FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Project Title: Assessment of Late Quaternary
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FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Project Title: Assessment of late Quaternary deformation, eastern Santa Clara Valley, San Francisco Bay region Recipient: William Lettis & Associates, Inc. 1777 Botelho Drive, Suite 262 Walnut Creek, California 94596 (925) 256-6070 Principal Investigators: Christopher S. Hitchcock William Lettis & Associates, Inc., 1777 Botelho Dr., Suite 262, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 (phone: 925-256-6070; email: [email protected]) Charles M. Brankman William Lettis & Associates, Inc., 1777 Botelho Dr., Suite 262, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 (phone: 925-256-6070; email: [email protected]) Program Elements: I and II U. S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Award Number 01HQGR0034 July 2002 Research supported by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior, under USGS award number 01HQGR0034. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. ABSTRACT A series of northwest-trending reverse faults that bound the eastern margin of Santa Clara Valley are aligned with the southern termination of the Hayward fault, and have been interpreted as structures that may transfer slip from the San Andreas and Calaveras faults to the Hayward fault. Uplift of the East Bay structural domain east of Santa Clara Valley is accommodated by this thrust fault system, which includes the east-dipping Piercy, Coyote Creek, Evergreen, Quimby, Berryessa, Crosley, and Warm Springs faults. Our study provides an evaluation of the near-surface geometry and late Quaternary surficial deformation related to reverse faulting in the eastern Santa Clara Valley. Retrodeformable geologic cross sections provide constraints on the down-dip geometry and depth of interaction between east dipping faults of the eastern Santa Clara Valley and Calaveras fault system. These cross sections show that the Evergreen and Quimby faults are likely secondary structures which root into the Calaveras fault system at relatively shallow (<5km) depths. We conclude that these faults are likely not independent seismic sources but rather probably rupture in response to large earthquakes on the Calaveras fault. Based on scarp profiling and offset of a fluvial terrace across the Evergreen Fault near the Evergreen Valley Community College, we obtain a minimum vertical separation across the fault of 7.3 m. Based on radiocarbon dates from the upper terrace deposits, we obtain a vertical separation rate on Evergreen fault of 3.8 mm/yr. Similarly, based on 1 m of offset of a correlative terrace across the Quimby fault, we obtain a vertical separation rate of 0.5 mm/yr. However, we believe that the offset terraces likely are late Pleistocene or early Holocene and thus the actual slip rate on the fault likely is up to an order of magnitude less. A field exposure of the Silver Creek fault shows the fault to be a west-dipping structure with reverse displacement. The observed geomorphic pattern of uplift within Santa Clara Valley above the west- dipping Silver Creek fault is distinct from, and different than, the observed pattern of localized uplift of the hills east of the Evergreen, Quimby, and other east-dipping faults that bound the eastern margin of Santa Clara Valley. Because the Silver Creek fault dips more steeply than the east- dipping faults, appears to have significant fault slip per event, and is a more significant structural discontinuity, it likely is a seismogenic feature capable of producing independent earthquakes. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Abstract........................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents............................................................................................................................iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Significance and Purpose............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Summary of Results .................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... 5 2.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING............................................................................... 7 2.1 Structural Setting ......................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Major strike-slip faults.................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 Reverse faults of the Eastern Santa Clara Valley........................................... 8 2.2 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Regional Geomorphic Setting...................................................................................... 9 3.0 TECHNICAL APPROACH............................................................................................. 11 3.1 Geomorphic Investigations ........................................................................................ 11 3.2 Interpretation of Subsurface Data .............................................................................. 14 3.3 Structural Cross-sections and Kinematic Modeling................................................... 14 3.4 Field Investigations.................................................................................................... 15 4.0 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 16 4.1 Structural Cross-Sections ........................................................................................... 16 4.2 Geomorphic Mapping and Analyses........................................................................... 21 4.2.1 Fluvial Terrace Longitudinal Profiles........................................................... 21 4.2.1.1 Evergreen Creek...................................................................... 21 4.2.1.2 Coyote Creek.......................................................................... 25 4.2.2 Fluvial Channel Profiles............................................................................... 25 4.2.3 Residual Map............................................................................................... 25 4.3 Silver Creek fault exposure......................................................................................... 30 5.0 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 38 5.1 Structural and Kinematic Model ................................................................................ 38 5.2 Regional Rates of Quaternary Deformation .............................................................. 39 5.4 Hazard Assessment of Seismogenic Sources............................................................. 40 6.0 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................. 42 7.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 44 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Section Page List of Tables 1 List of aerial photography used in reconnaissance geologic mapping............................... 11 2 Radiocarbon dates from fault and stream terrace exposures.............................................. 23 List of Figures 1 Regional map showing the San Andreas, Calaveras, and Hayward faults and other major late Cenozoic structural features in the southern San Francisco Bay Area .................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Map of study area showing reverse faults along the eastern Santa Clara Valley.................. 3 3 East-west cross-section B-B’............................................................................................ 17 4 East-west cross-section A-A’............................................................................................ 18 5 East-west cross-section C-C’............................................................................................ 19 6 East-west stream terrace profile along Evergreen Creek.................................................... 22 7 Detailed scrap profile across the Evergreen fault............................................................... 24 8 North-south stream terrace profile along Coyote Creek.................................................... 26 9 Stream channel thalweg profile of Evergreen Creek across the Evergreen and Quimby faults................................................................................................................... 27 10 Stream channel thalweg profile of Coyote Creek across the Silver Creek fault ................. 28 11 Envelope map of generalized topography in study area..................................................... 29 12 Sub-envelope map of interpreted elevation of incision ...................................................... 31 13 Topographic residual map of study area ........................................................................... 32 14 Photograph and