Using local geotrails to connect small volcanic geosites and provide new opportunities for geotourism - examples from the Kanawinka Geopark in the Newer Volcanic Province of South Eastern

Bernie Joyce School of Earth Sciences The University of Wupatki National Monument Arizona Heritage signboard and early Volcanoes Discovery Trail leaflet Williamstown Lava Blister Williamstown Lava Blister Geocaching!

Basalt under Melbourne (figure from from Neilson 1992) Burnley Basalt Flow

• Erupted from Hayes Hill near Mt Fraser ~40 km north of Melbourne and flowed down an earlier Darebin Creek past Alphington into the Yarra River valley • Dated at the Alphington Quarry at 0.81 Ma • Dense to vesicular lava, moderately jointed, slightly weathered, multiple flows to 10m thick near Jolimont and thinning further downstream • Variable permeability, water quality variable

• The Newer Volcanic Province of South Eastern Australia has many geosites – there are 400 or so scoria cones, lava shields, maar craters and tuff rings, and extensive lava flows. Map in the Intraplate Volcanism volume 1989

13 Scoria cones and lava shield of Mt Napier Mt Elephant scoria cone Crater of Mt Elephant nested maar

Mt Rouse Lake Purrumbete Ash deposits at Tower Hill maar Stony rises entering Lake Corangamite

We can consider volcanic geosites and their extensive range of features.

• Lava flows features • Columnar basalt • Lava caves • Interaction of lava flows and coastlines • Lakes - in craters, or dammed by flows • Historic features – homesteads, towns, memorials • Lost or damaged features e.g. quarried cones reconstructured Lava cave at Mt Eccles AND MORE!

• The waterfall trail • The present & past “drainage” trail • The maar trail • The coastal lava trail –Rouse flow at Port Fairy, Eccles Flow u/water • The Julia Percy Island story • The Lava Tumuli (lava blisters)

Mt Rouse flow to coast

Rouse flow ending at Port Fairy • The Kanawinka Geopark has around 100 of the NVP volcanoes, including most of the young volcanoes, and almost all the maar craters – some 40 in all. KANAWINKA GLOBAL GEOPARK Australia’s First UNESCO Global Geopark

The that forms the landscape, culture and communities of Western and South Eastern

AUSTRALIAN GEOPARK NETWORK 32 Lochaber Kybybolite Dunolly Glenorchy Navarre Clear Lake Eddington Avenue Hynam Lucindale NARACOORTE Apsley Natte Yallock Charam Toolondo KanawiMoonamnbel kaTimor Landsborough Craters & Limestone Edenhope Langkoop STAWELL MARYBOROUGH Precinct Precincts and GeAovocsa ites Halls Gap Wrattonbully Harrow Great Western Bellfield Settlement Pomonal Amphitheatre Talbot Greenways Dundas Tableland 7 Dundas Tableland ARARAT Preciinctt Lexton Clunes Kangaroo Inn Coojar Englefield Penola Dergholm Nareen Raglan Furner Gatum Mirranatwa Middle Creek 21 Maroona Beaufort Creswick Willaura Beachport Hatherleigh Burrumbeet Lake Mundi Cavendish Rendelsham 1 Mount Burr Nangwarry Tatyoon Southend 2 4 Kalangadoo 22 Kyup Lakes & Craters BALLARAT 3 5 Casterton MILLICENT Tarpeena 24 23 Dunkeld Precinct Snake Valley Glencoe 6 Wickliffe Westmere Streatham Scarsdale Tantanoola Strathkellar Skipton 8 Strathdownie Merino HAMILTON Lake Bolac 46 48 Tarrington 47 11 12 Digby Cape Clear MOUNT GAMBIER Bradvale 9 Dereel Branxholme Chatsworth 28 29 Mingay Kongorong 10 13 Yahl 27 14 Dartmoor 25 Carpenter Rocks Hotspur Rokewood 49 17 26 Caramut 55 Lismore 15 Myamyn Minhamite Allendale East 18 Lyons Hexham Darlington Macarthur 16 Nelson Milltown 32 30 36 Foxhow Port MacDonnell Cressy Heywood Broadwater Hawkesdale Mortlake 54 Wingeel Bessiebelle Ellerslie 37 Woolsthorpe Kariah 50 Mount Richmond 31 Orford 38 Heathmere 40 53 Beeac 20 57 CAMPERDOWN 51 41 56 Codrington Koroit Purnim Terang 39 Cashmore 34 35 42 44 Cororooke Yambuk 58 Cobden 43 52 19 PORTLAND Port Fairy Birregurra 33 45 COLAC WARRNAMBOOL Legend Glenfyne Barongarook Deans Marsh Nullawarre Scotts Creek Walking track Geosite Timboon Simpson Major watercourse Gellibrand Forrest Geopark Boundary Waterbody Coast & Caves Lava Flows Kennedys Creek Highway National / State Park Port Campbell Preciinct Precinct Peterborough Beech Forest Other Sealed Road State Forest / Public Land Wye River Lavers Hill Princetown Point Hawdon

Hordern Vale Apollo Bay

Produced by: South East Resource Information Centre PO Box 3587 Mount Gambier SA 5290 Produced for: Kanawinka Geopark Data Source: Geoscience Australia, 2005 Compiled: 30 September 2009 20 10 0 20 40 60 Reference: 9071 (version 3.3) Datum: Geocentric Datum of Australia, 1994 ± km The Kanawinka Trail

• It began as a Volcano Trail • Became a UNESCO Global Geopark • And is now the Kanawinka Trail

Linking the Kanawinka Geopark to the Great Ocean Road • A study of how to develop a new Geotourism connection between the Great Ocean Road National Landscape and the Kanawinka Geopark of Western Victoria • A program is being developed with a student volunteer The Twelve Apostles

Age July 5 2005 Discovery Expeditions Visit Kanawinka Geopark and experience the vast volcanic landscape of the Western Plain. Itineraries include – craters and limestone; coast and caves; cones and falls; lakes and .

Private Charter Tours - include one day and 2 day options. All tours are tailored to suit specific interests. Vehicles – Tarago (8 seats), Commuter Coach (12 seats) Larger coaches available. Language speaking guides available.

@ Volcanos Discovery Expeditions

Visit Kanawinka Geopark and experience the Geosites in the Kanawinka Geopark/Trail • There are many small geosites, not always close to an eruption point. • These more local geosites lend themselves to being connected by geotrails. • And a group of small volcanic geosites might be connected by local geotrails to provided valuable geotourism field trips. Notice board on Mt Leura, Camperdown Mt Leura, Camperdown, with Sugarloaf (left) Mt Sugarloaf - purchased 1970

Stone walls of the Stony Rises

53 KGP volcano museum National Trust Volcanic Plains Forum Report April 2007

“Dr Tim Hubbard, heritage architect and Heritage Advisor to three SW Shires and the City of Warrnambool, began with the concepts that inform much of the architecture and garden design in the SW: the Beautiful vs. the Sublime, followed by the Picturesque Aesthetic of Claude Lorraine, Von Guerard and Edward LaTrobe Bateman, Tim’s favourite Western District painter. His talk on his slides was peppered with striking phrases like: “The Tower at Kolor is built for prospect and aspect – to see and be seen.”

The Kolor homestead and garden from the top of Mount Rouse. A “layline”! An aboriginal Song Line

• The meeting of people from other parts of the Western Plains to exchange stone axes and other goods.

• from the Otway Ranges to the volcano on the plains – a landline trail. Aboriginal Song Line to Mount Noorat? Volcanic History Trails Brough Smyth 1858 Brough Smyth’s Tower Hill 1857 G. F. Angas 1844 Explorer Mitchell’s 1836 field view Mount Kooroocheang panorama Mitchell’s view today Paintings and sketchbooks of von Guerard 1850s Gnotuk maar (von Guerard 1857)

Lake Purrumbete Fossils as geosites? Manifold Quarry at Purrumbete: crossbedded tuff

The Hampden Tuff trail

• Grayson, H.J. D.J. Mahoney 1910. The geology of the Camperdown and districts. Victoria. Geological Survey Memoirs no. 9 • The great ash story: • Governor LaTrobe and the search for big old bones!

Success! Lancefield Swamp north of Melbourne

Lake Colongulac and its lunette (dated by E. D. Gill in 1953 as 22,000 BP). Pejark Marsh near Terang

And now Lake Milangil in 2007 – megafauna walking on volcanic ash wal Lake Milangil

• Volcaniclastics (Hampden Tuff) host the megafauna trackways. • Dating at >75 ka (perhaps in the range 57- 110 ka). • “The association of Pleistocene marsupial fauna is also well known. The trackways locality adds diversity to the proposed geopark in the form of what may be the most varied and best-preserved marsupial trackways known.” Stephen Carey University of Ballarat TAG December 2007.

“TAG’s readers would know that Bernie Joyce of Melbourne University is leading the push to have the WVVP declared a geopark, to be named the Kanawinka Global Geopark”. Megafauna trackways Megafauna trackways 86 –

Tyrendarra flow - offshore On the new National Heritage Register

92 Mt Eccles volcano Mount Eccles (Bidj Bim) volcano erupted ca. 35,000 years ago.

(Unpublished age – pers. Com. Erin Matchan)

94

Aboriginal stone hut - Mt Napier flows Basalt stone channels and weirs Allam bie

Mission Site Lake Condah

Vaughans

Muldoons

Kurtonitj

Lake Gorrie

MuPledtoeorsn s

Tyrendarra IPA Budj Bim

• Lake Condah • Budj Bim • Emerella River • Stone Houses • Fish Traps • Oldest in the world? • World Heritage Nomination • Finally, we can consider how having established a number of small geotrails in an area such as the Kanawinka Geopark, we might be able to link individual geotrails, providing further comparisons and contrasts, a richer content in the field, and possible longer field trips.

Using local geotrails to connect small volcanic geosites and provide new opportunities for geotourism - examples from the Kanawinka Geopark in the Newer Volcanic Province of South Eastern Australia

Bernie Joyce School of Earth Sciences The University of Melbourne