Relationship Between Humans and Energy

Gasoline Engines

15 250 Technology Age

200 63

Transportation 10 Fire and Stone Tools in use Tools Fire and Stone

150

91 Watt Steam Engine Watt 1769) (From

100 Generators Industrial Age

Industry & Agriculture 5

Horse-drawn Carriages Horse-drawn 14

50 24 66 First Farmers First Farmers Advanced Primitive Humans Hunters 1 Commerce 2 32 Household & 3 4 7 2 12 Food

7 to Oil Consumption Converted 0 10 0 B.C. A.D. 6 (1 Million Kiloliters/Day)--Curve Graph (1 Million Kiloliters/Day)--Curve 5000 1600 1700 1800 1900 1970 1000 1000 Millions 100s of Thousands Fire &

Consumption/Person (1,000 Kilocalories/Day)--Bar Graph (1,000 Kilocalories/Day)--Bar Consumption/Person Wood, Charcoal, Water, Wind Discovery of Fire Livestock Coal Energy Oil Energy Energy and Horse Energy Primitive Humans East Africa 1 million years ago, food only. Advanced Farmers Northwest Europe 1,400 years ago, used coal for heating, wind and Hunters Europe 100,000 years ago, burned firewood for heat and cooking. water power; used livestock for transportation. First Farmers Fertile delta region 5,000 years ago, used energy of livestock for Industrial Age England in 1875, used steam engines. cultivating crops. Technology Age United States in 1970, used electrical power, food includes for livestock use.

1-1-1 Source: National Institute for Research Advancement, Thinking about Energy ©JAERO World Population Projections

(billion) 120

0.7 0.7 108.8 110 0.7 106.7 108.1 0.7 104.6 4.8 4.9 0.6 101.5 4.7 4.5 100 97.4 6.8 0.6 4.4 7.4 7.1 7.6 0.5 92.0 4.3 Oceania 7.7 6.4 6.3 90 4.1 6.5 0.5 85.5 7.6 6.7 6.9 North America 0.4 3.9 7.4 80 77.9 7.1 7.1 3.7 7.3 South America 70 6.5 7.4 47.2 49.0 Europe 7.5 60 50.7 52.1 Asia 52.9 50 52.9 Africa 51.9 Population 49.7 40 46.4

42.8 40.1 20 36.8 33.1 29.0 24.9 10 20.8 16.9 13.4

0 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 (Year)

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding.

1-1-2 Source: UN, World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision ©JAERO World Population and Energy Supply Amount

World Population by Country (2018) Primary Energy Supply Amount by World Population by Country (2018)

China China 18％ 22％

Others 35％ Others World Total World Total ％ 48 7.59 billion India 14.28 Btoe 18％ U.S.A. 16％

U.S.A. 4% Brazil 3% India 6%

Russia 5% Japan 3% Japan

Italy 1% U.K. 1% France 2% Canada 1% Russia 2% South Korea 2% South Korea 1% Japan 2% Germany 2% Italy 1% Germany 1% Canada 2% U.K. 1% France 1% Brazil 2%

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. Btoe: billion tons of oil equivalent

1-1-3 Source: IEA, Data and statistics, Key World Energy Statistics 2020 ©JAERO Primary Energy Supply Amount Per Capita in World

(tons of oil equivalent / person) (2018) 9

8.0 8

7 6.8

6 5.5 5.3 5

4 3.7 3.6 3.4

3 2.6 2.5 2.3

Primary Energy Supply Amount Supply Primary Energy 2 1.9 1.4

1 0.7

0 Canada U.S.A. South Russia France Germany Japan U.K. Italy China World Brazil India Korea Average

1-1-4 Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2020 ©JAERO Per Capita GDP and Primary Energy Supply Amount

(US dollars) (2018) 60,000 U.S.A. 55,000 Germany 50,000 Canada 45,000 South Korea U.K. France 40,000 Japan

Italy 35,000

30,000 Russia

Per Capita GDP Per 25,000

20,000 World Average China 15,000 Brazil

10,000 India 5,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Per Capita Primary Energy Supply Amount (tons of oil equivalent / person) (Note) Total domestic production based on purchasing power parity conversion (US dollars, 2015 prices)

1-1-5 Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2020 ©JAERO Proven Reserves of Energy Resources

132 years

50 years 50 years 115 years 1,696 bil. tons

199 tril. m3 1.7339 tril. 6.15 mil. tons barrels

Oil※1 Natural Gas※1 Coal※1 Uranium※2 (at the end of 2019) (at the end of 2019) (at the end of 2019) (Jan. 2019)

(Note) Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio = Proven Reserves / Annual Production RAR (reasonably assured resources) of uranium is estimated at a production cost less than USD 130/kgU.

1-1-6 Source: ※1 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 ※2 OECD/NEA,IAEA, Uranium 2020 ©JAERO The World’s Primary Energy Consumption

（EJ） 600 2019 total consumption: 583.9 EJ 29.0〔5.0％〕 37.6〔6.4％〕 500 24.9〔4.3％〕 Renewable Energy (Other than Hydroelectric)

Hydroelectric 157.9〔27.0％〕 400 Nuclear

300

Coal 141.5〔24.2％〕

200 Natural Gas Primary Energy Consumption Primary Energy

100 193.0〔33.1％〕 Oil

0 1965 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 19 (Year)

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. The figures in parentheses are the share of the total. 1 EJ (=1018 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800,000 kℓ of crude oil (EJ: exajoule).

1-1-7 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 ©JAERO Primary Energy Consumption in Major Countries

Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydroelectric Renewable Energy Primary Energy （2019） Consumption (EJ) World Total 33 24 28 4 6 4 576.2

China 20 8 59 2 8 4 135.8

U.S.A. 39 31 14 8 3 6 95.6

India 30 6 56 1 4 3 33.3

Russia 22 54 12 6 6 30.0

Japan 41 22 26 2 4 5 18.8

Canada 32 30 5 6 24 4 14.3

Germany 34 23 22 5 1 15 13.4

South Korea 43 17 29 10 2 12.5

Brazil 39 11 6 1 29 15 12.1

France 32 16 4 38 6 5 9.9

U.K. 40 36 4 7 1 12 8.0

Italy 40 38 6 6 10 6.5

0 20 40 60 80 100（％） (Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. 1 EJ (=1018 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800,000 kℓ of crude oil (EJ: exajoule).

1-1-8 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 ©JAERO Electricity Generated by Major Countries (Growth Rate)

（％） 1300

1200 China

1100

1000

900

800

700

600 India 500 South Korea

400

300 Brazil

200 World Average

U.S.A.

Rate of Growth Using 1990 as Baseline Rate of Growth France Japan Germany 100 Russia

50 1990 95 2000 2005 10 15 19 (Year)

1-1-9 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 ©JAERO Electricity Consumption Per Capita in Major Countries

（2018）

Canada 15,438

U.S.A. 13,098

South Korea 11,082 Electricity Consumption by Country

Japan 8,010

France 7,141

Russia 6,917 Others China 28％ 28％ Germany 6,848 World Total Italy 5,220 Italy 1% 24,739TWh U.K. 1% U.K. 4,906 U.S.A. France 2% 17％ China 4,906 Canada 2% Brazil 2% World Average 3,260 India 5％ South Korea 2% Japan 4％ Brazil 2,570 Russia 4％％ India 968 Germany 2

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 (kWh per capita/year）

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding.

1-1-10 Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics (2020) ©JAERO Dependence on Imported Energy Sources in Major Countries

（2018）（％）100 96 92 88 89 Includes nuclear energy 84 Excludes nuclear energy 80 77 77 70 63 60

45 40 39 38 39 30

20 22 20 12 3 Brazil Canada Russia 0 Japan South Italy Germany France U.K. India U.S.A. China －3 －2 Korea -20

-40

-60

－69 -80 －78

－88 -100 －95 (Note) Canada and Russia are net-exporting countries.

1-1-11 Source: IEA, Data and statistics ©JAERO National Gas Pipeline Network in Europe

Pipelines in operation (EU funded) Pipelines in planning/under construction (EU funded)

Iceland Pipelines in operation (other than EU funded) Pipelines in planning/under construction (other than EU funded) Natural gas field LNG terminals in operation LNG terminals in planning/under construction Gas liquefaction plant Finland

Norway

Russia Sweden Estonia

Latvia Denmark Lithuania

Kazakhstan Ireland U.K. Poland Belarus Netherlands

Germany Belgium

Czech Republic Ukraine Slovakia Moldova

Switzerland Austria Hungary

France Slovenia Georgia Croatia Romania

Bosnia & Armenia Herzegovina Serbia Italy Bulgaria Portugal Montenegro Iran Kosovo Albania Turkey Spain Macedonia

Greece

Iraq Syria Cyprus

Jordan Morocco Tunisia Algeria Saudi Arabia

1-1-12 Source: eurogas, Statistical Report 2015 ©JAERO How Energy is Used in Japan

（PJ） Annual Per Capita Energy Consumption (Crude oil equivalent in 200ℓ barrels) 18,000 Office, etc. (8.4 barrels) Household (1.9 barrels) Transport (3.1 barrels) 16,000 Total consumption 13,124PJ 14,000 Transportation

12,000 3,066 Household 〔23.4％〕 10,000 1,833 〔14.0％〕 8,000

6,000 Final Energy Consumption Office, etc. 8,225 4,000 〔62.7％〕

2,000

0 1990 95 2000 05 10 15 18 (Year) (Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule). Content of parentheses is the percentage of the total. The calculation method of Total Energy Statistics has been changed since FY1990.

1-2-1 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Total Energy Statistics ©JAERO Changes in Japan’s Primary Energy Supply Structure

Total Primary Energy Supply 16,133PJ 17,210PJ 19,728PJ

Not used 3％ Renewable 5％ (excl. hydro) 1％ 1％ 5％ Natural Gas / 23％ 2％ town gas

71％ Oil 38％ 77％

Coal 25％ 14％ 15％ 5％ Hydroelectric 3％ 4％ 4％ Nuclear 3％ 1％ FY1973 FY1979 FY2018 (The first oil crisis) (The second oil crisis) 15％ 11％ 13％ Domestic Energy Ratio

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule). Nuclear energy is classified into semi-domestic energy due to its characteristics. The calculation method of Total Energy Statistics has been changed since FY1990.

1-2-2 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Total Energy Statistics ©JAERO Historical Trends in Japan’s Primary Energy Supply

（PJ） 25,000

The first oil crisis The second oil crisis Total Nuclear 19,728PJ 20,000 553 Natural Gas 4,510

15,000 Renewable (excl. hydro) 1,033 Not used 580

Oil

Primary Energy Supply 10,000 7,415

5,000

4,947 Coal

0 Hydroelectric 1953 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 18 690 (Note) 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule). （FY） The calculation method of Total Energy Statistics has been changed since FY1990.

1-2-3 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Total Energy Statistics ©JAERO Japan’s Fossil Fuel Imports by Country of Origin

Ecuador 1.3％ Others 2.8％ U.S.A. 1.6％ Crude Oil※1 Russia 4.8％ (FY2019 result) Iran 0.4％ Iraq 1.1％ Bahrain 1.4％ Oman 1.7％ Saudi Arabia Kuwait 34.1％ 8.9％ Total Imports 173.04 Qatar billion liters 9.3％

United Arab Emirates 1.9％ China 0.7% United Arab Emirates 32.7％ Canada 2.9% Others Oman ※2 2.5％ Natural Gas U.S.A. 3.7% Others 0.4% 3.9％ Middle East 89.6％ (FY2019 result) Indonesia Coal※2 4.4％ Papua New Guinea (FY2019 result) Russia 4.7％ 11.9% U.S.A. Australia 5.4％ Total Imports Total Imports 39.2％ Indonesia 110.03 Brunei 76.50 12.4％ 5.6％ million tons million tons Australia Russia 68.0％ 8.3％ Qatar Malaysia 11.2％ 13.0％

(Note) Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding.

1-2-4 Source: ※1 Petroleum Association of Japan ※2 Trade Statistics of Japan ©JAERO Japan’s Dependence on Middle East Crude Oil Imports

（％）100

91.2（FY1967） 89.6 90

85 The second oil crisis

77.5（FY1973） 75.9（FY1979） 75

The first oil crisis Japan’s Dependence on Middle East Crude Oil 70

67.9（FY1987）

65 1965 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 19 (FY)

(Dollar/barrel) 120

114.18 110

100

90.52 90

80 72.15 70 69.40 67.76 60 Second Oil Crisis 50 47.53 40 36.89

Price of Imported Crude Oil First Oil Crisis 28.37 30 23.37 22.76（FY1990）（FY1979） 23.84 20 11.53 13.81 12.76 10 Gulf War 4.85（FY1973） 0 1972 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 19 (FY)

(TWh / year) 1,200 1,150 Geothermal & 2 Renewables 1,090 1,078 1,085 7 3 1,058 1,060 3 4 1,040 1,051 1,051 Hydroelectric 5 8 7 8 1,000 Natural Gas 989 7 7 6 9% Coal 957 1 8 940 7 1 8 8 8 Oil etc. 1 8 8% 8 Nuclear 856 29 1 800 9 24 38 738 40 41 26 29 12 22 43 41 41 40 38%

600 584 22 13 26 28 485 14 18 25 17 22 10 400 28 Generated Electricity 15 19 11 11 31 10 9 33 5 29 7 34 34 33 33 32% 27 200 46 15 34 34 31 29 25 27 18 7% 27 14 8 9 11 10 10 2 17 2 1 0 1 6% 0 3 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (FY) Created based on the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy's Created based on the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy's "General Energy Statistics" "Overview of Electric Power Development" and "Overview of Electricity Supply Plan"

(Note) Oil etc. includes LPG, other gases and bituminous mixtures. Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. Numerical values depicted in this graph are composition ratios (%).

1-2-7 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Energy White Paper 2020 ©JAERO Historical Trends in Japan Power Generation Capacity by Source

Geothermal & (GW) Renewables 300 Hydroelectric Natural Gas Coal 259.51 Oil etc. 252.01 250 Nuclear 243.60 245.38 246.75 246.94 2 6％ 238.87 238.02 238.90 241.48 229.13 19 19％ 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 201.33 20 200

25 24 25 26 26 26 27 28 29 28％ 25 150 22

13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15％ Generation Capacity 100 10

23 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 26 18 17 16％ 50

21 21 20 20 20 20 19 21 20 18 18 16％

0 1995 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (FY)

(Note) Oil etc. include LPG, other gases and bituminous mixtures. Figures may not add up to the totals due to rounding. Numerical values depicted in this graph are composition ratios (%).

1-2-8 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Energy White Paper 2017 ©JAERO Percentage of Electric Power in Primary Energy (Electrification Ratio)

（PJ） 25,000 Percentage of electric power 22,858 in primary energy supply 22,740 22,037 22,157 21,224 20,827 21,011 20,059 20,095 19,695 19,810 19,728 20,000 19,251

16,967 16,627

15,330 15,000 13,383

10,000

Supply of Primary Energy in Japan of Primary Energy Supply 5,000 42％ 43％ 44％ 44% 44％ 44％ 44% 44% 43% 45% 45% 46% 41％ 33％ 37％ 29％ 26％

0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (FY)

(Note) 1 PJ (=1015 Joules) is equivalent to the amount of heat from approximately 25,800 kℓ of crude oil (PJ: petajoule).

1-2-9 Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Total Energy Statistics ©JAERO Hourly Power Usage on Peak Power Days

(million kW) 200 July 24, 2001 182 179 165 180 164 August 23, 2010 156 156 160

140 144 January 25, 2018 117 117 January 8, 2021 120 July 24, 2018 113 August 2, 2019 110 100 95

94 August 7, 1990 94 88 92

Power Usage Power 80 August 29, 1985 73 60 65

50 July 31, 1975 40 32

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (o'clock)

Note: 1975 only is total of 9 power companies (generating end), 1985–2015 is total of 10 power companies (generating end), and 2016 onward is total of 10 areas (sending end).

1-2-10 Source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies ©JAERO Optimal Combination of Power Sources to Correspond to Demands

Amount of generated electricity Solar, Wind power

Character as Oil, pumped storage hydropower, etc. electricity power source

Peaking power source

High Costs Output Fluctuates Easily

Intermediate power source Natural gas, LPG, etc. Medium Costs Output May Fluctuate

Nuclear, Base load power source Coal, Low Costs General hydraulic (Inflow Type), Stable Output Geothermal

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 (Time of Day)

(Trillion kcal) 600

500

Total Consumption 467.1 trillion kcal

400 Appliances, 33.4％ lighting, etc.

300 Kitchen 9.0％

Hot water 27.7％ 200 Consumption Per Application Consumption Per

100 Heating 26.7％

Cooling 3.2％ 0 1965 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 18 (FY) (Note) The category "Appliances, lightning, etc." includes washing machines, clothes dryers, futon dryers, TVs, VCRs, stereos, CD players, DVD players, record players, vacuum cleaners, PCs and electric bidet toilets.

1-2-12 Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, 2020 EDMC Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics in Japan ©JAERO Power Consumption Per Household

(kWh/Household) (Average Monthly Power Consumption) 350

303.1 304.7 302.2 300

291.2 252.4 250 247.8 212.7

200

168.4 185.0

150

118.8 Power Consumption Power 100

0 1970 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 (FY) (Note) The values are the average across nine power companies.