for the fact that I both did the best things and am ,always well disposed and zealous to promote your interests, I think has been sufficiently 84 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

€K .shown by what has been already said by me. And indeed the most important points

of my administration and conduct

I ,pass by, supposing it necessary for me in the first place to produce in order, ,the arguments relative to the illegality itself, then,

even though I say nothing concerning the

remainder of ,my political acts, supposing that nevertheless

L .I have the consciousness of each one of (for my witness). iou OVV, Of the words, then, which this man, /'

jumbling together confusedly, spoke concerning

the laws which have been,transcribed, I think, by

the gods, that neither you see the bearing of ovt the greater part, nor was I myself able

to comprehend them but I will speak about the ; . justice of the case simply and in a straightforward way. '

For I am so far from saying that I am not —

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN. 85

6 accountable,, as he just now was falsely and * et^ai distinctly,assertin, tli it I acknowledge that I have been all my life responsible for whatever*I have .either .handled or done,as a public among you. . ? For what, however, I have of my own private property ^'/, offered^ and given to the people, I affirm that I am riot accountable, no, not,for a single day

; ' &, (Do(you hear, Aeschines?) nor anybody else, — '' av TVXQ not even if he happen to be one of the nine

archons.. For what law is full

of so great injustice and inhumanity as8 to deprive of thanks one who has given of his private means and done

an act public-spirited and ,generous, ' and to bring him before sycophants,, and

eSc ; set . thern to audit his donations ? None. And if he says there is, let him ,produce it, ,. ' and I will be content and keep silence. But ;

86 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. J0£vk ' 7 , there is none, gentlemen ,of Athens, but this on calumniator,, because being at that time over the " theoric fund I contributed money, ,says, , "The ."Senate praised him while undischarged of his accounts.", (Yes, but) not on account of'any of those things, for which I was held,responsible, but * for what donations,I made, sycophant. " ,.. Oh, but a commissioner of walls you were," says he. (Yes,) and

for that reason I was justly ,praised, because

I gave the sums expended and made .no account of it. yap 6 For an account requires examination and

men who,will examine it, but a free gift deserves

to receive thanks ' and praise therefore ' ' i\ / this man here made this motion in my favor; and that ,this is a settled principle, not only in your laws, but , also in your habits,

I will show easily .by many proofs. For,

firyt i Nausicles has often been crowned ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 87 * ' by you, while holding,the office of general, for ' * what he expended from his own funds; next Diotimus,

because he gave shields, and again % ' Charidemus,, were crowned again Neoptolemus, here, superintendent' of many works, has been honored for his donations.. For this would be ,cruel, if^either to anybody holding an office it shall not)be permitted by reason,of his office to give his own money to the state, or

instead of receiving thanks shall render

jjf" an account of what,he has given. (To prove) ,then that these things (are) true (which) I say, take and read me .the .very decrees passed in honor of these men. Read.

THE.DECREE. ["" . "Archon, Demonicus of Phlyus. On the twenty-sixth ,of Bcedromion, with the sanction : 88 DEMOSTHENES,ON THE CROWN. of Senate and people, ?Callias of Phrearrii the

OTL /cei moved that it appears good to the Senate and the people to crown -Nausicles, the general , on of the heavy-armed soldiery, because, when two thousand

troops at " Athenian heavy-armed were Imbrus.

* and were,defending those of the Athenians dwelling in the island, since Philo, the man appointed

to the charge of the treasury department, was not able on account of the ?storms to sail and pay the ,hoplites, he advanced money €K ? from his own private property and did not TOV , ask the people for it again, and TOV to?proclaim the crown at the Dionysia with the new "tragedies."

A SECOND.DECREE. [" , " Callias of Phrearrii moved, the prytanes

declaring it to be with the sanction of,the Senate Whereas ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 89

Charidemus, general of the foot-soldiers,, having

2^/> ; been despatched to ,Salamis, and Diotimus, general of the horsemen, when certain of the €V PaXU 6776 troops in the battle by the

river had been stripped of their arms by the 5 JO/

enemy,, at their own expense

armed\ the young men with eight hundred

shields,, it has been resolved by the Senate and

people to crown Charidemus and

/cat Diotimus with a golden ,crown, and to proclaim it

at the great . Panathenaic festival during the gymnastic contest and at the ,Dionysia with the new 'tragedies; and that the judges, ,prytanes, ,nd prizemasters have,charge of the "proclamation." Each of these men, ,Aeschines, was ' accountable for the office which ,he held, but not accountable' 'for the matters in respect.to which he was crowned. No more then am 1 for, I presume, there are to me ; 90 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. . the same rights with others concerning the same things,

; I'have given money I am praised on account of that, OVK not being accountable for what .I gave.

I held office ; yes, and I rendered an account

, in,those matters, not for what I .gave. Yes, indeed, r ' / ; did in office? did then, , but I wrong my and you though in court OT€ OL , when the examiners brought me forward, not

accuse me ? iva Therefore, in order that you may know that

this man himself bears witness to me that I have been crowned

fjV for those things for which I was not ,responsible, TO take and. read the whole decree which was prepared for me. For from\\$,what things of the did not indict, ,from preliminary decree he these ,he will be seen .to act the part of a slanderer in those which he prosecutes. Read. THE.DECREE. ["• "In the archonship ,of Euthycles, on the DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 91

ivdry twenty-second of Pyanepsion, 'the Oeneian , tribe , presiding, , Ctesiphon, son of Leosthenes of A naphlystus, moved : Whereas -Demosthenes, Tl0LLai>L€V<5 son of Demosthenes of Pseania, having been

superintendent of the repair of the walls,

and having expended on the works three

(additional) talents from his own private resources,

has given , that sum to the people, and whereas,

eVi ro {; having been appointed to the charge of the theoric fund,

he has presented to the theoric funds from among

all -the tribes a hundred , minas for sacrifices, it has#been resolved by the Senate and

the People f the Athenians to honor

Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes ^ of Paeania, on account of VLaTeA€L the virtue and noouitynobilitv r*J) v. v. which he has continued

to exhibit on every occasion toward the

people of the Athenians, , and to crown him with a golden crown, and to proclaim the 7 92 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

ear crown in the theatre at the Dionysia 8 with the new *tragedies; and for the prize master ] to,have charge of the proclamation." vSh These are, then, my donations,, none \ / a« / of which have you indicted; but (the rewards) which 8 yeveadai the Senate, says ought to be conferred .upon me for them, these are what you arraign.

Acknowledging, therefore, the receiving of that which /€^ eivai has been given to be ,lawful, you accuse as illegal TO . 8e the recompense for them. But a man

wholly depraved and detested by the gods

and truly malignant, by the gods, what sort of

; ; a man would he be ? Would he not be such a one as this ?

J/ And, indeed, concerning the proclamation 5 , in the theatre, I pass over the fact

that thousands of thousands have been proclaimed and

that I myself have often been crowned

^ .before. But, by the gods, are you so DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 93 perverse and ,stupid, ,Aeschines, as Svpacrat not to be able to reflect that to the oue crowned the the , av same value, wherever it may ,be published, yiyveTai and the proclamation is made in the theatre for the benefit of those who ;confer the crown ? 06 For those who have heard are all et5 , encouraged to render service to the state, and praise those who show their gratitude than the one crowned

therefore, our commonwealth has enacted this . ' law. * Take and read me the law itself. NOM02. THE LAW.

/ [" " of the townships, Whatsoever men any crown, let them severally make the proclamations of the

in their own townships, 6 6 unless the people of Athens ;

94 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

>• 8* the Senate crown any persons and it shall be lawful "^\to proclaim them in the theatre at the^,Dionysia." You hear, ,Aeschines, the law distinctly 3 /

u saying,, unless where the people 'or the Senate may vote (to proclaim) any; 8e , let the herald proclaim .these." then, Why,

; ,wretch, do you bring this false accusation? Why

; do you invent statements ? Why do you not take hellebore

; ' ' for this ? But you are not even ashamed instituting

trial ,for not for offence, a envy, ,any , and altering some laws, and leaving out tcov S\ parts of others, the whole of which it was right

to read, at least to those who have sworn

\\) t ; that they will vote according to the laws?

Then you that do such things describe what qualities ought to be in a man,of the people, as if you had put out a statue to be made according to,contract, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CBOWN. 95

? 9

and then had it delivered to you, deficient in what €K V it ought to have under the ,contract, , as'if patriots were tested by a definition, and not rather by their whole°conduct and public.services. And you siiout and call me (all

sorts of) names mentionable and unmentionable,, a/xag^?, a if from a wagon,,which (words) . befit you and your ,race, not me. And yet (I would say) this too, gentlemen .of Athens.

I think that calumny differs from accusation . &, in this, that accusation deals in ai iv offences,,,for which there are penalties in the laws, but calumny (involves) defamations,, which it chances that foes utter. against one another according to their nature. But I have supposed that our ancestors

built these courts,of justice, not that having assembled you within them 96 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

from your private business 'we should utter reproaches against,each other, but that 5 /

we should prove it against him, if anyone has chanced TOLVVV to injure the city in.any respect. Aeschines, then,

knowing these things no less than I. chose to blackguard instead of .accusing me. ov ' However, not even here ought he to come off ' ,having .less. And now I will proceed to this matter having first asked him such a question.as this. €' Should one say you are the state's

V ; or my ,enemy, Aeschines ? Mine, . ov it a of course. Where, then, it was possible to obtain

satisfaction from me in behalf of these

,laws, if according to the - I had done anything,wrong, namely, in the examination,of my accounts, in

the public,accusations, in the other ^trials ov (brought against ,me), you neglected it; ,but where I am safe in everything, by the laws, by the DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 97

length,of limitation of actions, by the time, by the , frequent decisions about every,point, previous by&the fact that I have,never been convicted of any wrong to you, while the city

must, more or less, participate

at any rate in the character of what has been done on account,of the state, is it here and on this ground that

; opa you have met,me ? Beware lest you are an enemy of these, while you profess.to be mine. ' TOLVVV Since, therefore, the righteous and Zed- ^ just vote has been pointed out to all, 8ei ,eoi/ce, it is necessary for me, as it seems, although ov not naturally ,fond of railing, yet on account,of the calumnies uttered by this man, instead of many false things , to say merely the most essential things concerning him, and eigai ^^ to show who he is and from whom descended, that he so readily commences reviling, and ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

what expressions of mine ,he cavils at, himself

having spoken words which what one of respectable

; — ®- men would not have shrunk from pronouncing ?— lor €1 ')/^# if Aeacus, or Rhadamanthus, or Minos

had been ,mv accuser, instead of ,a prater,

a drudge of the forum,, a wretch of a writing clerk, ovk I*do not think he would have spoken such things or found ,terms, such offensive

as if in &a tragedy exclaiming " earth,

," and and virtue and such,things,

and again, appealing to good sense and V Ta Kai good breeding, by which the honorable and the base *are distinguished for these things ft, you doubtless heard him speaking. But, you,abomination, what participation is there to you

; or yours in virtue? How should8you discern

; V what is honorable or otherwise ?

; how qualified ? Where is your right to speak of DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 99 ' good,breeding, which not one of those ' really having obtained, would say any such thing concerning himself, but ' would even blush to hear another ,saying it, while to those , destitute of it, like yourself, yet ' * a^aicrifycrias, pretending to it through simplicity,

the result is that they cause those who hear it to grieve whenever ,they speak, not that they appear et^at to be .such (as they desire). ' €€^ Not being at a loss, what to have to say concerning you and yours, I am yet at a loss what first ' 6 to,mention, whether how your father, Tromes,

t c $$ was slave to Elpias, ®, who taught letters by the temple of Theseus, havinsr , ) heavy leg-irons and a collar, or how

your mother, resorting to the midday prostitutions in the brothel the statue of the Hero)Calamites, brought you up, the handsom — — ;

100 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

lt ; puppet and a capital actor of third-rate parts? icracri , But all know these things, even if 3 \ . e do not tell them Or how the

galley-piper, ,Phorinion, the slave of Dion

of ,Phrearrii, raised her from

; this honorable employment? But, by

Zeus and the other gods, I fear lest in saying

what is proper about you I myself may seem ov to chosen topics unbecoming .to myself. have , This, therefore, I shall pass by, and commence from those acts which he has done during.his life

for neither were (the actions of his life) of an , o ordinary kind, , but such as the people .execrate. 6i//e — — ? ; For lately lately, did I say ? nay, rather,

/cat only yesterday or the day before he has become at the

1 same time an Athenian and an,orator, and "/3 having added two syllables he made his father, instead of Tromes, ,Atrometus ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 101

riv 8e and his mother he named, very dignifiedly, Glaucothea,, ^,whom all know to have been called Empusa, having received this

title it is plain from her doing teal ' yap and submitting to anything; for whence

; ' otherwise {how else could she have received it) ? But, nevertheless,

you are so ungrateful and wicked

by nature, that, having become free through

these instead of a slave, and rich

instead of a beggar, vou not onlv do not show gratitude , /xicri?cocra9 to them, but have hired yourself out as a public man

against .them. I will pass that And by about which there is some dispute on the ground'that, forsooth, he has spoken for the good of the state

but what he is clearly shown to have done

for the ,enemy, of these I .will remind you. \ f yap For who of you does not know of the

disfranchised ,Antiphon, who came ;

102 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

€t? into the city, having promised to Philip

; ov that he would burn your arsenal? Whom I iv found concealed in Peirseus and

brought before the assembly, and this 6 mischief-maker shouting and ,clamoring, as if iv I were doing outrageous things under a democratic form of government, insulting * unfortunate citizens, and, going into their houses without a vote,of the people, caused him to.be,released. And unless the council of the Areopagus, discovering the fact and seeing

how ill-timed was your mistake, had made further inquiry after the man ,and seized and brought him before] you,

such a man as this would have been snatched out of your grasp, and having evaded paying the penalty would have ^ been sent out of the way by this grand'talker here * as it was, you tortured and executed DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 103 , . him, as you ought to this man also. V Accordingly, the council of the Areopagus, jo. >» eLOVLOL ,knowing these proceedings carried on by this man at that time, when, although you from the same thoughtlessness from which you neglect many of the public interests -chose him as advocate in the case relative to the temple iv , at Delos, you both selected it (the Council) and made it arbiter of the ,matter, immediately 8 rejected him as ,a traitor, and appointed

Hyperides to plead and this it did, ' ; giving the vote from the ,altar,

c and no vote was given for this wretch. ,And (to prove) that this (is) the truth .(which) I say, call me the witnesses of these things. MAPTTPE2. WITNESSES. [" OS« ^, " We here, ?Callias of Suniumj Zenon "

104 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

,Phlyus, Cleon of Phalerum, Demonicus of ,

of,Marathoii, testify for Demosthenes on m 8 in behalf of ,all, that the people

having formerly elected Aeschines as their$advocate €69 before the Amphictyons, on the question of * the ev temple at Delos, we in couucil ei^ai determined that 'Hyperides was

worthy to plead on behalf of the state, and S\ Hyperides' was commissioned. TOVTOV

Accordingly, inasmuch as, when, j this man was speaking, the, Senate removed him and appointed another, then, also, it pronounced him to you

to be a traitor and .an enemy. TOIVVV TOIOVTO Here, then, is one such political act . tovtov , ; this fine,fellow, very like, is it not, of ' . what he charges me with? Now call to mind another.

For when Philip sent Python

of Byzantium, and sent at the same time ambassadors ; ;

to DEMOSTHENES% ON THE CROWN. 109 contrary to them, or that, while pursuing the interests of our ,enemies, .he refrained from bringing forward measures better than these (of mine). Ap ovv ovo , Did he then refrain from speaking also, he refrained ' tl from proposing,decrees when some mischief

oll 8 ; ovv was to be worked against you ? Nay, rather, it was not possible einetv . , for,another to 'speak. And the city, as it seems, was able also to endure 'other things and this man to perform them without being detected ;

' ev one thing he did, gentlemen ,of Athens, ,A

,as follows, which put the finishing stroke on all ov his former*achievements concerning ^/which he expended many ,words, rehearsing the decrees concerning the Amphissian

Locrians,, in order 8to pervert .the truth. ' . ; But the affair is not of this nature. How can it be? *Never will you wash out the remembrance .of your performances there you will not say enough for that. 110 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ' . $ And in your presence, gentlemen of Athens, navras TOVS , I invoke all the gods and all the goddesses, octol as many as possess (guard) the ,Attic land, , Apollo' the Pythian, and who rrj , is the father-god of our city, and I implore , ei them all, if I shall speak the truth

to you as then also I immediately (spoke it) before ?>-- the people, the very moment I saw this wretch ( ,engaging in ),this work, (for I perceived, instantly perceived it,)

so may they grant me favor and ,protection,

and if with malice or on account of

xjjevSrj ,personal enmity I bring a false charge against#>.this man, so may they deprive me of all blessings.

Why, then, have I made these imprecations and

«•/ OTl ; asseverations so assuredly? Because, pa although I have documents lying in tke ; ,

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. Ill -, public archives, from, which I shall clearly prove these asseverations, and though I know you ,remember the ,facts, I fear that, lest this man should be considered too insignificant (to have*accomplished) the evils done by him as before ,happened, when he caused the unhappy Phocians\ to be destroyed by making false reports to you.

Si' For the war at ,Amphissa, on account of OV which Philip came into ^Elateia, and Si' OV vp&v on account of which he was chosen leader of the Amphictyons,,',which ruined everything of the Greeks, this fellow is the one who helped him get it up and more than any other man.has been the cause of all our greatest calamities. tot And when I at that time immediately protested u u and exclaimed in the assembly— You are bringing a war into Attica,, Aeschines, ;

112 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

^an Auiphictyouic those sitting with him by invitation would not let me , ' speak, and the rest wondered aud supposed eirayeiv that I was bringing an idle charge against him ' Ihiav V of personal .enmity. However, what the out real character was of those ,transactions, ' gentlemen ,of Athens, and for what purpose they were gotten up and how they were accomplished,,' now ,hear, since you were prevented then for you will see that the affair was well *concerted, and you will be ,greatly \assisted by it for the investigation of public affairs, and what craftiness there was in Philip, you.will observe. Philip could not finish , get rid of the war with you, unless he made the.Thebans and ©Thessalians to the state. But, although your generals fought against him ; ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 113

without fortune or skill, yet from the war

itself and the plunderers he suffered infinite . OVT€ 8 damage. For he neither could export any €K of the produce from his own country OVT & ' nor could he import what he needed and he was

at that time neither superior to you at

sea, nor was he able to invade Attica* if neither®the©Thessalians joined'his march Se , it was his fortune, though$*victorious over the generals, such indeed as you 5 [ 6 )> sent out (for I pass this), to suffer losses by the very nature of the locality and the

<•/ > circumstances of each party. If then, because of

his personal enmity, he were to try to induce either the Thessalians the Thebans if , $ ^to join in marching against 'you, he thought that no one would pay any attention to him but if, taking up 114 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

pretexts in which they were concerned, he should be chosen %paov general,, lie expected that he would with comparative ease , give the scales an unfair lift for his own advantage in some cases, 8e. ; and persuade in others. What then ? ,He attempts, , observe* how cleverly, to make

for the Amphictyons and a disturbance at the yap PylaBa; for thereupon he).thought they would immediately address him with entreaties.

Now, if one of the commissioners of religious rites, who were sent by himself, or his allies, introduced this subject, he thought that both the Thebans and the

Thessalians would suspect the tiling and

5 would all ,be,on their guard, but should it be an Athenian who did this, and (one sent) from you

who were opposed to him, it would easily unnoticed , ; and thus it.turned out. How, then, did he eifect

; , his . purpose ? He hires this man. No one, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 115

, TO I believe, beiug aware of the thing or attending,to it, * ,just as such things are wont to be done among you, this man, having been nominated as Pylagoras and three or four having held up their hands for him, was declared.elected.

When, with all the prestige of the city about him, he arrived among the ,Amphictyons,\ having dismissed and neglected? all other things, he accomplished those things for which ,he was hired, and pretty stories and fables, as to how V Kippata the Cirrhsean territory came to ,be consecrated, having invented and ,related, he persuades men unused to speeches and unsuspicious of the

,consequences, the ,Hieromnemons, to vote to make a survey of the country ' which the

Amphissians said was their own eu/ax to,cultivate, but (which) he charged to be (was)

(a portion) of the sacred ,tract, though the 116 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN. ? Locrians were not instituting $any suit against us, ov& vvv nor (threatening) what he now ,pretends they were, , ' . not telling the truth.8But you will perceive from this fact. It was not possible, of course, for the Locrians

to bring an action against the state without ovv summoning'us to appear. Who, then, summoned ; ; us ? €,In whose$.archonship' ? Tell us ,the man who knows of it; point him out. But you cannot; but this.was an idle plea that you presumed upon and a false one. While the Amphictyons, then, at the instance of this man made a survey of ol ,territory, fell the the Locrians on them, and well nigh speared them ,aH, and some also of the Hieromnemons they carried.off captive. ' When once, * after this, complaints^,and war were stirred up against the Amphissians, 6 at first Cottyphus led an army * , * of the Amphictyons themselves, but as some DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 117

' , oi $, did not come, and those who did come did nothing, ol those ,who were prepared and traitors of old of the ®Thessalians and those in the other cities took measures against the eusuing TTv\aiav assembly (for.hastening the matter) to Philip as general forthwith. And they had formed fair ecpacraz' *pretexts; for they said it was necessary either that they themselves should contribute and support ,mercenaries and punish those not doing this, . or to choose him (general). What

; need to speak many words? For, thereupon, he was chosen .general. And after this, : immediately collecting a force and marching professedly against ,Cirrhse, having bidden a long farewell to the uirrhaeans and

Locrians,, he seizes Elateia.. , % oi If then, when they saw this, the ®Thebans had not immediately changed their minds and 118 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

sided with US, this whole thing would have fallen like a torrent upon

the state but as it was, for the moment at least, ; , , they checked him, principally, indeed, ? ¥ gentlemen ,of Athens, by the favor of some god , , towards us, and then, however, and, * , KCLl hi so far as it could rest with any one, through . 8e me too. Give me these decrees and

the dates of the several transactions,, * IV in order that you may know what mischief this pestilent$. creature has stirred up, yet has not paid the penalty. Read me the .decrees.

THE DECREE .OF THE AMPHICTYONS. [" ' "Under the priest ,Clinagoras, at the spring

?congress, it has been resolved by the deputies

kcli and the councillors of the ,AmphictyonSj

L and by the assembly of the ,Amphictyons, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 119

3 % * €7U seeing that the Amphissians trespass upon

the sacred territory and sow it

and pasture their,cattle on it, that the

deputies and the councillors do enter thereupon

and . mark at intervals the boundaries with,pillars,

and enjoin the Amphissians for the future

not .to trespass." ANOTHER .DECREE. [" " Under the priest ,Clinagoras, at the spring

^ it has been resolved by the deputies

and the councillors of the Amphictyons,

and by the assembly of the ,Amphictyons, seeing that the people \of Amphissa having apportioned iepav the sacred territory (among them) are cultivating it and feeding,cattle,upon it, and though being forbidden to this, , do having come to arms, have stopped',with force the general council of the Greeks, and have also wounded ;

120 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

, top top some, that Cottyphus, the ,Arcadian, who has been elected top general of the Amphictyons, go as an ambassador top to Philip ofMacedon,, and request lp that he come to the aid 'of Apollo and the top Amphictyons,, that he may not suffer the god to€be insulted by the impious 61 Amphissians; * and (announce) that the

Greeks who are members of the &council of the

Amphictyons appoint him general "] with,absolute powers." Aeye ip Read now also the dates of these eial " transactions' for they correspond. with the time when this man .was deputy. Read.

.DATES.

["" Mnesithides ,archon, "~\ on the sixteenth of the month Anthesterion." , Give now to me the letter which, :

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 121

ol 6 when the ®Thebans declined,compliance, Philip

sends to his allies in IV , Peloponnesus,, that you may plainly see, €K otl ,this, that even from he was concealing

the real motive of his ,enterprise, TO namely, to carry out these plans against ,Greece and the Thebans and you,

while he pretended that he was carrying out the general interests 6 and the resolutions of the .Amphictyons. And the man wr ho furnished him these, .facilities and pretexts was this man. Eead. [" .LETTER. " Philip, king of the Macedonians, to the

magistrates and the councilcc of the iv "//^ confederate Peloponnesians and to all

other tllies, greeting Whereas the Locrians, called ,Ozolian, dwelling ; ,

122 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

% iv in ,Amphissa, ,commit sacrilege against the temple of'Apollo at Delphi,, and coming ,with arms despoil* the sacred ground, I propose together with you to succor the god and to repel those who violate any of those things held sacred iv among 'men wherefore meet me with arms in Phocis,, having provisions for forty ,days, during the present month ,j, of Lous, as we ,reckon, and as the ,Athenians, ,Bcedromion, and as the,Corinthians, .Panemus. Those who do not [assemble with all their forces we will treat ]' as subject.to the usual penalties.? "Farewell." You see that he avoids private ,pleas, *

an'*Amphictycaic. and has recourse to Who,

ovv ; then, was it that helped him to arrange this?

; Who was it that lent him these. ; ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 123

Who is it that is most to blame for the misfortunes

; ; that have happened ? Is it not this man ? Do not. , ' then, go about and say, gentlemen ,of Athens, 9 av 77 that by one > ,Greece has suffered .such things Not by one man, but by many miscreants in every,state, earth /Cal #€06' , and ye gods , of whom is this man, (Aeschines was one of them) whom, were it fitting to speak the truth without any scruple, I should not hesitate to call the common pest of all that,has been subsequently ,lost, ,men, places, * 6 cities; for the man that furnished the ,seed,

is responsible for the .crops. he From whom that you did not, as soon as ever you saw,him, turn away in disgust, 'I wonder only, as it seems, ,9 there is with you a thick cloud over the

,truth.

It has so happened now, that, having touched upon the 9 124 DEMOSTHENES %ON THE CROWN.

things done by this man against his native land, els I have arrived at the part I myself*took in a public capacity in opposition to these things; which,

for many reasons, it is fair that you should hear , ' , from me, and especially because it would be a shame, gentlemen ,of Athens, when I ,have undergone the toil of exertions on your behalf, .you should not even bear®,the recital of,them. For seeing the Thebans, and I may also add, you, through the influence of those seeking* the interest of Philip and corrupted* in ,each state, overlooking and not at all guarding against

what was dangerous to both and deserving of much ,vigilance, namely, permitting ^^^^ Philip to increase in strength, but on the contrary

ready for enmity and collision with,each other, I continually watched that this might not ,be, not only ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 125 because in iny own ' judgment? I deemed this to,be expedieut, but knowing that Aristophon, and again Eubulus, had always, desired to bring about this friendship, and ' while they were frequently opposed \upon other matters were always, agreed upon this. whom, while living, you, you,fox, flattered Men ' and,closely followed, yet do not see that you are accusing 'them when they are dead for in what you charge upon ©', me concerning the Thebans, you censure them ,— much more than me who //>.sooner than approved that alliance. * €/€/ , But I return to that point : that when this man

a had stirred up ^the ,in Amphissa, and the others, his coadjutors, had®,helped him in establishing the animosity with the*Thebans, ,it happened that Philip came against us, for which object these men :

126 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

, €1 brought the states into collision, and if we had not

roused ourselves a little,beforehand, we should ov& . not have been able even to recover ourselves. €< OVTOl So far had these men carried iv ' their enmity.. But in what condition you were at that time in respect to your relations,to each other, having heard these decrees and ,answers, . .will to you know. Take and read them me.

.DECREE.

' [ ', " In the archonship of Herapythus, on the twenty-fifth of the month ,Elaphebolion, ^the Erechtheian tribe , presiding, by the advice of the Senate and

§77 generals, Whereas Philip has taken possession

is , of certain cities of ,our neighbors,? and besieging others, and in short is preparing " to advance against Attica,, setting at nought

our ,treaty, and his intending DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 127

to break his oaths and the ,peace,

in violation of our engagements,, it has been resolved common ttj /3^ $ by the Senate and the people to send to him ,ambassadors, who shall confer with him and exhort him by all means if possible to maintain his relations of amity, with us and his ,agreements, and if not, to give time to the commonwealth for *deliberation and to conclude an armistice until the month

Thargelion.. There have been chosen from the Senate Simus ,of Anagyrus, Euthydemus of,Phlyus, Bulagoras .of Alopece."

ANOTHER.DECREE.

[" ivy via " In the archonship of,Heropy thus, on the last day of the month ,Munychion, by the advice of,the Polemaich : Whereas Philip is aiming to put, the Thebans at variance with ourselves, 128 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

and has prepared to advance with his whole eyyicrra army to the places neatest to ,Attica, violating ,the engagements that subsist between us and him, it has been#resolved by the Senate and the people to send to him a herald and ambassadors,, who shall request and call upon him 6 to make an armistice,, in order that the people may take measures according'to circumstances; for as yet they have not determined to come to the aid in any ordinary circumstances.. There have been chosen from the',Senate Nearchus ,son of Sosinomus, Polycrates son of Epiphron, and for herald Eunomus of Anaphlystus, . J from the people."

Read now also the .answers. 22 THE ANSWER TO .THE ATHENIANS. [" ^^ " Philip, ^king of the Macedonians, to the DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 129

/cat Senate and the people of the Athenians, .greeting.

What intentions you had against me from , /cat the,beginning, I am not ignorant, nor what exertions you are making with the wish to enlist on your side ®\ /cat ®, /cat the Thessalians and Thebans, and still further, also ' the'Boeotians ; but since they are better advised /cat and do not choose' , to regulate their policy at your pleasure, but range themselves on the side of their,own interest, * you now, having turned round and having despatched to me

/cat ambassadors and a herald, talk of agreements

/cat and ask for an armistice,, although in nothing ' . having been injured by me. I, however,

having heard your ambassadors, assent to

/cat €t/xt what you ask for \\$and am ready to make an armistice,, if, having dismissed those who did not rightly advise you, you will."judge them deserving of fitting »disgrace. Farewell." a 130 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN. 22 ^. THE ANSWER TO THE THEBANS.

[" " Philip, king?, of the Macedonians, to the Senate and the people of%the Thebans, ,greeting. 9 Si I have received your ,letter, in which you renew amity with.me and really make peace with me. I learn, Slotl "/ however, that the Athenians are proffering all ye^ecr/?ax honor to you, * wishing you to become abettors of their .proposals. ovv Formerly, therefore, I was disposed to blame you on the prospect of your being persuaded by the hopes they held out . * and espousing ^their policy. But now, having discovered you to have sought peace ^/>with us ,rather than following the counsels of others, I was rejoiced— even the more , * do I praise you for many reasons, and especially

€ * because you have consulted in this business THE CROWN. 131 DEMOSTHENES ON : in a safer way and preserve your attachment to ' OV me; which I trust will bring you no eav small , if persevere in that advantage, you determination.. "Farewell// Philip, having,thus disposed the states towards each^other by these contrivances, and elated by these decrees and answers,, came with his 8army and seized ,Elatea, 'as if we and the Thebans© would never again conspire together, eiTiyevoiTO. even if occasion should arise. But indeed the commotion TV there was at that time in the city you all " * , know; but yet listen to a few circumstances, the most.striking. , ' ^It was evening, and some one came to the Prytanes with the announcement that Elatea had.been taken. And after this some immediately rising up in the midst of their meal, :

132 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN,

* €K began driving the people from their booths ayopav in the agora and set fire to the

,sheds, and others sent for the generals V and summoned the 'trumpeter; and the ' city was full of.commotion. And on the following day, ol early in the morning, the Prytanes summoned TO * the Senate to the ,Senate Chamber, and you went to the ,assembly, and before v the senate had done any business and proposed any measure 6 . the whole people had taken their seats above. And e t after this, when the Senate Ol had entered and the Prytanes had reported

what had been announced to themselves and presented , c the courier and he had spoken, the

" : asked "Who wishes to harangue the people ? V *

.forward. though the crier But no one came And put the question repeatedly, none the more did any one arise,, though all the generals ; ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 133

,were present, and all the ,orators, and our*country with her common called for some one to speak for her safety for the voice which *; the crier sends forth according to the ,laws,

this it is just to consider the common voice

el of the .country. And yet, if it was for those who wished for the safety of our state to,come forward, all you and the other av i Athenians' having risen'up would have mounted the platform; for I know that you all desired

if her to'be saved ; those (would have come forward) ol ,of greatest wealth, the 'three hundred ; but if those , TJj who were both these things, both loyal to the. state and ,wealthy, those who subsequently gave the great voluntary'contributions 'for by loyalty ,and wealth they did this but, as it seems, that occasion

and that day called not only for 134 DEMOSTHENES ON,THE CROWN. a loyal and rich man, but also for one who had closely followed the transactions from the,beginning, and had rightly inferred 6 for what cause and with what object Philip /' yap 6 8 was thus acting; ' for the man who was ignorant of these matters nor had studied them from far back

, carefully, not even if he were patriotic and not even eu7€cr#ai if ,rich, was any the more likely to know > what to do or to be qualified for advising . iv you. I ,then showed myself this man on that ,day, and coming forward said to you what I beg you,to hear from,me with your best attention for two reasons, one of which is, %v that you may understand that I alone of your orators and public men did not ,desert the post of patriotism in the midst of dangers, but I was found in the very hour'of panic both speaking and moving what was necessary for DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 135

, oe, OTL you; and another reason *is, because at the expense of a little time you will gain much experience regarding the rest of your administration.in general. TOIVVV OTl I said then, that " I think that those who are so very much alarmed, as if ®the Thebans were on the side of Philip, do not understand the *. yap !' , present *state of affairs. For I know well ,that, if this so happened to be, 'EXaTeta., we*should not have heard of his being. at Elatea, but on our frontiers. I know certainly,, however, that he has come IV ?/39. in order to make matters ready in Thebes. ' , .(To prove that) these things are so, hear my explanation," said I. "He has ready at his command all

of the Thebans whom it was possible either 7€< to prevail upon by means of money or to deceive '; \ OS 5 J ^

^first resisted those who from the have him

and still oppose, he can in no way '

136 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN,

. ovv prevail upon. What then does,he wish, and

; for8what has he seized Elatea ? By displaying a force and by bringing his arms into the neighborhood (he means) to encourage and make bold his friends, ' and to intimidate his ,adversaries, that they may either concede from fear what they now " ,refuse, or .be compelled. If, then," a said I, " we shall*choose deliberately in the present,matter, if anything,$disagreeable has been done by®the Thebans towards us, to remember this overt and to regard them with distrust in the character of enemies,, in the first place we shall be doing what

Philip would,desire; in the next place I fear lest, when those now opposed to / him have received him and all with one consent have become Philippized, they may both march into

Attica.* If, however, you listen to me ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 137

/cat and apply yourselves to consider seriously what

I say, instead of disputing,about it, I think that /cat both these things which are fitting to say

/cat will meet your approval and I.shall avert the danger threatening the city. What then

; do I say ought (to be,done) ? First of all to dismiss your present fear, then to change your views

/cat % all to fear for the Thebans and ® ;

for they are much nearer peril , /cat 'than we are, and to them first is 6 iv the *peril secondly, that those who are of age /cat and the cavalry, having marched out 'to Eleusis,

show the world that you are yourselves iv , iv under arms, that there may be to those at ©>;/3at9 Thebes who prefer your cause equally

courage to speak out in defence of their ,rights,

, seeing that, as *there is at Elatea

a force ready to assist those selling their ;

138 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

(XTpi couutrv ,to Philip, thus you are

ready and will assist those who wish to contend .for their ,liberty, if any one advances against them. Further, I advise you

to elect ten ,ambassadors, and to make

them, together with the generals, directors

both of the time when it is necessary to march thither ' and of the expedition itself.®,When the ambassadors have arrived at Thebes, how do I advise

; to conduct the. matter? To^this particularly pray attend. (I advise) you not to ask anything (y^P ° ), of®the Thebans (for the 'occasion is disgraceful) {it is disgraceful to do so on such an occasion), but to offer

,to assist them, if ,they urge it, on the plea that they are in extreme,danger, and'that we see the future better than they iv that, in case they 8should,receive these proposals and should commit themselves to us, we may both have accomplished DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 139 a what we wish and may have done ,it under a pretext worthy of the city; * £ 5 apa* and if after all t should not happen that,you,should gain your object, that they may reproach themselves, if in this case , they fail of anything, while nothing disgraceful. or grovelling shall have been done by you."

These things and others very like them

I spoke and.left the platform. And all unanimously approving 58 and no one , saying anything in opposition,, I did not make this speech and yet not make a motion, ' , , * nor .make a motion and yet not go as an ambassador, nor , erretaa go as ambassador ' and yet not persuade the,Thebans, but from the beginning to

the end I went through ,it all,

and I gave myself entirely to your service to.meet the dangers which encompassed the .city. And bring me the decree then 10 140 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN. , Well, then, how would you have me represent you,

,Aeschines, and how myself on that

; , day? Would you have me (describe) myself, ov as what you would abusively and slanderously ,' call,me, ,,Battalus, and yourself not even an ordinary hero, but one of those upon the ,stage, Cresphontes or Creon ov or Oenomaus, whom once at

; Collytus you murdered by your wretched acting? 6 Then, yes, I say, at that crisis, above all others, I, the Battalus of Pseania,$found myself to be more serviceable to the state than $you, Oenomaus of Cothocidae.. You ?'were of no earthly 'use; I did everything which aya^w became a good .citizen. Read me the .decree 022. DECREE OF DEMOSTHENES. [" " In the archonship ,of Nausicles, the Aeantian ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 141

V 3 \ / tribe ,presiding, on the sixteenth of,Scirophorion, , Demosthenes son of Demosthenes of Paeania, moved : Whereas Philip, the king of the Macedonians, appears in

past time to have violated the treaty made between him and the

' irepi people of the Athenians with reference to the ,peace, in contempt of his oaths and those things

€iz/ai **.thought to be just among all the Greeks, and is surreptitiously,depriving us of cities in no way belonging to him, and some even 9 belonging to the Athenians has taken, though in no wise provoked by the people ', ev of the Athenians, and at the present time

is going far ahead both in violence and 'in cruelty yap and inasmuch as of Grecian cities some he garrisons and overthrows their,constitutions, and some he razes to the ground ,and enslaves the inhabitants, ; ;

142 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

8e and in some also, instead of 'Greeks, he settles

barbarians, bringing them into the temples

and the sepulchres,, doing nothing foreign

either to his own country or to his , ,character, and making an insolent use of ,the fortune now accruing to him,

forgetting that from a petty and 'ordinary sort of person he has become unexpectedly great and as long as they saw him ,annexing barbarian cities and their own, the people of Athens considered €^ €19 of less importance the offence committed against ' $ itself; but now, seeing of Greek cities

some ,outraged and some €> 8 destroyed,, thev think it would be monstrous and unworthy of their ancestral glory to overlook the $$ Greeks ,who are being enslaved therefore it is resolved by the ] DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROAVN. 143 Senate and people of ,the Athenians, having prayed and sacrificed to the gods and heroes who protect the city - * and the territory of the,Athenians, and considering well the virtue of their ,ancestors, in that they deemed it of more^;importance to preserve the liberty of the Greeks than their own country,, to embark two hundred ships on the^^ sea and^that the admiral sail within the Gates, and that their general and commander of horse lead the ^,€9 infantry and the cavalry forces ', 76/ to Eleusis, and also to send ambassadors to the other ,Greeks, and first of all €/ to ,the Thebans, because Philip is nearest their ,territory, and to exhort

them, not at all dreading Philip,

to cling to their own independence and 144 DEMOSTHENES ',ON THE CEOWN. that of the other Greeks, and (to say) on 6 that the people of,the Athenians not bearing any malice tl if formerly anything unfriendly had been done by the cities against ,each other, will assist them both with troops and ^money and weapons

" to contend against one another Greeks)

,, for the leadership is honorable, but to be commanded and deprived of the leadership by ei^ai a foreigner is unworthy both of the renown of the 'Greeks and of the , « valor of their .ancestors. And besides, the 9 people of the Athenians consider the people

€iz^ai of the Thebans to be alien neither in connexion by families identity.of race.

And they remember also the benefits €19 conferred by the ®'ancestors of themselves upon the ancestors of the Thebans ; for they restored DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 145

the sons of Hercules who were deprived by the Peloponnesians of their hereditary ,domain, defeating in battle those who attempted to resist the descendants ,of Hercules, and we gave ,shelter to Oedipus and those exiled with him,^^ and many other kind and generous acts have beeu done by us to 6 theThebans;' wherefore neither now will the 8 9 people of the Athenians desert the interests of&the Thebans and the other "^. Greeks. And let an agreement be entered into with^,them to make a treaty of alliance .and intermarriage, and give and receive oaths. Ambassadors: Demosthenes, son of Demosthenes%, ,of Pseania, Hyperides,' son^of Oleander of Spheltus, 8Mnesithides, son of Antiphanes ,,of Phrearrii, Democrates, son^."of Sophilus of Phlyus, Callseschrus, son of Diotimus of Cothocidae." ; :

146 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CBOWN.

This was the beginning and first establishment of our relations with ,Thebes.

in matters previous to these measures after the cities had been drawn into hostility-.and hatred and distrust by means of these men. This decree caused the danger then tV surrounding the city to pass away like . SiKaiov acloud. It was then the duty of a good citizen TOT€ Sei^ai , Tl at that time to show it ,to all, if he had anything better (to propose) than these measures, not to be censuring vvv. now. For the counsellor $and the ,caviller, while in no other respect$.,alike, in this most differ from each other the one declares his opinion before the proceedings, , , and makes himself accountable 7retcrC7eLcr^06 ) ), to those who follow his advice, to fortune, to,occasion, Se crtyT^cra? to any one 'that chooses the other having kept silence eSet , when he ought to have spoken, should anything untoward DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 147

happen,, this he makes.a matter of reproach. That, ovv, , 6 therefore,^9 as I said, was the time for the man who'regards the commonwealth and. honest counsels but I go so much ,; ) ,beyond this, that, if now any one has tl ^^ anything better to show, or generally if any other course was possible .except what I ,adopted,' I confess that I was wrong. For if there is anything which any one has now ,discovered, which if done then . would have,been to our advantage, . this, 1 say, ought not to have escaped me.

SON / * */ / -3» / * But if there neither is one nor was one, ,and not even yet and to-day could any one suggest one,

; what was a counsellor to do? Was he ov eXecr^at not to choose the best of the

; measures that presented themselves and were possible ?

This, therefore, I ,did, ,Aeschines, when a the crier ,asked, " Who wishes 148 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN.

ainacrc/at^ to,speak?" not "Who wishes to complain about " the past?" nor "Who wishes " .^ ' " to guarantee the future ? While you

on those occasions sat mute iv . in the assembly, I came forward and spoke. ' , . Since you did not then, yet show us now. Tell me either,what measure there was which I ought to have devised, or what opportunity*of benefiting the state was neglected by

; * alliance, ,plan, to me? What , what which I should rather have directed \these? But I need not urge , that the past is always dismissed by all, and ' no one chooses to deliberate about it; whereas it is

the future or the present that calls for ,the active services ,of the .statesman. At that time, then, as it appeared, some of the dangers ' 7^77 , were,impending, and some already were present, ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 149

€V OLS in which mark the of my policy, do not rail at 'the result; tor the end of all things ,is/ as

the deity 'chooses ; whereas it is his policy 877X01 alone which shows the mind of the statesman.. Do not, then, impute this as , ei a crime to me, that Philip chanced to conquer yap TO in the battle for the issue of this €V , . depended on the god, not on me.

But that I did not adopt all the measures possible

/car' as far as human calculation,goes, and carry them out honestly and diligently and laboriously beyond ?my power, or that I did not institute /cat £ proceedings honorable and worthy of my country and actually,required, this show / » vo, , tot . to me, and then, and not till then, accuse

3 e But if the ,tempest that befell has overpowered not only us, but also all the —

150 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

', XPV ; other Greeks, what ought to be done ?

Just as if one were to blame the ship owner for the

loss?of the ship, who had done everything for

safety,, and provided the vessel * with everything by which he supposed she,would be secure;

and then encountered a storm and had his tackle'strained or rather entirely, broken.to pieces. "But I did not pilot the vessel," * he might say, just as I myself was,not in command, OVT€ , * nor was master of Fortune,' but she .all. (guided) But consider and opa , reflect upon this If for us, fighting with the assistance of the©Thebans, it was fated to fare , TL €1 $thus, what must we have ,expected if we had n»ot even had these ,as allies, but they had joined themselves ,to Philip, for which

TOT ; he then left nothing unsaid (used every argument) ?

€1 6S6v And if now when three days' march DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 151

from Attica, the battle was fought, such, peril and alarm sin rounded the city, what would we have had to expect

if in some part of our land this

; same disaster had happened? Do you know on indeed, ,to stand, to assemble, to regain breath, that now, , ) TO)J> €19 many tilings which tended to the safety 777 , /xta the city, one day and two and three ISc '- ,allowed, but, then, it is not (days) worth while , a to mention those things, which did not even give

a trial of themselves through the kindness of some one of the gods, and from placing before the city

this alliance, against which you inveigh.. raurt But,all this long story of mine is directed to you, gentlemen, ,of the jury, and to those standing on the outside round the bar, and ,to all who hear, for to this contemptible fellow a short ,

152 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

KCLL plain answer was.enough. if and , the future was revealed to you, ,Aeschines, , OT ) 719 alone, when the state was'deliberating eSei , to about these things, you ought have forewarned us

tot • el el at that time; but if you did not ^fon "t, ,you are accountable for the same ignorance as the rest, € Tl so why do you make these accusations against me

; rather than against you ? For I have been

€65 *a better citizen than you in respect(to these very matters of which I am speaking (and ) , others I discuss not at present), inasmuch as

I gave myself up to what seemed to all for,the general good, shrinking from no personal > danger nor taking thought of any, but you suggested / V , (yap neither any other better measures than those (for then they would not have adopted these )counsels of mine), nor rendered yourself useful , in any respect with reference to (the prosecution of) these measures (of mine), ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 153

' but the very thing which a man (would have done)

who was most worthless and most hostile to the , e^racrac state, that, after the event, are you found iv to,have done, and at the same time Aristratus in £ iv ®, oi Naxos and Aristolaus in Thasos, enemies

,state, once for all of the are bringing to trial the

friends of the Athenians, and Aeschines at Athens

is accusing ,Demosthenes. And yet (the man) for whom

the disasters of the 'Greeks were kept in reserve

to,found a reputation upon, he ought rather 9

to die the death than accuse his neighbor and

to whomsoever the same times are profitable

as ,city, it is possible to the enemies of the not

that this man is well disposed toward his .country.

Nay, you show this, too, by your life and actions and by what you do and by what you do not .do as a public;man. Is anything going on that appears good to you?

Aeschines .is mute. Has anything gone wrong and ;

154 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

; happened as it ought not? Forth comes 'Aeschines

just as fractures and sprains start,., whenever any disease attacks the body.

But since he lays much stress on the ,results, I will 3th ing .of a paradox. And,

by heavens, let no one marvel at my

extravagance,, but kindly consider what I say. For, if ^ the results had been foreknown , to all, and all had,foreseen them, and you, ,Aeschines, had foretold them

and protested with clamor and ,outcry, 5CN5 V * ovo ^ you who did not even,open your mouth, ,not even then ought the€ city to have abandoned that policy, if she had regard for glory or her ancestors or . vvv her future life. For now she appears to have failed in her ,undertakings, a thing which is common to all ,men, whenever this is the will of the DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 155 ' ' deity; but in that case, claiming as she did to lead , eir' , others, and afterwards deserting this position, she would have been charged with betraying all to.Philip. For had she given up without an effort that . ovtiv ol for which there is no danger which her forefathers did not ,encounter, who

; would not.have loathed you.? For heaven forbid I should say ,country, or even myself. But with what eyes, our by Zeus, could we have looked upon ,those resisting the city,

if affairs (had come to the pass) to which vvvl VP^V they have,now come, and Philip had been chosen * leader and master ,of all, while others without us ^^had\made the struggle to prevent that happening, and that, iv though our state has never yet in her former years chosen a dishonorable .safety rather than danger in the camp of honor. 11 156 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

8e For who of,the Greeks, and who of ,the barbarians, ovk does not know that both from the®Thebans and from the Lacedsemonians, who were

in power before them, and from the King of the Persians, with much thankfulness, would this have been readily permitted to the state,

to take whatever she chose and keep

her own on condition to do what she was bidden and

allow another to have the lead of the .Greeks. ' ' , , But this was not, it would seem, tot ' with Athenians of that age, national nor tolerable ovo ovo nor ,natural, nor was anyone ever able 7reicrai , at any period of time to persuade, the city, by attaching^herself to those who are powerful, but who'do what is wrong, to be in subjection with,security, but

during all time has she persevered in braving danger in her struggle. for *supremacy and honor and glory. And this you esteem ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 157 elvai to be so noble and in such correspondence with

your character that even of your ancestors you praise. most those who thus,acted, and with reason. For who would not admire the virtue of those men,, who had the courage to embark in their galleys and leave both their territory and their city rather than do the bidding,of another, choosing ®Themistocles, the one who gave \' such counsel, for,their general, and stoning to death

Cyrsilus, who declared himself in favor of submission to ov , the ,terms imposed not him only, but also your wives {stoning) his ov .wife. For the Athenians of that day looked not for an orator or a general hi ' by whom they should attain a secure,servitude, but

they it , live, if it deemed not even worth while to should not be possible to do so with.freedom. For each 158 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

°^X l of them considered that he^was not born to his

•, father or mother only, but also

777 oeri; on to his .country. What is the difference? (It is,) that

he who thinks he is born to his parents alone awaits the death of destiny and 6 Se that of nature,, but he (who thinks he is born) to his country also will wish 8\,to die for the sake of not seeing her enslaved, and will regard as more terrible than death the insults and indignities which one must bear in a commonwealth .enslaved. , If, therefore, I had attempted to say £this, that I led you *on to have a spirit worthy of your ancestors,, there is not a man who would not justly /. vvv ' rebuke me. But now I declare that such principles ,are yours, and show$ that also before my time 9 the commonwealth had this ,spirit; DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 159 ' in the execution, however, of every single thing that was effected, I say that I,too had,a share, but this man, arraigning € the whole, and bidding you regard me bitterly ,as the cause of the dangers and alarms to the commonwealth, tenaciously strives to,deprive me of honor for the moment, *

but robs you of the eulogies for

all future time. . For if, on the ground that

I did not carry out the best policy as a statesman,

you shall cast your votes against this friend here, you will appear

' to,have done wrong, not to.have suffered *what befell,you by the &perverseness of fortune. But it is not possible, it is not possible that you have,done wrong, men ' of,Athens, in undertaking the perilous contest for the freedom and safety of ,all; no, by those of our ancestors who bore the brunt of the peril

at Marathon and those who stood in the ranks at ;

160 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

?Platsea and those who fought in the naval battle iv iir at ^Salamis and those off Arteraisium and many other brave men iv who repose in the public £",monuments, all of whom alike ,the city, having deemed worthy of the same honor, buried, ^Aeschines, not

alone those of them who were successful, not alone

those were victorious. .Justly. For what was who. #> the part of brave ,men, was performed by them all TV T^XV '> V p ° as » and for their fortune, what the deity \assigned to,them severally, that they.obtained. Did you, then, you execrable,desk-stooper, with the view of robbing me of the honor and

esteem of these men, appeal to trophies and battles deeds of olden,time, and 6 and which of these, pray, did this present trial

; $e, &call for? and I, you,third-rate actor, who came forward as counsellor to the city DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 161

in matters pertaining to her supremacy, whose spirit

', ought I to have assumed in mounting the platform^^? The spirit of a man who would say what was unworthy

; , of the past? Nay, but I should'have deserved.to perish. For, gentlemen of ,Athens, you must not judge from the same principles both private causes and ,public, but (you must judge) the 9

affairs (contracts) of everyday life with your eyes,upon the laws which concern private matters and the facts of each case, but your public resolutions, with your eyes upon the examples of your

.ancestors. And each of you should consider that, together with your staff and

ticket, you take along the spirit of the , commonwealth, whenever you enter -the court-room ,for^judgment, if you think you ought to . act worthily of them.

But (enough), for in touching on the 162 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

deeds performed by your ancestors there were some a of the decrees and transactions which ovv .I omitted. I will therefore return to the point whence I made this disgression.. ' When we arrived' at ,Thebes, we found ambassadors of Philip and the®Thessalians and the other allies

,present, and our friends ' in trepidation, and his friends .confident. on * To prove that I am not now asserting this for the sake of my own ,interests, read me the letter, which we ambassadors then despatched at once. And by the way, this man has adopted y , such an extravagance of calumny that if, on the one hand any of our objects was,achieved, ov« he says the opportunity, not I, , ' the cause, while of all that has happened adversely

(he says) that I and my fortune DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 163 € . , are the cause. And, as it seems, $ I, the counsellor and orator, seem by him

to have a share in none of those things * effected elvai ' by argument and ,counsel, but to be iv the sole author of the misfortunes in arms

/ecu yevoiT and in .strategy. How could there be

; a more savage and execrable calumniator ?

Read the .letter. ' .THE LETTER. When, then, they convened the .assembly, they introduced them (our opponents) ,first, eiv T

of.allies. And coming forward they harangued the people in high praise of ' ,Philip, *and disparagement,of you, calling up to memory all that you had ever done ®. ' against the Thebans. To sum up,,however, 164 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

they required them to show their gratitude for the benefits they had received at the hands of ,Philip, * and to,take satisfaction for the wrongs they had suffered at your hands, in whichever way ,they wish, either 8€ ' allowing them ',a passage against you or joining in,the invasion of Attica, and ,they proved, as they thought, that as the result of what they

advised, the herds and slaves ayava and other effects would come from Attica into Bceotia, while, as the result of what &they said we should advise, property in Bceotia would be plundered through the .war. And

,they said, many other things in addition to these . all tending to the same result. ' , What' we said in answer to these things, the details on each point, would,esteem it a recompense for a whole life to describe, but with regard to you

I,fear, lest, since the time ,has gone by, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 165

you may, as if you thought there had been

a deluge over the ,events, consider the. speeches about them an unprofitable annoyance. What then, we, persuaded them and what they answered. us, .hear. Take and22read this. THE ANSWER OF THE.THEBANS. After this, .then, they invited ^,and sent for you. You marched out, you rushed,,to their succor, to omit what happened between, so cordially they&received you that, while their infantry and cavalry were outside the walls they admitted vour army into18 their houses and citadel,/.among their children and wives and things most precious.

And indeed on that day the®Thebans

exhibited to all three of the ;

166 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ' , most honorable encomiums upon you, one for,bravery, another ?for justice, and a third for,self-command. 'For when they chose to engage in the contest in alliance with you rather than against , €ivai you, they judged you to be both braver and to make more just demands 'than Philip; and by placing * 5 ? in your power what is guarded most jealously with themselves \ and indeed with all men, their children and ,wives, 7TICTTIV they showed they had faith self-command

. ? in regard to you ( faith in your self-command). In all these things, men of Athens,, they were shown to have thought ' . rightly at least as far as you are concerned. € For after your army entered , the city no*one accused you of anything, not even unjustly;' so discreet did you show yourselves and/,twice having fought in conjunction with them the first battles, that at the river and the battle,of the storm, you showed yourselves DEMOSTHENES,ON THE CROWN. 167 not irreproachable, only, but also admirable in your discipline, your ,equipments, (and) TV your ..zeal. Which called forth eulogies , ' from other men to you, and from.you sacrifice and thanksgiving to the gods.

And I for my part would gladly ask ,Aeschines, ore - V while these things were being done and the

city was full of enthusiasm, joy and praise,, whether he joined with the multitude in sacrifice * and ,festivity, or grieving and moaning and sulking over the public

; successes sat at home ? For if he was*present and was proved to have been with the rest, , ' *, how does he not perform outrageous, or rather impious acts, if (the measures) of which he made *the gods ,witnesses, as being most,desirable, these he now demands you who have sworn by the

; gods to vote (as being) other than the most desirable ? 168 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

el Be If ,present, does he not he was not how deserve

ei to die a thousand,times, if he grieved to behold 3/» , ; these things, at which others rejoiced ?

Srj Bead me also these .decrees. 2. THE DECREES FOR SACRIFICE.

rs % OiVKOVV Tore ev Accordingly, we were then (engaged) in ' 5 #, €V sacrifice, but©the Thebans were in the belief ' , that they had been preserved through us, and

it had come about that those who seemed likely to want * OVTOl on account of what these men ,did,

were themselves sending succor to others because . 6 you followed my advice. What strong expressions Philip

then uttered and in what trouble

he was on this, shall learn account, you from € his letters which he sent to , the.Peloponnesus. Take and read me these, iv in order that you may know what was the effect of ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 169

my perseverance^ and journeys and

labor and the many ,decrees

which this was just now pulling.to pieces, , man And indeed, men ,of Athens, there have been ' /cat among you many , renowned and great me, , orators before that famous Callistratus, Aristophon,,' ,Cephalus, ,Thrasybulus, countless others but nevertheless no one of them €19 ever , gave himself to the *state in anv case through everything (thoroughly), but the

mover of a resolution would not,be ambassador, the

ambassador would not move.a resolution. For each

of them would reserve for himself not only,relaxation, * " also for shifting if . but an excuse ,the blame, anything went wrong. , , How then— one might say,— did you so far surpass

others in might and boldness as

; 5 to do everything yourself? I do not say that, 9 but I was convinced that the danger —

170 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

which had come upon the city was so great that it seemed to me ?to give no place or thought for individual ,safety, eivat but that it was a matter,of satisfaction, if,

without neglecting any act of duty, a man should .meet his fate. ' And I was persuaded for ,myself, perhaps * foolishly,,but nevertheless ,I was persuaded, that neither would any one else—,who proposed measures propose better than myself, nor, if he tried to carry them out,

do so better than myself, nor, if he went as ambassador, act as such with more zeal and honesty than.myself. Therefore I engaged myself in every matter.

Read the letters of Philip.. 2. THE LETTERS.

To this did my.policy, ,Aeschines, reduce 'Philip; such the

, before this he uttered, (although) DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 171 accustomed to hurl .many bold words against the city. Wherefore with reason

it proposed that I should be crowned by these countrymen,, was my Se and you although present opposed,it not, and^Diondas, who impeached the motion, did not get the (fifth) Xeye .votes. these part of the Read me decrees which were then ,legally acquitted (confirmed), ' . and not even impeached by this man. ',.THE DECREES. These ?decrees, men ,of Athens^ contain the very (syllables and the very words vvv which formerly ,Aristonicus, now Ctesiphon, here .has proposed. And Aeschines neither arraigned these himself

aided that man who preferred.an indictment. vvv * yet, if his charge , And present against me be true, he might at that time with better reason have arraigned 12 ; ,

172 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN.

tw Demomeles who moved this, and tw8\ ; OTl Hyperides,' than this man. Why? Because € 1 he (Ctesiphon) may refer to them and TO to the decisions of the courts and to the fact that this very man (Aeschines) did not accuse them, although they moved the same (decrees) which , TO he has now, and to the fact that the laws lav no longer permit to accuse (proceeding on account of

^ <-/ things thus ,settled, and many ' ' other things then the matter would have been tried * , Tl on its own merits, before any of these (prejudications) 5 , , .had affected it. But then, I imagine,, it would not have been possible to do what Aeschines now does, picking out from former times $\and many decrees hat knew before nor supposed would be said,to-day, to calumniate^them and by changing dates and substituting false motives for action instead of DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. .173 the true ones, to ,appear *to speak to the purpose. That then was not possible, but all the statements must have been according to the ,truth,

close after the facts while you still remembered the particulars and had them almost at

your fingers'.ends. Therefore, having shunned investigations ' , at the time of the facts, he has now come (at this late period), % , thinking,, as it appears to me at least, that you would make it

a contest ,of orators, and that it would be not an inquiry into,political conduct, and a .decision on powers of speaking, not on the interests of state. /^Then he turns,sophistical, and says that you ought to forget the opinion concerning us which % you have brought , that as, from home, and when thinking that there remains ,a balance of money (in your favor) you have a reckoning with some one, if the pebbles are, clear (the accounts are even) and\ nothing remains, ,you allow it, so .also now 174 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

€K TOV ought you to yield to the clear results of the . TOIVVV argument., See,, then, how rotten m its nature, as is to be expected is everything which y €K has not done .justly. this been For by

very cunning simile vvv y he has now acknowledged that we are, to begin with, €€ thoroughly convinced in ourselves that I speak on behalf of my native,country, and he on behalf of ov Philip., For he would not have attempted to persuade you differently, if such were not the pre-existing opinion about .each. And that he does not say what is rightm,in requiring (you) to change this opinion, will easily (show, not by putting down counters (for this kind of calculation 6 ), * does not apply to measures), but by calling to mind

each circumstance ,briefly, using you 7*019 who hear me as at once auditors and ,witnesses, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 175 yap For U1V ,policy, which he ,arraigns, instead of the®Thebans invading

^ Philip, as all this country with , , * expected, -caused them to join our ranks

, the and prevent 'him, and instead of war being in Attica (it caused it) to take place

seven hundred stadia from the city, on the confines of ,the Bosotians, and instead of robbers plundering us

issuing from Euboea, (it caused) Attica to be in peace on the coast side during',the,whole war, and instead of Philip being master of the Hellespont, /3*> by taking ,Byzantium,* (it caused) the Byzantines» to join with us in the war against him. 6 Does this computation of deeds appear to you

; to resemble .,sums in arithmetic' ? or that we should clear these things off, instead of considering how

; they .may be remembered for all time^? And 176 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

' fa „&, $ I < do not now add to the account that of the cnieitv € iv ' which we could have seen in the cases in which Philip tamp, became absolutely ^ J^ rf ™> ^ J™^ it has been the Jot of others to,havC had the trial, Thiifyou

have happily reaped ^ the fruits

oihis generosity, , which he assumed toward you wine compassing the rest .of ££ objects. ico But . I pass by these things.

And yet I will not hesitate to say this' 6 °^^ a Satthat one desiring fair] y £^ 1 " °pa Ka an^orator W and} not -, to calumniate hm.| Aeyec would not have made such charges. as you just now made! ™P aTa PV^Ta ttllT6 Mmues ^°^ ^t and mimicking words .y and ( gestures (for of course it , has all been owing to this ^ 4 don t you see? [ ; that tlm affairs of the Greeks ' have out LZd « € u theyf , . , ( hate), namely, that I ' , usei this WOr , but ^t 5 that, or fume/ Ty , Bevpt), ' hand hither, but £>/ thitfcr{' but ; ; ; DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ^177 would have considered what keeping to the simple facts he V power the city resources and what

or eiarjdiv , , into public affairs, > and had, when I entered

raised for her what I subsequently

how the affairs after,I came forward, and €lX €. eiT €i /xez^ Then, if I had made of our adversaries were. ^ would now&point out >resources ,less, he her * J OV ? €i me, but if (I had made them) the guilt resting upon

have calumniated me. ,greater, he would not much ,. this (course), But since you have shirked

if I shall make the statement *it see will do

fairly.. V city had the For resources, then, the

but the not ,all, islanders,,

Chios nor 'weakest for neither '* ' was with us Rhodes nor Corcyra

(she had) to the amount of but a subscription of money

,talents, and this forty-five ; ; ;

178 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

had *been collected beforehand infantry or cavalry, ovheva , none beside the native. But what of all things Kcu * was most alarming and most in favor of the

enemy,, these fellows had contrived that all ^,our ,neighbors, the,Megariaus, ,the.Thebans, the Eubceans, were nearer enmity than friendship.

the of the ,state, Such were circumstances KCU and no man could say anything else

to the contrary the affairs of,Philip, with ov 7)V, . whom our contest was. see how they were. VPX* In the first place, he led those who followed him, being himself ,absolute, which of military advantages * is the most important 'of all in the next place they had arms always in their hands besides, he had§plenty ,of,money, and did whatever seemed good to him,* not giving notice in ,decrees, nor openly [' ,deliberating, nor brought,to trial, bv DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 179

ovSe ],calumniators, nor defending himself against

indictments for,illegal measures, nor responsible 5 ,v8e to any one, but himself absolute ,master,

leader, lord .of all. I, , And TOVTOV ( who was matched against him (for

TOVT ), it is right to examine this), of what was

; ? . as to this I master Nothing. For very OV privilege of addressing the people to ,begin with, in which

alone I participated,, you 'offered it 5 equally, to his hirelings and myself, and whatever successes these gained over ' ( , Si me (and these were many,),through *whatever pretext each might chance to arise), in these points you took counsel in the interests of the . ' €K3 enemy and so went home. But nevertheless, under

such I made your allies (the) ,Eubceans, ,Achseans,

Corinthians,,,Thebans, . ,Megarians, ,Leucadians, ;

180 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN. ? (and) ,Corcyraeans, from whom were collected, fifteen thousand mercenaries, * and two thousand horse apart from the national forces *of each state and of money I secured the largest joint-contribution of as much as .I could.

But if you speak of justice either as regards,the Thebans,

Aeschines,, or as regards the,Byzantines, or as regards the,Euboeans, or discuss now about OTl equal terms, first you are ignorant that of^/^^those triremes which before fought for *the Greeks, three hundred in all, the city furnished two,hundred, and did not seem to think she was unfairly treated nor prosecute those who advised this(),course nor it, if had feel vexed over (shame on,her she !) but was grateful to the gods, that when a common danger beset the DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 181

% ' herself furnished double the rest did Greeks she what

€69 for the preservation »of all. And after all

they are but poor favors (which) you are conferring . yap on these persons while calumniating me. For why do vvv ola you now say what I ought to,have done, 5 \ 5 5/5 * 5 ^ /\ V \ ov tot but did not then, being in the city and

being present, make these,proposals, if indeed they&admitted it iv under the existing circumstances,, in which' we had to accept not what .,we liked, but what the matters allowed. For one

was ready to bid against us and

to welcome eagerly those rejected

by us and to give money in.addition. ' ei But if now I have accusations against,me for what I,have actually done, what would you think, ei tot if then while I was refining about , al these points, the cities had gone off and

/cat attached themselves ,to Philip, and at the same time 182 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ® he had become master of Eubcea and Thebes

; and Byzantium ? What (do you think) these

; impious men would have done or said?

; Would they not (have said) that they were';given up ? That€they were driven away while wishing to join us ? Then, (that) he had become master of the Hellespont by means of the,Byzantians,',and controller of the corn trade of the Greeks, ' and a heavy neighbor war had ®,been brought into Attica by means of the Thebans, ' and the^sea had become unnavigable through

; the pirates making excursions\ from, Euboea? Would they not have said these things, aye, and many

; other things too besides these ? A wicked,thing,

men of,Athens, a wicked thing is a calumniator, a€i always and every way malicious and fault-finding;' but this creature is by his very nature too ,a fox, from the beginning :

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 183

ovSev ovS having done nothing wholesome or ,noble, a very tragic ,ape, a rustic ,Oinomaus, . yap a counterfeit orator. For in what does your8eloquence

; come to the aid of your country ? Now at last

; do you speak to us about the past? etcrtoW Just as if a physician visiting his patients8 in the course of their 'sickness should not speak nor give directions about what will drive away the , 8 disease, but when one of them has died ,and the *customary (solemnities) were being performed over him, following to the grave should expound " , < If this man had done this and that,

" he would "not have died ! Idiot, do you then now at last

; speak ? , Nor indeed' even as for the defeat, if you,exult in that which ought to have made you groan, accursed,one, you will not find it to have befallen* the city in anyone of the things pertaining to 184 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

. Se . ',me (my measures). Consider it thus. From no place >at any time, where I was sent as an ambassador by you, have come away defeated®,by the ambassadors of Philip,, not from Thessaly,

* not from ,Ambracia, not from ,the Ulyrians,

from the ®Thracian kings, not , not

from ,Byzantium, not from any other place,whatsoever, * ©, ' not on the last occasion from Thebes, but in whatever, cases his ambassadors were worsted in arguments, in these he came up with arms and.carried his,poiit. This,. then, do you charge upon me, and are you not ashamed both to scoff at the same man for cowardice and ye^ecr^ax demand of him single-handed to overcome the

; ; power of Philip? And that too with words?

; For what else had I at my command ?

Certainly not the spirit of each,individual, nor the fortune of the ,army, nor the ; ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 185

conduct,of the war, for which vou demand of me

' so perverse are you. But the accounts av 6 € of that which a statesman may be accountable,for, make

a complete examination I ,do not beg off. What

OVV eCTTL ; ISeiv then are these functions? To see events in their beginnings and.to discern beforehand and proclaim beforehand to others. This has been done . €Tl by me. And ,still further the £several delays,, backwardness, ,ignorance, ,jealousies,

which are found in all states

as constitutional and necessary ,defects, * € these into the smallest possible compass ,to bring,

and on the other hand to impel the states to harmony

/cat and .friendship and an impulse to do their duty. And all this too has been done , €* ' evPV by me, and no one will ever find' anything 9 e. €1 omitted as far as I am concerned. If then one

epoiTO TlCTl should ask any one,whomsoever, by what means ; ;

186 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

Philip achieved most of his successes,

all would say by his army and

by his bribing and corrupting those in

.power. Well, I had neither the control v/v> e \ ovu nor direction of your,forces, so that ovo the question.does not concern me of the deeds done in this department. And at any rate in the matter of being bribed yap by money or not I have overcome 'Philip for as the bidder has overcome the one who,takes the price, ea^ 6 if he ,buy him up, so he who refuses the price, if uu- corrupted, has defeated the .bidder. Therefore. the commonwealth is undefeated as far as I am concerned. C A What, therefore, I contributed towards TOVTOVL its being just for, this man to propose such things concerning me, in addition to many others these and (others) such as these ' ' , ' there are those which all of you (furnished) those . yap I will mention. For immediately after the ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 187

6 , battle the people, knowing and having witnessed oora everything which ,did, in the midst

of its very perils and alarms ,walking ovo (living), when it would not have been wonderful ,(if) the people had felt some ill will against me, in the first place passed my resolutions* for the safety ,city, all things of the and oca which were done for the ,defence,

(namely,) the disposition of the ,garrisons, at , the trenches,, the money for the *walls, came through my decrees' and further, 6 upon appointing a commissioner of grain the people

chose .all. after me from among And this, (when) those conspired, to whom it was an object to do me mischief, and indictments,, eicrayyeXtag^ audits,, impeachments, all these , continually brought in against me, not at first Si , in their own persons, but by such persons as they imagined 13 188 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

(yap $ ' to would best enable them screen themselves (for you surely know on and remember that every single day during that first period I was,arraigned, and neither the desperation of Sosicles, /^nor the sycophancy of Philocrates, nor 'the madness of Diondas and Melantus, nor anything),else was left untried by them against me), iv on all these ,occasions, I say, chiefly through the gods, but secondly through you'and the other Athenians, I .was preserved. And justly;

for this is both true and to the credit of the judges under oath and deciding iv . then, in what is in accordance with their oaths. Well the matters for which informations,were laid against me, when you acquitted me and did not give the prosecutors their share of the *,votes, you then voted that I did the very best; iv and in the matter in respect to which I was acquitted on the DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 189

indictments,, 'I was shown both to move and say what was legal ; and in the matters in respect to which

your seal to the ,accounts, you further certified you put

that all had been done by me honestly and

incorruptibly.. Under these circumstances, then, what

name was it proper or what just for #€<# *; ; Ctesiphon to assign to my actions ? was it not that which he saw the people ,assigning, not that which the judges ,under oath, ^#€> that which (he saw) the truth establishing

; ,to all? , ,Yes, he says, but the example of Cephalus is honorable, . ,/never to have. been indicted. Yes, by Zeus, and fortunate too. But why 6 the more should a often been,tried, man,,who has ' , but has never been convicted of doing evil,

; be on that account ,justly open to reproach ? And yet, so far as he is concerned, at least, men,of Athens, ;

190 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

kcu I also have a right to use the boast .of Cephalus. ovo For he never proposed ,nor prosecuted any indictment against me, so that $I am acknowledged by you at least to be a citizen no wise inferior to Cephalus..

From all sides, therefore, one may see

his unfairness and his ,spitefulness, ^ * ' and not least from what was said about . ' fortune. And in general I regard (as) senseless one who, being a man, brings forward fortune as a reproach against*a man for (when) a man, who believes that he is in the greatest prosperity and fancies that he has the best fortune, does not know ^XP l TVS whether it will continue such until the evening,, how is it proper^^to speak ;about this or how reproach another for it? * But since this man, in addition to many other things,

also in regard to this uses words ; ; DEMOSTHENES',ON THE CROWN. 191 insolently,, look, meu of ,Athens, . /cat and observe with how much more truth and humanity .I will speak about fortune than this man. I regard the fortune of the commonwealth (as) ,good, and I see *even Dodonian,Zeus declaring this in oracles to us the , (fortune) of all mankind, however, which vvv $ now prevails, (I hold to be) cruel and dreadful for who of'the Greeks who of the barbarians has not at the present time experienced

: many evils? Now the fact that we chose the noblest policy and the fact that we are in better case than those very Hellenes who fancied,that, if , hia^iv they abandoned us, they would continue in ei^ai ^5 prosperity,, 'I deem to be (a j,roof ) of the good fortune of the state ; but that we have met with reverses KOI 9 /,^ and all things have not turned out to us as ; 192',DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN. we wished, I think that the city has only participated in the portion\\ which fell to our lot of the fate of other .men. eLVCLL h'lKOLlOV But in personal matters I think it is right to examine my personal lot and . ovv that of each one of you. ,I therefore thus think in regard to fortune, rightly 8 8e and ,justly, as I appear ,to myself, and I ' / think also to you he says that my own personal

fortune is paramount over the common fortune

of the ,state, the small and mean over the good and .great. How can

9c ; this possibly be?

However, if you are determined at any rate

to , examine my fortune, ,Aeschines, look at it in comparison with your,own, and if , you find mine .better than yours, cease to revile it/ Look, then, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 193

the very.beginning. by Zeus let one from And . no lay a charge of absurdity against me. For el , neither if one insults poverty, do I exeiv , consider that he has wisdom, nor if one

having been bred in affluence prides himself * 5 on that ; but by the slander

and malice of this cruel man

forced to fall discussion,, I am into such a which ^/I will handle in the most temperate way ,I can, so far as the case.will allow. Well, then, it was my lot, ,Aeschines, as when a boy, to attend respectable

schools,, and to have so much as XPV one' should have who is to do nothing mean from indigence and having got beyond the age of boyhood

to do things in keeping with ,this (training),

,I acted as choragus, ,became trierarch, ,paid taxes, shrank from no act of self sacrifice, private 194 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

thai or,public, but was ^ '^uiefuT both &}> & to the cUy and to my , € friends, and when appeared good tome to enter ™ , i ut0 public affairs, I chose

many other Greeks I have been crowned

many times, 4 and so , , that not even you, my enemies'

attempt £ to say that ^ (the policy) which

' *. 4 §}, I adopted was not honorable * at any rate. ^ I then ,^- withIT^Psuch fortune, -, haVe lived, a „ d h> '' .* offending any one (by dwelHug) JJJJ*

I am proud of. But do you, the man of digniif "nd T°1S

which you were € brought up as fboy ^ " g.eat ,poverty, attending wiTh your father , ; DEMOSTHENES),ON THE CROWN. 195 at the school, rubbing the ink and sponging the benches and sweeping the school-room, the ,domestic, ,,having rank of a not of a gentleman's son, and having become a man,

you used to read aloud the mystic books ) to your mother when performing her rites of initiation and to help her,in her other impostures, by night wrapping in fawn-skins and drenching with wine and purifying the novitiates and scouring

(them) with clay and bran,, and

having made them rise after the purification u , u , bidding them to say, I escaped the bad, I found the"better," priding yourself on the fact that ( no one ever' howled *so loud (and for my part I believe it for do not think that he , ' speaks so loud, and yet does not howl

)splendidly), and in the daytime leading through the streets those noble ,rioters, 196 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

crowned , withlennel' and white poplar,

squeezing the big-cheeked snakes and

holding them above the ,head, and etoL shouting , Evoe Saboe, and dancing to the song, e ^ , , Hyes Attes, Attes Hyes, being saluted

by tne old crones as leader of the choir and

leader in the dance and chest-carrier and

basket-carrier, and by such-like titles, receiving as compensation for these services-,sweetmeats ' and twists, and cakes of fresh flour, for which who would not really bless himself ' ) ; and his fortune ? When you were enrolled among your fellow-demesmen in whatever,way you please, , ' for I pass by that, when, however, you did,get ,enrolled, you immediately selected\ the most honorable of employments, that of clerk and assistant to our petty.magistrates., And when you were removed after a *while from this also, having yourself done everything which ;

DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 197

you charge against others, you,did not dishonor,

by Zeus, any of your antecedents by your /3, subsequent life, but hiring yourself to those actors% nicknamed the Lugubrious,, Simylus and ,Socrates, you acted,third parts, collecting and grapes

and olives like a fruiterer from

other men's ,farms, getting

kicks from them than from the

your life? for there was an implacable and unceasing, * war carried on by you against the audience, from whom you received many wounds and naturally taunted cowards those inexperienced in such .dangers. yap But passing by that, for which one 7€^^

~~198 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN.~~

~~You espoused such a line,of politics, when at last~~

~~, 7]V it occurred to you to enter this line also, that~~

~~if the country had prospered you lived the life~~

koll aei of a hare, fearing and trembling' and ever expecting to be scourged for the crimes , ' which you were conscious to yourself of having committed ; but while oi ), ' the rest ,suffered, you were seen by all to be .bold. And indeed, a man who, when a thousand citizens ,had perished, was in,high spirits, what does he deserve to suffer at the hands of the

; erep €/7€(,1/ living? Many other things though I might say about him, 'I will omit for I do not think it necessary to speak indiscriminately all the disgraceful ocr oeigcu/xi , accusations' which I might show to befit this.fellow, but (only) what is not disgraceful*to myself to mention. 'Examine, therefore, in comparison,with each,other, the course of life pursued by you and me, gently, and not , then ask malignantly, 'Aeschines; —

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 199~~

these\\people whose fortune each of them would prefer. You taught ,reading, 3 \ £3 3 J / ' and I went.to school. You performed initiations ' 3 \ received.them. You danced in the chorus, ' 3 > furnished.it. You were assembly-clerk, , 3 \ ' was.a speaker. You acted,third parts, I * 3 \ ^3 was.a spectator. You were.hissed off the stage, and I hissed.you. For the enemy ^ 3 £3 has all your policy been, and mine for , vvvi ,country. I pass by the rest, but this very day am on probation for a,crown,& , and am acknowledged >to be guilty^of no offence whatever, whereas it is your fortune to appear ,a calumniator, /-» 3 and you are on your trial as to whether you are to go on , ' 77877 #, doing this any longer, or are to be stopped,at once, not having received the required share of the .votes.

~~\ ; Good indeed- don't you see ? in the fortune in which~~

~~having passed your life you denounce mine as .miserable. 200 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN.~~

~~avosyvo* Come now, let me read you the evidence~~

~~of public which .I have performed.~~

~~As a contrast to which pray do you too read me the~~

~~verses which you,used to murder , I am come, having left the shades and dusky portals of Hades,~~

~~And~~

~~% 111 news, believe me, I am loath to bear.~~

~~oi , Like a wretch as you are, ,may the gods, if so,it may be, and,if not, all these Athenians, bring you to ruin evilly, vile as you are, both as a citizen and~~

~~.as a third-rate actor. Bead the .evidence. MAPTTPIAL EVIDENCE. / In matters, then, pertaining to the state, 8 rot? such has 'been my character • and in private if~~

~~you do not all know that I have been acessible and~~

~~kind and liberal to the ,distressed, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 201~~

~~I am silent, and will not say a word and will offer~~

~~this, no ^evidence on matter, neither if there have been any that I have ransomed from the~~

~~enemy,, nor if the daughters of any persons~~

~~,I have helped to portion (in marriage), nor any~~

such acts, For thus have I assumed. . , ^^. I hold that the one receiving an obligation should yjpovov, remember it through all time, and the one conferring it ^^ , el should forget it immediately, if the one is to

~~do the deed of a,worthy man, the other of a high-spirited~~

,man. To remember and speak of your own bounties is next door to , reproaching.. I will not do any such *thing, nor shall*anything,induce me to do so, ,but whatever.the opinion that has been formed about me in these matters, I am quite satisfied.

~~I wish then, having escaped from private topics,~~

~~to say yet a few words to you about — ,~~

~~202 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.~~

~~6^ public matters. For if, ,Aeschines, you can mention of the men under this sun~~

(a single man) who has come off unscathed from the power of,Philip formerly ^^and that of Alexander now, either, of the Greeks or of the ,barbarians, well and good, I concede to you that my— whether you wish to call it fortune or misfortune has been the cause of . everything.

But if even of thole who have never seen • me heard my,voice many have suffered, many grievous things, not only individually,, but also whole cities and nations, how much more right and .true,is it to think ,the cause ^of all this as it would^seem, the common fortune of men\ and a crop . of troubles overpowering * and such as ought not to have been (lamentable). You, then,

~~disregarding this, accuse me whose political career was —~~

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 203~~

~~among these, \my oion countrymen). and that too, OTl, to , knowing that, even if not the whole, 9 a part at least of your calumny. *falls on all, and particularly on yourself. For if~~

I with absolute powers vested in myself took counsel - about our ,affairs, it would have been open — to'you, the other speakers, to accuse but if you were present at -all me; aei V the ,assemblies. and (if) at all times the

~~state publicly propounded for discussion~~

the course,fit to be pursued, and these measures then et^cu appeared to all to be best, and especially ( * 9 to you (for assuredly it was not from goodwill that you resigned ,to me the expectations and admiration and honors, all of which attended on, what was done by me at that time, but because you were compelled by the ^truth manifestly ), and because you had nothing better to say), 14 ;

~~204 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.~~

do you not act unjustly and shamefully in complaining of vvv these, then measures now, than which you could not suggest ; ? better? *Now among all other men I see'these principles defined' and settled in a manner; a man willingly.offends wrath and 'punishment for him. A man has erred unintentionally;. pardon instead of punishment for him. Has any one, without criminality

~~or ,error, devoting himself to~~

~~what seemed for the general good, failed~~

* ; in common with all ? It is not right to reproach

~~nor abuse such,an one, but~~

to.sympathize with him. Not only will all these principles be found so in the enactments,of the law, but even nature herself has thus laid them down in her unwritten laws and in the moral constitutions

~~.of men. Aeschines, however, has so far surpassed ?all men in brutality 205 DEMOSTHENES €ON THE CROWN. which and ,malignity, that even things~~

~~even he cited himself as misfortunes, these to me he.imputes as crimes., And in addition to the rest, as though~~

~~he himself had spoken all his words /X€T ,will, he bade you with candor and with good~~

~~, that watch me &and miud you, calling me I should not cajole or ,deceive Kat a sophist a man of art and a juggler and ', eav and such names, as though when a man is the first to say~~

~~' > what "applies to himself, about another ) #' , and the hearers that is true as a matter of course,~~

~~€ the person is to inquire who are not further ' 6 ' . that that makes these statements. And I know /> ty~~

~~, believe this man, and €all . know you~~

~~more these charges to apply to him much~~

~~e/xoi. I well know that than to me. —That also . this pass. (be it so). in regard to my skill as an orator— but let 206 DEMOSTHENES* ON THE CROWN. However, I indeed see the hearers~~

~~for the most part masters of the power of the~~

~~speakers; for as you may accept and~~

~~have goodwill toward ,each, so '~~

~~does the speaker seem .to be wise. If, ' however I have any ability of,this sort,~~

~~you will all find that this was exhibited in public business' on behalf'of you, always, and never against you nor on private matters ; but that~~

~~of Aeschiues, on the contrary, (has been exhibited) not~~

~~r on b i» speaking on behalf of the ,enemy,~~

~~bu * also if any ,one has vexed him at all or in any way offended him, against . such men. XPVrai ' For he does not employ it ,for justice, nor ' d . for what benefits the commonwealth.~~

~~For to secure himself the indulgence of neither his anger~~

nor ' his enmity nor any other of such things should the man of honor DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 207 and the patriot call on those who have entered,the court as'judges on behalf of the public,interests, nor ought he to come before you for such purposes,

~~but best of all not to have these feelings ' iv ) , ei dp' *X eLV in his nature, but if ,he must, to have them~~

~~. iv mildly and moderately 'disposed. On what occasions, then, ought the statesman and orator~~

eivat ; iv tl to be vehement? Where any of the main interests iv of the commonwealth ,is in jeopardy, and when ecrTt iv 'the people have to deal with their ,enemies, in these cases ; for those (are the occasions) for a generous

/cat and brave .citizen. But that without ever 9 having thought right to get satisfaction 'from me on account of,any public, *nay I will add, even private *,wrong, , either on the state's behalf or his own, he should now come forward having prepared an accusation against my being crowned and honored,, and should have expended so many ;

~~208 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.~~

~~words of personal enmity, and spite and~~

~~meanness is ,proof, not of anything.good. ro But indeed, that he, having neglected to bring the~~

~~trials against me myself, now should come roVS' against this . man, involves even everything that is bad.~~

~~And to you , me appear from these things,~~

Aeschines,^ to have undertaken this cause wishing to make a sort of exhibition of eloquence and ,vocal practice, not to obtain * satisfaction for any .wrong. But it is n&t 6 the language of the ,orator, ,Aeschines, , * 6 that is the thing to be valued, nor the tone of his

~~, his adopting the voice, but same views with the people and his hating and loving . 6 the same persons as his country. For the man~~

that is thus minded,, he will say everything ' 6 ' * in loyalty but he that counts those from whom the commonwealth apprehends danger , DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 209 to herself, does not ride at the same (anchor) with ,the people, neither, consequently, has he the 5 same expectation of.security. But,

~~; do you see? I have; for I have chosen the same things which Kai were*to the interest of ,these (my countrymen), and no exclusive or private interests~~

~~' ; .have I made for myself. Is that so with you: How can it be ?~~

~~You who immediately after the war went off as ambassador to ,Philip, who was the author of the calamities to your country at that ,time, and that too~~

~~though refusing during all the previous time this~~

~~tcracrt^. service,, as all know. And indeed,~~

~~; who is it that deceives the state ?~~

~~\ \ / c>~~

a : Is it not the man who does not say what bethinks? ' And on whom does the herald pronounce a curse he ; justly? Is it not on such an one? What . greater crime can one mention against an orator 210 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

~~V than that he does not think and say~~

~~; TOLVVV the same things ? You then have been found to be . € en) such a man. Do you then speak and dare~~

~~; *to look into the faces of these men ? Do you think they do^not know what sort of a man e^eiz/ you are ? or that they are all sunk in such VWVOP ov sleep and oblivion as not to remember~~

~~the remarks which you made in your harangues to the people~~

; at the time of the war? imprecating curses on yourself and protesting that there was between*you and Philip no ,relation, but that I €> was bringing that charge against,you out of personal ,enmity, which was not true. ' * V , But as soon as there came the news of the battle, you thought of none of these statements, but acknowledged 5/) / / etz^at and avowed immediately that there was between,you and him a relation of friendship and intimacy, substituting these names DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 211

~~rrj €K for your position'as an hireling; for on what YjV plea of equality or justice could V Philip be the intimate or friend or acquaintance~~

~~of Aeschines, the son of Glaucothea the ;timbrel-player ? op, * I do not see, but you were hired~~

~~the interests .of these to ruin ' {your countrymen). But nevertheless, though you have thus openly~~

~~yourself as a traitor and become~~

~~an informer against yourself after the fact, >€€ 3 V you revile and reproach me for things~~

~~with which you will find all chargeable~~

sooner. (than I). Many, glorious and great enterprises has the commonwealth, ,Aeschines, both undertaken 5 , and carried out through me, which * yap she did.not forget. Here is the proof- for the people,

~~when electing the man to speak over those // ^who had fallen immediately after the event ;~~

~~212 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CEOWN.~~

ere did not elect you though$,you were proposed, although you had ,a fine voice, nor ,Demades, 9 / SCV3 TTjV ovo though he had just made the ,peace, nor ' ovSeva , Hegernon,,. nor anybody else from among you, but me. And when you ,^aud Pythocles, came ,forward brutally and shamelessly, Zeus, and ye other gods, and urged against me \, the same accusations which you now do, and ,abused me,

~~they elected me all .the more. Of the reason , . you are not ignorant, and yet, I will tell you. *Both facts knew the Athenians, my \ ' loyalty and the zeal with which I conducted~~

~~, /^* their affairs, and your dishonesty~~

for what when affairs were prosperous you denied upon,oath,. this (you confessed in the misfortunes of the state. Those, accordingly, who in the common misfortunes found a security for ,their designs, 7? they considered to have been their enemies long ago, ;

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 213 ' and at that moment to have become such *manifestly~~

~~further also having considered that it was fitting~~

that the person who was to speak in honor of the fallen* and celebrate their ' valor should not have sat under the same roof or at the same table with their enemies,, * ' and that he should not revel there and sing a psean over the calamities of the ,Greeks in company with the perpetrators of the murder, ' and then come here and ,receive distinction, ) ) and that he should not, acting his part,, with his voice bewail their fate, but * that he should lament over them in his heart. And,this they perceived in themselves and in me, . S\ ^ > but not in you. . Therefore me they elected and ,not you. Nor did the people indeed (feel) thus, and the fathers and brothers 01 of the deceased who by the people ;

214 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ' at that time were chosen to perform their obsequies , Seov TO (feel) differently, but when they had to make the funeral8banquet with 'the nearest relative of the ,slain, as in other cases is customarv,, TOVT . ' they made it with me. Reasonably for though of kin ,each to his own was ^nearer ' than I was, yet no one was nearer all collectively for whom it most concerned crac/T^ai> ., that they should be in safety and prosperity,

~~he also had the largest share in the anguish~~

~~(felt) for them all when they had met that fate~~

! that .had. which, oh they never ' TOVTl Read him this ,epitaph, which the state chose to inscribe upon their monument lv\ at the,public expense, in order that, ,Aeschines, even ^jjs by this very thing you may know yourself

~~.foul. .as heartless, a sycophant and Read. ;~~

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN. 215~~

THE.EPITAPH. ' These, for their country into the conflict put Their arms, and their adversaries' violence.scattered abroad. 1 But,contending by'bravery 'and courage they did not save Their lives, but Hades the , ', common arbiter made, Tor the sake of the Greeks, that they might not, having placed about their necks the yoke . Of slavery, have to endure savage insolence about them.? And\^their native earth holds in her bosom of the slain 'most Ot tbe bodies, for to mortals at the hands of Zeus this is the issue

~~To fail in nothing is the prerogative of the gods, and to succeed,in all things, ' . But in mortal life from fate (the god) does not afford them any escape.~~

~~iv Do,you hear,8,Aeschines, even in this very inscription, that in nothing to fail and in all things~~

~~ecrrt ; to succeed is the prerogative of the gods$,>? Not to the statesman does it ascribe the power~~

of winning when,fighting, but . ovv, Xoihopel to the gods. Why, then, execrable,man, do you reproach 4 wepl , a me about these things, and say that which ot \ els may the gods turn upon the head of you and

~~j yours ? 216 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.~~

~~, /cat Now then, men of Athens, though many other accusations and falsehoods,,,he urged against me, one thing most of all I wondered at, that, when he mentioned the misfortunes which had then befallen~~

~~the city, he had not the state of mind which a patriotic and just citizen would (have had), ovo ovo neither ,wept, nor felt any sufth emotion ?7? ' in his heart, but raising his voice~~

/cat /cat and exulting and straining,his windpipe, he imagined, , * apparently, that *he was accusing me, but was exhibiting proof against himself that in the ecr^e distressful events that,had occurred he had nothing in common with the rest. And indeed a person who

/cat professes to care for the laws and the vvvl, constitution,, as he just now did, even et , Set y ^X eiv if nothing else, ought at least to have , /cat this attribute, to grieve for the same things and rejoice in the same things as the ,people, and ;

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 217 ) not in his choice of public principles to range himself~~

~~on the side of our .enemies. This you 3 \ vvvl , now have plainly done, saying that I * 3 \ am the cause of all and that through me~~

~~the commonwealth has fallen into ,. troubles, though it was not from my policy or principles that you began~~

3 \ *, ei to assist the€ Greeks, since,if this be conceded to me by you, that it was •> 3 , "PXV through me you opposed the domination preparing against the ,Greeks, a greater boon would be bestowed than all which you$have given . * * 3 \ to the rest. But neither would I make (y^P ), this (assertion) (for 'I would be doing you an injustice), nor would you, I am sure, allow it and he, > , ' if he acted honestly, would not, for the sake of his enmity towards me, have disparaged and. defamed the greatest of your glories. ; 218 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN,, But why do I rebuke hiin for this, when other

~~far more shocking calumnies he has falsely uttered~~

~~; and charged (upon me) ? For he who charges #€ot, (with) .Philippizing, earth and ye gods,~~

~~av ; what would this man not say ? And indeed, by Hercules , * * and all the gods, if one had honestly , to inquire,' putting,away lying and malicious speaking, who the persons really are~~

~~on whose heads all might reasonably and justly place the blame for what,has happened, one would find them to be such men as this fellow in each of the~~

~~t\ «/ » * ov ' 01, OT cities, not men like me who, when the power of Philip was feeble /?) , constantly and exceedingly small, and we were~~

~~warning and exhorting and~~

~~giving the ,best counsel, sacrificed the general interests for the sake of selfish DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 219~~

,lucre, severally deceiving and corrupting their respective ,citizens, ^, until they made them ,slaves, ,Daochus, Cineas and Thrasydseus the,Thessalians, ,Cercidas, ,Hieronymus and,Eucampidas the,Arcadians, ,Myrtis, ,Teledarnus and/Mnaseas ,the Argives, ,Euxitheus, ,Cleotimus and Aristsechmus ,the Eleans, Neon and ol Thrasylochus ,the Messenians, the sons ,, , 9 of Philiades, the enemy of the gods, ,Aristratus 9 and Epichares ,the Sicyonians, ,Demarchus',and Demaratus the,Corinthians, ,Ptoiodorus, ®,Helixus and Perilaus the©,,Megarians, ',,Timolas, Theogiton and Anemcetas the Thebans, Hipparchus, ,Cleitarchus and Sosistratus .the Euboeans. The day will leave me while recounting, the names of the ,traitors. All these men,

~~Athenians,, are men of the same politics in ,their own countries as these men among you, profligates and 15 220 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.~~

~~parasites and ,miscreants, who have each of them~~

~~crippled their ,fatherlands,~~

~~who have betrayed their liberty first~~

~~to,Philip, and now ,to Alexander, who measure €V$aL[JLOVLaV their happiness by the belly and what ' is,most base, € and ,that freedom and independence of any master, which with the~~

Greeks of former'davs were the marks and ^, standards of everything good, they.have annihilated. Of this so base ,and infamous conspiracy and profligacy, 9 * , or rather, to , men of ,Athens, if lam speak earnestly

~~(be not foolish), this betrayal of the liberty of the~~

~~Greeks,, the city is by all a*>c >9 men acquitted owing to my .,counsels, and ^(am acquitted) by you. Then do you ask me for what merit~~

~~^ rt/xacr^ai ; , I claim to be honored? I tell you that, DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 221~~

~~rots while all the statesmen, among the ,Greeks, beginning with yourself, have been corrupted~~

~~formerly by ,Philip, and now by~~

~~Alexander,, me neither opportunity nor~~

~~fair speeches nor large promises~~

~~nor hope nor fear nor anything else~~

~~could tempt nor induce to betray aught~~

~~that I considered just and beneficial ) \ to my ,country, what at any time~~

~~I have advised ,these, have I advised iv like you, inclining towards gain 5~~

~~as if ,a scale (balance) but from an upright and just incorrupt ,soul, and and~~

~~as is well known, having presided over the most important interests of the men of my time,~~

~~I have performed all these political duties honestly and~~

~~fairly.. this On accouut of I claim to.be honored. ov And this repairing of the fortification, which you~~

~~: 222 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN~~

~~sneered,at as mine, and the making of ditches~~

~~I think worthy of thanks and ,praise,~~

~~; for how not ? (So they are.) Far, .however, do I place them below the acts of my administration.~~

~~Not with stones did I fortify the city nor with,brickwork, nor is it upon *these deeds of mine that I pride myself .the most. But~~

~~if you wish to view my fortifications~~

~~aright,, you will find arms and states and Xi/xeW? posts and harbors and ships and~~

~~horses and men for their~~

~~.defence. These I threw~~

~~in front of Attica,, as far as was possible by human,,wisdom, and with these I fortified our territories, not the circle of the Peirseus~~

~~. I beaten or the city. Nor was , by Philip in,estimates, far from it, * ol nor in,preparations, but the generals DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 223~~

~~KOU and forces of the allies (were overcome) at by his fortune. What the proofs~~

~~; of this ? They are clear and .evident. . Consider. ^ XPV V T°v tvvovv , What ought a loyal citizen to have done, TL what the statesman working for his country~~

~~with all forethought and zeal and~~

~~; fidelity ? Should he not on ',the seaboard have put (covered) Eubcea before Attica, and on the mainland Bceotia,, and on the regions facing Peloponnesus~~

~~l ; the states which border on it? Should he not have&provided for the conveyance,of corn, that it be carried along (a country) friendly~~

~~"*> ; in its whole extent to the Peirasus? And~~

~~have secured some of the states already ours~~

~~by despatching expeditions (to them) and by advising~~

~~/cat and moving accordingly,, (namely,) ,Proconnesus, 224 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.~~

~~,, TeveSoVy Chersonesus, Tenedos, and have effected that others shall become related*$,and in,alliance, (namely,) Byzantium,, Abydos,~~

~~; Eubo3a ? and have taken away the most important~~

of the resources accruing to the is, evekeiwe , enemy, and wherever the state was deficient, there ei^ai TOIVVV to have supplied the deficiency ? Now then, all these things have been effected by my decrees A a, and by my public measures, wnich, ' s \ , eav avev men of,Athens, if without prejudice any

~~will ,examine, he will find to have been both rightly~~

planned and executed with all TOV faithfulness,, and that 'the opportunity in any case was not missed ,or unobserved betrayed by me, and of what depended €19 Swa/xtz^ € av09, on the power and prudence of one man, * €6 nothing was.neglected. But if the power either of some deity or of fortune or the worthlessness DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 225

KOLKLOL TOW of commanders or the wickedness of you who betrayed your countries, or ,all these together went on damaging everything, until they had,brought ruin, of what Demosthenes ' ; guilty ? But if ,such as I was in my station among one man had been

~~of the ,states, in each Greek ' or rather had Thessaly possessed one man~~

~~9 alone and ,Arcadia having the same sentiments as I, no one, either of the Greeks' beyond Pylse, or ,of those this side, would have suffered their present calamities, but~~

~~all would, in freedom and independence,~~

~~with entire freedom from fear in security, in prosperity, have lived in their own ,countries,~~

~~thankful to you and the rest of 9 the^*/Athenians * .for so great / and such blessings through me. And in order that you may know 226 DEMOSTHENES OH THE CROWN.~~

~~otl that I make use of statements falling far short~~

~~the , of facts, through fear of giving offence,,~~

~~read me this and take and read the~~

~~number of the forces (sent out) in accordance with~~

~~my .decrees.~~

~~THE LIST OF ,AUXILIARIES.~~

~~These and such,things (like measures) Aeschines, t , 8et it becomes the honorable and good citizen .to do. , In the event of their success indeed, beyond a doubt~~

~~we might have been pre-eminently,great, and this~~

~~deservedly ,also, but though adversely they have turned out, yovv there is at any rate the result of a good reputation and~~

~~the fact that nobody blames the state~~

~~or its ,policy, but condemns~~

~~the fortune that so ordered ,things, ov (thus should a patriot act), not, by Zeus, not, ,I say, deserting the interests of the state, ;~~

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROAVN. 227~~

~~' and hiring himself to its ,adversaries,~~

~~watch over the opportunities for its foes instead of those of his ,country,~~

~~and malign the man who has undertaken d^ia to recommend and propose measures worthy~~

of the state and makes it a principle to abide , 18 by them, and if any one privately offends,him, €> it ,it ik remember and treasure up, observe a retirement criminal and ,treacherous, as you , do ,often. There is, indeed, there is a retirement rr, , just and beneficial to the state, such as you, the *bulk of my countrymen, innocently enjoy. But this man (Aeschines) does not ay€i $, enjoy* this retirement,, 8far from it but withdrawing, whenever it pleases him,

/cei) , ' from public life ((and it often does please him), he watches for the moment when you are tired of the constant speaker, or from fortune 228 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CKOWN. some reverse has happened, or (anything else untoward)'has taken place (and many are the casualties of human life) ; then, at such a momen , he suddenly springs up ,an orator, (rising) after

~~his rest like , a gale, and~~

~~with well-trained voice, and having collected words and phrases, he strings these together audibly and without,taking breath, bearing no ^ ), advantage and possession of any good,~~

~~but detriment to some one or other of his fellow-citizens and to the general .disgrace. And yet of this~~

labor and diligence,, ,Aeschines, ^^? if it had proceeded from a spirit just and solicitous for the interests of the ,state, the fruits should have been, noble and beautiful and useful to all, alliances

~~,of states, the establishment supplies ,of money, , of,a mart, enactment of useful laws, '~~

~~DEMOSTHENES OK THE CROWN. 229~~

~~opposition to our declared .enemies.~~

~~For for all those things there was in former times ,a demand, and the past~~

^ 6 time gave to a man noble and good > many opportunities,of showing himself, in which category you will nowhere be found to have been ,first, ov ov , ov ov or second,,, or third, or,fourth, or,fifth, or sixth, or in any,rank whatever, at any rate not 67 y ois in any case where the state was.gaining strength. For crv/, what alliance has come to the state

~~; by your procurement? What succor or acquisition~~

~~; of goodwill or credit ? What ,embassy, what~~

~~; agency,, through which the city has become more honored ? TL What domestic or 'Hellenic ,or foreign affair,~~

~~; over which you,presided, has been improved ? What~~

~~; ; ; T triremes? W hat weapons What docks ?~~

~~; ; What repair of walls ? What cavalry?~~

~~; In what possible department are you useful ? What ;~~

~~230 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CHOWN.~~

)\iTLh financial relief for the state and the public *

~~(has been given by you) either to the wealthy or to the~~

~~; , , needy ? None. But, my good fellow,~~

~~if , (take the will for the deed,) (I did) none of these things,; at least loyalty and 'zeal (was shown by me) Where?~~

~~; , When? Who, thou of all the,most unjust, >£> «/ ocrai not even when all, who ever 3 \~~

spoke upon the ,Bema (platform) gave donations for the preservation,of the state, and finally Aristonicus (gave to the city) the money which he had collected for regaining his^civil rank, V 9 not even then ,either came forward contributed anything, not from,inability,

; for how could that be? seeing that you have inherited V more than five talents of the money €5 ' of,Philo, your ,wife's father, and received two talents as a gift clubbed together' by the leaders of the Symmorise for the damage you did to the law DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 231

.of the trierarchy. But that I may not, by going through subject after subject, put myself off from (lose sight of) the matter,in hand, I will pass by . on this. But that it was not from ,poverty that you did not ,contribute, from this is evident, but from your care that no act of yours might be in opposition to those for whom you do everything.in public life. On what occasion, then,

~~^^ ; are you spirited and when do you shine out ? av it behooves (to say something) against ,these~~

(your countrymen), on these occasions (you are) splendid,in voice, ,perfect©.in memory, an admirable actor,, a tragic Theocrines.^^ Then, \you mention the good .men of olden.time. And well you do it. ov , Not, however, is it right, men of Athens,, having' drawn upon the goodwill existing on your part towards the ,dead, ;

~~232 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. to examine me and compare me'.with them, (me) who now living with you. OVK OLOe OTL For who of mortals does not know that~~

~~against all living men there is a certain lurking of envy, greater or ,less, oi58e whereas the dead, no one, even of his enemies,~~

~~/xicrei any longer hates ? These things, then, being ) , € in human nature, am I now to be put on trial~~

~~and examined with reference to those before~~

~~; myself?, By*no means; for neither is it just nor equitable, ,Aeschines, but in comparison with you and any other you like of those who)have embraced~~

~~principles . the same as yourself and are living. . KaWcov And consider this. Whether it is more honorable and~~

better for the state because of the services of men of,former time, surpassingly,great as they are, ayei^ ,great, to subject to indeed no one can say how ingratitude and contempt those DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN., 233 ^that are done for the present age, or all, do anything with ,goodwill, for who

~~to have their share of honor and regard~~

; from these people? Yet, indeed, if so much Sel , I must say, my politics ,and principles,, if one fairly consider them, will be found to aim at similar and (indeed) the same results as those of the illustrious ancients,, 8 but yours (to resemble) those'of the men who calumniated such men at that time; for it is evident, that even among them ,there were persons, who slandered the men then living, but praised those who had lived ,before, acting in.a spiteful fashion, and the same thing as you (are doing).

~~et/xt Do you then say, that in nothing am I ' ; , ; similar to the ancients? Are you like them, Aeschines?~~

~~6 ; Is your brother? Is anyone else of our present ; . , speakers ? I assert that none is. But, ;~~

234 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. ', my,good fellow (that I may say nothing else), examine the living in comparison with the 9 , living,, and those ,of his own age, as (you would) in all other cases, poets,, ,/> dancers,, athletes.. Philammon did not because he was weaker than Glaucus

~~/cat the Carystian and some other athletes~~

/et who lived ',,before, 'depart uncrowned from Olympia, but because he fought better, than those who entered the ring ,against him, he was crowned and proclaimed victor. opa And do you, (therefore,) examine* me in comparison with the of the present day, with ,yourself, orators 8 with whomsoever you wish of them'all not one e^tcrra/xat' , do I decline. Of whom,^when the state had the opportunity of choosing the ,best policy,

~~and rivalry in patriotism lay , eycg open to all, I appeared to give the,best counsel, —~~

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 235~~

~~and by ray decrees and laws~~

and negotiations the whole administration,was carried on, $ but no one of you was ,anywhere, except if SeoL * it were necessary to harm these {yourfellow-citizens) ; 8e d , but when (such things) happened— would to heaven they never had—

~~and no longer was there a call for ,counsels,~~

~~but for men ready to obey orders~~

~~and of men ready to take pay against their country, and men willing to flatter another {strangers), then you and each~~

of these were at your posts . and grand and * fine ',horse-keepers, and I ,powerless, ,I acknowledge, but more well-disposed towards these men . , than you. Two things, men ,of Athens, should (yap the citizen of well-balanced disposition possess (for speaking in this (general) way about), myself "it is least offensive forme to say so) in authority, indeed, he should maintain the policy 16 236 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. , of what is noble and pre-eininent for the *state, and at all times and in every action, loyalty; , 8wacr#ax for of this,£<> nature. is master, but of power and might, other things. This (spirit), then, 9 . you will .find to have dwelt with me absolutely. Only see. Not when my,person was demanded,, not when they brought Amphictyonic suits against me, not when,they menaced, not ,when they promised, not when they set , these miscreants like wild beasts upon me, have I in any.way abandoned my > goodwill towards you.

For from the very first, straightforward and honest (was) the,course of policy (which) ,I chose, the honor, the ,power, ?the glory of my fatherland ,to cherish, these av^eij/, el^ai. to exalt, on their side to be. I do not,

~~in the case of the successes of strangers, gay and cheerful walk along the ;~~

~~DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN. 237~~

~~ayopav, market-place, extending my right hand and~~

~~congratulating those who I think , 8e will report it yonder, while of the successes of the~~

city I hear with a shudder and a sigh and €15 , with head bowed to the earth, like these A 06 , impious8men, who rail at ,the city, as if they were not railing at themselves, whenever , 8e ^, they do this, and look,abroad, and',where another has triumphed by the ruin of the Greeks,

~~this they glorify and protest that it is necessary~~

~~to see that it shall remain throughout all .time. , , Never, I pray indeed, all ye\powers of heaven, may any of you grant this, but (if)~~

/by any means possible, put into these men ap a better mind and ,heart but if they ^?^ Kaff are indeed incurable, of themselves alone make them utterly destroyed (destroy them utterly) and TV ruined on land and , and to us 238 DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN.

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Rev. S. Guilband, Professor of Greek, St. Charles Col* 1 lege^ Ellicott City, Ma.: Your Greek-English and English- Greek Dictionary has been unanimously adopted by our College board. We will also take a certain number of copies of the English-Greek separate, because many of our students who have the Greek-English are without the English-Greek About 170 students follow the Greek course; so we will need a good supply of dictionaries.

~~Rev. P. Nicholas Leonard, 0. S. F., St. Joseph's Dio. cesan College, Teutopolis, III.: It is our intention to introduce your Classic Greek Dictionary We have so far used Grove's Greek Dictionary.~~

Brother Isidore, F. S. C, President La Salle College^ Philadelphia, Pa.: I shall take pleasure in recommending your Classic Greek Dictionary to the committee on text books, for adoption in our college. :

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~~A New New Testament~~

The ever-growing interest in New Testament subjects —so generally and so intelligently discussed now-a-days makes it desirable that the general reader, who would be well informed on current topics, should have some acquaintance with the relation of the standard English version to the original text, while a still more intimate knowledge on the part of the clergyman and the Bible Class teacher would seem almost imperative. Toward this end no aid is likely to be more helpful than the Interlinear New Testament. There are many other reasons, scarcely needing mention, why the Interlinear New Testament should be at the elbow of every intelligent f>erson who either is or hopes to be posted on general topics. Not the east of these reasons is the facility with which it enables one, even if rusty in his Greek, or even if wholly unacquainted with Greek, to put his finger on the original Greek word or phrase, and at the same instant upon an absolutely literal rendering. To many it will promptly repay its cost in the time saved from turning to a Greek lexicon. The Interlinear New Testament will be needed by every clergy- * man, Sunday School superintendent, and Bible-Class teacher, as well as by many students of Greek in Schools and Colleges, by most intelligent people who wish their library complete, and by everyone

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