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Alberta's 1998 Senate Election in the Media University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 2001 Over the edge of Canadian politics: Alberta's 1998 senate election in the media Willis, Leah Willis, L. (2001). Over the edge of Canadian politics: Alberta's 1998 senate election in the media (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/15910 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/40738 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Over the Edge of Canadian Politics: Alberta's 1998 Senate Election in the Media Leah Willlis A THESIS SUBMITIED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA FEBRUARY, 200 1 O Leah VVillis 2001 National library Bibliothbque nationale 1+1 dcada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 wdlhrgdon Sheet 395, rw WsPingbn OGlewmON KlAW -ON KlAON4 Caneda Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la NationaI Lbrary of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distri'bute or sell reproduire, preter, dhribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. h forme de microfiche/fihn, de reproduction sur papier on sm fomt electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qyi protkge cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thhe ni des extraits substarheIs may be printed or othexwise de celle-ci ne doivent &re imprim& reproduced without the anthor's ou aubement reproduits sans son permission. antorisation, ABSTRACT In modem democracies, the media is a site of struggle for different political actors and movements vying for power. The media is the crucial missing link that political movements need to mobilize public opinion, build coalitions, and attach significance to political issues. When the 1998 Senate election was called in Alberta, it was immediately dismissed in the media as an event lacking legitimacy. The questions in the media surrounding the legitimacy of this election resemble the questions and assumptions that undermine most western reform movements, and various other social and political movements. Most research dealing with the relationship between oppositional movements and the media deals with left-wing social movements. This thesis addresses the media representation of a challenge to the system of representation staged by political actors from the right of the political spectrum. It is the task of this thesis to explore the relationship between the media and Senate reform advocates during the 4998 Senate election in order to better understand the means by which the media represents western challenges to the institutional status quo. In order to explore this issue, I conducted intensive interviews with Senate election participants, and used quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse national and Alberta media coverage. This work is crucial to understanding the construction of political legitimacy in the media, as well as the extent to which media representations are factors in the success of political movements. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has taken way too long to complete, but it would not have been possible without the help and support of my family and hends. 1 am especially grateful for the feedback and commentary of Mavis Jones and Pablo Bose, my 'tag team advisorsw,who also provided me with invaluable encouragement and moral support during the writing process. I would also like to thank Madalena Santos and Angela Blodgett for their friendship and support. Finally, I would like to thank David Taras for continuing on as my advisor long after this thesis was a lost cause. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Approval page.................................................................................................. II Abstract............................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... iv Table of Contents............................ .... ............................................ v List of Tables .................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................ .... ............................................. Methodology ........................................................................................... Overview of Thesis ................................................................................. ................................... Endnotes................................... CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................ Hegemony. Political Coatitions and Movements....................................... Theories of Social and Political Movements............................................. Agenda-setting ......................................................................................... Theories of News Production.................................................................. The Practice of Objectivity and News Production..................................... Organizational Practices............ ... ...................................................... News Values and News Frames.................... ... ................................. Endnotes................................................................................................. CHAPTER 3: "THE UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF WESTERN BEING".......... Western Alienation ................................................................................... Content..................................................................................................... Economic. Grievances....................... ... ................................................. Pol~bcalGrievances .................................................................................. 'French Power in Ottawa"................... ... ............................................... Vehicles for Western Alienation................................................................ Visions. for. Institutional Reform................................................................. Const~tut~onalDiscussions ................ .. ................................................... The Meech Lake Accord........................ ... ........................................... The 1998 Senate Election......................................................................... The Charlottetown Accord ........................................................................ Conclusion................................................................................................ Endnotes .............................................................................................. CHAPTER 4:WHAT DO THOSE FARMERS WANT NOW?"............................. The Advocates ......................................................................................... The Reform Party..................................................................................... The Campaign......................................................................................... Ted Morton.............................................................................................. Bert Brown.............................................................................................. The Canada West Foundation................................................................. The Rutherford Show .............................................................................. The Federal Liberal Party......................................................................... Conclusion............................................................................................. Endnotes......................... .... ................................................................ .+ CHAPTER 5: THE NONSTORY ABOUT THE NON-ELECTION........................ Part 1: Content Analysis ...........................................................................Ir Genre....................................................................................................... Location of the Artides.............................................................................. Topic ........................................................................................................ Sources.................................................................................................... Defining Sources ...................................................................................... Responding Sources ................................................................................ Frame ..................................................................................................... Tone .......................................................................................................
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