A Chronology of Christian/Jewish Relations

313 AD: 379-395 AD: 528 AD: 722 AD: • Constantine became a • Emperor Theodosius • Emperor Justinian (527-564) passed the • Leo III outlawed Judaism. were baptized 135 AD: Christian. the Great permitted the Justinian Code. It prohibited Jews from against their will. destruction of synagogues if • Edict of Milan stripped building synagogues, reading the Bible in • Serious Roman persecution of Jews it served a religious purpose. Hebrew, assembling in public, celebrating 855 AD: and Jewish customs began. many rights from Jews, 1099 AD: 1104 AD: including the ability to • Christianity became the Passover before Easter, and testifying • Jews were exiled from Italy. • Circumcision, reading the Torah, eating live in Jerusalem. state religion of the against in court. • The Crusaders • The Crusaders conquer unleavened bread at Passover all Roman Empire. established the Kingdom Akko and expand the forbidden under penalty of death. 337 AD: 538 AD: of Jerusalem. port. They hold the city 380 AD: for 83 years. • Temple to Roman god Jupiter erected on • Constantine created a • The 3rd and 4th Councils of Orleans • The Crusaders forced the Temple Mount. law making marriage of • The of Milan was prohibited Jews from appearing in all of the Jews in public during the Easter season. Marriages Jerusalem into a central • Temple to Venus built on Golgotha. a Jewish man to a responsible for the burning of Christian punishable a synagogue saying it was between Christians and Jews were synagogue and set it on by death. “an act pleasing to God.” prohibited. Christians were prohibited fire. Those who tried to from converting to Judaism. escape were forced back into the burning building.

Early Roman Period: 63 BC – 96 AD Late Roman Period: 96 AD – 313 AD Byzantine Period: 313 AD – 636 AD Arab Period: 636 AD – 1099 AD Crusader Period: 1099 AD – 1291 AD

Circa 32 AD: 339 AD: 415 AD: 612 AD: 1050 AD: 1191 AD: 1278 AD: • Christianity was originally a • Converting to Judaism • St. Augustine wrote, “The • Jews were not allowed to own land... • The of Narbonne prohibited Christians • Richard the Lionhearted • Edict of Pope Nicholas Jewish sect… was a Jew; became a criminal offense. true image of the Hebrew to be farmers... or enter certain trades. from living in the homes of Jews. retakes Akko. III requires compulsory all the disciples were Jews; the is Judas Iscariot, who attendance at 200 AD: 1078 AD: • Akko becomes the base first adherents to the teachings 367 – 376 AD: sells the Lord for silver. The 613 AD: conversion sermons. Jew can never understand of operations and Capital of Jesus were Jews. • Roman Emperor Severus • St. Hilary of Poitiers • Jews were given the option of either leaving • Pope Gregory VII decreed that Jews could not hold the Scriptures and for of the Kingdom of forbade religious conversions referred to Jews as a Spain or converting to Christianity. office or be superiors to Christians. 1290 AD: • Non-Jewish Christians were told ever will bear the guilt for Jerusalem for 100 years. to Judaism. perverse people who God in Romans 11:20 not to be the death of Jesus.” • Jewish children were forced to receive a • Synod of Gerona forced Jews to pay church taxes. • Jews are expelled has cursed forever. 1215 AD: from England. arrogant over the natural 306 AD: Christian education. branches, the Jews. Judaism • St. Ephroem refers to 489-519 AD: 1096 AD: • Fourth Lateran Council • Synod of Elvira banned 1291 AD: is clearly the root of Christian synagogues as brothels. • The First Crusade was launched with the primary expands anti-Jewish marriages, sexual intercourse, • Christian mobs destroyed faith; Gentiles were grafted in. goal of liberating Jerusalem from the Muslims, decrees in Europe, • Crusaders are and community contact the synagogues in Jews were perceived as just as much as an enemy. forces Jews to wear a defeated by the 70 AD: between Christians and Jews. Antioch, Daphne and Ravenna. As the soldiers passed through Europe on the way Yellow Patch, the Mamluks at the • 1 Million Jews killed. to the Holy Land, large numbers of Jews were “Badge of Shame”. battle of Akko and the • 100,000 Jews taken into captivity challenged: “Christ-killers, embrace the Cross or die!” Crusades essentially 1222 AD: came to an end. and scattered throughout the • Guibert of Nogent (1053-1124) reported that the Roman Empire. Crusaders of Rouen said: “We desire to combat the • The Archbishop of • Judaism no longer recognized enemies of God in the East; but we have under our Canterbury forbids Jews as a legal religion. eyes the Jews, a race more inimical to God than all from building new the others...” The Crusaders in Rouen and elsewhere synagogues, owning in Lorraine massacred Jews who refused . slaves, or mixing with Christians. • 12,000 Jews were killed in the Rhine valley alone during the first Crusade. This behavior continued for 8 Crusades until 1272. Restoring

Restoring the Covenant

This guide is designed to However, centuries later, Akko would The historical account of pain and of Blessing prepare you to minister to become the gateway to the Holy Land for persecution Christians inflicted upon the Crusaders, and ultimately the center of Jewish people is unspeakable… and it your group about the injustice operations for the Crusades. didn’t end with the Crusades. In the years A Christian Leaders historically inflicted on God’s following Christians would be directly or Devotional Guide chosen people by the Church, In the Western world we are often taught indirectly responsible for numerous untold By Mark Dreistadt and to begin the healing process that the Crusades were a noble enterprise… horrors these chosen people of God would be forced to endure. between the natural branches the commitment of the Christian Church to (Jews) and those who were free the Holy Land from the Muslims. Often, what we do not understand is that the Jewish We cannot change the reprehensible For a more in-depth historical Akko Points of Interest grafted in (Gentiles) people were seen by Crusaders as just as actions of our forefathers, but we can alter (Romans 11:16-36). much of an enemy. Thousands of Jews were the course of the future. We cannot take back account of Christians/Jewish • The Enchanted Garden killed at the hands of those waging war in the what was done to so deeply offend the heart relations go to www.VisitAkko.com • The Hospitaller Fortresss Like each of the meaningful sites on a name of Christ. of God. But we can commit, going forward, • The Knights Hall Bible-based itinerary of the Holy Land, to honor God’s Word and to bless the land • The Southern Street it is the Scriptures that first bring us to the As we stand in this fortress built nearly a and people of Israel. • The Turkish Bath (Hamam) ancient, walled, seaside city of Akko. Old Acre Development thousand years ago, we can imagine the • The Okashi Museum The ancient port city has been known by sounds of Knights all around us. Here in As we stand in this hall… the very place 011-972-49956706 • Underground Fighters Museum several names through the centuries these halls the Crusaders cared for their where the Crusaders planned their brutal • The Walls of Akko including Acre, Akko, and Ptolemais. wounded, they celebrated their victories, attacks... we recognize that our forefathers 011-972-49956707 • The Market they planned their next attack. These walls in the faith did not regard God’s chosen Fax +972-49919418 Some 4,000 years ago, the land was given echo the sound of leaders plotting to people with the honor they deserved. • The Marina & Fishing Port to the tribe of Asher to enter and possess kill the people God calls the “apple of www.visitakko.com • Khan al-Umdan (Judges 1:31). After the resurrection of His eye”. It is altogether fitting and appropriate that • The Ramchal Synagogue Jesus, Paul the Apostle traveled to this we now seek forgiveness for the intolerance • The Or Tora Synagogue port city. The Scriptures record in Acts 21:7, and injustice of our forefathers, and that as I will bless those who bless you, “we sailed from Tyre to the city of Ptolemais. true Christians we wholly commit to bless And I will curse him who curses you; We greeted the believers there and spent the land and people of Israel. I will bless those who bless you, And in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.” the day with them.” And I will curse him who curses you; Genesis 12:3 (NKJV) And in you all the families of the Amen. earth shall be blessed.” Genesis 12:3 (NKJV) Designed by Infinity Concepts