ARQ ISSN: 0716-0852 [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile
Hidalgo, Germán; Rosas, José; Strabucchi, Wren Santiago de Chile en torno a 1850 El plano de planta urbana como instrumento revelador de su forma general ARQ, núm. 96, agosto, 2017, pp. 108-123 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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Hidalgo — Rosas — Santiago de Chile CirCa 1850 The urban floor plan as an instrument revealing the city’s general form
Germán Hidalgo José Rosas Wren Strabucchi Profesor, Escuela de Arquitectura Profesor, Escuela de Arquitectura Profesor, Escuela de Arquitectura Pontificia Universidad Católica Pontificia Universidad Católica Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile de Chile de Chile
Palabras clave As an architectural instrument that Representación dematerializes the physical disposition Dibujo of things by taking them – by means Ciudad of abstraction – to the world of ideas, Hipótesis Historia a plan can be understood as the hypothesis for an unproved possibility. Keywords Like this text describes, drawing a plan Representation of the past supposes to construct a Drawing hypothesis of something improbable. City By means of this abstract instrument, a Hypothesis History hitherto non-existent reality emerges, one that not only advances knowledge but also demonstrates the power of * Este artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de architectural instruments. investigación Fondecyt nº 1150308 «Santiago 1850. La capital antes de su modernización. [...] cartography acquired its most theoretical La mirada urbana de la moment when plans of continents or cities, rather expedición astronómica than describing reality, defined it, being capable of norteamericana de James Melville Gilliss», inventing and proposing the universe in the very act investigador responsable: of reproducing it. Germán Hidalgo; coinvestigadores: Solà-Morales, 1980 Rodrigo Booth, Amarí Peliowski, José Rosas, Wren Strabucchi, seful when studying the historical formation Christian Saavedra y Catalina Valdés (2015-2018). U of cities and the processes defining urban form and territorial organization, maps and plans are also 108 instruments that show an idea of totality regarding Fuente / Source: Fuente 1 FIG
Plano de Santiago de 1850. Escala 1: Escala 1850. de Santiago de Plano Fondecyt N º 1150308.
5 .000. Fragmento. / Fragmento. .000. Santiago’s 1850 plan. Scale 1: Scale plan. 1850 Santiago’s
5 ,000. Detail. ,000. 109
ARQ 96 — UC CHILE i h ucc ab r t S Hidalgo — Rosas —
FIG 2A Leonardo da the structure, morphology and functioning of a city Vinci. Plano de Imola, (Fig.) 1 – that is, its general form.1 The article introduces Italia, 1502. Escala 1: 4.300. Fragmento. / Town plan a research that has faced a double challenge: first, to of Imola, Italy, 1502. Scale build a plan for a specific moment in the history of 1: 4,300. Detail. Santiago de Chile (circa 1850); secondly, to state what Fuente / Source: Leonado da Vinci. I manoscritti e kind of plan it is – in other words, naming and defining it, i disegni di Leonardo da without disregarding the fact it is a plan representing the Vinci. I disegni geografici, conditions of a city 170 years ago. conservati nel Castello di Windsor. Roma: La Libreria According to literature on the subject (Secchi, 1941, dello Stato, 1941. Peña Otaegui, 1944, Echaiz, 1975, Romero, 1984, De Ramón, 1985 and 2000), this is a unique moment in the FIG 2B Giambattista Nolli. Plano de Roma, history of Santiago, as the city begins to define a new Italia, 1748. Escala 1: 2.900. stage of development – republican modernization – Fragmento. / Map of which will mature during the tenure of Benjamín Vicuña Rome, Italy, 1748. Scale 1: 2,900. Detail. Mackenna and culminate with the celebrations of the Fuente / Source: Centennial (Parcerisa & Rosas, 2015). In fact, by 1850 Giambattista Nolli. Rome a different kind of architecture emerges in Santiago, 1748: Roma: la pianta grande di Roma. New York: along with new urban spaces destined to welcome and J. H. Aronson, 1991. represent the new social, political and cultural reality (Collier, 2005; Secchi, 1941; Rosas et al, 2016). However, the city lacked a plan capable of representing – in a clear and truthful way – the process by which it sought to be established as the capital city of the Republic of Chile. This unusual situation turned the 1850s into a privileged moment to build an urban plan that would make visible its general form. The cartographic instrument capable of fulfilling this objective assumes specific features. To define it, we started by calling it ‘urban floor plan’, due to quantitative and qualitative requirements, that is, accuracy and character. We also sought to combine the representation of the general overview (specific to the city map) with that of the detail (inherent to the floor plan). Therefore, both the framing of the city and its territory, and the scale showing territorial, urban and architectural features, define the representation and, therefore, its ability to show an idea of the city. Some references help to better understand the 110 qualities of these instruments. The town plan of Imola, Teófilothefram plan,which extended Mostardi-Fioreti 1864 the by achieved was This 1860s. the until wait to have would facts urban the with consistent more A plan earlier. years afew trench Aguada la De of vicinity the in installed been already had slaughterhouse the and tiary peniten the where circumstances in canal, Miguel San atthe south the to limit city’s the kept plan However, the earlier. years twenty almost installed Agricultura de had already experienced, including the Quinta Normal city the that expansion western the show to first the was plans, floor buildings’ the specifying to addition in plan, 1854 Castagnola’s Esteban hand, other the On 1855. in in Washington published Gilliss’s, and definition) ric geomet its in regressed hand, other the on (which, plan 1841 Herbage’s of case the is This buildings. main the of outline and introducing schematic plans architectural the expanding it, from derived Others 2007). (González, delivered it information of kind the and framing general on a scientific survey, although incomplete given its based example first –the Gay Claudio by one 1831 the to 1793) Sobreviela, 1776; Molina, (Frezier, 1714; century city’s general form and, with it, the set of ideas behind it. behind ideas of set the it, with and, form general city’s the of understanding and recognition the allowing 2016), &Waldheim, (Desimini plans architectural as function they that is feature fundamental Its time. over known been have that places the and space in distant actually is what of understanding simultaneous the allows plan The document. into them aand two-dimensional transferring –abstracting astreet asquare, –abuilding, environment represents perceivable of elements the surrounding plan The perception. human by grasp to impossible things seeing of capable artifact photographic some perception of something nor the vision captured by by the intellect. ruled avisibility prioritize and visible is what of limits the m already existed in Europe Europe in existed already ambitions. 19 it the engineering imprint and representing through introducing plan, floor urban of definition this fits also 1872-1874 in Estadístico y Geográfico Instituto the by plan Madrid the Likewise, considered. be also should 1979) (Rowe, Nolli Giambattista by Rome of 1743 the map art, of work and plan aparadigmatic as kind. its of first the of one be considered fairly can and significant most the of imprecise, incomplete information from those of the 18 same the recapped who (1826), Miers John and (1824) ones of travelers early-century such as Peter Smidtmeyer the from plans: different wefind it, In 2007). (Martínez, 19 the in Chile of Santiago of cartography urban an as study: of date the to actuality city’s the and cartographies existent between discordance the solve to meant is plan This later 170 years plan, floor urban of Santiago’s construction The ade in 1502 by Leonardo Da Vinci, is perhaps one one perhaps is Vinci, Da Leonardo by 1502 in ade As a cultural byproduct, these instruments question question instruments these byproduct, acultural As th -century cultural values and epistemological cultural and values epistemological -century th -century is limited in its scope and contents contents and scope its in limited is -century Santiago never had such plan, despite it it despite plan, such had never 3 Santiago Thus, the plan does not represent the the represent not does plan the 4 Thus, ) (Fig. By virtue of its character character its of virtue 2 By
2 . - - - th
FIG 2C FIG Madrid, 1979. Madrid, de Arquitectos de Oficial 1872-1874. Madrid de ciudad la de básica Cartografía Estadístico. y Geográfico /Source: Instituto Fuente Detail. Scale 1: 1872-1874. 1: of the city of Madrid, Spain, Spain, Madrid, of city the of España, 1872-1874. Escala Escala 1872-1874. España, Madrid, de Plano España. de Estadístico y Geográfico
2.000. Fragmento. / Fragmento. 2.000.
Instituto Instituto Madrid: Colegio
2, 000. 000. 111 Plan Plan ARQ 96 — UC CHILE i
h ing to the south incorporating the penitentiary and the Campo de Marte, but not the slaughterhouse – an urban ucc
ab infrastructure that will only be represented in Santiago’s r
t 1875 plan by Ernesto Ansart. The geometric definition S reached by the latter, turns it essential for a plausible approximation to 19th-century Santiago, despite overlap- ping plan and planning – a fact that renders its reading ambiguous – and introducing views of places and build- ings, partially concealing information. Santiago’s most accurate cartographic representation was achieved by the end of the 19th-century: the survey Hidalgo — Rosas — carried out by the engineer Alejandro Bertrand, from whose monumental work only remain Santiago’s streets drawings, each one represented individually at a scale of 1: 200 (Bertrand, 1890). Despite its indisputable quality and precision, this drawing was limited to the description of public space, relegating the representation of private properties from which it only states its official line and the point where property subdivision occurs. Private space was detailed two decades later by the Catastro de Manzanas [blocks cadaster] undertaken by the Municipality of Santiago since 1910, in order to estimate an appraisal of properties and collect the corresponding taxes. A precise description of each property in terms of its surface, materiality, and height can be found here. However, given its specific purpose, such cadaster did not collect information from public institutions or from the Church, in which cases the land appears empty. Finally, the Plan of Santiago Valley developed FIG 3A Plano de Santiago by the Army in 1895, and later redefined at a scale of de 1910. Escala 1: 5.000. 1: 25,000, provides accurate information regarding the Fragmento / Santiago’s 1910 plan. Scale: 1: 5,000. rural environment (González, 1998, Instituto Geográfico Detail. Fuente / Source: Militar, 2004). Fondecyt Nº 1085253 Thus, the achievements of 19th-century historical car-
FIG 3B Plano de Santiago tographies on Santiago are relative, showing strengths de 1890. Escala 1: 5.000. and weaknesses; nevertheless, they complement and Fragmento. / Santiago’s enrich each other. Therefore, the challenge of assem- 1890 plan. Scale 1 :5,000. Detail. Fuente / Source: bling an urban floor plan of Santiago de Chile circa 1850 Fondecyt Nº 1110684. – understood as an instrument to specify and expand
112 tographic construction’, since it is about producing a plan aplan producing about is it since construction’, tographic a‘car process this called wehave why is That material. documentary and iconographic also but plans, sources: different to belonging fragments and parts pieces, of assemblage the on based method aworking adopting implied this time, same atthe But material. background important an cartographies these in –found opment o material cartography, and plans, iconographic architectural historical by supported blocks, 1910 and plans street 1890 of deconstruction the on built was it since hypothesis; methodological is a itself plan the that suggests one first 2015). Pöete, 1926; (Lavedan, confirmed ciprocally re and provided cartographies historical that evidence construction was largely developed by articulating the This West. the to Agricultura de Normal Quinta the and Station Central the and East, the to Women’s Hospital new the south, the to trench Aguada la De the North, the to Cemetery General the framing: range wide its and 1: (scale detail its in existed never actually, that, urbanized yet (as was the case of the northern and and northern the of case the (as was yet urbanized been not had these 1910 by since plans, Army’s the from toonly necessary literally transcribe the information plan was fundamental fundamental was plan Santiago 1910 the which for ones, rural into plots urban dismantling and regression consisted in transforming of process the Here, used. were 1908 in and 1895 in Army the by made cartographies valley Santiago the definition, its For life. urban on incidence its given plan, 1850 Santiago’s of aspect afundamental are scale an dimension. architectural an and dimension, and dimension, urban territorial rural a dimensions: three to according organized was plan 1980). (Solà-Morales, drawing was established be to the instrumentlect, that allowed for these relationships se and describe to ability its to due Finally, hypotheses. new formulating allow that evidences and evidences articulating allow that hypotheses verified: are relations dialectical these where space the into it turning plan, have been key in the definition and construction of the vogue. in then models the to unrelated language, architectural and morphology scale, own their with built, are city the from away sites occupying infrastructures urban first the finally, one; foundational the from different layout formal own its with each peripheries the first towns and neighborhoods arise, of spaces urban and squares; including in parks the system anew buildings their through establishing area, and political institutions settle in the city’s foundational cultural social, of aset canal; Carlos San the of creation the after infrastructures channeling water new to due south grow to began Santiago 1850, around evidence: following the on based This, modernization. republican its to prior aphase in was Chile de Santiago 1850, around n the knowledge of a key moment in its urban devel urban its in akey of moment knowledge n the This new plan is based on a double hypothesis. The The hypothesis. adouble on based is plan new This Firstly, the rural environment and the territorial In methodological terms, the manufacturing of the The evidences supporting this second hypothesis ) (Fig.
3 . The second hypothesis argues that, that, argues hypothesis second . The ) (Fig.
4 . In other areas, it was was it areas, other . In
5, 000) 000) - - - - Fondecyt /Source: Fuente Detail. 1: Scale plan. 1850 Fragmento. / Santiago’s 1: Escala 1850. de 3C FIG
Plano de Santiago Santiago de Plano N º 1150308.
5. 5, 000. 000. 000. 000. 113
ARQ 96 — UC CHILE i h ucc ab r t S Hidalgo — Rosas —
FIG 4 Fases de la southern edges of the city). This led to the definition of construcción del Plano rural roads, alleys and different types of property and de Santiago de 1850. Dimensión rural. Sector use of the rural land, creating an unprecedented image norte. of Santiago. Indeed, the plan shows a singular moment a) Fragmento del Plano of Santiago’s urban development: when it ceased to be del Valle de Santiago, realizado por el Ejército a small town surrounded by rural areas, as seen in the en 1895; b) Fragmento 1841 Herbage plan, to experience a transference stage propuesto para el Plano between the countryside and the city. Santiago de 1850; c) Polígono de estudio; Secondly, the urban dimension implied structuring d) Polígono de estudio the plan; that is, defining and adapting the framework extraído del Plano of streets and urban spaces for which Bertrand’s de Santiago de 1910, Fondecyt Nº 1085253; 1890 street plans were essential. This meant the e) Superposición de deconstruction of historical plans, assigning them a polígonos de 1850 y 1910. key role in the dismantling that led to 1850. The street Fuente: Fondecyt Nº 1150308 plans of 1890 undoubtedly offered reliable information regarding the layout and dimensions of streets, which Construction phases, most likely suffered no substantial modification in the Santiago’s 1850 plan. Rural dimension. North sector. forty-year period (1850-1890). In addition to providing a) Fragment of the Plan of information on public space, the street plans showed Santiago Valley, developed building subdivision traces by means of the projection, by the Army in 1895; b) Fragment proposal for the in the official line, of dividing walls and exit points of Santiago’s 1850 plan; c) the acequias [irrigation canals] onto the public space. Study polygon; d) Study The 1910 cadaster served to complete the information polygon as extracted from Santiago’s 1910 plan, from inside the blocks, thus a sixty-year regression Fondecyt Nº 1085253; e) process was carried out. From these pieces of evidence, Overlapping of polygons the proposal for the blocks subdivision becomes, in from 1850 and 1910. Source: Fondecyt turn, a new hypothesis (Fig.) 5 . Nº 1150308. Finally, the architectural dimension required adapting the architectural plan of the buildings that housed existent institutions to their corresponding plot and typological and spatial definition. Historical cartography and views of the city played a key role in the adaptation to the plot, material from which evidence was extracted to propose a possible configuration. Plans from different sources were used for typological and spatial definition. From this evidence, each plan underwent a reduction process that allowed synthesizing its typological features, spatial structure and possible programs according to full/empty or figure/ground relations. The homologation process generated by these drawings enhanced the differences and showed the qualities of the new buildings that, located mostly in the countryside – as the penitentiary, the slaughterhouse, 114 the Escuela Normal de Preceptoras, the House of O (emptiness) and material presences (fullness) also allows representing the city from space continuities it but set, is it where land or block the and plot the of shape the confirms plan the into fit architecture this all spatial relationships and complex morphologies. Making revealed through this method, by showing sophisticated also was institutions these of identity programmatic The experiencing. was capital the changes the of nature the causes discontinuous urban growth 1985) Ramón, (De defined are peripheries urban new the and city central the where scenario dual The territorial order amixed towards world: rural the and city The appraisal. its of order the and readability its framing, plan’s the determined has categorization This city. the of dimension architectural and urban territorial, the simultaneously visualize to necessary was it purpose, such For growth. territorial and urbanization of processes the of consequently, and, space urban of 2008) (Soja, understanding geo-historical a of search in space, colonial its transformed that pieces and elements the of meaning and scale of attributes and architecture of type new the distinguishing required Santiago 1850 of form general the Unveiling a of aunitary image the Dismantling Diego Viejo Street, the Alameda de la Cañadilla and the the and Cañadilla la de Alameda the Street, Viejo Diego San Street, Olleria Yungay Road, Avenue, Matucana Valparaíso, to road the and Street Pablo San as – such areas different the connecting roads the of hierarchy the hand, other the On 1999). (Piwonka, irrigation agricultural distributing this resource for popular consumption and and capturing for structures and watercourses with along territory, the to city the linked beginning the from that roads certain by determined strongly still is grid condition. mixed its also but segregation, territorial explain elements such them; separated ditches and the peripheral centers, it is clear that torrents, channels, within the territory. And although the city connected with foundational grid continued to occupy a central position throughout the process, the order deriving from the nd uniform city uniform nd rates, or the new Women’s Hospital – warned about about –warned Women’s Hospital new the or rates, The plan confirms that, three centuries later, the later, the centuries three that, confirms plan The ) (Fig.
7 . However, ) (Fig.
6 . Source: Fondecyt 1850 plan. proposal for Santiago’s Block d) plans; street 1890 of Alejandro Bertrand’s resulting from the assembly c) Block block; a1910 of b) Vectorization survey; block 1910 the from a) Sheet block example. dimension, central area Urban plan. 1850 Santiago’s Construction phases, c 1910; de manzana la de b) Vectorización 1910; de Manzanas de Catastro a) Plancheta del sector central. ejemplo de una manzana Dimensión urbana, 1850. de Santiago de construcción del Plano 5 FIG Fuente: Fondecyt Fuente: 1850. de Santiago de plano el para 1890; de Bertrand Alejandro de calles de planos de montaje del N d N ) Manzana resultante ) Manzana propuesta propuesta ) Manzana º 1150308. º 1150308
Fases de la la de Fases
115 ARQ 96 — UC CHILE i h ucc ab r t S Hidalgo — Rosas —
FIG 6 Fases de la Alameda de la Recoleta, among others – provided the city construcción del Plano of an intermediate-scale urban structure. de Santiago de 1850. Dimensión arquitectura; The nexus between the central city and the territory ejemplo, Iglesia de la was someway articulated by a set of elements, such as Compañía. the tajamares [piers] and their walkway – executed circa Arriba: Manzana de la Iglesia de la Compañía, en 1804 along roughly thirty blocks as a defense for floods – diversos planos históricos. and the enduring significance of Cal y Canto bridge, built Abajo: a) Manzana in 1780 to connect the neighborhoods of La Chimba with vectorizada; b) Manzana con información the central sector. Furthermore, the tajamares normalized sintetizada; c) Manzana the northern edge of the city and the willingness to regu- representada en late the shape of its filling units(Fig. 8). lleno-vacío. Fuente: Fondecyt The northern part of the city, greatly defined by the Nº 1150308. Mapocho channel and a mostly unbuilt area, presents a certain urban configuration around La Cañadilla and Construction phases, Santiago’s 1850 plan. La Recoleta Street, mixed with agricultural areas. Both Architectural dimension; the Cal y Canto and the Wooden bridges together with Iglesia de la Compañía the tajamares, indicate a desire to urbanize the stream example. Above: Iglesia de la and to connect the central city’s grid with the two roads Compañía block, in linking it to the territory. These roads integrate also the different historical Blanco Hill and the General Cemetery with the central moments. Below: a) Vectorized block; b) Block area. Overall, this reading indicates a spatial disciplinary synthesizing information; process of the area called La Chimba, enabled by the c) Block representing full- installation of the General Cemetery and the subsequent empty spaces. Source: Fondecyt emergence of the Ovalle neighborhood. Nº 1150308. A significant contribution in the organization of the urban center was the transformation of the irrigation channel Nuestra Señora del Socorro into an urban walkway, later Alameda de las Delicias in 1820 (Pérez, 2016). In addition, it was extended to the east as Alameda del Carmen, while land urbanization was expanded to the south, and also to the east of the Santa Lucía Hill. The new urban fabrics located in the outskirts (Yungay village, Ovalle and Matadero neighborhoods) are material expressions of the city’s transformation and of new ways of living (Rosas et al, 2016), together with urban pieces such as Quinta Normal, associated to the Escuela Normal de Preceptoras and the School of Arts and Crafts; the Campo de Marte, next to the penitentiary, the Artillery Barracks and the Urban Prison; the General Cemetery and the House of Orates, added to the churches and convents of the sector; and the Railway Station, still a project at the time. All of them represent specific areas of interest that undoubtedly guided the 116 subsequent city’s growth (Fig. 9). The railway line and the Central Station, the westward FIG 7 Plano de Santiago extension of the Alameda de las Delicias and the de 1850. Ciudad Central y territorio mixto, perpendicular line called Alameda de San Juan – later rural-urbano. / Santiago’s known as Alameda de Matucana – connecting to 1850 plan. Central city and the road to Valparaiso, will play a fundamental role. mixed rural-urban territory. Fuente / Source: In fact, given its location, the Central Station would Fondecyt Nº 1150308. become threshold and gateway to the city, and given its scale and materiality, a sign of modernization and metropolitan attribute. Its articulation with the Quinta Normal and Yungay village, and the extension of almost a kilometer of its maneuvering yard, will establish a new linear border to the west, one which would later become a key part of the railway ring and of the Centennial city’s general form. This urban expansion over the surrounding territory must be understood in a broad national policy context, which explains and grounds it. At the time, aware of the territorial scale over which they had to exercise their powers, government authorities commissioned first Claudio Gay and then Amado Pissis to carry out a national territory survey considering, among other things, the railway lines project. 117 FIG 8 Tajamares del río The central city and the intensification Mapocho y paseo. of the grid Detalle de la vista panorámica de Santiago Around 1850 the regular grid that organized the central desde el cerro Santa city since its founding was preserved within the same Lucía, c.1850. Dibujo de borders, maintaining the acecquias as domestic water E. R. Smith, Litografía de Thomas S. Sinclaire. distribution networks. It is possible, however, to recognize in the same period several initiatives registered Mapocho river piers and to improve its functioning and urban space, including walkway. Detail. Santiago panoramic the opening and rectification of a number of roads, as view from Santa Lucía Hill, the fragment of Moneda Street between the current c.1850. Drawing by Bandera and Ahumada streets, which contributed to the E. R. Smith, Lithograph by Thomas S. Sinclaire. reform and densification of the central sector. However, the plan confirms that the central city Fuente / Source: Gilliss, was still bounded to the north by the Mapocho River; James Melville. u.s. Naval Astronomical Expedition to to the west by the Negrete channel, where the central the Southern Hemisphere grid acequias drained; to the south by the San Miguel during the Years 1849- canal, draining towards the De la Aguada trench; and ‘50-‘51-‘52. Washington: A.. O. P Nicholson to the east by the Santa Lucía Hill. As a consequence, Printer, 1855. informal settlements emerged in all of its borders, interspersed with the rural area formed by hijuelas, farms and plantations where middle-class and underprivileged sectors were located.5 In this context, the city’s general form around 1850 can hardly still be identified exclusively with the colonial grid and the original site, back when it had a compact and unitary image. On the contrary, in the mid 19th-century, the general form defined a kind of spatial context characterized by the presence of new scattered urban artifacts located in the peripheries, trespassing the limits of the foundational city on its four sides and imbricating urban and rural plots, in a territorial configuration of greater scale, size and complexity (Fig. 10). The reality of the once identical, uniform city has given rise to a plurality of new urbanizations and buildings throughout the territory that blend with the countryside towards the immediate rural peripheries, showing the abandonment of a model based on the extension and continuity of the grid, a fact that Santiago’s 19th-century historical cartography rendered invisible or failed to show (Fig.) 1 . The plan we present thus reveals the existence of new forms of occupancy developed with a different modulation in terms of urban tissue and, consequently, through modes or mechanisms of rural property market and its transformation into urban plots.6 Nevertheless, this process of spatial fragmentation of the peripheries and, as a consequence of the economic boom derived from mining, the central city’s form – with 118 clearly defined boundaries in 1831 as shown by Claudio G Attributions in 1854. Attributions and Organization Municipalities of Law subsequent the and 1844 in Barra la De Intendant by activities urban of also developed. Gurovich (2003) emphasizes the order were use land urban of regulation and form urban the the same period, legal initiatives on the management of In use. land intensified and densified buildings religious and residences, private buildings, public new where grid central the of consolidation the –shows city’ proper scale, program and morphology, coexisted in the distance. the in coexisted morphology, and program scale, of kind another of ‘palace,’ buildings the of image the renew to came which buildings, these with Along places. transformations, constituting themselves as new central structure street and space public involved that programs new introduced and net aspatial drew others, among Senate, the of seat as building Consulate the and Deputies of Chamber the of seat the Theater, University the Abastos, de Mercado the Tagle passages, and Bulnes Cathedral, the to annexed buildings the transformed into Government in headquarters 1848, Moneda, la de Palacio the as such Buildings entailed. complement the plot subdivision that residential use extension grid’s the occupied that facilities public New programs architectural and New types ay’s plan and which Vicuña Mackenna called ‘the ‘the called Mackenna Vicuña which and ay’s plan Source: Fondecyt 5 Marte Agricultura de Normal Quinta 2. Chimba; 1. territory: mixed on artifacts Urban Santiago’s 1850 plan. N 9 FIG N Fondecyt Fondecyt Fuente: Nuevo Hospital de Mujeres. 5. Matadero; 4. Marte; de Campo 3. Agricultura; de Normal Quinta 2. Chimba; 1. mixto: territorio sobre urbanas Piezas 1850. de . New Women’s Hospital. Women’s . New º 1150308. º 1150308.
; 4. Slaughterhouse; Slaughterhouse; ; 4. Plano de Santiago Santiago de Plano Campo de de Campo ; 3.
119 ARQ 96 — UC CHILE i h ucc ab r t S Hidalgo — Rosas —
FIG 10 Relación The central city not only increased the number of campo-ciudad en Santiago buildings but also reinforced the role of urban parishes, de Chile en torno a 1850. Detalle de la Vista adding new churches, chapels and schools. To the Panorámica de Santiago existent7, the parishes of San Saturnino (linked to the desde el cerro Santa foundation of Yungay village) and Veracruz (under Lucía, c.1850. Dibujo de E. R. Smith, Litografía de construction since 1852) were added, allowing ordering Thomas S. Sinclaire. and re-signifying the triangle formed by the Mapocho, the Cañada and the Santa Lucia Hill. City-countryside relationship, Santiago de Together with these new buildings, the city Chile c. 1850. registered microstructures outside its boundaries, whose Detail. Santiago panoramic patterns were no longer governed by the extension of view from Santa Lucía Hill, c.1850. Drawing by the foundational grid and whose geometry and location E. R. Smith, Lithograph by constituted changes that anticipated Santiago’s definitive Thomas S. Sinclaire. modernization – which will happen around 1910 with
Fuente / Source: Gilliss, the celebration of the Centenary of the Republic. James Melville. u.s. Naval Despite their differences with the layout and buildings Astronomical Expedition to of the colonial urban fabric, these changes in size and the Southern Hemisphere during the Years 1849-‘50- materiality maintain both morphological constants and ‘51-‘52. Washington: predominance of a regular order, allowing to state that A.O.P. Nicholson these were variations of the same ground occupancy Printer. 1855. geometry on which the city was built in previous stages. Likewise, the extension of certain streets and the disposition throughout the territory of new buildings comprising public hygiene and policies programs – such as the new Women’s Hospital, the General Cemetery, the slaughterhouse, the penitentiary, the Campo de Marte and the Quinta Normal – were the expression of a mixed territory where the urban overlaps with the rural land, and where road infrastructures were the structuring elements in the definition of a new general form.
Conclusions The production of an urban floor plan has revealed the general form of the city of Santiago circa 1850 in its scope and urban consequences. First, as an instrument, the urban floor plan has shown new urban scales, allowing for the discovery of new relations between architecture, the city, and its 120 territory – unlike 19th-century historical cartography. N otes form. ageneral with it provide to order in it bound and circumscribe to later, seeking years twenty deal will Mackenna Vicuña Benjamín Mayor that city central the outside towns and buildings institutional new these by guided expansion and complexity the with precisely is it fact, In years. 50 following the in occur would that growth the see to glance, asingle in allowed, that kilometers to 4 of 2 distance a defining city, central the from away located neighborhoods new and buildings programs, of provision the by induced was expansion city’s the that revealed plan the contrary, the On layout. street city’s founding the of extension amere was growth such that image the dismantling periphery, rural its over growth effective first Santiago’s form of city development. These operations constitute eminently rural environment that inaugurated a new an on out carried operations urbanization the allowed: Republic. the of capital the as status its and registered process modernization the with line in image an built city the it, With embedded. firmly was it which in territory mixed-character broad the also but grid the intensified only not order, which colonial the for language architectural and institutional buildings of unprecedented scale, typology new by reinforced centrality of condition anew time atthe acquired city the how showing scale, territorial parts. its of one each re-signifying emerged, world possible –anew sources original their from separated already – plan the on evidence of shreds different the drawing of act the In relationships. such establish to allowed which proposed, here method the through answered sources, document different from information of cumulus the represent to how on question the was It 4 3 2 1
representation for the first time (Alberti, 1991). (Alberti, time first the for representation architectural the to quality this assigns Alberti Battista Leon Venice. in Muratori Barcelona, Manuel de Solà-Morales in the Catalan regions, and Laborati d’Urbanisme the inside built Busquets Joan from ones the like attention of worthy cases contemporary are there Finally, type. this within considered be must 1771 in Seville of plan Coelho’s 1: Scale: 1979. Madrid, de Arquitectos de Oficial Colegio Madrid de Ciudad la de básica In:1872-1874. Cartografía yEstadístico, Geográfico Instituto Madrid, of city the of Plan Stanford University,
2,
4, 000. 000. 300. 300. in in 121 ARQ 96 — UC CHILE i 5 During this period, social dwelling was located in the peripheral h urban borders, near the main waterways, usually in marshy lands with low agricultural productivity (Hidalgo, 2005). It should be added ucc that in this period, was “the growth of a segmented and segregated ab city that transformed the bonds between the rich and the poor into r
t industrial services relationships, rather than those of protection and S obedience” (Serrano, 2008). 6 This way of occupying the periphery and the emergence of new urban forms that the plan shows, as has been widely studied (Romero, 1984, 58-63; De Ramón, 1985), was the consequence of population growth derived from migratory movements originated in the countryside, attracted by the demands of an newly born industry, commercial development and public works, locating themselves in the capital and encouraging the urbanization of farms and rural plots. These new neighborhoods aimed at housing middle sectors, clearly
Hidalgo — Rosas — determined by real estate market and state action on rural areas, differed from the lease of pastures where, without greater urban control or infrastructure provision, the most vulnerable sectors were settled, configuring ranchos and later conventillos. 7 Capilla del Sagrario, Church of Santa Ana, San Lázaro, San Isidro, La Estampa, Ñuñoa, Renca, Colina and Lampa. The following also emerged as part of this transformation process: the restoration of the San Agustín Temple, the Church of La Viñita, the Church of the Recoleta Dominica, the Church and Convent of the Capuchins, the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts, among others. Worth mention- ing is the Convent of the Sisters of Providence, which at the time began to manage its transfer to the eastern periphery of the city.
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