Chelmsford City Council

2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

August, 2019

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Local Authority Tim Savage Officer Department Public Health & Protection Duke Street Chelmsford Address Essex CM1 1JE Telephone 01245 606264

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference CHE/ASR2019 number Date 5th August 2019

Written by Tim Savage Scientific Team Public Health & Protection Services Chelmsford City Council Duke Street Chelmsford Essex CM1 1JE

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area This 2019 Annual Status Report is designed to provide the public with information relating to local air quality in Chelmsford, to fulfil Chelmsford City Council’s statutory duty to review and assess air quality within its area, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved.

In 2018, the Council measured exceedances of the air quality objectives both inside and outside of air quality management areas. However, exceedances at relevant exposure only occurred within the air quality management areas.

Air Quality in Chelmsford

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Chelmsford is located in mid Essex, thirty-one miles from London and has a population of over 168,310 (2011 census), largely living in the main urban areas of Chelmsford and South Woodham Ferrers. The City of Chelmsford comprises of a number of suburban areas surrounding the main urban areas and the larger rural villages of Danbury, East and West Hanningfield, Great Leighs, Little Waltham and Little Baddow.

The main source of air pollution in Chelmsford is road traffic emissions from major roads and junctions, notably the A12, A414, A138, A130, Army and Navy junction and Boreham interchange.

Chelmsford City Council has declared two Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA). These AQMA are detailed in Table 2.1.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

i LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Actions to Improve Air Quality

Danbury Air Quality Management Area On 8th October 2018, Chelmsford City Council declared an AQMA on the A414 Maldon Road, Danbury for exceedances of the 40µg/m3 annual mean objective for nitrogen dioxide (NO2). An air quality action plan (AQAP) is in development. Chelmsford Local Plan Chelmsford City Council has submitted a Local Plan to guide development in the City Council’s area until 2036. In support of the Local Plan, an Air Quality Impact Assessment was commissioned to establish a baseline air quality profile for the Council’s administrative area, and projections for two future scenarios: 2036 with and without the Local Plan in place. Difference plots show that the introduction of the Local Plan is likely to have a small influence on annual average pollutant concentrations along some roads. The air quality impact of the Local Plan has been assessed to be negligible. Modelled concentrations of NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in 2036, both with and without Local Plan development are all below the relevant air quality objectives. Policy MP3 (entitled Sustainable Buildings) within the Local Plan contains a requirement relating to the provision of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Part of MP3 contains the following exert: New dwellings and non-residential buildings shall provide convenient access to Electric Vehicle (EV) charging point infrastructure as follows: • Residential development should provide Electric Vehicle (EV) charging point infrastructure at the rate of 1 charging point per unit (for a dwelling with dedicated off-road parking) and/or 1 charging point per 10 spaces (where off- road parking is unallocated). • Non-residential development should provide charging points equivalent to 10% of the total parking provision. • Public charging points should be located in highly visible, accessible locations close to building entrances.

Following Independent Examination hearing sessions in December 2018, the Inspector considered that the Plan could be found sound, subject to Main Modifications. The modifications to the Local Plan are currently being consulted upon, ahead of being submitted to the Planning Inspector for the final report to be issued on the soundness of the Local Plan.

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Conclusions and Priorities

A review of the existing Army and Navy air quality action plan was due to be undertaken in 2018. However, the flyover at the junction is approaching the end of its functional life and has been the subject of a number of closures in 2018. In July 2019, a technical fault with the flyover was discovered as a result of high temperatures. Essex County Council have closed the flyover for the foreseeable future and have set up the Army and Navy Taskforce to develop a long-term solution. Review of the air quality action plan is now proposed to be undertaken when outline proposals of the junction have been developed and the air quality effects can be quantified.

Chelmsford City Council will prioritise the following air quality actions for the forthcoming year:

• Commence PM2.5 monitoring. • Increase diffusion tube monitoring in and around air pollution hotspots • Continue development of an AQAP for A414 Maldon Road, Danbury • Conclude development of the Chelmsford City Council Air Quality Strategy

iii LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Local Engagement and How to get Involved airTEXT Residents and visitors to Chelmsford are encouraged to sign up to airTEXT for free air quality alerts by SMS text message, email, @airtext_chelm on twitter and voicemail. The service also provides 3-day forecasts of air quality, pollen, UV and temperature. It is possible to sign up by visiting airTEXT.info/signup or by texting airTEXT to 78070.

There is also a free airTEXT smart phone app that gives users forecasts for pollution, UV, grass pollen and temperature. This app is currently available for Android smartphones. Click on the image to download the app.

The @EssexAir twitter feed provides localised weekly air pollution forecasts.

Figure i.1 - Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications

Links to health advice are provided when air pollution is likely to be moderate or higher. This will enable those with heart or lung conditions, or other breathing problems to make informed judgements about their levels of activity or exposure. iv LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Smoky Vehicles Particulate matter is usually not visible but when poorly maintained diesel engines can produce visible particles, appearing as smoke. Fine particles have an adverse effect on human health, particularly among those with respiratory and cardiovascular problem.

Essex Air promotes the DVSA service for reporting smoky lorries or buses via twitter and a link to this service is provided at the top of the Essex Air website.

Figure i.2 - Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets

Liftshare Essex County Council has worked closely with Liftshare to develop the Essex Car Share scheme. This operates across Chelmsford and provides commuters with a car sharing service which could cut congestion and air pollution whilst saving money.

v LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Chelmsford ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... iii Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iv 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Chelmsford ...... 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 6 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 8 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 8 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 8 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 8 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 9

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 9

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 10

3.2.3 Ozone (O3) ...... 10 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 11 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018 ...... 33 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 37 Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 39 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 48 Appendix F: Chelmsford City Council AQMA Orders...... 50 Glossary of Terms ...... 54 References ...... 55

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List of Tables Table i.1 – 2018 Measured Exceedances ...... Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 4 Table 3.1 – 2018 Measured Exceedances ...... 9 Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 11 Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 12 Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 16 Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 23 Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results...... 27 Table A.6 – 24-Hour PM10 Monitoring Results ...... 27 Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2018 ...... 33 Table C.1 – AIR PT Results 2018 ...... 38 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 48 Table E.2 – Examples of Where the Air Quality Objectives Should Apply ...... 48

List of Figures Figure i.1 – Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications ...... iv Figure i.2 – Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets ...... v Figure 2.1 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution ...... 6 Figure 3.1 – CB79 Exceedance ...... 9 Figure A.1 - Nitrogen Dioxide (Automatic Monitor) Trend Data 2009-2018 ...... 21 Figure A.2 – Nitrogen Dioxide (Diffusion Tube) Trend Data 2010-2018 ...... 22 Figure A.3 – CM1 Chignal St James NO2 Automatic Data Plot ...... 24 Figure A.4 – CM2 Springfield Road NO2 Automatic Data Plot ...... 24 Figure A.5 – CM3 Rainsford Lane NO2 Automatic Data Plot ...... 25 Figure A.6 – CM4 Baddow Road NO2 Automatic Data Plot ...... 25 Figure A.7 – Modelled Annual Average NO2 Concentration (2016) ...... 26 Figure A.8 – CM1 Chignal St James PM10 Automatic Data Plot ...... 28 Figure A.9 – CM2 Springfield Road PM10 Automatic Data Plot ...... 28 Figure A.10 – CM3 Rainsford Lane PM10 Automatic Data Plot ...... 29 Figure A.11 – Trends in Annual Mean PM10 Concentrations ...... 30 Figure A.12 – Modelled Annual Average PM2.5 Concentration (2016) ...... 31 Figure A.13 – Measured Ozone (O3) Concentrations 2018 ...... 32 Figure A.14 – Ozone (O3) Trends ...... 32 Figure D.1 - Army & Navy AQMA Monitoring...... 39 Figure D.2 - Boreham & Springfield Monitoring ...... 40 Figure D.3 - Chignal St James Monitoring ...... 41 Figure D.4 – A414 Maldon Road, Danbury AQMA Monitoring ...... 42 Figure D.5 – A414 Main Road, Danbury Monitoring ...... 43 Figure D.6 - Howe Green & Great Baddow Monitoring ...... 44 Figure D.7 - Springfield Road Monitoring ...... 45 Figure D.8 – Central & West Chelmsford Monitoring ...... 46 Figure D.9 – Widford & Moulsham Monitoring ...... 47

vii LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Chelmsford during 2018. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Chelmsford City Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England and examples of relevant exposure can be found in Appendix E.

1 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Chelmsford City Council can be found in Table 2.1.

For location details, see Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMAs.

Appendix F contains the current AQMA declaration orders.

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Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Level of Exceedance (maximum monitored/modelled Action Plan concentration at a location of Polluta Is air quality in relevant exposure) nts the AQMA Date of AQMA and Air One Line influenced by Declaratio City / Town Name Quality Description roads controlled n Objecti by Highways At Now Name Date of Publication Link ves England? Declaration

Army & Navy Air Quality https://uk- Declared Army & NO2 Roundabout Action Plan air.defra.gov.uk/assets/d 01/12/2005 Navy Annual Chelmsford and NO 51 µg/m3 41.82 µg/m3 Army & 2008 ocuments/no2ten/Local_ Amended AQMA Mean surrounding Navy July 1/10/2012 zone29_Chelmsford_AQ roads 2008 Actionplan_1.pdf

The stretch of road A414 between NO2 Maldon Declared Gay Bowers A414 Maldon Road, Danbury Air Quality Action Plan is in Annual Danbury NO 47.31 µg/m3 44.62 µg/m3 Road, 08/10/2018 Lane and development Mean Danbury Danbury Village Green

☒ Chelmsford City Council confirms the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date

3 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Chelmsford

Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2. Further measures will be added on adoption of the forthcoming Air Quality Strategy and A414 Maldon Road, Danbury Air Quality Action Plan.

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisations Reduction in Estimated / EU Key Measure EU involved and Planning Implementation Pollutant / Actual Comments / Barriers Measure Classificati Performance Progress to Date No. Category Funding Phase Phase Emission from Completion to implementation on Indicator Source Measure Date Bus Priority Measures. Focus on removing as much traffic as Chelmsfor Transport possible on the d Growth Planning Essex County Funding secured & Reduced outskirts of the City by 1 Package - and Other Council / South 2010-2017 2018 Not quantified public consultation 2020 Congestion emphasising existing Outer Infrastructur East LEP completed rail and Park & Ride Zone e routes and exploring potential for future services. Sustainable Transport alternatives to the Chelmsfor Planning Essex County Funding secured & private car use and d Growth Cycle Increased 2 and Council / South 2017 2018 Not quantified public consultation 2020 encouraging trips using Package - network Cycle Use Infrastructur East LEP completed public transport, Mid Zone e cycling and on the pedestrian network Public Real Chelmsfor Promoting Essex County Increased Funding secured & Improvements - d Growth Promotion 3 Travel Council / South 2017 2018 Pedestrian Not quantified public consultation 2020 Improving the quality of Package - of walking Alternatives East LEP Access completed the walking Inner Zone environment Pre-design stage: Community Transport Development of a long- Workshops seeking Army & Planning term solution for the Essex County Not yet feedback from local 4 Navy and Other 2019 TBC TBC 2025 major Army and Navy Council quantified people and interested Taskforce Infrastructur junction parties to help shape e the right long-term solution for the city Policy Chelmsfor Guidance Low d Air Chelmsford City Adoption of 5 and Emissions 2018 2019 Not quantified In Development 2019 Quality Council Policy Developme Strategy Strategy nt Control 4 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Alternatives Car & lift Essex Essex County Number of Ongoing 6 to private sharing N/A 2014 Not quantified Ongoing Liftshare Council Users Measure vehicle use schemes

Regional Groups Co- ordinating Policy programme Guidance s to develop Member of Ongoing 7 and Area wide Essex Air N/A N/A N/A N/A Ongoing Essex Air Measure Developme Strategies nt Control to reduce emissions and improve air quality

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2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

All three PM10 monitors in Chelmsford are trending downwards suggesting that PM2.5 concentrations may also be reducing. This can be seen in Figure A.11 in Appendix A.

Dispersion modelling undertaken for the air quality impact assessment prepared to support the Chelmsford Local Plan identified no exceedances of the PM2.5 target 3 values (annual mean of 25µg/m ). A map showing these modelled PM2.5 results can be seen in Figure A.12 in Appendix A.

Chelmsford City Council notes the Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator 3.01

– Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate (PM2.5) air pollution which for 2017 gave a value of 5.7% which is slightly above average for the East of England region (5.5%).

Figure 2.1 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution

6 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Chelmsford City Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

• Use of Essex Air twitter to encourage the reporting of smoky vehicles through the DVSA reporting service. It is possible to report either heavy goods vehicles or public service vehicles (buses).

• Regular inspections of permitted industry where combustion and non-

combustion processes could lead to anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5

• Working with Essex County Council (highway authority) and Highways England to deliver major transport improvement schemes to alleviate traffic and congestion. In addition to reduced exhaust emissions, these schemes will reduce non-exhaust particulate emissions from brake and tyre wear by making traffic flows smoother.

Chelmsford City Council commenced PM2.5 monitoring in 2019 at the Springfield Road

(Chelmsford Prison) site which routinely measures the highest PM10 in the monitoring network. This location is sited next to a busy road and junction along with an adjacent bus stop. Particulate matter is likely to be present at relatively high concentrations due to tyre / brake wear and from dust resuspension as well as diesel vehicle emissions.

The first year of results will be reported in the 2020 Annual Status Report.

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3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with the objectives.

The air quality monitoring results presented in this report are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Details on how adjustments are made is provided in Appendix C.

3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Chelmsford City Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at 4 sites during

2018 measuring Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (PM10) and Ozone (O3). Table A.1 in Appendix A provides detail of these sites.

Details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted is provided in Appendix C.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Chelmsford City Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 55 sites during 2018. Table A.2 in Appendix A provides detail of these sites.

Details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D.

8 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council 3.2 Individual Pollutants

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) In 2018, Chelmsford City Council measured exceedances of the annual mean air quality objective for nitrogen dioxide at four monitoring sites.

Table 3.1 – 2018 Measured Exceedances

Estimated Measured Site ID Site Name In AQMA? Concentration of NO Concentration of NO 2 2 at Relevant Exposure

8 Waterhouse CB79 NO 41.84µg/m3 35.92µg/m3 Lane

26 Maldon Road, CB91/92/93 YES 44.62µg/m3 44.62µg/m3 Danbury Rear of 66 CB98 YES 45.92µg/m3 41.82µg/m3 Baddow Road Rear of 74 CB99 YES 47.13µg/m3 38.19µg/m3 Baddow Road Appendix C provides details on how the calculation is made to estimate the concentration at relevant exposure.

The exceedance measured at the CB79 monitoring site is caused by traffic flow, exacerbated by traffic queuing to the signalised junction with the Writtle Road. This site is not within an Air Quality Management Area however the measurement was taken at the roadside and is not at relevant exposure. Figure 3.1 – CB79 Exceedance

9 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council The estimated concentration at relevant exposure does not exceed the air quality objective. An AQMA does not need to be declared. Table E.2 in Appendix E identifies examples of relevant exposure.

Exceedances at relevant exposure were measured at CB91/92/93 on Maldon Road in the Danbury AQMA and at CB98 on the A1060 Parkway in the Army and Navy AQMA.

Table A in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the 1-hour mean air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year. No exceedances have been measured. No diffusion tubes have exceeded 60µg/m3 which indicates that there has been no exceedance of the 1-hour mean objective at these sites either.

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Table A.5 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored PM10 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

Table A.6Error! Reference source not found. in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored PM10 daily mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 50µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year.

Chelmsford City Council has not measured any exceedance of the air quality objectives for PM10 and all three monitoring stations are showing a decline in measured particulate pollution.

3.2.3 Ozone (O3)

It is not a requirement of Local Air Quality Management to monitor Ozone concentrations. However, Chelmsford City Council undertakes measurement at the Chignal St James rural background monitoring site.

Figure A.14 in Appendix A provides the results of Ozone monitoring from 2011 to 2018.

Monitored levels of tropospheric Ozone are increasing.

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Appendix A: Monitoring Results Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites

Distance to Distance to Inlet Site Site Site X OS Y OS Pollutants In Monitoring Relevant kerb of Height ID Name Type Grid Ref Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? Technique Exposure nearest (m) (m) (1) road (m) (2) NO, NOx, Chemiluminescent Chignal St CM1 Rural 566463 210830 NO2, NO / Unheated BAM / 40 43 4 James PM10, O3 UV Photometry Springfield NO, NOx, Chemiluminescent CM2 Road Roadside 571640 207179 NO2, NO 29.2 2.8 2.5 / Unheated BAM (Prison) PM10 Rainsford NO, NOx, Chemiluminescent CM3 Lane (Fire Roadside 569912 206881 NO2, NO 20 2.5 2.5 / Unheated BAM Station) PM10 Baddow NO, NOx, CM4 Roadside 571654 205798 NO Chemiluminescent 12 5.1 1.5 Road NO2

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

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Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Distance Distance Tube to kerb to collocated X OS Grid Y OS Grid Pollutants In of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Relevant with a Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? nearest (m) Exposure Continuous road (m) (m) (1) Analyser? (2) 12 Van CB01 Diemans Roadside 571421 205963 NO2 NO 0 12 No 2.5 Road 3 CB02 Moulsham Roadside 571388 205725 NO2 NO 9.3 2.5 No 2.5 Chase 28 Cleves Urban CB04 575266 210080 NO2 NO 0 5 No 2.5 Ct. Background 109 CB08 Balmoral Roadside 571383 206926 NO2 NO 3 3 No 2.5 Ct. 20 Urban CB11 Brooklands 570065 205468 NO2 NO 0 19 No 2.5 Background Walk 60 Roxwell CB13 Roadside 569077 207528 NO2 NO 0 16 No 2.5 Road 180 Maldon CB18 Roadside 573846 205362 NO2 NO 0 17 No 2.5 Rd 95 Baddow CB22/CB22B/CB22C Roadside 571505 205968 NO2 YES 0 8 No 2.5 Road 20 Allen CB25 Suburban 573992 207985 NO2 NO 4 0.1 No 2.5 Way 214 CB26/CB26B/CB26C Baddow Roadside 571614 205812 NO2 NO 0 5 No 2.5 Road Howe CB27/CB27A/CB27B Green Roadside 574080 203469 NO2 NO 0 18 No 2.5 Interchange

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Colchester CB30 Roadside 573403 208650 NO2 NO 0 5 No 2.5 Road Main Road, CB31 Roadside 575265 209975 NO2 NO 0 5 No 2.5 Boreham 2 Abbots CB32 Roadside 571581 207144 NO2 NO 0 5 No 2.5 Place Victoria CB33 Roadside 570974 207157 NO2 NO 3 3 No 2.5 Road 129 CB35 Moulsham Roadside 570489 205981 NO2 NO 4 1 No 2.5 Street 2 Rainsford CB36 Roadside 570104 207247 NO2 NO 2 1 No 2.5 Lane CB38/CB39/CB40 Prison Roadside 571640 207179 NO2 NO 14 3 Yes 2.5 Atlantic Urban CB44 Business 570422 207352 NO2 NO 0 11 No 2.5 Background Centres 32 Van Urban CB45 Diemans 571400 205911 NO2 NO 0 11 No 2.5 Background Road 32 CB46 Rochford Roadside 571062 206281 NO2 NO 2 3 No 2.5 Road 1 Weight CB48 Roadside 571462 206950 NO2 NO 3 1 No 2.5 Road 26 CB49 Rochford Roadside 571104 206262 NO2 NO 0 5 No 2.5 Road Penpol, CB52 Victoria Roadside 571367 207014 NO2 NO 0 3 No 2.5 Road 15 Cedar CB55 Roadside 570278 207309 NO2 NO 0 8 No 2.5 Avenue 52 Goldlay CB56 Roadside 571177 206222 NO2 YES 5 1 No 2.5 Road

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Goldlay CB57 House, Roadside 571359 206124 NO2 NO 0 16 No 2.5 Parkway 148 CB58 Baddow Roadside 571476 205964 NO2 YES 0 12 No 2.5 Road 10 Fraser CB61 Roadside 571445 205631 NO2 NO 0 7 No 2.5 Close CB62/CB63/CB64 Chignal Roadside 566463 210830 NO2 NO 40 43 Yes 4 CB65/CB66/CB67 Fire Station Rural 569912 206881 NO2 NO 20 2.5 Yes 2.5 Goldlay CB68/CB68B/CB68C Roadside 571382 206092 NO2 NO 0 12 No 2.5 Avenue Chelmer CB73 Roadside 572130 206507 NO2 NO 0 18 No 2.5 Road South CB74 Primrose Roadside 570074 207167 NO2 NO 0 4 No 2.5 Hill Main Road, CB75 Roadside 577921 205246 NO2 NO 0 1 No 2.5 Danbury 5/7 Maldon CB76/CB76B/CB76C Road, Roadside 578506 205122 NO2 NO 0 1 No 2.5 Danbury Meadgate CB77 Suburban 571653 205948 NO2 NO 0 1 No 2.5 Avenue 10 CB79 Waterhouse Roadside 569480 206008 NO2 NO 2 1 No 2.5 Lane 208 CB80 Springfield Roadside 571710 207246 NO2 NO 0 3 No 2.5 Road 2/4 Arbour CB81 Roadside 571674 207282 NO2 NO 4 1 No 2.5 Lane 122 CB82 Springfield Roadside 571438 206966 NO2 NO 0 4 No 2.5 Road

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134/136 CB83/CB83B/CB83C Springfield Roadside 571462 206999 NO2 NO 0 3 No 2.5 Road Baddow CB84/CB85/CB86 Road Roadside 571653 205800 NO2 NO 12 5.1 Yes 1.5 AQMS CB87 Bus Station Other 570444 207044 NO2 NO 4 3 No 2.5 147 CB88 Baddow Suburban 571663 205811 NO2 NO 0 22 No 2.5 Road 135 CB89 Springfield Roadside 571426 206979 NO2 NO 2 0.5 No 2.5 Road 144 CB90 Springfield Roadside 571480 207019 NO2 NO 2 2 No 2.5 Road 26 Maldon CB91/CB92/CB93 Road, Roadside 578538.827 205114 NO2 NO 0 1 No 2.5 Danbury Copt Hill, CB94 Roadside 578570.903 205107.86 NO2 NO -1.4 2.8 No 2.5 Danbury Eves CB95 Corner, Roadside 578408.67 205106 NO2 NO 3 2 No 2.5 Danbury Heathcote School, CB96 Kerbside 578363 205119.8 NO2 NO 3 0.25 No 2.5 Main Road, Danbury Broomfield Road Junction CB97 (Opposite Kerbside 570409 207373 NO2 NO 8 1 No 2 78 Broomfield Road)

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Rear of 66 CB98 Baddow Kerbside 571148 206324 NO2 NO 2 3 No 2 Road Rear of 74 CB99 Baddow Kerbside 571211 206274 NO2 NO 3.4 1.25 No 2 Road Waterloo CB100 Roadside 571089 207060 NO2 NO 1 3 No 2.5 Lane 18 Rectory CB101 Roadside 570820 207543 NO2 NO 0 10 No 3.5 Lane

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Capture for Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Site ID Site Type Monitoring Capture Type (2) Period (%) 2018 (%) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (1) CM1 Rural Automatic 98.85 98.85 14.19 12.79 14.23 14.47 12.43 CM2 Roadside Automatic 88.48 88.48 28.09 28.11 28.89 28.00 29.19 CM3 Roadside Automatic 89.34 89.34 N/A 27.90 25.59 26.88 24.20 CM4 Roadside Automatic 94.62 94.62 N/A 25.80 29.57 29.46 27.50 Diffusion CB01 Roadside 100.00 100.00 30.27 28.44 31.30 32.49 31.72 Tube Diffusion CB02 Roadside 91.67 91.67 21.50 20.15 20.53 22.59 20.84 Tube Urban Diffusion CB04 100.00 100.00 22.30 21.65 22.00 25.34 21.28 Background Tube

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Diffusion CB08 Roadside 100.00 100.00 28.02 28.59 28.91 33.21 29.28 Tube Urban Diffusion CB11 100.00 100.00 23.37 23.39 24.41 28.69 24.48 Background Tube Diffusion CB13 Roadside 100.00 100.00 18.59 16.26 18.09 20.07 18.34 Tube Diffusion CB18 Roadside 100.00 100.00 17.67 17.02 17.02 16.95 16.53 Tube

CB22/CB22B/CB22C Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 88.89 88.89 32.39 30.34 32.37 32.32 32.95 Tube Averaged)

Diffusion CB25 Suburban 100.00 100.00 20.91 19.81 20.64 17.01 21.43 Tube

CB26/CB26B/CB26C Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 100.00 100.00 30.70 28.07 29.29 31.21 29.72 Tube Averaged)

Diffusion CB27/CB27A/CB27B Roadside 100.00 100.00 39.33 36.64 35.04 36.35 32.41 Tube Diffusion CB30 Roadside 100.00 100.00 31.28 28.20 29.12 31.02 28.53 Tube Diffusion CB31 Roadside 100.00 100.00 26.49 24.78 26.69 26.01 24.38 Tube Diffusion CB32 Roadside 100.00 100.00 32.64 31.60 31.88 33.30 29.03 Tube Diffusion CB33 Roadside 100.00 100.00 31.44 31.08 28.82 31.97 29.79 Tube Diffusion CB35 Roadside 83.33 83.33 24.33 23.23 25.46 23.93 23.99 Tube Diffusion CB36 Roadside 100.00 100.00 29.89 25.84 27.95 26.19 28.60 Tube

17 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

CB38/CB39/CB40 Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 97.22 97.22 28.01 28.29 28.30 30.27 28.96 Tube Averaged)

Diffusion CB44 Roadside 100.00 100.00 31.12 29.96 31.09 32.41 31.37 Tube Diffusion CB45 Roadside 100.00 100.00 29.11 23.99 28.78 28.07 26.94 Tube Diffusion CB46 Roadside 100.00 100.00 25.52 25.15 25.22 28.79 27.70 Tube Diffusion CB48 Roadside 100.00 100.00 24.32 23.88 21.58 26.76 24.43 Tube Diffusion CB49 Roadside 100.00 100.00 22.27 21.37 22.74 23.07 22.34 Tube Diffusion CB52 Roadside 91.67 91.67 31.77 30.79 30.35 34.30 31.89 Tube Diffusion CB55 Roadside 100.00 100.00 25.49 24.85 25.28 27.30 26.74 Tube Diffusion CB56 Roadside 100.00 100.00 23.65 21.13 24.15 24.49 23.53 Tube Diffusion CB57 Roadside 100.00 100.00 27.35 26.45 28.25 30.59 28.22 Tube Diffusion CB58 Roadside 100.00 100.00 36.75 35.77 36.59 40.58 37.19 Tube Diffusion CB61 Suburban 100.00 100.00 16.31 15.29 15.98 17.29 15.53 Tube

CB62/CB63/CB64 Diffusion (Triplicate Results Rural 100.00 100.00 12.37 11.15 12.22 13.52 11.56 Tube Averaged)

CB65/CB66/CB67 Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 100.00 100.00 23.37 22.44 23.10 24.07 23.25 Tube Averaged)

18 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

CB68/CB68B/CB68C Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 100.00 100.00 40.78 28.70 29.85 31.85 32.31 Tube Averaged)

Diffusion CB73 Roadside 100.00 100.00 22.77 23.07 21.89 23.49 22.87 Tube Diffusion CB74 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A 25.52 31.00 27.97 29.53 Tube Diffusion CB75 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A 30.55 34.27 36.00 33.41 Tube

CB76CB76B/CB76C Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 88.89 88.89 N/A 33.43 39.36 41.82 36.52 Tube Averaged)

Diffusion CB77 Suburban 91.67 91.67 N/A 24.34 25.02 27.77 25.54 Tube Diffusion CB79 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A 28.20 35.22 39.46 41.84 Tube Diffusion CB80 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A 25.34 25.29 27.52 26.77 Tube Diffusion CB81 Roadside 75.00 75.00 N/A 25.96 29.16 32.54 32.15 Tube Diffusion CB82 Roadside 91.67 91.67 N/A 32.83 31.90 34.64 34.73 Tube

CB83/CB83B/CB83C Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 97.22 97.22 N/A 39.05 38.02 39.35 36.36 Tube Averaged)

CB84/CB85/CB86 Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A 24.28 27.48 29.82 26.41 Tube Averaged)

Diffusion CB87 Other 83.33 83.33 N/A 39.92 35.81 36.97 35.42 Tube

19 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Diffusion CB89 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A N/A 37.37 41.67 38.46 Tube Diffusion CB90 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A N/A 30.48 29.55 26.89 Tube

CB91/92/93 Diffusion (Triplicate Results Roadside 80.56 80.56 N/A N/A N/A 47.31 44.62 Tube Averaged)

Diffusion CB94 Roadside 91.67 91.67 N/A N/A N/A 31.37 27.80 Tube Diffusion CB95 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A N/A N/A 26.93 29.44 Tube Diffusion CB96 Kerbside 91.67 91.67 N/A N/A N/A 24.57 29.19 Tube Diffusion CB97 Kerbside 100.00 100.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 38.30 Tube Diffusion CB98 Kerbside 100.00 100.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 45.92 Tube Diffusion CB99 Kerbside 100.00 100.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 47.13 Tube Diffusion CB100 Roadside 100.00 100.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 27.46 Tube Diffusion CB101 Roadside 90.00 75.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 22.01 Tube ☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

20 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.1 – Nitrogen Dioxide (Automatic Monitor) Trend Data 2009-2018

21 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.2 – Nitrogen Dioxide (Diffusion Tube) Trend Data 2010-2018

22 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

3 (3) NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m Valid Data Capture for Valid Data Monitoring Site ID Site Type Monitoring Period (%) Capture 2018 Type (1) (%) (2) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

CM1 Rural Automatic 98.85 98.85 0 0 (63.08) 0 0 0

CM2 Roadside Automatic 88.48 88.48 0 0 0 0 0 Automatic CM3 Roadside 89.34 89.34 N/A 0 (98.51) 0 0 0 Automatic CM4 Roadside 94.62 94.62 N/A 0 (82.10) 0 0 0

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

23 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Figure A.3 – CM1 Chignal St James NO2 Automatic Data Plot

Figure A.4 – CM2 Springfield Road NO2 Automatic Data Plot

24 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Figure A.5 – CM3 Rainsford Lane NO2 Automatic Data Plot

Figure A.6 – CM4 Baddow Road NO2 Automatic Data Plot

25 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.7 – Modelled Annual Average NO2 Concentration (2016)

26 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data Capture for Valid Data Capture PM10 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site Type Site ID Monitoring Period (%) (1) 2018 (%) (2) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 CM1 Rural 91.78 91.78 17.44 20.49 17.07 16.19 13.54 CM2 Roadside 96.99 96.99 29.15 27.21 28.42 28.80 27.02 CM3 Roadside 94.79 94.79 22.20 20.97 20.83 19.97 17.68 Notes: 3 Exceedances of the PM10 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

Table A.6 – 24-Hour PM10 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data Capture for Valid Data Capture PM10 24-Hour Means > 50µg/m Site Type Site ID Monitoring Period (%) (1) 2018 (%) (2) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 CM1 Rural 91.78 91.78 5 3 1 5 1 CM2 Roadside 96.99 96.99 21(43.09) 7 8 15 12 CM3 Roadside 94.79 94.79 9(35.55) 4 5 5 2 Notes: 3 Exceedances of the PM10 24-hour mean objective (50µg/m not to be exceeded more than 35 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 90.4th percentile of 24-hour means is provided in brackets.

27 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.8 – CM1 Chignal St James PM10 Automatic Data Plot

Figure A.9 – CM2 Springfield Road PM10 Automatic Data Plot

28 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.10 – CM3 Rainsford Lane PM10 Automatic Data Plot

29 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.11 – Trends in Annual Mean PM10 Concentrations

30 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.12 – Modelled Annual Average PM2.5 Concentration (2016)

31 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure A.13 – Measured Ozone (O3) Concentrations 2018

Figure A.14 – Ozone (O3) Trends

32 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.76) and Data Nearest Annualised Exposure (1) (2) CB01 39.3 43.5 56.6 43.7 40.6 40.2 31.9 39.7 38.8 40.0 43.8 42.8 41.7 31.72 31.72 CB02 34.0 33.8 32.8 28.7 19.1 15.1 17.0 Missing 26.1 30.6 31.4 33.1 27.4 20.84 18.04 CB04 35.5 38.6 33.1 24.1 21.7 16.5 17.4 26.3 32.4 31.9 30 28.5 28.0 21.28 21.28 CB08 40.9 40.5 39.9 39.6 36 30 31.8 38.6 41 41.8 37.6 44.6 38.5 29.28 26.70 CB11 38.1 31.1 35 37.8 24 21.4 26.9 31.2 35.7 34.4 33.4 37.5 32.2 24.48 24.48 CB13 30.7 28.9 27.3 24.7 18.7 15.6 17.3 21.5 23.2 25.5 28 28.2 24.1 18.34 18.34 CB18 24.2 29.4 22.5 23.7 17 14 17.5 18.1 22.3 24.6 22.2 25.5 21.8 16.53 16.53 CB22 44.3 50 52.1 44.2 40.4 35.7 Missing 39.1 43.4 48.3 37.6 43.4 43.5 33.06 33.06 CB22B 41.3 48.4 49.4 45.4 45.2 35.9 Missing 39.5 43.3 48.3 43.6 41.9 43.8 33.32 33.32 CB22C 43.9 45.2 40.8 46.3 43.5 Missing Missing 41 41.9 41.4 39.7 43.5 42.7 32.47 32.47 CB25 30.5 35 33.1 28.8 21.5 19.9 20.5 24.4 27.1 28.7 33.8 35.1 28.2 21.43 16.84 CB26 42.7 46.8 43.1 44.5 35.3 31.3 34.8 36.8 41.3 41.1 37.5 39.6 39.6 30.07 30.07 CB26B 41.6 44.3 42.1 44.7 34 28.3 35.1 35.5 40 39.6 39.6 38.2 38.6 29.32 29.32 CB26C 39.7 43.4 38.5 45 34.5 28.8 36.7 37.9 40.9 40 44.9 39.9 39.2 29.78 29.78 CB27 56.2 44.3 39.2 49.8 31.1 26.8 36.2 43.3 55 49.7 43.6 48.6 43.7 33.17 33.17 CB27A 56 49.1 43.2 37.2 29.5 26.6 41.3 41.6 51 48.7 38.7 40.1 41.9 31.86 31.86

33 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

CB27B 53 45.3 39 45.9 30.1 25.3 40.7 41.8 51.5 47.4 44.2 44.1 42.4 32.19 32.19 CB30 43.1 39.6 39.3 38.3 30.4 28 30.6 36.8 39.7 38.8 43.1 42.7 37.5 28.53 28.53 CB31 40.7 34.8 36.5 28.4 28.6 24.6 27 30.6 32.9 35.9 29.7 35.3 32.1 24.38 24.38 CB32 49.2 41.9 35 40.9 33.8 26.3 30.8 35.5 41.5 42 39.5 42 38.2 29.03 29.03 CB33 51.4 46.4 44 42.2 32.7 23.9 26.4 34.9 41.1 42.6 39.3 45.5 39.2 29.79 27.33 CB35 42.1 36.1 38.9 33.2 21.5 18 20.5 Missing 35.4 Missing 33.6 36.3 31.6 23.99 20.65 CB36 39.2 37.9 45.9 43.2 35.3 28.6 28.3 30.7 34.1 38.1 48.8 41.5 37.6 28.60 25.83 CB38 45.2 45.9 43.8 40.1 34.7 30 30.8 34.4 40.2 40.3 41.2 38 38.7 29.42 22.93 CB39 40.6 40.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 29.8 30.9 35.6 41.5 40 38.7 38.8 37.6 28.54 22.44 CB40 Missing 42.3 45.5 40.1 32.8 32.8 31.2 33.5 38.4 41.6 40.5 39.7 38.0 28.91 22.64 CB44 42.3 44.3 44.4 44.6 34.8 31.2 38.5 38 44.3 44.8 44.8 43.3 41.3 31.37 31.37 CB45 38.8 40.5 40.9 34.7 31.9 28.6 27.1 31.3 37.2 38 37.1 39.2 35.4 26.94 26.94 CB46 38.3 42.4 45.6 37.7 37.7 31.4 22.7 32.9 31.8 39.4 41.5 36 36.5 27.70 26.01 CB48 39.4 36.1 38.9 26.5 25.4 20.9 20.8 31.1 39.5 34.5 34.6 38 32.1 24.43 21.77 CB49 30.3 34.6 36.2 31.9 26 20.3 20.8 28 30.4 29.8 31.3 33.2 29.4 22.34 22.34 CB52 Missing 49.5 52.6 41.9 34.5 32.9 37.6 37.4 40.2 39.8 48.2 47 42.0 31.89 31.89 CB55 38.8 40.3 35 36.2 31.7 26.8 25.6 31.3 35.5 38.5 43.4 39.1 35.2 26.74 26.74 CB56 29.8 36.7 39.6 33.2 27.3 21.8 22.9 26.6 30.6 32.8 32.3 37.9 31.0 23.53 20.41 CB57 42 41.8 42.3 41.2 31.7 28.3 31.8 36.8 38.7 37.8 36.6 36.5 37.1 28.22 28.22 CB58 54.5 46 51.1 53.8 46.3 44.8 45.9 46.7 54.6 46.3 48.1 49.1 48.9 37.19 37.19 CB61 23.8 26.7 26.2 20.5 14.7 11.3 13.9 17.6 17.7 22.9 23 26.9 20.4 15.53 15.53 CB62 21.8 21 17.2 13.7 9 7.2 9.4 12.1 17.3 17.1 19.4 13.5 14.9 11.32 9.58 CB63 18.9 18.5 17.2 16.4 10.2 7 9.7 10.9 17.5 16.4 18.8 20.3 15.2 11.51 9.67 CB64 22.4 18.9 17.5 15.8 11.5 8 10.1 11.1 17.1 17.3 19.4 17.9 15.6 11.84 9.81 CB65 33.4 36.6 34.8 32.6 25 24.5 26.4 26.2 30.4 31.8 31.5 32.2 30.5 23.14 18.77 CB66 34.7 34.9 36.7 31.2 24.8 23.4 24.7 25.4 31 33.6 34 33.8 30.7 23.32 18.85 CB67 37.8 31.9 34.3 33.1 25.5 23.2 23.5 26.8 32.7 32.3 32.7 33.7 30.6 23.28 18.83

34 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

CB68 41.6 43.4 62.1 39.3 42.8 37.2 34.3 38.5 35.2 40.9 47.9 43.3 42.2 32.08 32.08 CB68B 42.6 45.7 60.1 46.4 43.7 36.1 31.8 38.1 28.5 39.9 57.2 39.9 42.5 32.30 32.30 CB68C 45.9 46.6 53.5 47.7 42.4 35 35.4 38.1 34.6 43.4 51.1 40.4 42.8 32.56 32.56 CB73 30.1 36.3 38.5 32.9 24 21.4 22.8 24.4 28.3 29.2 38.2 35 30.1 22.87 22.87 CB74 36.4 41.4 53.7 44.6 34.1 38.5 28.3 30.4 27.4 36.8 51.6 43.1 38.9 29.53 29.53 CB75 50.7 46.7 52.8 51.2 44.1 36.7 43.3 38.3 37.1 35.4 50.4 40.8 44.0 33.41 33.41 CB76 54.9 57.3 52.5 50.1 44.6 38 36.9 42.6 45.3 47.9 43 53.2 47.2 35.87 35.87 CB76b Missing 49.9 55 50 46 38.5 Missing 46.1 46.6 49.6 48.7 58.3 48.9 37.14 37.14 CB76c 52.7 59.8 56.2 55.6 41.9 34.1 41.4 Missing 43 Missing 42.6 53.5 48.1 36.54 36.54 CB77 Missing 38.2 40.7 34 35.2 26.3 21.6 32.2 34.7 37.3 34.7 34.7 33.6 25.54 25.54 CB79 61.3 61 56.1 60 48 49.7 48.2 49.9 52 57.2 64.4 52.9 55.1 41.84 35.92 CB80 38.6 39.3 40 40.5 28.2 28.6 33.5 31.6 36.3 33.9 36 36.2 35.2 26.77 26.77 CB81 43.8 41.9 44.5 Missing Missing 28.2 Missing 39.5 43.1 40 52 47.7 42.3 32.15 26.57 CB82 44.7 45.4 56.3 53.4 45.6 42.1 Missing 39.4 42.5 43.9 49.5 39.8 45.7 34.73 34.73 CB83 Missing 45 51.7 49.9 37.1 34.7 46.2 40.3 52.2 46.7 61.6 51.9 47.0 35.74 35.74 CB83b 54.2 52.4 56.8 54.4 42.8 40.7 48.6 44.4 54.5 46.3 54.1 36.1 48.8 37.07 37.07 CB83c 53.2 37.1 53.9 47.7 41.2 38.2 48.8 45.1 51.5 49.7 54.9 51.2 47.7 36.26 36.26 CB84 37.1 37.6 42.8 32.9 27.8 31.5 26.1 29.6 33.5 43.2 34.3 49.7 35.5 26.99 22.11 CB85 42.2 40.6 31.1 36.7 26.4 21.4 34.9 28.7 38.9 34.5 34.5 39 34.1 25.90 21.41 CB86 43.5 41.2 34.9 43.3 33.9 20.9 21.8 34.4 34.6 35.7 36.3 35.3 34.7 26.33 21.69 CB87 56.3 45.7 54.8 Missing 43.8 38.8 50.4 46.9 Missing 20.9 55 53.5 46.6 35.42 31.18 CB89 60.4 54.8 51.5 50.3 48.9 41.1 38.7 52.1 51.4 57.2 44.3 56.6 50.6 38.46 31.76 CB90 36.8 42.4 36.7 39.9 28.2 28.1 28.1 33.1 35.9 36.6 40.8 38 35.4 26.89 24.95 CB91 64.8 Missing 66.6 65.1 46.3 Missing 61.7 53.8 46.5 51.6 Missing 64.4 57.9 43.98 43.98 CB92 71.4 41.8 61.1 59.7 49.1 Missing 57.5 50.3 Missing 54.1 65.1 64 57.4 43.63 43.63 CB93 71.2 58.5 72.7 65.3 48.6 Missing 57.8 53.1 61.4 59.2 Missing 60.6 60.8 46.24 46.24 CB94 41.5 41.9 40 39.8 36.6 27.7 29.4 35.5 Missing 39.3 39.6 31 36.6 27.80 30.97

35 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

CB95 41.6 44.2 49.7 37.1 36.1 30.5 30.9 33.6 37.1 40.1 46.2 37.8 38.7 29.44 25.23 CB96 41.7 42.7 39 43.8 26.2 23 31.9 40.4 47.1 38.1 Missing 48.6 38.4 29.19 21.35 CB97 57.7 57.2 53.3 50.7 41.6 33.1 44.6 47.3 55.3 55.8 50.7 57.5 50.4 38.30 28.47 CB98 66.2 66.9 66.8 63.8 61.4 56.6 50.9 57.6 57.7 56.6 57.6 63 60.4 45.92 41.82 CB99 61.3 63.4 66.2 68.5 56.1 46.4 58.8 62.5 59.7 69.6 68 63.6 62.0 47.13 38.19 CB100 41.1 39.4 36.4 42.1 25.2 30.1 43.5 40.6 36.5 31.7 35.4 31.5 36.1 27.46 26.52 CB101 N/A N/A 37.1 32.2 21.2 19.1 28.1 27.1 30.7 31.2 34 Missing 29.0 22.01 22.01

☒ National bias adjustment factor used All data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

36 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC Automatic Monitoring QA/QC

Chelmsford City Council operates four automatic monitoring sites measuring NO2,

PM10 and O3. Data from these sites is collected by a contractor.

Daily data validation checks are made to ensure the analysers are working correctly and to identify any abnormal readings that may occur. Monitoring data is forwarded to the Council.

The automatic monitoring station equipment is serviced every six months by a contractor who also carries out maintenance callouts when faults are identified.

The nitrogen dioxide analysers are calibrated fortnightly with a certified reference gas by Council officers. Particulate monitors have their filter tapes changed every two months. All automatic monitoring sites are colocated with triplicate NO2 diffusion tubes.

Data ratification for the analyser contains following processes;

• Applying the scaling factors derived from calibrations, maintenance visits and servicing

• Checking for equipment drift with adjustments made where detected

• Comparison with datasets from other appropriate Essex Air monitoring sites

• Checking for and deletion of erroneous data that can be linked to analyser fault or failure.

Diffusion Tubes QA/QC Chelmsford City Council undertook monitoring using 77 nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes at 55 sites in 2018.

The diffusion tubes were supplied by Socotec (UKAS Testing Laboratory number 1015) with a preparation method of 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in Acetone.

The AIR NO2 proficiency testing scheme found that the laboratory achieved the following percentage of results determined as satisfactory for 2018:

37 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Table C.1 – AIR PT Results 2018 AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT AR025 AIR PT AR027 AIR PT AR028 Round AR024

Round January – April – May July – August September – conducted February 2018 2018 October 2018 in the period 2018

ESG Didcot 100% 100% 100% 100%

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Chelmsford City Council uses the national bias adjustment figure for calculating diffusion tubes results. Compared with locally calculated factors, the use of the national factor is a risk averse approach ensuring that monitored concentrations are not underreported.

The Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet 03/18 identified that for Socotec 50% TEA in acetone diffusion tubes in 2018, a bias adjustment factor of 0.76 should be used. This was derived from orthogonal regression analysis of 21 studies.

Point Sources No significant new point sources of emissions have been identified.

NO2 Fall Off Estimation

Diffusion tube monitoring shown in Table B.1 in Appendix B has been adjusted for NO2 falloff between the monitoring location and the point of relevant exposure.

Using the equation taken from the NO2 Fall Off With Distance Calculator, a custom

Excel spreadsheet has been developed to derive the NO2 concentrations at relevant exposure. This calculator uses background concentrations taken from the 2017 NO2 background maps, measured annual mean concentrations and distances between the kerb, monitor and relevant exposure.

Estimated Annual Mean at Relevant Exposure:

Cz = ((Cy-Cb) / (-0.5476 x Ln(Dy) + 2.7171)) x (-0.5476*Ln(Dz)+2.7171) + Cb Where: Cz is the total predicted concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dz; Cy is the total measured concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dy; Cb is the background concentration (μg/m3); Dy is the distance from the kerb at which concentrations were measured; Dz is the distance from the kerb (m) at which concentrations are to be predicted; and Ln(D) is the natural log of the number D 38 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs Figure D.1 - Army & Navy AQMA Monitoring

39 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure D.2 – Boreham & Springfield Monitoring

40 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Figure D.3 – Chignal St James Monitoring

41 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Figure D.4 – A414 Maldon Road, Danbury AQMA Monitoring

42 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Figure D.5 – A414 Main Road, Danbury Monitoring

43 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

D6 – Howe Green & Great Baddow Monitoring

44 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure D.7 – Springfield Road Monitoring

45 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Figure D.8 – Central & West Chelmsford Monitoring

46 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Figure D.9 – Widford & Moulsham Monitoring

47 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

Table E.2 – Examples of Where the Air Quality Objectives Should Apply

5 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Air Quality Objective Averaging Period Objectives should not Objectives should apply at: generally apply at: Building façades of offices or other places of work where members of the public do not have regular access. Hotels, unless people live All locations where members there as their permanent of the public might be regularly residence. Annual Mean exposed. Building façades of Gardens of residential (40 µg/m3) residential properties, schools, properties. hospitals, care homes etc. Kerbside sites (as opposed to locations at the building façade), or any other location where public exposure is expected to be short term.

4 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3). 5 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

48 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

5 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Air Quality Objective Averaging Period Objectives should not Objectives should apply at: generally apply at: All locations where the annual 1-hour Mean (200 mean and: 24 and 8-hour µg/m3 not to be mean objectives apply. exceeded more Kerbside sites (for example, than 18 times a pavements of busy shopping year) streets). Those parts of car

parks, bus stations and Kerbside sites where the It can be railway stations etc. which are public would not be considered that not fully enclosed, where expected to have regular exceedances of the members of the public might access. NO2 1-hour reasonably be expected to objective may spend one hour or more. Any occur at roadside outdoor locations where sites if the annual members of the public might mean is above reasonably expected to spend 60µg/m3 one hour or longer.

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Appendix F: Chelmsford City Council AQMA Orders

Figure F.1 Army and Navy Air Quality Management Area (Amendment) Order 2012

50 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

51 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

Figure F.2 A414 Maldon Road, Danbury Air Quality Management Order 2018

52 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

53 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives ASR Air Quality Annual Status Report AURN The Automatic Urban and Rural Network is the UK's largest automatic monitoring network and is the main network used for compliance reporting against the Ambient Air Quality Directives

BAM Beta Attenuation Monitor. a widely used air monitoring technique employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid particles extracted from air flow. This technique allows for the detection of PM10 and PM2.5 Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DVSA Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency EU European Union EV Electric Vehicle HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

O3 Ozone

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less PSV Public Service Vehicle QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control SELEP South East Local Enterprise Partnership TEA Triethanolamine. The absorbing substance used in diffusion tubes measuring Nitrogen Dioxide UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service

54 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Chelmsford City Council

References airTEXT Twitter for Chelmsford available at; https://twitter.com/airtext_chelm airTEXT signup web page available at; http://www.airtext.info/signup Chelmsford City Council 2018 Air Quality Annual Status Report available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/Chelmsford.aspx?View=reports&ReportType=Chelmsford& ReportID=ChelmsfordASR2018&StartIndex=1&EndIndex=7 Chelmsford City Council Draft Local Plan – Air Quality Impact Assessment available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/ChelmsfordDraftLocalPlanAQIA.pdf Chelmsford City Council New Local Plan available at; https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/planning-and- building-control/planning-policy-and-new-local-plan/new-local-plan/ Chelmsford Growth Package Volume 1 https://www.essexhighways.org/uploads/CCGP/CCGP_Vol1_Web.pdf Chelmsford City Growth Package Volume 5 https://www.essexhighways.org/uploads/CCGP/CCGP_Vol5_Web.pdf Chelmsford Future Transport Network available at; https://www.essexhighways.org/highway-schemes- and-developments/major-schemes/chelmsford-future-transport-network.aspx Defra Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Defra LAQM Summary of Laboratory Performance in AIR NO2 PT Scheme available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/tubeprecision2019version0319finalfull.pdf Defra Nitrogen Dioxide Fall-Off with Distance Calculator available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools- monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html DVSA Smoky Vehicle Reporting Service available at; https://www.gov.uk/report-smoky-vehicle Defra PG.16 Air Quality Policy Guidance available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM- PG16-April-16-v1.pdf Defra TG.16 Air Quality Technical Guidance available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM- TG16-February-18-v1.pdf Essex Air Twitter Feed available at; https://twitter.com/essexair EssexCarShare.com available at; https://essex.liftshare.com/ Essex County Council Local Transport Plan available at; http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport- and-Roads/Highway-Schemes-and-Developments/Local-Transport-Plan.aspx Essex County Council Major Schemes available at; http://www.essexhighways.org/highway-schemes- and-developments/major-schemes.aspx Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01 available at; http://www.phoutcomes.info/ UK-AIR Background Mapping Data for Local Authorities available at; https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/data/laqm-background-maps?year=2015

UK and EU Air Quality Limits available at; https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/air-pollution/uk-eu-limits

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