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Stem-Boring Caterpillars of Switchgrass in the Midwestern United States Jarrad R

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Stem-Boring Caterpillars of Switchgrass in the Midwestern United States Jarrad R Entomology Publications Entomology 5-2011 Stem-Boring Caterpillars of Switchgrass in the Midwestern United States Jarrad R. Prasifka United States Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Jennifer E. Buhay United States Department of Agriculture Thomas W. Sappington United States Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Emily A. Heaton Iowa State University, [email protected] Jeffrey D. Bradshaw FUonilvloerwsit ythi of sN aendbras akdda-Litinioncolnal works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs See nePxat pratge of for the addiAtiongraicl aulturuthors al Science Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Systems Biology Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/210. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stem-Boring Caterpillars of Switchgrass in the Midwestern United States Abstract Lepidopteran stem borers were collected from switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., tillers showing symptoms of infestation at seven locations in Illinois and Iowa, with additional observations made on larval and adult activity. Blastobasis repartella (Dietz) (Coleophoridae), whose only known host is switchgrass, was common in plots grown for >5 yr, whereas the polyphagous stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenée) (Noctuidae), was abundant in newly established (i.e., first- and second-year) switchgrass. Haimbachia albescens Capps (Crambidae) was collected from two locations in Illinois, making switchgrass the first known host for this species. Entry holes made by B. repartella and H. albescens were usually 1‐2 cm above the soil surface, precluding discrimination between these species based on external appearance of damage. Although P. nebris often entered stems within 5 cm of the soil surface, they also seemed to move between stems and were the only species entering stems at heights >15 cm. Adults of B. repartella were active on and above the switchgrass canopy by 2130 hours, with peak activity at ≈0230 hours. Activity of B. repartella adults seemed greatly reduced on one night with relatively cool temperatures and low wind speeds. Data from switchgrass and giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L., suggest P. nebris larvae move out of switchgrass during July in search of hosts with larger diameter stems, although by then hosts such as corn, Zea mays L., or Miscanthus spp. may have outgrown the potential for serious damage. However, switchgrass could contribute to greater adult populations of P. nebris if thick-stemmed hosts such as giant ragweed are not managed. Keywords herbivores, biomass, bioenergy, nocturnal activity, Chaetopsis sp. Disciplines Agricultural Science | Animal Sciences | Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology | Entomology | Systems Biology Comments This article is from Annals of the Entomological Society of America 104 (2011): 507, doi:10.1603/AN10183. Rights Works produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The onc tent of this document is not copyrighted. Authors Jarrad R. Prasifka, Jennifer E. Buhay, Thomas W. Sappington, Emily A. Heaton, Jeffrey D. Bradshaw, and Michael E. Gray This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/210 ARTHROPOD BIOLOGY Stem-Boring Caterpillars of Switchgrass in the Midwestern United States JARRAD R. PRASIFKA,1,2 JENNIFER E. BUHAY,1 THOMAS W. SAPPINGTON,1 EMILY A. HEATON,3 4 5 JEFFREY D. BRADSHAW, AND MICHAEL E. GRAY Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology, Room 1117, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 104(3): 507Ð514 (2011); DOI: 10.1603/AN10183 ABSTRACT Lepidopteran stem borers were collected from switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., tillers showing symptoms of infestation at seven locations in Illinois and Iowa, with additional observations made on larval and adult activity. Blastobasis repartella (Dietz) (Coleophoridae), whose only known host is switchgrass, was common in plots grown for Ͼ5 yr, whereas the polyphagous stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guene´e) (Noctuidae), was abundant in newly established (i.e., Þrst- and second- year) switchgrass. Haimbachia albescens Capps (Crambidae) was collected from two locations in Illinois, making switchgrass the Þrst known host for this species. Entry holes made by B. repartella and H. albescens were usually 1Ð2 cm above the soil surface, precluding discrimination between these species based on external appearance of damage. Although P. nebris often entered stems within 5 cm of the soil surface, they also seemed to move between stems and were the only species entering stems at heights Ͼ15 cm. Adults of B. repartella were active on and above the switchgrass canopy by 2130 hours, with peak activity at Ϸ0230 hours. Activity of B. repartella adults seemed greatly reduced on one night with relatively cool temperatures and low wind speeds. Data from switchgrass and giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L., suggest P. nebris larvae move out of switchgrass during July in search of hosts with larger diameter stems, although by then hosts such as corn, Zea mays L., or Miscanthus spp. may have outgrown the potential for serious damage. However, switchgrass could contribute to greater adult populations of P. nebris if thick-stemmed hosts such as giant ragweed are not managed. KEY WORDS herbivores, biomass, bioenergy, nocturnal activity, Chaetopsis sp. Perennial grasses such as switchgrass, Panicum virga- cluding insecticides, relative to annual food and feed tum L., are promoted as crops superior to corn, Zea crops (Hohenstein and Wright 1994, Hill et al. 2006). mays L., grain for sustainable production of plant bio- Some research has suggested switchgrass and other mass (Varvel et al. 2008). Biomass crops act as sources perennial grasses will require little or no management of alternative energy through the production of liquid for insect pests (Parrish and Fike 2005, Semere and fuels (e.g., ethanol) or direct combustion and conver- Slater 2007, Wang 2007). However, most food and feed sion to electricity. To meet national goals for renew- crops are consumed by hundreds of herbivorous in- able energy in the United States, the magnitude of sects, with a handful of species acting as signiÞcant land-use changes projected for perennial biomass pests. Given the small areas currently dedicated to crops (grasses and woody plants) has been estimated perennials such as switchgrass, it seems most accurate at 14Ð22 million ha (Perlack et al. 2005). Part of the to state that the identity of insect herbivores in bio- potential advantage in sustainability for perennial bio- mass crops and their effects on yields are simply un- mass crops is a reduced need for off-farm inputs, in- known (Mitchell et al. 2008). Increased research into the herbivorous insects of perennial biomass crops has revealed species that were previously undescribed Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication (Boe and Gagne´ 2010), described but without known is solely for the purpose of providing speciÞc information and does not host associations or other general biological informa- imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of tion (Prasifka et al. 2010), and well-known pests of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. food and feed crops (Bradshaw et al. 2010). 1 USDAÐARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011. A survey for one stem-boring caterpillar in switch- 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. grass, Blastobasis repartella (Dietz) (Coleophoridae), 3 Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. showed a species distribution that included at least 4 Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Ne- eight states in the north central United States (Prasifka braskaÐLincoln, Scottsbluff, NE 69361Ð4939. Ϸ 5 Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL et al. 2010). Although B. repartella only infested 4% 61801. of switchgrass tillers sampled across four states, there 508 ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 104, no. 3 are still reasons for concern. First, as insects that feed 93.777Њ W; Hinds, 42.067Њ N, 93.623Њ W; and Woodruff, almost exclusively inside plants, stem borers are pro- 41.986Њ N, 93.694Њ W) were located in the central part tected from most insecticides. Second, an orders-of- of the state within 15 km of each other. The plots were magnitude expansion of the area dedicated to switch- typically surrounded by turf (mowed), soybean [Gly- grass production could change the frequency with cine max (L.) Merr.], corn, and (at the Illinois sites) which B. repartella damages switchgrass tillers. Fi- the perennial biomass crop Miscanthus ϫ giganteus nally, because the survey for B. repartella revealed Greef and Deuter ex Hodkinson and Renvoize. larvae of two additional species of stem-boring lepi- Larval Collections From Switchgrass. By 29 April, dopterans, Haimbachia albescens Capps (Crambidae) larvae of B. repartella were present in new growth
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