Prince-Archbishops and Local Liturgies in Late Seventeenth-Century Salzburg

Maximilian Gandolph von Kuenburg (r. 1668-1687) Printed Musical Volumes Dedicated to Maximilian • Elected to oust heresy from the region. Composer Title Year Andreas Hofer Ver sacrum seu flores musici 1677 Salzburg’s Distinct Geo-Political Context • Instituted aggressive pro-Catholic and anti-Protestant Situated within the Holy Roman Empire and sandwiched legislation. Manuscripts Surviving from the Reign of Maximilian Gandolph between Bavaria and the Habsburg hereditary lands, the wealthy • Funded lavish musical representations of Catholic Composer Title Feast Archbishopric of Salzburg was an individual principality ruled theology and the construction of impressive edifices Congregamini Omnes by a prince-archbishop who assumed both sacred and secular in and around the city center of Salzburg. Biber, Heinrich Populi Martyrs power. • Significantly expanded the musical workforce of Biber, Heinrich Hic est panis Eucharist Salzburg’s Cathedral in talent and number. Biber, Heinrich Lux Perpetua Martyrs Biber, Heinrich Laetatus Sum The Prince-Archbishops and Salzburg’s Local Liturgies Biber, Heinrich Quo abiit dilectus tuus Seven Sorrows of Mary Biber, Heinrich Plaudite Tympana St. Rupert Building on the existing scholarship regarding the role of music and governance in the Holy Biber, Heinrich 4 Masses Roman Empire (Saunders 1995, Weaver 2012, Fisher 2014) this poster presents a diachronic Biber, Heinrich Vesperae a 32 overview of music produced under three late seventeenth-century prince-archbishops. Tracking The vast majority of compositions produced during Biber, Heinrich Rosary Sonatas the shifting nature of Salzburg’s local sacred traditions under each ruler augments our Maximilian’s reign embrace local traditions. Settings Biber, Heinrich Sonata S. Polycarpi a 9 St. Polycarp (martyr) understanding of regional Catholic history, which begs for further exploration. (Monson 2002, of liturgical texts are scant. The texts set and feasts Hofer, Andreas Virgo Prudentissima St Cecila: Martyr Ditchfield 1995, Ducreux 2011) celebrated suggest that Maximilian’s Catholic piety Dextera Domini focused on themes of sacrifice and martyrdom. These Hofer, Andreas Magnificata Salzburg was allowed to keep its local traditions following the Council of Trent (1545-1563) due themes are prevalent in the manuscript sources and Hofer, Andreas Fundata es domus domini Dedication of a Church to a papal dispensation that allowed any diocese whose liturgical traditions were established more run through the sole print of sacred music dedicated Hofer, Andreas O quam metuendus est Dedication of a Church than 200 years prior to maintain its local practices. to Maximilian Gandolph: Andreas Hofer’s Ver sacrum Hofer, Andreas Audite Insulae St. John the Baptist seu flores musici, the title of which alludes directly to Hofer, Andreas Stabunt Justi Martyrs Musical sources provide a wealth of information about Salzburg’s local traditions in the second sacrifice (“Sacred Spring”) and the contents of which Hofer, Andreas Gaudeamus Exultemus half of the seventeenth century. Composers Heinrich Biber and Andreas Hofer left behind a honor martyrs and apostles who suffered for their Hofer, Andreas Vidi conjunctos Viros Apostles robust repertory of sacred pieces associated directly with specific Catholic feasts that neglect to faith. Hofer, Andreas Venite gentes accurite populi Mary set the liturgical texts prescribed by the Vatican, drawing instead on texts that are freely Hofer, Andreas Estote fortes in bello Apostles composed and of unknown authorship. Hofer, Andreas Lauda Jerusalem Johann Ernst von Thun (r. 1687-1709) Hofer, Andreas Vespers/Psalmi Breves • Instituted more rules to maintain Salzburg’s staunchly Hofer, Andreas Dixit Dominus Catholic character. Hofer, Andreas Laetatus Sum Thesis Statement • Founded educational institutions for the local training Hofer, Andreas Nisi Dominus The inventive musical repertoire cultivated by Prince-Archbishops in Salzburg reflects the religious of priests. Hofer, Andreas Laudate Pueri values of each individual and illustrates each leader’s individual manifestation of Salzburg’s local • Dedicated resources to serving the poor and sick, an Hofer, Andreas Magnificat a 17 Catholic piety. integral mission of the Catholic Church at the time. Hofer, Andreas Magnificat a 9 • Maintained the increased size of the chapel instituted Litanies for the Blessed by his predecessor, but cultivated mainly liturgical Hofer, Andreas Virgin Mary music. Hofer, Andreas Litaniae Lauretanae Mary Guidobald von Thun (r. 1654-1668) Litany de Venerabili • Saw himself as more of a “diplomat and statesman” than archbishop. Hofer, Andreas Sacramento Eucharist • Physically abandoned his office in Salzburg in the early 1660s to Manuscripts Surviving from the Reign of Johann Ernst Hofer, Andreas 4 Te Deum (x 4) represent the imperial office at the Reichstag meeting in Regensburg Composer Title Feast Hofer, Andreas 3 Requiem Masses Quo progrederis sine filio at the request of Emperor Leopold I and was later voted into the Biber, Heinrich Nisi Dominus aedificaverit Domum Hofer, Andreas pater St. Lawrence (martyr) position of Bishop of Regensburg in 1666, which he held Biber, Heinrich Quasi cedru exaltata sum The Assumption of Mary Hofer, Andreas Tollite Principes Christmas Eve Vigil Hofer, Andreas Veni de Libano concurrently with his post in Salzburg. Hofer, Andreas O quam metuendus Dedication of a Church • Called Andreas Hofer to serve as vice Kapellmeister in 1654, turning Biber, Heinrich Quo abiit dilectus tuus Feast of Seven Sorrows of Mary Printed Musical Volumes Dedicated to Johann Ernst over a new leaf for Salzburg’s musical establishment, which had been Biber, Heinrich Huc Poenitentes Mary Magdalene Composer Title Year devoid of leadership since 1650. Biber, Heinrich Ne Cedite S. Michael Archiepiscopalis Heinrich Biber Vesperae longiores ac breviores 1693 Biber, Heinrich Stabat Mater Mary Suffering at Cross Biber, Heinrich Litania de S. Josepho a 20 St. Joseph Biber, Heinrich Maria Jungfrau Mary Printed Musical Volumes Dedicated to Guidobald Biber, Heinrich 5 Masses Conclusions Composer Title Year Biber, Heinrich 3 Requiem Masses Andreas Hofer Psalmi con una voce 1654 Guidobald von Thun reinstituted Salzburg’s court and Music produced during Johann Ernst’s administration reflects chapel and maintained established local traditions. Imperial and Roman influences. More of the texts set in these compositions align with those of the liturgy dictated by the Andreas Hofer’s first music print, Psalmi con una voce, is Maximilian Gandolph used music to aurally establish the Vatican. Feasts celebrated run in line with those honored by the essentially the only musical source we can tie specifically to dominance of Catholicism in Salzburg and to convey a Imperial Habsburgs, who were particularly interested in Guidobald’s reign. The contents of the print reflect the blend distinct focus on themes of sacrifice and martyrdom. of liturgical and local music heard in Salzburg, opening with worshipping the Blessed Virgin Mary. A piece even survives from his reign honoring St. Joseph, the namesake of Emperor Leopold seven settings of liturgical Psalms and concluding with Johann Ernst brought liturgical practices in Salzburg more I’s first son and the dedicatee of the Habsburg Hereditary Lands seven settings of freely composed texts. in line with those in Rome and Vienna. as of 1675.