Association for Diplomatic Newsletter Studies and Training Summer 2004

Whitehead, Llewellyn, Kennedy Honored at Tribute to Excellence Dinner

JOHN C. WHITEHEAD, deputy Corporation (1977–1981), and secretary of state from 1985 to 1989, ambassador-at-large. Ambassador received the RALPH J. BUNCHE AWARD McHenry presented the award, FOR DIPLOMATIC EXCELLENCE on Febru- which was previously given to JAMES ary 26, 2004, at ADST’s biennial V. KIMSEY of America OnLine. Deputy Secretary Richard Armitage presents Tribute to Excellence dinner. Former Bunche Award to Hon. John C. Whitehead Secretary of State GEORGE P. S HULTZ, Senator SAM NUNN, and Ambassador DONALD F. M CHENRY received the Congressmen Seek award in prior years. Support for ADST The Bunche Award honored Mr. Whitehead for exceptional contribu- U.S. Representatives JIM MORAN of tions to diplomacy and foreign policy and CHRIS VAN HOLLEN of that exemplify the combination of Maryland have proposed legisla- outstanding scholarship, leadership, tion to support ADST’s Foreign diplomatic creativity, and achieve- Affairs Oral History Program. ment that is the legacy of Ralph J. Under the proposal, funds would Pat Gates Lynch presents Vance award to be appropriated through the Bunche. Deputy Secretary of State Stu Kennedy, with Ellen Kennedy RICHARD L. ARMITAGE presented the Library of Congress to assist ADST in providing oral history award to Mr. Whitehead at the gala CHARLES STUART KENNEDY, event attended by Secretary of State founder and, since 1988, director of transcripts for posting on the Library’s Web site. Funds have , Supreme Court Justice ADST’s Oral History Program, already been appropriated for the SANDRA DAY O’CONNOR, and 200 other received the first CYRUS R. VANCE Library to post oral histories of guests. AWARD for distinguished service in promoting knowledge and under- U.S. military veterans. Arrange- standing of American diplomacy. ments are being completed to The award was made possible make the entire ADST diplomatic through the participation of the Cyrus oral history collection available R. Vance Center for International through the Web site this year. Justice Initiatives.

Message from the President Hard work and support produce success aided by our stalwart student interns, Hon. J. Bruce Llewellyn receives award Thanks to solid teamwork, our certificate from Hon. Donald F. McHenry Tribute to Excellence Dinner was a who carried out innumerable tasks. great success. Tribute Committee Co- None of it could have hap- J. BRUCE LLEWELLYN, currently chairs PAT GATES LYNCH and GLORIA pened, however, without the coopera- chairman and CEO of the Philadel- HAMILTON oversaw the effort, and Pat tion and support of those of you who phia Coca-Cola Bottling Company, took the lead in soliciting special came that night and those who could received ADST’s International Busi- support from underwriters. ADST not attend but generously supported ness Leadership Award. Mr. Llewellyn Executive Director VEDA ENGEL and the event. ADST is a membership was honored for outstanding accom- Office Manager MARILYN BENTLEY organization, and our members came plishments as entrepreneur, president accomplished the miracle of organi- through. Warmest thanks to you all. of the Overseas Private Investment zation that paid off so handsomely, --Ken Brown 2 - Summer 2004 Newsletter The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Highlights and Excerpts from the Tribute to Excellence Award Presentations

Secretary of State Colin Powell John, I congratulate you. Well, last month, ladies and gentle- “It was important for me to at “And the other honoree is J. men, Airbus overhauled Boeing and least bring greetings to ADST and to Bruce Llewellyn. Bruce has had a long produced more planes for the year. thank your organization and distinguished On top of that, if you looked at what for all the fine work that career in business and was going on, Ford Motor Company you do to record the in public service and dropped from number two auto history of the diplomatic he’s been an inspira- maker in the world to number three. service and to allow us tion and model to me Toyota became number two. to share the experiences for many years as I “The United States is in a war; a of the service with future followed in his wake. big war, and it better wake up and generations. This is even Our families are very, figure out how to win it. And you more important as we go very close and have can’t win a war if you don’t have into a more oral world, been so for, I would troops. The troops that make up this a less written world, and say, 70 years, since the war are the people who are now being I thank the association time our parents came devastated—and I hope you will all for that. The other Secretary & Mrs. Colin to this country as carry the message—devastated by reason I wanted to be up Powell immigrants from the what’s going on in terms of their here is just to say a word island of Jamaica. education. DR. FRANCES HOROWITZ over of tribute to two people who mean a “Bruce has been like a brother there is president of the City Univer- great deal to me, JOHN WHITEHEAD and to me for many years. We have been sity Graduate Center. We all came BRUCE LLEWELLYN. exceptionally close my whole life, not from city colleges, we all went to “John and I got to know each just my adult life but since I was a Hunter College, City College, all these other exceptionally well when I was child. He has been an inspiration and places. The government paid for us, national security advisor for President a model to me, an inspiration and a we did our job, they did their job, Reagan. He was deputy secretary of model to so many young Americans, now we pay taxes. A great example of state with a particular interest in black and white, entrepreneurs, those this came after World War II, when we Eastern Europe. And John, I travel a interested in public service. And I will had the GI Bill of Rights, where great deal now to Eastern Europe and always treasure what he has done for people who never thought they would you are forever remembered for the me in my life.” ever see a college, much less become a vision you brought to that part of the professional person, did. This system world when people doubted whether works. It should work, and somebody it would rejoin the West and be free The Honorable J. Bruce Llewellyn better figure out the math, because the again. But you never had any doubt “. . . Some of my family are math is fuzzy; I’m telling you. Because about it. You had faith in them, and here tonight. We all came here from here we are in New York City, for you pressed that to the utmost. the stock of people who migrated example, putting people in jail for a “And, I’ll always remember from Jamaica. We think we made it, year in Rikers Island, and it is costing especially the work we did to get the we made the American dream. We did $65,000 and $70,000. Hell, I can Reagan administration to start, shall what we were supposed to do, we send them to Harvard for $35,000, we say, reshaping its attitude toward went to school, we got an education and they’ll come out better people. the U.N. And you and I spent many and we understood when our father “Today long days and nights working on that said if you don’t learn and do some- announced the results of a survey of project together. So John, my friend, I thing better than what you’re doing, schools. The number for New York wanted to be here for you and be with I’m going to smack you. City, for example, in terms of gradua- you. “I say this because for the past tion of minority students is 38 percent “Beyond his diplomatic service, two or three days I have been seeing a or 50 percent [depending on the everybody knows what John White- disaster unfolding. I went back and number of years in school]. Half the head does for people in need around looked in my files and saw that I gave teachers who teach math, for example, the world, all the many organizations a speech on trade for OPIC [Overseas in New York City are unqualified, that he is the chair of. It just shows Private Investment Corporation] in uncertified to teach math. How can the kind of individual he is and how 1980 at the Waldorf Astoria, in which you expect youngsters to learn math if he has served his nation in so many I said, “Sometime in the next 10 or 12 the teacher doesn’t know what the hell capacities and so many different ways. years, Airbus will overhaul Boeing.” he’s looking at? I’m warning you, and The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Summer 2004 Newsletter - 3

I put it that way, I’m warning you if quickly realized that the tremendous somebody doesn’t get his hands pool of talent and experience that around this problem and start to existed in the building was an asset to make a change, start to put in the be used, not a bureaucracy to be money and whatever it takes to get it avoided. I studied hard and learned done, this country will fall ever further fast. I could not possibly have been behind. And you might as well successful in what I had to do without declare war now, preemptively if you their coaching and their active partici- like, but somebody has got to do pation. It means a lot to me to be something about this. Because if you recognized by this organization. don’t do it the United States will not AT ATES YNCH “When P G L called Keith Brown, John Whitehead be the power it thinks it is. me a couple of weeks ago and invited “The last thing I would like to me to accept the award, I asked if had “I’ve always felt that one of our say is I’m sick and tired of all the to make a speech and she said yes. I greatest achievements as a nation was politicians I know who are continu- asked, ‘What do you want me to talk that during the 50 years of the Cold ally saying America is the richest, about?’ And with no hesitation she War, with patience and determination most powerful nation on Earth. And replied, ‘About five or ten minutes.’ I we kept it cold. Our overwhelming then when you walk in and say, got the message. military power was always there in ‘Look, we need to fix the schools. We “I thought of talking about the background, and its existence need to fix the roads. We need to do what we should do about , or surely affected the outcome, but it was something,’ they say we don’t have how to handle North Korea, or never used. I consider those 50 years any money. This is a game being solving the Taiwan/China problem to be a triumph of diplomacy, and played. If we are that good, then let’s and quickly realized that everyone most of you in the room tonight were show them we’re good.” here would know more than I would involved in that process. We tend about those problems. So I will make sometimes to be prouder of the wars a few remarks about a more general we’ve won with the use of our mili- question—what I think it means to be tary power than of the wars we a superpower. avoided through patient diplomacy. “Yes, we are a superpower. “The last several years have had Indeed, we are the only superpower. their unhappy moments for those of Militarily. Economically. In every us who believe that diplomacy, given way. We are able to do almost any- time and patience, can almost always thing we want to do anywhere in the prevail; that it’s better to seek support world. And we have every right to be elsewhere around the world for what proud of what our great country has we think should be done rather than Badi Foster & Myra Burton present Ralph achieved in the nearly 230 years of to take unilateral action ourselves; Bunche commemorative stamp to Bruce our existence. But power is a funny and that it’s better to support and try Llewellyn thing. If we flaunt it too much, we to lead the United Nations and other will begin to lose it. That’s been the international organizations and to Former Deputy Secretary of history of mankind throughout the have their support of our objectives State John C. Whitehead ages. Powerful nations which flaunt rather than have their opposition. “I am particularly proud to their power don’t last very long. On These are opportunities we have as have been selected by the Association the other hand, if we use our power the only superpower that we didn’t for Diplomatic Studies and Training infrequently and only in a benevolent have when we were only one of to receive their award. Political way, in the interests of other nations several superpowers. appointees like me, who arrive in the as well as our own, it can last for a “As we have become relatively State Department inexperienced in very long time. Shouldn’t we begin to stronger and more dominant in every foreign policy, are often greeted with think now not only of what’s good for way, we can afford to take the risk of some reservation, even some resent- the United States, but of what’s good working the diplomatic path a little ment, even—occasionally—some for the world as a whole? Shouldn’t harder and a little longer. I suggest contempt, by Foreign Service officers we act more as a leader, a benevolent that it is now time to reappraise the who have spent their whole lives at leader, with less arrogance, less of an significance of our strong superpower the job. I’ve seen enough myself to attitude that we have all the right status and use it more effectively to know exactly how you feel. I’m sure answers, a little more listening and achieve a more peaceful and a more the jury was out on me, too. But I not so much talking? stable world.” 4 - Summer 2004 Newsletter The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training

ADST is grateful to the generous supporters of our Tribute to Excellence:

Legacy Partners Secretary Powell, Leonard Marks The Coca-Cola Katherine Peterson, General Company Stu Kennedy, Grace Vance, Michael Canavan Robert D. Stuart, Jr. Gay Vance, Herb Hansell

Benefactors J. Bruce & Shahara Llewellyn The John L. Loeb, Jr. Foundation The Whitehead Janet Howard Hon. & Mrs. John O’Leary, Mr. & Mrs. Irv Foundation Coker Patrons The Annenberg Foundation Gloria Shaw Hamilton The Boeing Company The Keith & Carol Brown Family Foundation Computer Sciences Corporation - CSC Bruce Llewellyn, Ken Brown, & Tom The Marks Founda- Boyatt tion Cynthia Matthews & John Dickerson Shahara Llewellyn, Jaylaan Ahmad- Llewellyn, Pat Gates Lynch, Grace Watson

Wes Egan, Bill Harrop, Mildred Patterson,

Helen Lyman, Princeton Lyman, Irv Hicks

Jeri Charles, Selwa Roosevelt, Matthew Hastings ADST Interns: Ryan Byrnes, S John Whitehead, Mark Palmer Stacey Hohl, Kate Gramatico, The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Summer 2004 Newsletter - 5 Donors Elizabeth F. Bagley Irvin D. Coker Samuel & Mary Gammon Gloria Shaw Hamilton Jeanne & Herbert Hansell Irvin Hicks Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, Secretary The Inman Foundation Bruce Llewellyn & Armin Powell, Deputy Secretary Armitage Edward Lewis Meyer Mrs. Ron Brown, Claude Patricia Gates Lynch Edward Hitchcock National Soft Drink Association John O’Leary Mark Palmer Rabbi Arthur Schneier Cyrus R. Vance Center for International Justice Initiatives Whitehead School of Sam Gammon, Ginny Deputy Secretary Armitage, HE & Mrs. Diplomacy, Seton Taylor Dumitru Sorin Ducaru (Romania) Hall University

Supporters The Una Chapman Cox Foundation Edward N. Ney Admiral William John Richardson, Jr. Crowe UN Foundation & Better World Fund

Donation of glass Melinda Kimble, Robert Oakley eagle sculptures: Bruce Llewellyn, Ken Brown, Pat Gates Steuben Lynch, Clyde & Ginny Taylor

Elizabeth Bagley, Stu Kennedy, Smith Bagley Ed Rowell, Steve Low, Dick Parker Bonnie Brown & author Tom Clancy

ADST staff at right: Ken Brown, Margery Thompson, Marilyn Bentley, Marie Warner, Veda Engel, Stu Kennedy

Sarah Smith, Jane Smart, , Evan Steinberg 6 - Summer 2004 Newsletter The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training ADST-DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Books The ADST-DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Series, which now boasts twenty-two volumes, launched three new books [see below] so far this year. Four others are slated for publication in late 2004 and early 2005—Building Diplomacy: The Architecture of American Embassies by ELIZABETH GILL LUI, The First Resort of Kings by RICHARD T. ARNDT, Toussaint’s Clause: The Founding Fathers and the Haitian Revolution by GORDON BROWN, and The Education of an American Diplomat by BRANDON GROVE. All new and recent books can be ordered from ADST (see page 7). In February, the University of of Surrender as “an engrossing story Lucid and instructive, Uncle Sam Washington Press published ULRICH told with sensitivity by one who has in Barbary offers timely lessons on the STRAUS’s THE ANGUISH OF SURREN- deep experience in Japan and who limitations of force not backed by DER: JAPANESE POWs OF WORLD writes with clarity and empathy.” diplomacy. WAR II. In this remarkable book, Rick Straus combines scholarship, exper- UNCLE SAM IN INVENTING PUBLIC DIPLO- tise, and empathy to convey, for the BARBARY: A MACY: THE STORY OF THE U.S. first time in English, the truly dra- DIPLOMATIC INFORMATION AGENCY by WILSON matic and deeply human stories of HISTORY by ADST P. D IZARD JR., published in June by Japanese POWs, founding president Lynne Rienner Publishers, offers the from their RICHARD B. PARKER first comprehensive account of public prewar indoctri- was published in diplomacy’s evolution within the U.S. nation through March by the foreign policy establishment. Dizard unexpected University Press of traces the agency’s trajectory from prison camp Florida. It tells the story of the young World War II to the present and experiences to American republic’s first hostage highlights its instrumental role in postwar reinte- crisis—and first encounter with the creating the underpinnings of today’s gration. In the Muslim world—which began in 1785 public diplomacy. process he advances our understand- when Algerine corsairs (the Barbary ing of the paradoxical wartime roots pirates) captured two U.S. vessels off of postwar Japanese-American friend- the coast of Portugal. The incident ship. and its sequels led to the creation of The book recounts the painful the U.S. Navy and America’s presence dilemma that intensely indoctrinated in the Mediterranean, which has Japanese soldiers and sailors faced continued intermittently to the upon becoming captives, something present. forbidden by Japan’s no-surrender Dick Parker based his diplo- He narrates the day-to-day policy. Straus shows how trained matic history on dispatches, personal activities of USIA’s overseas posts, the Allied linguists extracted useful papers, and official communications, U.S. Information Service (USIS), and intelligence from their psychologically including unpublished British, the men and women who ran them, unprepared captives by affording French, American, Italian, and combining historical narrative with them humane treatment. For his Tunisian documents. He brings to life illustrative anecdotes. He also docu- research, he interviewed former POWs the fate and identity of the unfortu- ments USIA’s frequently overlooked in Japan and drew upon POW interro- nate American captives and of the role in the postwar expansion of U.S. gation records at the National Ar- leaders in Algiers and, for the first media and cultural exports. Though chives, transcripts of interviews with time, clarifies the unhelpful roles USIA was folded into the State Depart- America’s Japanese-language officers played by the British and the French. ment in 1999, it left an indelible and enlisted men, later writings by Front-page news at the time, the events legacy of what works—and what U.S. Army and Navy interrogators, involved a roll call of America’s doesn’t—in presenting U.S. policies and Japanese source material. founding fathers, including Washing- and values to the rest of the world. Rick Straus lived in Japan a ton, Adams, Franklin, Madison, Wilson Dizard served from 1951 total of twenty-one years, first as a Monroe, and Hamilton. to 1980 in Washington and overseas child, then as a U.S. Army Japanese In his thirty-one Foreign Service in the State Department and USIS, language officer in the Occupation years, Parker distinguished himself as emerging as a recognized expert on and the Korean War. Fully half his an Arabic language and area specialist international communications. Author thirty-year Foreign Service career dealt and served as U.S. ambassador to of more than sixty scholarly articles directly with Japan—at the State Algeria, Lebanon, and Morocco. He and seven other books, he has taught Department and Embassy Tokyo and has taught at several universities, at MIT, Georgetown University, and as consul general in Okinawa. published six other books, edited the the National War College and was a Former ambassador to Japan Middle East Journal, and held schol- senior fellow at the Center for Strategic praised The Anguish arly posts here and abroad. and International Studies. The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Summer 2004 Newsletter - 7

DON PETTERSON, Inside Sudan and the author’s experiences that ADST Bookshelf (Westview, 2004), a revised, updated covers the entire spectrum of U.S.- New Acquisitions paperback edition of the authoritative Soviet exchange programs and book by a former ambassador to demonstrates the superiority of WILLIAM BOUDREAU, A Teetering Sudan. engagement over isolation. Balance: An American Diplomat’s KISHAN S. RANA, The 21st Century HOWARD L. STEELE, Food Soldier Career and Family (1stBooks Library, Ambassador: Plenipotentiary to Chief (Ravens Yard Publishing, 2002), a 2003), an inside look at a diplomat at Executive (DiploFoundation, 2004), much-published economist’s memoir work in Cold War Africa. an experienced senior diplomat’s of a 34-year career, mostly in the U.S. MARK PALMER, Breaking the Real Axis comprehensive look at the institution Department of Agriculture’s Foreign of Evil: How to Oust the World’s Last of the ambassador, its contemporary Agricultural Service, serving in 43 Dictators by 2025 (Rowman & relevance, responsibilities, and countries on six continents. Littlefield, 2003), a career diplomat potential (see www.diplomacy.edu ). SUSAN CLOUGH WYATT, Thirty Acres and former ambassador to Hungary YALE RICHMOND, Cultural Exchange More or Less: Restoring a Farm in explores multilateral ways to help and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Virginia (A Beautiful Time, 2003), a open the 44 remaining closed societ- Curtain (Penn State University Press, memoir of restoration efforts by a ies, mostly without violence. 2003), a study drawn from interviews former Foreign Service spouse. New and Recent Series Books and Memoirs

THE ANGUISH OF SURRENDER: Japanese POWs of World ELLSWORTH BUNKER: Global Troubleshooter, War II, by ULRICH A. STRAUS Vietnam Hawk, by HOWARD B. SCHAFFER ✥ University of Washington Press, February 2004 ✥ University of North Carolina Press, November 2003 272 pp., 25 illus., notes, bibliog., index. 380 pp., 26 illus., notes, bibliog., index. Cloth $27.50 (members $24) Cloth $34.95 (members’ price $30)

UNCLE SAM IN BARBARY: A Diplomatic History DEFIANT DIPLOMACY: Henrik Kauffmann, Denmark, and by RICHARD B. PARKER the United States in World War II and the Cold War, 1939– ✥ University Press of Florida, March 2004 1958, by BO LIDEGAARD (Translated by W. Glyn Jones) 352 pp, 19 illus., notes, appendices, index. ✥ Peter Lang USA (New York) and Peter Lang AG (Bern), Library edition $59.95 (members $50) Modern European History Series, October 2003 392 pp, 26 illus., notes, bibliog., index INVENTING PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: The Story of the U.S. Library edition $78.95 (members $68) Information Agency, by WILSON P. D IZARD JR ✥ Lynne Rienner Publishers, June 2004 QUIET DIPLOMACY: From Cairo to Tokyo in the Twilight 260 pp., 16 illus., notes, bibliog., index. of Imperialism, by ARMIN MEYER Cloth $49.95 (members $42.50) ✥ iUniverse, December 2003 226 pp., 25 illus., appendix, index. Paperback, $18.95 ✒Virginia book buyers must add 4.5% sales tax

____ Straus, ANGUISH OF SURRENDER @ $24 ____ Schaffer, ELLSWORTH BUNKER @ $30 (in VA add $1.08 each) (in VA add $1.35 each) ____ Parker, UNCLE SAM IN BARBARY @ $50 ____ Lidegaard, DEFIANT DIPLOMACY @ $68.00 (in VA add $2.25 each) (in VA add $3.06 tax) ____ Dizard, INVENTING PUBLIC DIPLOMACY @ $42.50 ____ Meyer, QUIET DIPLOMACY @ $18.95 (in VA add $1.91) (in VA add $.85 each)

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ADST Leaders At ADST, Steve is International Recogni- Honored finishing work on his tion. The archivist of the Congratulations to biography of Capt. Peter Okinawa Prefectural three outstanding ADST Strickland, first U.S. consul Archives in Japan has leaders honored for their to Senegal and French West requested permission to diplomatic contributions. Africa, 1883–1905, and deposit in his archives the On May 7 at Foreign Affairs assisting with manuscripts transcripts of any oral Day at the State Depart- submitted for the Memoirs histories that dealt with ment, ADST Advisory Steve and Sue Low with the and Occasional Papers and Okinawa “so that the Council member and Foreign Service Cup. Diplomats and Diplomacy people in Okinawa will former president STEPHEN Series. benefit from these priceless LOW received DACOR’s lifetime contributions to historical treasures.” After Foreign Service Cup, most American diplomacy. reviewing our collection, he notably for his leadership Oral History News wrote, “I cannot say in developing the National New ADST Senior Interviews and Transcripts. enough about the value of Museum of American Fellow Among new Foreign Affairs those transcripts for re- Diplomacy project. Also Retired Foreign Oral History Program searchers who try to that day Cox Foundation Service officer STEPHEN interviewees are BILL MILAM, understand some aspect of executive director CLYDE GRANT joined ADST in AL LA PORTA, FRANK ALMAGUER, the postwar history of TAYLOR, an ex-officio ADST February 2004 as a Senior JOE PRESEL, SHIRLEY BARNES, Okinawa under the U.S. board member, was Fellow. At USAID, he served DONALD GREGG, WILL ITOH, administration and the awarded the Director as education officer in Côte DENNIS HARTER, and ARMA people involved.” General’s Foreign Service d’Ivoire, Guinea, Egypt, JANE KARAER. Past interviewees ADST granted a Cup. Meanwhile, AFSA has Indonesia, and El Salvador. must edit their transcripts newspaper in Greece chosen author and former The last of his three pub- before we can send them to permission to use our oral ADST president and board lished books was a photo- the Library of Congress for histories for a series on the member RICHARD B. PARKER graphic social history of El inclusion with our collection era of the colonels, 1967– for its annual award for Salvador from 1900 to 1950. on its Web site. l974.

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