The Making of International Human Rights: the 1960S, Decolonization and the Reconstruction of Global Values Steven L

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11216-2 - The Making of International Human Rights: The 1960s, Decolonization and the Reconstruction of Global Values Steven L. B. Jensen Index More information

Index

Abram, Morris, 155–157, 158, 163–164, American Bar Association, 31, 180–181 182–183 American Civil Liberties Union, 37 Achebe, Chinua, 275 American Colonization Society, 218 Action Programme of the Czechoslovak American Law Institute, 25 Communist Party, 188 Amnesty International, 198–199, 210, 239, Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on 247 Chile, 253 Campaign for the Abolition of Torture, Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on 245 Southern Africa, 246 Chilean case and, 244, 251, 255 Afghanistan, 142 founding of, 42–43 Africa Kingston Seminar and, 100 and Cold War, 66 Nobel Peace Prize, 261 decolonization in, 52, 56–64, 68 principles of, 198 Africa Unbound: Reﬂections of an African and Stockholm meeting on torture, 233 Statesman (Quaison-Sackey), 66 Andersen, K.B., 253 African Conference on the Rule of Law, 58 Andropov, Yuri, 179 African Human Rights Convention, 58 Angola, 28, 56, 61, 63, 241. See also Afro-Asian states, 45, 54 Afro-Asian states anti-Semitism and, 122 anti-Semitism, 103, 104, 105, 122, Bizerte incident and, 49 160–162, 169 declaration to end colonialism, 55 Anti-Slavery Society, 247 on decolonization, 57 apartheid, 74–75, 97–98, 122 relationship with Jamaica, 84 in human rights conference agenda, 94 on religious intolerance, 145 ICJ’s ruling on, 165 and universality principle, 55 Arab countries, 122 Albania, 111 Argentina, 114, 238–239, 262, 264 Alfonsin, Raul, 267 and Convention against Torture, Algeria, 56, 78 267–268 Allana, Ghulam, 251, 252, 254 on notion of universal jurisdiction, Allende, Hortensia, 248 266–267 Allende, Salvador, 246 Asian values, 273 American Anthropological Association, Assembly for Human Rights, 189–192 31–32, 274 atheism, 155–156

301

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11216-2 - The Making of International Human Rights: The 1960s, Decolonization and the Reconstruction of Global Values Steven L. B. Jensen Index More information

302 Index

Atlantic Charter, 23, 24 Cassese, Antonio, 251 Australia, 114, 144 Cassin, Rene,´ 18, 30, 41, 94, 146–147, Axis powers, 24 149, 174, 196 Catholic Church, 147–149, 159–160 Baldwin, Roger, 37–38 Central African Republic, 109, 110. See Balogh, Thomas, 82 also Afro-Asian states Bandung Conference, 43, 53, 54 Ceylon, 44 Bandung Countries, 44 Chile, 210 Baroody, Jamal, 143, 172 human rights violations in, 238, 240, Bay of Pigs invasion, 56 245–252, 254–255, 265–266 Belarus, 167, 227, 234 military coup in 1973, 240 Belgium ratification of Convention on Racial colonialism and, 55, 60–61 Discrimination, 133 on decolonization, 121 on religious discrimination, 150 on government-in-exile, 24 torture and disappearances in, 253 on right to social justice, 29 torture in, 259 Belgrade debate, 181 China, 25 Belize, 84 Christian universalism, 22–23 Bell, Wendell, 76–77 Christianity, 144 Benenson, Peter, 42–43, 198 Christopher, Warren, 274 Benhima, Ahmed, 48 Chronicle of Current Events, 179–180 Benin, 162 Chronicle of the Human Rights Year, 179 Berlin Wall, 46, 49, 50, 56 Churchill, Winston, 24, 38 Berlin Wall, The – A Defiance of Human Civil Rights Act (1964), 70, 114, 117–118 Rights, 50 civilized society, 109 Bevin, Ernest, 39 Clark, Tom C., 116 Biafra, 241 Clay, Lucius, 49 Bingham, Jonathan, 212 Cleveland, Harlan, 209 Bizerte incident, 49, 56, 60 Cold War, 1, 4, 12, 38 Borgwardt, Elizabeth, 23 and Africa, 66 Boutros-Ghali, Boutrous, 1–2, 272 Berlin Wall and, 46 Brandt, Willy, 48, 50, 219–220, 221 decolonization and, 88, 212 Brazil, 120, 142 end of, 269, 270 Bricker Amendment, 40–41 human rights and, 37, 106, 137 British Colonial Office, 45, 50 religious and, 139 British Foreign Office, 45–46, 49–50, 178 and Vanguard of universality, 277 British Guyana, 20 Colombia, 119 British Honduras, 84 colonialism. See also decolonization Buddhism, 144 Afro-Asian states and, 55 Bulgaria, 33–34, 126, 165–166, 234 Belgium and, 55, 60–61 Bunche, Ralph, 19 end of, 50 Burke, Roland, 9, 43 France and, 55 Burma, 44 in human rights conference agenda, 94 Bustamente, Alexander, 70, 73, 85–86 Jamaica and, 72–73, 169 Bystricki, Rudolf, 174 Nigerian proposal on end of, 64–65 Poland and, 88 Cambodia, 262 Portugal and, 61–62 Campbell, David E., 140 of souls, 52 Canada, 94, 131 Soviet Union and, 52, 53, 169, 215–216 Caradon, Lord (Hugh Foot), 91 Commission on Civil Rights, 35 Caribbean Commission, 19, 20 Commission on Human Rights, 7, 25, 29 Carter, Jimmy, 182, 260 1963 session of, 149

Index 303

1964 session of, 152 Conferences of African Independent States, Ad Hoc Working Group, 241–242 54 Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on confidential procedure, 247 Chile, 253 Congo, 56, 60–61, 145 Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Connelly, Matthew, 139 Southern Africa, 246 Convention Against Torture (1984), 233, African initiative and, 176 266, 267–268 Article 5 and, 266 Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Chilean case and, 247 Religious Intolerance, 138–173, 181 and Convention against Torture, 267 anti-Semitism and, 160–162 draft convention on religious intolerance Article 1 of, 155 and, 153–164 Article 8 of, 154, 163 and Draft International Declaration on debate on, 143–146 Human Rights, 18 drafting of, 1965–1967, 153–164 and International Conference on Human failure of, 200–201 Rights, 81 General Assembly and, 164–173 non-governmental organizations and, political theology and, 172 239 religion and international law in, religion and, 147, 149 139–140 right to self-determination and, 43–45 Convention on Racial Discrimination. See tasks for, 30 International Convention on Third Committee and, 118 Elimination of All Forms of Racial Universal Declaration and, 39–40 Discrimination (1965) Committee on the Elimination of Racial Convention on the Elimination of All Discrimination, 125 Forms of Discrimination against Communism, 150–151 Women, 268 Communist states. See also Soviet Union Cooper, Frederick, 278 on atheism, 170 Copenhagen Declaration on European and Cold War, 88 Identity, 228 colonialist clause and, 125 Costa Rica, 87, 89, 95–96, 111, 208 condemnation of Chilean regime, 248 Council of Europe, 50, 232 and Convention on Racial African human rights and, 58 Discrimination, 127, 132 Amnesty International and, 198 human rights diplomacy and, 215, 280 Consultative Assembly of, 242 international legal diplomacy and, English Human Rights movement and, 166–167 42 opposition to committee for the European Convention on Human Rights Covenant, 129–130 and, 39 on racism, 113 human rights and, 242, 254 ratification of Covenants on Human Legal Committee of, 243 Rights, 234 Soviets and, 95 religious intolerance and, 143, 153 state complaint mechanisms in, 242 Tehran Conference and, 183 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and UN High Commissioner for Human 130, 227 Rights, 241 18-person committee for, 133 UN selectivity and, 259 Article 18 of, 222 communist universalism, 22 draft, 141–143 Confederate flag, 116–117 Human Rights Committee for, 131 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Optional Protocol on, 132 Europe (CSCE), 210, 217–218, ratification of Convention on Racial 219–220, 221, 222–223, 228, 237, Discrimination, 233 254, 269 religion in, 141–143

304 Index

Covenant on Economic, Social and Declaration on the Granting of Cultural Rights, 128, 228, 233 Independence to Colonial Countries Covenants on Human Rights (1966), and Peoples (1960), 54–55, 56, 65, 231 80, 113, 123, 131, 213, 217 Cover, Robert, 12–13, 56, 136, 137, 235, Declaration on the Protection of All 281 Persons from Being Subjected to Cronin family, 116–117 Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Cuba, 86 or Degrading Treatment or Bay of Pigs invasion, 56 Punishment (1975), 233, 255 on religious freedom, 34–35 Declaration on the Relationship to Cuban missile crisis, 5, 79, 104, 211 Non-Christian Religions, 160 cultural relativism, rise of, 9 decolonization, 2–3, 13, 45, 48–68, 277. Cultural Study of Law, The (Kahn), 12 See also colonialism Cyprus, 62, 136 in African countries, 52, 56–68 Czechoslovakia end of colonialism and, 51–56 and Convention on Racial Global South, 212 Discrimination, 129 human rights and, 4–5 dissidents, 270 Jamaican’s policy on, 84–85 Prague Spring in, 187–188 Moynihan’s views on, 257 ratiﬁcation of Covenant on Civil and racial discrimination and, 121–122 Political Rights, 234 Decolonization and the Evolution of Soviet invasion of, 175, 205–206, 215, International Human Rights 223, 227 (Burke), 9 Soviet Union’s foreign policy and, Denmark, 233, 242, 245 241 developing countries, 129 Die Ambivalenz des Guten, 10 Dahomey (Benin), 162, 211, 242 Dignitatis Humanae, 159 Daniel, Yuli, 179 Direccion´ de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), Davila, Raul Bazan, 250 253 de Gaulle, Charles, 24 disappearances, enforced. See also torture Dead Letter law, 121 in Chile, 253 Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Soviet Union on, 267 Discrimination, 257 UN response to, 239 Declaration or Convention on Elimination in 1968–1973, 240–245 of All Forms of Religious United Kingdom on, 261–262 Intolerance, 223, 227 Working Group on Enforced or Declaration on Elimination of All Forms of Involuntary Disappearances, 264, Racial Discrimination (1963), 266 102–103, 108–117, 213 Dobrovolsky, Aleksei, 180, 183 adoption of, 114 domestic jurisdiction, 27 failure of, 113 Douglas-Home, Alec, 63, 66–67, 225–226 preamble, 113 Draft Covenant on Economic, Social and Soviet Union and, 80, 123 Cultural Rights, 127–128 Declaration on Principles of International Draft Covenants on Human Rights, 43 Law Concerning Friendly Relations Dubcek, Alexander, 188 and Cooperation among States Dumbarton Oaks proposal, 25 (1970), 210, 220, 230 Declaration on the Elimination of All East Germany, 48, 234, 270 Forms of Intolerance and of Eastern Europe, 38, 44, 46 Discrimination Based on Religion East–West relations, 50–51 or Belief, 171, 230 Eckel, Jan, 10

Index 305

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and ratiﬁcation of Convention on 29, 33, 241, 251 Elimination of All Forms of Racial Economic Opportunities Act (1964), Discrimination, 133 117–118 on religious intolerance, 143, 162, 215 Ecuador, 126 right to petition and, 124 Edwards, Mark, 140 right to self-determination and, 205 EEC Nine, 215, 221 on right to social justice, 29 Egypt, 44, 106, 114, 144 Franck, Hans Goran,¨ 246 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 40–41, 55 Franco, Francisco, 254 El Salvador, 239, 265–266 Fraser, Donald M., 244–245 Elias, T.O., 57–58 freedom of expression, 34 Emancipation Proclamation, 112 freedom of information, 49 enforced disappearances. See also torture freedom of movement, 49–50 in Chile, 253 East–West relations and, 50–51 Soviet Union on, 267 freedom of opinion, 34 UN response to, 239 freedom of religion, 34 in 1968–1973, 240–245 freedom of thought, 34 United Kingdom on, 261–262 Working Group on Enforced or Galanskov, Yuri, 180, 183 Involuntary Disappearances, 264, General Assembly 266 in 1975, 252–259 Ermacora, Felix, 251, 255 Convention on Elimination of All Forms Ethiopia, 68, 106 of Racial Discrimination and, European Community, 220 164–173 European Convention on Human Rights, proposal for principles of international 38–39, 125, 232 law, 210 European Economic Community, 215, 228 Resolution 1514, 54–55 European Human Rights Commission, 242 Special Committee on Principles of exile, 23–24 International Law, 213–217 expression, freedom of, 34 Third Committee, 18, 19, 34, 80, 104, 109, 118, 125, 127–128, 134, 135, Final Recommendations of the Helsinki 165, 168, 170, 228, 255 Consultations, 222 genocide, 167 Finland, 233 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 271 First International Human Rights Germany, 233, 270 Conference (1968). See Tehran Ghana, 67, 68, 121–123, 125–126, 131, Conference (1968) 167–168, 171, 252, 277 First World Conference on Human Rights, Ghorbal, Ashraf, 102 136 Ginzburg, Alexander, 179, 180, 182, 183, First World War, 21 260 Foot, Hugh (Lord Caradon), 63–65, 67, Glendon, Mary Ann, 8 91 Global South Foreign Affairs (journal), 185, 272 Helsinki Final Act and, 278 France human rights and, 137, 143, 210, 235, Bizerte incident and, 49 241, 277–278, 279, 280–281 colonialism and, 55 international law and, 212 decolonization and, 45 military intervention and, 214 and European Convention on Human religious intolerance and, 139, 167 Rights, 39 Goldberg, Arthur, 127, 167, 182, 183, on government-in-exile, 24 184, 260 human rights policy, 19, 137 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 269, 270

306 Index

government-in-exile, 23–24 universality and, 13–14 Great Britain. See United Kingdom warring conceptions of, 37–41 Greece Human Rights Activism and the End of the on confidential procedure, 247 Cold War (Snyder), 269 Council of Europe and, 232 Human Rights in the World Community: A fall of military dictatorships in, 254 Call for US Leadership, 244 human rights diplomacy, 259 human rights law, 5–6 human rights violations in, 185 human rights literature, 8–12 military junta in, 242 humanistic universalism, 22 Gromyko, Andrei, 222 Humphrey, John, 41, 191 Guadeloupe, 18–20 Hungary, 33–34, 129, 234 Guatemala, 239, 265–266 Hunt, Lynn, 8 Guinea, 61, 68, 177 Huntington, Samuel, 272, 273 Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 250 India Hajek, Jiri, 188 on anti-Semitism, 161 Hammarskjold,¨ Dag, 41, 60 draft convention on religious intolerance Havel, Vaclav, 188 and, 154, 159 Helsinki Effect, The (Thomas), 217 ratification of Convention on Racial Helsinki Final Act (1975), 6, 184, 209–236 Discrimination, 208 Basket I, 184, 219–220, 225–226, religious conflicts in, 166 229–231 self-determination and, 44 Basket II, 231 on South Africa’s treatment of Indians, Basket III, 184, 224, 225–226, 229, 231 32–33 Global South and, 278 Individual Rights and the Making of the history of, 210–219 International System (Reus-Smit), human rights provisions in, 219, 10 229–232 Indivisible Human Rights (Whelan), 9 history, 210 Indonesia, 65–66, 67 negotiations for, 219–229 information, freedom of, 49 Principle 10 of, 228 Inter-American Convention on Human Principle 7 (human rights principle) of, Rights, 94, 260 217, 222, 225, 228, 230–231 International Affairs (journal), 184–185 signing of, 232–236 International Bill of Human Rights, 18 Stage I of negotiation in, 225 International Bill of Rights, 276 Stage II of negotiation in, 226 International Commission of Inquiry, 246 torture and, 256 International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), Helsinki Process, 39, 182 57, 100, 197, 239, 247 Herter, Christian, 55 International Committee of the Red Cross, High Commissioner on Human Rights, 190 93 International Conference of the Red Cross, Hindus, 166 206 human rights International Conference on Human covenants on, 126–137 Rights, 136 history of International Conference on the Abolition 1945–1960, 18–47 of Torture, 245 in 1949–1954, 37–41 International Consultative Group of in 1986–1993, 268–274 Geneva, 21–23 stalemate in 1955–1960, 41–47 International Convention on Elimination of torture and, 237 All Forms of Racial Discrimination United Nations Charter and, 21–28 (1965), 102–103, 241, 267

Index 307

18-person committee for, 123–124 Iraq adoption of, 130 on anti-Semitism, 161 areas of impact of, 130 argument for Covenant on Civil and book on, 9 Political Rights, 130 colonialist clause in, 125 on religious intolerance, 162, 171 Committee, 128 Ireland, 166 Communist states’ support for, 132 Iron Curtain, 148–149, 233, 241, 269 Covenant on Human Rights and, 126 Islam, 144 Draft, 117–126 Israel India and, 208 on anti-Semitism, 105, 122, 143 Jamaica and, 168 on racism, 113 monitoring committee for, 124–125 on religious intolerance, 163 Poland and, 208 Six-Day War, 173 ratiﬁcation of, 7, 133, 159, 177, 208 on torture, 259 Soviet Union and, 129 UN selectivity and, 240 United States and, 127 United Arab Republic’s criticism of, 144 International Council of Amnesty Italy, 128, 215, 224, 251 International, 198 Ivory Coast, 123 International Court of Human Rights, 195–196 Jamaica, 2, 69 International Court of Justice, 133–135, abandonment of global leadership role, 165 202–203 International Covenant on Civil and advocacies for human rights protection, Political Rights, 259 98 International Criminal Tribunal, 200 on anti-Semitism, 161 International Day for the Elimination of on atheism, 157–158 Racial Discrimination, 177 brutalization of society in 1968, International Human Rights Law, 207 201–202 International Humanitarian Law, 207 on colonialism, 169 International Labour Organization (ILO), human rights debates in, 100 30 human rights diplomacy, 5, 71, 76, 210, international law, 4 277 Global South and, 212 in 1938–62, 71–77 human rights and, 5–6 in 1962–64, 77–82 International League for the Rights of in 1962–65, 82–91 Man, 37–38, 75 in 1964–67, 91–101 International NGO Conference on Human on human rights violations, 242 Rights, 196 legacies of slavery and colonialism in, International Socialist Study Group, 72–73 151 membership in United Nations, 100 International Student Movement for the on need for international order, 159 United Nations, 247 policy against all forms of International Year for Human Rights discrimination, 86–87 (1968), 88, 136, 170, 174 proposal for Human Rights Jamaica and, 100 Commission, 202–203 in January-April 1968, 176–186 on racial discrimination, 168 non-governmental organizations and, relationship with Afro-Asian bloc, 84 196–201 resolutions in Tehran Conference, 189 perspectives on, 176 trade sanctions on South Africa, 74–75 planning for, 79–81 two-party system in, 73–74 Tehran Conference and, 186–196 Jamaica Labour Party, 73–74

308 Index

Jamaican Council for Human Rights, 100, Luard, Evan, 262 202 Luns, Joseph, 60 Jamaican Foreign Policy, 85–86 Jerusalem, 165 MacBride, Sean, 100, 191, 197, 198 Jews MacMillan, Harold, 54, 63 and anti-Semitism, 103, 104, 105, 122, Magna Carta, 36–37 160–162, 169 Mali, 106. See also Afro-Asian states discrimination against, 143–145 Malik, Charles, 30, 196 in Soviet Union, 144–145, 150, 151–152 Manley, Michael, 174 Jim Crow system, 3, 70 Manley, Norman, 73, 75, 82, 100, John XXIII, Pope, 147–148 202–204, 279 Johnson, Keith, 177 Marof, Achkar, 177 Johnson, Lyndon B., 49, 69–70, 114, Martinez, Gabriel, 262, 264 115–116, 117, 156, 181, 192, 202 Martinez, Marcella, 168, 191 “Judgement in Nuremberg” (television Mauritania, 105, 108 broadcast), 114 Mazower, Mark, 28 jurisgenesis, 56, 136, 235 Menon, Krishna, 60 Meredith, James, 104 Kahn, Paul, 12 Middle Passage, The: The Caribbean Kaunda, Kenneth, 196 Revisited (Naipaul), 101 Kennan, George, 272 Mobilizing for Human Rights (Simmons), Kennedy, John F., 48–49, 102, 114 7–8 Kennedy, Robert, 175 Morocco, 62 Kenya, 28 Morozov, Platon, 184 Khrushchev, Nikita, 5, 51, 53, 151, 211 Morsink, Johannes, 8 Killick, John, 209 Mothers of the Disappeared, 240, 263, 264 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 80, 175 movement, freedom of, 49–51 Kissinger, Henry, 244, 260 Moyn, Samuel, 11 Klose, Fabian, 11 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 256–258 Ku Klux Klan, 111 Mozambique, 61, 63, 241 Multilateral Preparatory Talks (MPT), 222 labor riots, in Jamaica, 73 Muslims, 166 Lannung, Hermod, 211 Lashkova, Vera, 180, 183 Naipaul, V.S., 69, 101 Last Utopia, The: Human Rights in Namibia, 28, 241 History (Moyn), 11 Nathans, Benjamin, 179 Latin America, 26 National Association for the Advancement Lauren, Paul Gordon, 8 of Colored People (NAACP), 35, Lauterpacht, Hersch, 18, 36–37 83, 192 League of Arab States, 95 Nazis, 21, 23, 122 League of Nations, 21, 28, 106 “negotiating universality,” 13 Lebanon, 29, 124–125, 132 neo-Nazism, 122 Liberia, 2, 277 Neruda, Pablo, 250 creation of, 218 Netherlands on decolonization, 67 Chilean case and, 252, 255 human rights policy, 235 Communist states and, 215 on human rights violations, 143 complaint against Greek military junta, on racial discrimination, 106 242 on religious intolerance, 143, 145–146 on Convention against Torture, 268 on right to change religion, 142 on draft Declaration on Human Rights, on Zionism, 257 217

Index 309

on government-in-exile, 24 human rights diplomacy, 67, 94, 95–96, human rights diplomacy, 223 277 human rights year and, 205 on religious freedom, 34, 142 Indonesia and, 65–66, 67 on self-determination, 44 on religious intolerance, 171 on totalitarian states, 41 on self-determination, 226–227 Pinochet, Augusto, 246, 252 on treatment of colonial peoples, 19 Poland New Zealand, 26 on colonialism, 88 Newman, Frank, 251 dissidents, 270 Nigeria, 57, 64–65, 67, 162 draft convention on religious intolerance Nixon, Richard, 184 and, 154–155 Nkrumah, Kwame, 125 on neo-Nazism, 94 Nobel Peace Prize, 174, 199 ratification of Convention on Racial non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Discrimination, 107, 132, 208 6, 25 on religious intolerance, 227–228 human rights fact-finding by, 239 political theology, 172 International Human Rights Year and, Portugal 196–201 on colonialism, 55 strategies of, 199–200 colonialism and, 61–62 North Atlantic Treaty Organization democratic political transition in, 259 (NATO), 185 human rights violations in, 254 North Ireland, 166 Southern Rhodesia and, 63 North–South relations, 1, 212 Post–Civil War Reconstruction Norway, 206, 233, 242 Amendment, 180 Prague Spring, 175, 187–188, 215 occupied territories, 186–187 Prest, Arthur, 59–60 Organization of African Unity, 95 Prost, Antoine, 37 Organization of American States, 70, 84, Puerto Rico, 20 93 Putnam, Robert E., 140 Ormsby-Gore, David, 49 Ostpolitik, 219–220, 221 Quaison-Sackey, Alex, 65–67 Owen, David, 262 Quataert, Jean, 278 Oxfam, 237 race, and religion, 146–153 Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth), racial discrimination, 97–98, 116–117 147–148 anti-Semitism and, 122 Pakistan, 34, 44, 61, 126, 142, 143, 145, civilized society and, 109 162, 166, 250 Declaration on Elimination of All Forms Palestine, 105 of Racial Discrimination (1963), Palme, Olof, 232–233, 234 108–117 Pan-African Congress, 126 decolonization and, 121–122 Parliamentary Conference on Human International Convention on Elimination Rights, 243 of All Forms of Racial Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 109 Discrimination, 117–118 peaceful coexistence, defining, 214 and international human rights law, Peng-Chun Chang, 30 102–137 People’s National Party (Jamaica), 73–74 prosecution of racist expressions and Philippines organizations, 123 on anti-Semitism, 161–162 universality and, 120–121 on Convention on Racial Ramphal, S.S., 72, 196 Discrimination, 107, 121–122, 123 Rasmussen, Gustav, 39

310 Index

Red Cross, 190, 206 Second World War, 21 religion, 137, 138–139 Security Council, 212 anti-Semitism, 103, 104, 105, 122, self-determination, 10, 43–46 160–162, 169 Selma March (Alabama), 115, 116–117 atheism and, 155–156 Senegal, 106, 119, 133–134, 162, 242, in Covenant on Civil and Political 252, 257 Rights, 141–143 Shear, Hugh, 77 and race, 146–153 Shearer, Hugh, 69, 70–71, 77, 202, 203 religious freedom, 34, 141–143 on international conference on human religious intolerance, 140 rights, 80 debate on, 143–146 speech to General Assembly in 1962, draft convention on, 153–164 78–79 Report on Torture (Amnesty speech to General Assembly in 1964, International), 240 88–89 Reus-Smit, Christian, 10 Sierra Leone, 56, 257 Rhodesia, 57, 62, 176, 185. See also Sikhs, 166 Afro-Asian states Simmons, Beth, 7–8 Richard, Ivor, 258 Simpson, A.W. Brian, 8 Richardson, Egerton Sinyavsky, Andrey, 179 on agenda of the conference, 98–99 Six-Day War, 165, 173, 241 assessment of Tehran Conference, 197 slavery, 167 and Commission on Human Rights, 81, Smith, Iain, 176 94 Smuts, Jan, 28 in Committee on International Year for Snyder, Sarah, 269 Human Rights, 88 social justice, right to, 29 Commonwealth states and, 85 social security, right to, 29 human rights diplomacy, 207 socialist legality, 178–179 human rights initiatives, 277 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 183, 184, 247, and International Human Rights 250 Conference, 97 South Africa. See also Afro-Asian states and International Human Rights Year, Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts and, 80, 87, 89–91, 200–201 241 in Jamaican delegation to Washington, apartheid in, 57, 74–75, 94, 97–98, 122, 82–83 146, 165 on religion and atheism, 157–158 on colonialism, 55, 56, 62 Tehran Conference and, 191 discrimination against Indians in, Vienna Conference and, 273 32–33 Romania, 33–34, 234 human rights diplomacy, 185, 241 Romo, Oswaldo, 253 League of Nations mandate, 28 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 19, 23, 24, 36 racial discrimination and, 35–36, 110 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 25 racial policy, 127 Rusk, Dean, 167 South West Africa case and, 106, 133–134 Santa Cruz, Hernan,´ 30 Southern Rhodesia and, 63 Saudi Arabia, 34, 143 on torture, 259 on anti-Semitism, 161–162 trade sanctions on, 74–75 on right to change religion, 142 South West Africa, 56, 57, 62, 106, Schreiber, Marc, 258 133–134, 146, 165 Schwelb, Egon, 91–92 Southern Africa, 240 Second Vatican Council, 147, 148–149, Southern Rhodesia, 56, 63, 241 158, 159, 165 sovereignty, 3–4

Index 311

Soviet Union, 4, 40. See also Communist Sub-Commission on Prevention of states Discrimination and Protection of abuse of Universal Declaration of Minorities, 152 Human Rights, 48 Sudan, 122 agenda for International Human Rights Sweden, 223, 233, 242, 245, 252, 255, 268 Year, 184–185 Swedish Committee for the Human Rights Allied Power and, 24–25 Year, 198 anticolonialism and, 53 Switzerland, 224 on atheism, 56, 156, 158 ban on marrying foreign nationals, Tanganyika, 28 33 Tanzania, 118–119, 134, 145 on colonialism, 62, 88, 169, 170, Tehran Conference (1968), 186–196 215–216 Arab states’ proposal on occupied colonialism of souls by, 52 territories in, 186–187 and Convention on Racial Assembly for Human Rights in, 189–192 Discrimination, 123 committees, 188–189 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Communist states’ fear of, 183 and, 134, 178 Council of Europe and, 96, 242 criticism of US over Vietnam, 182 expansion of UN human rights system dissidents, 179–180 in, 183 on enforced disappearances, 267 Jamaica’s resolutions in, 189 human rights agenda of, 96–97 Prague Spring and, 187–188 human rights diplomacy, 87, 94 resolutions in, 204 and International Court of Justice, Shah’s opening statement, 186 134 Soviet Union’s endorsement of, 178 invasion of Czechoslovakia, 205–206 Thant’s opening statement, 186 Jamaican opinion on, 76–77 Tehran Final Act, 195–196 Jews in, 144–145, 150, 151–152 Thant, U., 186, 196 on limiting role of NGOs, 97 Things Fall Apart (Achebe), 275 on Nazism and neo-Nazism, 94, 122 Third Committee, 18, 19, 34, 80, 104, opposition to Council of Europe, 95 109, 118, 125, 127–128, 134, 135, on principle of non-intervention in 165, 168, 170, 255 domestic affairs, 224–225 Third World, 43, 113 on race and religion, 146 Thomas, Daniel C., 217 on racial discrimination, 107–108, 109, Thorn, Gaston, 237–238 127 torture, 237 on religious freedom, 34, 150 campaign for abolition of, 245 right to self-determination and, 44 Campaign for the Abolition of Torture, socialist legality in, 178–179 245 in Tehran Conference, 195–196 in Chile, 253, 259 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Convention Against Torture, 233, 266, and, 80–81 267–268 Spain, 55, 259 and Convention against Torture, 267 Special Committee on Principles of Declaration on the Protection of All International Law, 213–217 Persons from Being Subjected to Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Summary or Arbitrary Executions., or Degrading Treatment or 266 Punishment (1975), 233 Sri Lanka, 143 Helsinki Final Act and, 256 Start in Freedom, A (Foot), 64 International Conference on the Stevenson, Adlai, 89, 90–91, 111–112 Abolition of Torture, 245

312 Index

torture (cont.) Commission on Human Rights. See Israel on, 259 Commission on Human Rights South Africa on, 259 flag of, 116–117 Stockholm meeting on, 233 General Assembly. See General Assembly UN response to, 239 human rights projects in 1962, 5 in 1968–1973, 240–245 United Nations Educational, Scientific and and UN selectivity in 1976–1984, Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 259–268 245 United Kingdom on, 256 United States Toure, Sekou,´ 51–52 Allied Power and, 24–25 treaty bodies, 129 on atheism, 155–156, 158 Truman, Harry S., 35 on colonialism, 19, 55 Tunisia, 56, 60, 109 concern on Human Rights Conference, Turkey, 89, 232 93 and Covenant on Civil and Political Ukraine, 88, 146 Rights, 128 UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime on decolonization, 94 and the Treatment of Offenders, draft convention on religious intolerance 256 and, 154, 163 UN Intellectual History Project, 9 human rights diplomacy, 87, 95–96 United Arab Republic (Egypt), 144 human rights diplomacy in, 181–182 United Kingdom Jamaican opinion on, 76–77 and the 1945 debate on treatment of opposition to separate human rights colonial peoples, 19 conference, 89 Allied Power and, 24–25 on racial discrimination, 117–118 on anti-Semitism in Soviet Union, 144 racial discrimination and, 110 British Colonial Office, 45, 50 racial discrimination in, 111–113 British Foreign Office, 45–46, 49–50, racial policy, 127 178 ratification of international agreements on colonial territories, 39 and, 167 on decolonization, 45, 55 on religious discrimination, 149 draft convention on religious intolerance slavery and, 3 and, 154 South West Africa mandate and, on enforced disappearances, 261–262 133–134 and Helsinki Final Act, 227 on Soviet Jews, 144 human rights diplomacy, 87, 91–92, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 95–96, 137 (1948), 6–7, 8, 19, 28–37, 131, 213 on religious intolerance, 138 adoption of, 19, 39 South West Africa case and, 133–134 Article 13 of, 182 on torture, 256 Article 18 of, 182 and UN selectivity, 262–263 Article 19 of, 182 United Nations Article 20 of, 182 Charter (1945), 2 Article 21 of, 216 Article 1, 26–27 endorsements of, 43 Article 2, 27 failings of, 110 Article 2(7), 92–93 freedom of information in, 231 Article 55, 26–27, 92–93, 214 freedom of movement in, 231 Article 56, 92–93 legacy of, 20 Article 68, 26–27 racial discrimination and, 123 human rights and, 21–27, 28, 46 Saudi Arabia’s abstention in, 143 right to self-determination and, 44 Soviet Union’s abuse of, 48

Index 313

Soviet Union’s support for, 80–81 Waltz, Susan, 8 title, change of, 29 war 25th anniversary of, 245 First World War, 21 violations of, 103, 104 propaganda, 215 universalism Second World War, 21 Christian, 22–23 Six-Day War, 165, 173, 241 communist, 22 Vietnam War, 175, 182–183, 241 humanistic, 22 Warren, Christopher, 260, 261 universality, 13, 55, 120 Warsaw Pact, 215, 223 principle, 4 Wade, Abdoulaye, 48 racial discrimination and, 120–121 Werner-Muller,¨ Jan, 3 vanguards of, 277 West Germany, 233, 270 University of Mississippi case, 112 West Irian, 65–66, 67 Uruguay, 135, 266 Western universalism, 274 Whelan, Daniel, 9 van Boven, Theo, 247, 248–250, 251, 252, Wilkins, Roy, 83, 192–195 265 Williams, Franklin H., 93 van der Stoel, Max, 226, 255 Wilson, Harold, 67, 252 Venezuela, 118, 143 Winter, Jay, 8, 37 Vienna Conference, 273, 274 Women’s International Democratic Vienna Declaration and Programme of Federation, 248 Action, 273–274 women’s rights, 97–98 Vietnam War, 175, 182–183, 241 Working Group on Enforced or Vik, Hanne Hagtvedt, 25 Involuntary Disappearances, 264, Vinueza, Benites, 53–54 266 van Boven, Theo, 263, 266 Working Group on Human Rights, 92 Voting Rights Act (1965), 70, 114, 115, World Conference on Human Rights 117–118, 156, 195 (1993), 1, 239, 271–272 World Council of Churches, 160 Wachuku, Jaja, 57 World Court on Human Rights, 200 Wade, Abdoulaye, 58–59 World Health Organization (WHO), 30 Wadsworth, James, 55 Waldheim, Kurt, 248 Yugoslavia, 234 Waldron-Ramsey, Waldo, 118 Wallace, George, 115 Zionism, 122, 256–257