Serpinb2 Regulates Immune Response in Kidney Injury and Aging
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BASIC RESEARCH www.jasn.org SerpinB2 Regulates Immune Response in Kidney Injury and Aging Payel Sen,1 Alexandra Helmke,1 Chieh Ming Liao,1 Inga Sörensen-Zender,1 Song Rong,1 Jan-Hinrich Bräsen,2 Anette Melk,3 Hermann Haller,1 Sibylle von Vietinghoff,1 and Roland Schmitt1 Departments of 1Nephrology and Hypertension and 2Pathology and 3Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany ABSTRACT Background Expression of SerpinB2, a regulator of inflammatory processes, has been described in the context of macrophage activation and cellular senescence. Given that mechanisms for these processes interact and can shape kidney disease, it seems plausible that SerpinB2 might play a role in renal aging, injury, and repair. Methods We subjected SerpinB2 knockout mice to ischemia-reperfusion injury or unilateral ureteral ob- struction. We performed phagocyte depletion to study SerpinB2’s role beyond the effects of macro- phages and transplanted bone marrow from knockout mice to wild-type mice and vice versa to dissect cell type–dependent effects. Primary tubular cells and macrophages from SerpinB2 knockout and wild- type mice were used for functional studies and transcriptional profiling. Results Cultured senescent tubular cells, kidneys of aged mice, and renal stress models exhibited upreg- ulation of SerpinB2 expression. Functionally, lack of SerpinB2 in aged knockout mice had no effect on the magnitude of senescence markers but associated with enhanced kidney damage and fibrosis. In stress models, inflammatory cell infiltration was initially lower in knockout mice but later increased, leading to an accumulation of significantly more macrophages. SerpinB2 knockout tubular cells showed significantly reduced expression of the chemokine CCL2. Macrophages from knockout mice exhibited reduced phago- cytosis and enhanced migration. Macrophage depletion and bone marrow transplantation experiments validated the functional relevance of these cell type–specific functions of SerpinB2. Conclusions SerpinB2 influences tubule-macrophage crosstalk by supporting tubular CCL2 expression and regulating macrophage phagocytosis and migration. In mice, SerpinB2 expression seems to be needed for coordination and timely resolution of inflammation, successful repair, and kidney homeostasis during aging. Implications of SerpinB2 in human kidney disease deserve further exploration. JASN 31: ccc–ccc, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2019101085 CKD is a major clinical problem and a growing understood but includes a cascade of cell- public health burden worldwide. Despite intensive autonomous responses and a complex crosstalk research, the number of therapeutic targets to pre- vent the development of CKD is limited. A com- Received October 22, 2019. Accepted February 9, 2020. mon element in many forms of CKD is a prolonged Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at or repetitive damage to tubular cells. When tubular www.jasn.org. cells are injured, they activate a survival program Correspondence: Dr. Roland Schmitt, Department of Nephrol- that can be adaptive and restore epithelial integrity ogy, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 or maladaptive, leading to the transition from AKI Hannover, Germany. Email: [email protected] to CKD.1 The tubular survival program is incompletely Copyright © 2020 by the American Society of Nephrology JASN 31: ccc–ccc,2020 ISSN : 1046-6673/3105-ccc 1 BASIC RESEARCH www.jasn.org with surrounding stromal and immune cells.2–4 The mononu- Significance Statement clear phagocyte system, in particular macrophages, plays an im- portant role in this crosstalk because they have emerged as key Injured tubular cells activate a kidney survival program that includes players in both the initial injury process and the subsequent complex crosstalk between tubular cells and macrophages. The recovery.5 authors show that SerpinB2, known to be expressed in activated fl macrophages, is also upregulated in stressed tubular cells. By An integral cell program that can promote both in amma- subjecting knockout mice lacking SerpinB2 to renal stress, they tion and failed recovery is cellular senescence, a persistent cell show that SerpinB2 promotes proreparative adaptation of the cycle arrest that occurs in the kidney with age and chronic and kidney by two cell type–specific mechanisms: it enhances expres- acute damage.6–10 We were interested in the role of SerpinB2 sion of the chemokine CCL2 in tubular cells, which supports tran- (or plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 [PAI-2]), a protein sient intrarenal leukocyte accumulation, and it regulates function of fl macrophages by activating phagocytosis and inhibiting migration. implicated in the interplay between cellular senescence, in am- These functions are crucial for timely resolution of inflammation, – mation, and maladaptive repair.11 13 SerpinB2 was first de- successful repair, and kidney homeostasis during aging. These scribed as a secreted protein inhibiting extracellular urokinase findings suggest that SerpinB2 merits further exploration for its role plasminogen activator (uPA), but it was later recognized that in the human kidney in acute and chronic disease. SerpinB2 also affects a variety of intracellular functions.14–16 fl SerpinB2 is known as a regulator of in ammatory processes used for vehicle-injected mice. For unilateral IR surgery, mice 17–21 with a strong expression in activated macrophages. Ser- were anesthetized with isoflurane, and after a midabdominal fl pinB2 has been associated with a number of extrinsic in am- incision, the left renal pedicle was clamped for 27 minutes matory and autoimmune conditions, including asthma and while mice were kept on a warming plate at 37°C. Mice were 17,18,22 infections, but there are no data so far on a potential euthanized after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days to extract kidneys. Bi- involvement in kidney disease. Here, we investigated the role lateral IR followed the same protocol, but ischemia was re- of SerpinB2 in kidney aging and injury. stricted to 18 minutes to ensure survival. After bilateral IR, blood was collected at days 3, 7, and 14 for measurement of serum creatinine and urea with an automated system (Beck- METHODS man Analyzer; Beckman Instruments GmbH). For bone mar- row (BM) transplantation, lethal irradiations (10 Gy) were Mice 2/2 1/2 performed in 6-week-old wild-type and SerpinB2 mice. SerpinB2 mice from Jackson Laboratory (B6.129S1-Ser- Mice were reconstituted with 13106 unfractionized BM cells 23 pinb2tm1Dgi/J; JAX stock #007234) were mated together to from both genotypes to obtain four recipient groups. Six weeks generate both homozygous Serpinb2 knockout and homozy- later, the BM-reconstituted recipients underwent UUO gous Serpinb2 wild-type littermates, thereby ensuring an surgery. identical genetic background. With these mice, a homozygous line was maintained for each genotype to obtain mice for ex- Primary Tubular Epithelial Cells 2 2 perimental conditions. Mice were housed under standard Kidneys of male wild-type and SerpinB2 / mice were conditions to breed wild-type and knockout mice. Genotyp- extracted and dissected into small pieces for digestion in ing PCR was done according to the Jackson Laborator- 0.125% collagenase type 1 solution (ThermoFisher Scientific) y–recommended protocol. Male mice between 3 and 4 or 22 in M199 medium at 37°C for 45 minutes. The solution was and 24 months (aged cohort) were used for experiments. All then passed through a 40-mm cell strainer, and passed tubules experimental protocols were in agreement with institutional were plated in REGM2 media (Promocell GmbH). When out- and legislator regulations and approved by the local authorities. growing primary tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) were 80% confluent, they were either subjected to g-irradiation (10 Gy) Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction, Ischemia-Reperfusion for induction of senescence as previously described24,25 or Surgery, and Bone Marrow Transplantation treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) at The mice used were 3- to 4-month-old male wild-type and 100 ng/ml (Peprotech). For siRNA experiments, specific 2/2 SerpinB2 mice, and they were used for unilateral ureteral mouse Ccl2 or scrambled control siRNA (both Sigma- obstruction (UUO) and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) experi- Aldrich) was used at 25 nM with TransIT-S2 as transfection ments. For UUO, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, reagent (Mirus Bio LLC). Efficient knockdown was verified by and the left ureter was ligated after a midabdominal incision. quantitative RT-PCR. Mice were euthanized at 3, 7, and 14 days postsurgery to extract the kidneys. Representative kidney sections were snap frozen in Senescence-Associated b-Galactosidase Staining 2 2 liquid nitrogen for RNA and protein isolation, kept in 4% PFA PTECs from wild-type and SerpinB2 / kidneys were cul- overnight for paraffin embedding, or used to prepare single- tured and plated in six-well plates until 80% confluent. They cell suspensions for flow cytometry. For phagocytic cell deple- were fixed with 2% formaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde tion, 0.1 ml/10 g body wt of liposomal clodronate (Liposoma) in PBS buffer for 10 minutes, permeabilized with 1% Triton was injected 24 hours before surgery. Control liposomes were X-100,washedwithPBS,andincubatedat37°Covernight 2 JASN JASN 31: ccc–ccc,2020 www.jasn.org BASIC RESEARCH Table 1. List of primers used for RT-PCR Gene Primer Forward Primer Reverse SerpinB2 CTG CTA CCC GAA GGT TCT GGA AGC AAC AGG AGC ATG C Ngal TGA AGG AAC GTT TCA CCC GCT TTG ACA GGA AAG ATG GAG TGG CAG ACA aSma GTG CTA TGT CGC TCT GGA CTT TGA ATG AAA GAT GGC TGG AAG AGG GTC b-Actin CCT CTA TGC CAA CAC AGT GC CAT CGT ACT CCT GCT TGC TG Ccl2 TTT GAA TGT GAA GTT GAC CCG TAA GAA GTG CTT GAG GTG GTT GT GG Fn1 GTG TGG TTT GGA CGA ATT CCA CGT CAA ATA GCT GAC TCT TGG C tPA GATGAAGGTCTGGCTTTGGA TAT GGA AGG TTG GCA TCT CC uPA GCC CAC AGACCTGATGC AT TAGAGCCTT CTG GCC ACA CT uPAR AGG TGG TGA CAA GAG GCTGT AGC TCT GGTCCAAAGAGGTG Pai-1 GCCAGATTTATCATCAATGACTGGG GGAGAGGTGCACATCTTTCTCAAA G Mmp2 CTGATAACCTGGATGCCGTCGT TGC TTC CAAACTTCACGCTCTT with freshly prepared staining solution at pH 6.0 (40 mM citric Hannover Medical School transcriptomics facility.