Traditional Herbal Medicines of Shakambhari Conservation Reserve, Rajasthan (India)

1Tara Chand Saini, 2 Surendra Singh Chauhan 1Research Scholar, 2Assistant Professor 1-2Indira Gandhi Centre for Human Ecology, Environmental and Population Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004.

ABSTRACT

Shakambhari Conservation Reserve is a new established conservation reserve of Rajasthan. It is situated in Sikar and Jhunjhunu both districts. The present research study was carried out by interviews and conversations with local people of the reserve who are living in and around of the Reserve. This ethno-botanical survey was conducted during 2015-2017. Total herbal medicinal plant species is 61 (36 family and 60 genera) which are used to cure about 31 types of ailments by local people. These medicinal plant species belong to Angiosperm (out of 53 species 31 dicotyledonous and 6 monocotyledonous which includes four families) and 2 species (1 family) are Fern. The dominant family is Fabaceae with 8 species followed by Malvaceae family with 4 species. In recent years, traditional knowledge is fast eroding. It is urgent need to record and documentation all the information related to traditional medicinal knowledge.

KEYWORDS Shakambhari Conservation Reserve, local people, traditional herbal medicines, Ailments, Aravalli hills.

INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants have also assumed very significant role in the customs and rituals observed by the local communities. Different rituals especially those associated with birth, puberty, marriage, nuptials and death employ certain medicinal plants. It is quite fascinating to note that those medicinal plants necessary to be consumed by an individual during a physiological growth stage of life time, are associated with these rituals (Somashekhar, 2008). It is commonly said that every plant species has medicinal value. Plants always have an important role in medicine and public health. The knowledge on the use of medicinal plants was acquired by trial and error and handed over from generation to generation (Ghorbani, 2005). Generally, people who live far away from the town or city have been using the herbal medicines for curing the various health problems or ailments. These people live in the natural environment (hills, forest areas) due to availability of fodder and other primary needs from the forest. Herbal medicinal species are also commonly growing in the forest. In the reserve, some medicinal plant species are available throughout the year and some species are in the monsoon period only. Local people who live in and around the reserve, traditionally use these herbal medicines for curing various ailments. Present research study is revealing the study of medicinal plant species of Shakambhari Conservation Reserve.

STUDY AREA

Shakambhari conservation Reserve (27°34’N to 27°43’ N & 75°17’ E to 75°30’ E) is one of the distinguished sacred place of Rajasthan which was formally known as Raghunathgarh Forest Block. In Feb. 2012, it was declared as a Conservation Reserve. It is situated in Sikar and

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© 2018 IJRAR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) Jhunjhunu both districts. It is 10 km near to NH 52. Total geographical area of the Conservation Reserve is 144.94 square kilometer, out of which 88.62 sq. km lies in Sikar Division and rest 56.32 sq. km lies in Jhunjhunu Division. The topography of the Reserve is quite undulating with broken ranges of hills of height ranging from 25 to 150 meters from the surrounding countryside. Most of the hilly tracts has moderate to high slopes. The topography of the area can be divided into hills, pediment zone and a few plains. Nearly one fifth part of the reserve has sand dunes and ravines which are lying in the north-western region of the reserve. The fifth highest Aravalli hill peak Raghunathgarh (1055 m) and 9-10th century built Shakambhari temple is situated in this reserve. Lohargal, Kirori kund, Nagkund, Raghunathgarh kund are natural water spring in the Reserve. Kot dam is the main water sources of the Reserve. It is situated north-east region of the Reserve. The forest of the Shakambhari Conservation Reserve is mostly edaphoclimate climax type forests. Classification of the forest is tropical dry deciduous forest and tropical thorn forest (Champion and Seth 1968). Anogeissus pendula is the dominant tree species of the reserve. Besewellia serrata, Butea monosperma are some other main tree species of the Reserve. Valley and slope of the Shakambhari Conservation Reserve are support to Acacia senegal, Lannea coromandelica, Adina cordifolia, Naringi crenulata, Flacourtia indica, Mytenuse marginata, Commaphora vightii, Ficus mallis, Grewia asiatica. Some other trees species are occupied throughout the reserve area are Ziziphus nummularia, Salvadara oleoides, Trema orientalis, Balanites aegyptica, Terminelia arjuna etc. Justicia adhatoda is a dominant shrub species of the reserve. Rhus mysorensis, Grewia tenax and Grewia flavescenc are other main shrub species of the Reserve. The Reserve has major grass-root stock on the top of the Lohargarl hills range.

Figure 2: A view of the Reserve from the Nagkund hill.

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Figure 1: The map of the study area.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

An ethno-botanical survey of Shakambhari Conservation Reserve was conducted during 2015- 2017. The data of medicinal plant species were collected from 88 individuals which comprised of old persons above 50 years. The information was collected through questionnaire, interviews and discussions among the local people of villages. The information was collected by 88 persons from 20 villages. We selected people of the age above 50 years because of their traditional and medicinal knowledge. The information of each person was entered in the field note book. Cross check of the collected information from different people has been done. Plant species are collected through various field trips to the reserve and herbarium sheets were prepared. Each specimen was numbered. The study of flora of the Reserve was accomplished. All the collected specimens were properly processed. Each specimen was identified by help of available literature and Herbarium of Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.

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Figure 3: An interview of a villager of Bhagova village.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Medicinal plant species are affordable and easily available to the local people. In the reserve, people used 61 plant species (36 family and 60 genera) which are used for medicinal purpose. These 61 medicinal species belong to Angiosperm (53 species are belonging to 31 dicotyledonous family and 6 species are belonging to 4 monocotyledonous family) and 2 species (1 family) are belong to Fern. 21 tree species, 14 shrub species, 15 herb species, 9 climber/creeper species and 2 parasite species are from these species (figure 4). Different plant species are used as medicine for curing different ailments by local people. As compared previous two different studies (traditional herbal medicines from Shekhawati region) by S S Katewa et al. (2004 and 2006) which included some species (50 and 40 species in two different studies). Present study listed 61 species which are different from previously studied but some species are same (21). Some methods of preparation of medicines are different due to selections of the different people in different-different areas. Total ailments are 31 (Table 1).

Types of medicinal plants

3% 1 TREES 15% 34% 2 SHRUBS 3 HERBS

25% 4 CLIMBERS

23% 5 PARASITES

Figure 4: The types of medicinal plants.

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Out of the total herbal medicinal species, 13 species have the property of curing the ailments of pain and tiredness followed by 10-10 plants species for respiratory tract and veterinary related ailments. Some other plant species are used in various diseases gastro-intestinal, skin and related problems, heart problem, constipation, eye and ear problems, toothache, sexual diseases and some other common ailments fever, body coolness, headache, nutrition etc. Some species were much useful for medicinal purpose (Butea monosperma, Commifhora wightii, Justicia adhatoda, Solanum surattense). The plant parts of Butea monosperma used for medical preparations were bark, flowers, gum, leaves etc. It is used in waist pain, stomachache and other pain related problems. Some plant species were utilized by whole plant parts i.e. leaves, sap, stem, bark, fruits, seeds, roots etc. (Commifhora wightii, Solanum surattense). Local people eat the tuber of Ceropegia tuberosa as a wild food and cure the kidney stone. The tuber is same as potato, it contains rich water. Termenalia arjuna is one of the species of reserve is found only at Nagkund spring. There are seven huge and oldest trees, local people are used in cure of heart disease. It was also an interesting observation that Crotolaria buhria was used for the expulsion of the placenta when cattle are unable to do it naturally after new born. It was also a new observation that Sarcostemma viminale and Ficus malis are two species which were used in feeding the cattle for increase the milk production. Dendrophthoe facata is a common and most popular species (a parasite species growing on tree Boswellia serrata) which were used in common diseases of cattle.

Traditional herbal medicinines:

(1) Termenalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & (5) Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. Arn. (Combretacaea) / tree (Fabaceae) / tree Local name- Arjun Local name- Palas The decoction bark is used in heart 1. Gum is used for removing the pain, problem. waist problem and place the leaves with buttermilk on chest, for healing (2) Anogeissus pendula (Edgew.) the stomachache. (Combretacaea) /tree 2. Place the boiling flowers on chest Local name- Dhonk for relief in its pain. Gum is used in pain problem and man impotence. (6) Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Fabaceae) /tree (3) Cassia fistula (Linn.) (Fabaceae) / Local name- Khejri tree Dry leaves are feeding (as a common Local name- Amaltas food) to cattle in dysentery problem Mash pods with water and drink the and green fruits are used in making filtrate for curing constipation and the vegetable which improve the half tea-spoon of mashed soft pods is digestion. used with water for stomachache. (7) Mimosa hamata Willd. (Fabaceae) / (4) Acacia Senegal (Linn.) Willd. shrub (Fabaceae) /tree Local name- Alay Local name- Kheri Sap of leaves with butter (ghee) is Its gum is used in making laddu (local applied in the cure of snake bite and sweet food) as supplement for the the bark is used for removing the nutrients. stains of foot.

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(8) Abrus precatorius (Linn.) (Fabaceae) Local name- Kala Khra /climber The leaves and bark are used in Local name- Chirmi treatment of cough and bronchitis. The sap of root is used in treatment of cold, cough and some part of roots (14) Ficus racemosa (Linn.) are kept in mouth, used in prevention (Moraceae)/ tree the dryness of throat. Local name- Gular Bark is used in cough problem and (9) Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. boiling sap (with some water) is used (Fabaceae) / herb in cure of the pneumonia and eye Local name- Damasa problem. The root is salutary for brushing the teeth and the sap of root is used in (15) Ficus malis Vahl (Moraceae)/ cure of stomachache. tree Local name- Bari (10) Crotolaria buhria (Buch. - Leaves of trees are used to feeding Ham.) (Fabaceae) / shrub the cattle for improve of the milk Local name- Krishana production. The boil mixture of some plant parts, bamboo, jaggary and milk are applied (16) Sterculia urens Roxb. to goats for expulsion of the placenta (Malvaceae)/ tree easily when placenta is not come out Local name- Kadu naturally after the delivery. First the dry bark is grinding with milk then filters the mixture and used (11) Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex in curing pain. Colebr. (Bruseraceae) / tree Local name- Salar (17) Grewia asiatica Vahl 1. The boiling the bark with water. (Malvaceae) / tree Water is used in bath for healing the Local name- Palsa pain. Fruits are used (as a food) for cooling 2. Carbon-black of gum is used in of the body in summer. improvement of the eye-sight. 3. Bark powder is used in making (18) Helicteres isora (Linn.) halwa (as a food) for healing body (Malvaceae)/ tree pain. Local name- Marorfali Mashed Pods in the curd and paste is (12) Commifhora wightii(Arn.) applied for curing the dysentery in Bhandari (Bruseraceae) / tree human and cattle. Local name- Guggal 1. Sap is used in cure of skin problem (19) Sida cordifolia (Linn.) and boiling plant parts with water is (Malvaceae)/ shrub used for bath for relief in body ache. Local name- Kharinti 2. Boiling bark powder with water is It is used in making laddu (local used for making halwa (as a food) for sweet food) in cure of impotence of relief in pain. man. 3. Powder of dry wood with some sugar is used in arthritis. (20) Flacaurtia indica (Burn.f.) 4. Its fragrance applied in prevention Merr. (Salicaceae) / tree of the germs in the houses. Local name- Kankun Fruits are eatable which are used in (13) Trema orientalis (L.) Blume diarrhea. (Canabinacea)/ tree

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(21) Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) 1. The decoction of roots of plants Ridsdale (Rubiaceae)/ tree and Tephrosia purpurea, leaves of Local name- Haldu Prosopis cineria and clove are used Leaf extracts are used in healing the in treatment of typhoid. wound. 2. Leaves boil with 1 kg ginger and 5 litter water till mixture remains 1 (22) Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br. liter, used 2 tea- spoon this decoction (Apocynaceae) / tree in the morning and evening in cure of Local name- Khirna asthma problem. 1. Boiling sap of plant parts (with some 3. Leaves extracts is used in cough water) is used in cure of the pain and problem. pneumonia. 2. The sap of the tree is also used in (29) Barleria prionitis (Linn.) setting of the curd. (Acanthaceae) / shrub 3. Local name- Vajardanati (23) Ceropegia tuberosa (Roxb.) Boiling of plant parts is used in (Apocynaceae) / creeper toothache. Local name- Khdula Roots, leaves and bulb are used (as a (30) Sarcostemma viminale (Linn.) food) for curing the kidney stone. R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) / shrub Local name- Kher-khamph (24) Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Soft stem is used to feed the cattle for Delile (Zygophylaceae) / tree increasing of milk production. Local name- Hingot The fruit is used in the cure of (31) Leptadenia pyrotechnica dysentery problem and repair the (Forsk.) Dence. (Asclepiadaceae) / wound. shrub Local name- Kheep (25) Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Immature fruits are used (as a Wight & Arn (Rhamnaceae) / tree vegetable) in curing constipation, Local name- Bair Jhadi gastric, pain problems and sap of soft Leaves are used in dysentery problem stem is used in remove the spine from of goat and boiling roots are used in body. making laddu (local sweet food) which is useful in cooling the body in (32) Calotropis procera (Aiton) summer. W.T.Aiton.(Asclepiadaceae) / shrub Local name- Aak (26) Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Sap is used in the cure of scorpion edgew. (Capparaceae) / tree sting and removes of the spines from Local name- Kair body. Green fruits are used in making pickles for improving the digestion. (33) Calligonium polygenoides (Linn.) (Polygonaceae) /shrub (27) Cordia gharaf (Forsk.) Ehrenb. Local name- Phog & Aschers. (Boraginaceae)/ tree Immature fruits/flowers are used (as Local name- Goondi a vegetable/ rayta) in the cure of Fruits and leaves are used in healing constipation, gastric and pain mouth ulcer. problems.

(28) Justicia adhatoda (Linn.) (34) Euphorbia nirrifolia (Linn.) (Acanthaceae) / shrub (Euphorbiaceae) / shrub Local name- Aldusa Local name- Danda-thor

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Sap is used in cure of fractured bone The sap of leaves is used in stone of cattle. disease and plants materials are boiling with water till remain half (35) Asparagus racemosus (Willd.) then fill in the bottle. It is used in (Aspharagaceae)/ climber toothache. Local name- Shishmooli The root is used for making laddu (42) Tridax procumbens (Linn.) (local sweet food) for good health (Asteraceae) / herb and in pain problem. Local name- Rukhri Leaf juice is applied in curing of the (36) Withania somnifera (Linn.) fresh wound and tiredness of body. (Solanaceae) / shrub Sap with goat milk is used in Local name- Padalsi prevention the bleeding of woman. It is used in healing the pain in human and animal both. (43) Echinops echinatus Roxb. (Asteraceae) / shrub (37) Solanum surattense (Burm.f.) Local name- Untkatara (Solanaceae) / herb It is used in cure of joint pain, eye and Local name- Pisagatali brain problem. 1. Decoction of plant parts is used in treatment of Pneumonia, cough and (44) Urginea indica (Roxb.) Jessop tooth decay (Liliaceae) / herb 2. Decoction of its sap, some jaggery, Local name- Kolikanda black pepper and garlic is used for Sap is used in pain and prevention of general ailments. the bleeding of fresh wound and sap mixed goat milk is used for (38) Tinospora cordifolia (Thumb.) prevention the bleeding in women. Miers (Menispermaceae) / climber Local name- Neem-giloy (45) Aloe barbadensis (Mill.) The decoction of plant parts, (Liliaceae) / herb chirayata and Pithpapra (Elytraria Local name- Gwarpatha acculis) are used for quick relief in Used in making of halwa and laddu fewer, arthritis, headache and pilia (as a food) for good nutrition. disease. (46) Gloriosa superba (Linn.) (39) Cocculus pendulus (J.R. (Liliaceae) / herb &G.Forst) Diels (Menispermaceae) / Local name- Kalihari climber The sap of the species is used in cure Local name- Pilwani of rheumatism. The sap of leaves is used in healing the skin disease. (47) Saccharum munja (Roxb.) (Poaceae) / herb (40) Cissampelo spareira Linn. var. Local name- Munj hirsuta (Buch. -Ham ex DC) The decoction of root of millet, leaf (Menispermaceae) / climber of Justicia adhatoda, bamboo and Local name- Harjori some water are used in rinse the Sap is mixed with milk and applies on mouth in cough and typhoid problem. fractured bone. (48) Boerhavia diffusa (Linn.) (41) Lindenbergia indica (Linn.) (Nyctaginaceae) / herb (Orobanchaceae) / herb Local name- Santhi Local name- Patherchiti

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The root is mix with curd then Grinding root is used in vegetable for grinding. It is used in pilia disease treatment of the pain and mature and heart problem. fruits are used as food in cure of constipation. (49) Pedalium murex (Linn.) (Pedalliaceae) / herb (55) Ocimum americanum (Linn.) Local name- Gokhru (Labiateae) / herb Dry seed is used for making ladoo Local name- Bawchi (local sweet food) and used in the Boiling sap of root is used for making cure of impotence of man. coolness of the stomach or body.

(50) Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. (56) Dendrophthoe facata (L.F.) Willd. (Cucurbitaceae) / creeper Ettingsh (Lorantaceae) / herb Local name- Kankera/bad karela Local name- Kanwlet Fruits are used as vegetable in It is used after fermentation of leaves intestine problem. with dry stem of millet, salt and goat’s excreta with water for (51) Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) diagnostic the digestive problems and Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) / creeper other general problems of cattle. Local name- Gurtumba Dry fruit powder is used in the (57) Trianthema portulacastrum treatment of gastric problem in (Linn.) (Aizoaceae) / herb human and animal both and dry root Local name- Santho is used in cure of diabetes. Used after boil of crushed leaves in cure of gastric problem in animal and (52) Aerva persica (Burm.f.) human both. (Amaranthaceae) / herb Local name- Bui (58) Leucas cephalotes (Roth) The white flower is used in curing the Spreng. (Lamiaceae) / herb burn of body part. Local name- Dadkhal 2. Sap of leaves is used in healing of (53) Cuscuta reflexa (Roxb.) the wound and used as antiseptic. (Convolvulaceae) / climber Local name- Amarbel (59) Moringa oleifera Lam. It is used in healing of pain and (moringaceae) / Shrub headache. Local name- Senani It is a wild species of Maringa (54) Rhus mysorensis (G. Don) oleifera. It is used in various (Anacardiaceae) / shrub purposes. The decoction of plant Local name- Dancer parts (specially roots, stem) with milk It is used in cure of pain of knee and (61) Actinopteris radiata (J.Koenig other parts of body. ex Sw.) (Peteridaceae) / herb Local name- Morpanja (60) Adiantum venustum (D. Don) The decoction of leaves, asafoetida (Peteridaceae) / herb (hing) and sugar are used for Local name- Hansraj treatment of the pile disease. 1. The sap of leaves is used in the cure of ear-pain.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Old people have traditional and medicinal knowledge but the new generation has no interest in the traditional and medicinal knowledge which was inherited generation to generation. Nowadays practices of medicinal plant species are going to decrease due to hospitalization and easy availability of the medicines at nearby villages or town. Deforestation (for fire-fuels, hedge) and over-grazing are also major problem to loss of the biodiversity of the Reserve. Deforestation during past two-three decades has much impact on biodiversity. The boundaries of the Reserve are much affected by the settlement. New sampling has been destroyed by browsing (early feeding by cattle), so new vegetation is hardly established in the Reserve. The traditional knowledge can be saved by awareness of young people and medicinal species of the Reserve can be saved by conservation of the biodiversity of the Reserve by the joint efforts of the residents and the government. Biodiversity (including the medicinal plant species) of the Reserve can be conserved through stopping deforestation and mining, prohibiting human activity and grazing in the biodiversity rich hill side. Specially Shobh desert area is most effected due to people are started to farming in the area. By this, some species Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Calligonum polygonoides and Crotolaria buhria got threat to exit from the area. In other sides, Asparagus racemosus is also started to decrease due to people do not cover the remaining roots of species after getting the root for medicinal purposes. Medicinal plant species have important role in the lives of local people. It is very important to keep inherited or documented the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Medicinal plant species may be having significant role for making new medicine as per the need of the hour, so the conservation of the biodiversity is the main issue. And it should be doing by joint efforts of research, government and local people.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are thankful to forest officials of Sikar for giving permission to perform the survey in the Reserve. Tara Chand Saini is thankful to UGC for providing Fellowship for this research work. We would also like to acknowledge all those people of the nearby areas who helped us directly or indirectly in this study.

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Table 1- Plant species used as medicine in cure of 31 ailments by local people.

S.No. Ailments No. of species 1 Heart problem 2

2 Ear pain 1 3 Fever 1 4 Constipation 3 5 Toothache 4 6 Gastro-intestinal 8 problems 7 Sexual diseases 4 8 Veterinary 10 9 Skin and wound 7 problems 10 Respiration tract 10 infection 11 Fractured bone 2 12 Arthritis 2 13 Pain and tiredness 13 14 Germs and insects 1 remove 15 Dysentery problem 3 16 Eye problem 3 17 Typhoid 3 18 Spine extraction 2 19 Scorpion bite 1 20 Snake bite 1 21 Headache 2 22 Stone disease 2 23 Pilia 1

24 Brain related problems 2 25 Piles 1 26 Woman diseases 2 27 Weakness 3 28 Coolness 3 29 Mouth ulcer 1 30 Diabetes 1 31 Burn 1

Some medicinal plants of the Reserve-

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Figure 5: Gloriosa superba

Figure 6: Dendrophthoe facata

Figure 7: A local man is showing Tinospora cordifolia at Gawaria village

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Figure 8: Sarcostemma viminale

Figure 9: Solanum surattense

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Figure 10: Commiphora wightii

Figure 11: Dendrophthoe facata

Figure 12: Abrus precatorius

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Figure 13: Terminalia arjuna

Figure 14: Ficus malis

Figure 15: Ceropegia tuberos

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Figure 16: Wrightia tinctorial

Figure 17: Justicia adhatoda,

Figure 18: Butea monosperma

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Figure 19: Actinopteris radiate

Figure 20: Adiantum venustum

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