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DOI: 10.1057/9781137365729.0011 Index
access issues, 12, 53–4, 78–94, Bill and Melinda Gates 96, 98–9, 101–2, 107, Foundation, 5, 10, 17, 55, 109–11 69, 92 see also international patent biodiversity, 82–3 rights (IPRs) biomedicine, 66 economics of, 85–6 bird flu, see H5N1 influenza framing of, 83–6 Brazil, 90 institutions and actors British American Tobacco concerned with, 86–93 (BAT), 64 Action Programme on Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 14, Essential Drugs, 80–1 64, 74, 77, 83, 99, 108, actors, see stakeholders 109–10 advocacy groups, 87–8 Buchanan, Patrick, 27 agriculture, 82–3 Bush, George W., 27, 32 aid programmes, 6, 17 business community, 56–7, AIDS, see HIV/AIDS 106–7 AIDS activism, 10, 27, 87–8, 105 Buzan, B., 21 AIDS exceptionalism, 8, 33, 38–9 Cammack, P., 4 Altria, 72 capacity building, 3 Annan, Kofi, 28 case studies, 13 anthrax, 112 CDC, see Centers for Disease antiretrovirals (ARVs), 30, 84, Control and Prevention 90, 93 (CDC) Asian Flu, 45, 48 Centers for Disease Control Association of South East and Prevention (CDC), 69 Asian Nations (ASEAN), Chaloupka, Frank, 68, 69–70 55 Chan, Margaret, 17 China, 92 BAT, see British American cigarette smuggling, 67–8, Tobacco (BAT) 71–3, 101 Beland, D., 73 civil liberties, 67 Bettcher, Douglas, 65, 68, 70 civil society, 5, 6, 17, 35, 37–8, bilateral aid programmes, 6, 17 43, 56, 76, 82, 85
DOI: 10.1057/9781137365729.0012 Index
Clark, I., 5 responses to patent rights and access Clinton Foundation, 5, 92, 93 to medicine, 83–6 CMH, see Commission on free market capitalism, 4, 10 Macroeconomics and Health (CMH) G8, 35 Cold War, 4, 10, 50, 112 GAVI alliance, 10, 17, 37, 91, 106 Commission on Macroeconomics and gay rights, 27 Health (CMH), 85–6, 100 general agreement on tariffs and trade communications, 5 (GATT), 110 Consumer Project on Technology, 85, generic drugs, 88, 92–3 87 George, Alexander, 13 Convention on Biological GISN, see Global Influenza Diversity, 87 Surveillance Network (GISN) Correa, Carlos, 89 Glezen, Paul, 45 Covenant on Economic, Social and global civil society, 5, 35, 37–8, 82 Cultural Rights (CESCR), 84 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 17, 29, Daube, Mike, 63 30, 32, 36–7, 38, 91, 106 Deland, Katherine, 69 global governance, 3, 95–7 development, 16, 22 agents of, 5 health interventions and, 86 bumper car model of, 8–9 HIV/AIDS and, 28–9 definition of, 6 distributive issues, 12 health and, 7–9 Doha Declaration, 93, 105, 109, 113 multi-sectoral dynamics in, 111–13 drug development, 81–2, 85, 90, 93, nested, 7–8 102, 107 as overlapping interests, 7–8 drug resistance, 14 of tobacco, 59–77 trade-related, 79–94 EBM, see evidence-based medicine transformation of, 4–6 (EBM) global health governance (GHG), 1, 3 economics, 16, 21, 66, 69–71, 85–6 access issues and, 78–94 emerging markets, 98 actors in, 103–11 entrepreneurship, 17 emergence of, 9–11 evergreening, 85 fragmentation in, 11–13 evidence-based medicine (EBM), 16, framing of, 15–16, 19–22 20, 68, 103 globalisation and, 11–13, 95–100 of HIV/AIDS, 23–40 faith-based organisations, 56, 57 institutional landscape of, 17–18 Food and Agriculture Organization international cooperation and, 100–3 (FAO), 105 international patent rights and, 78–94 fragmentation, 5, 11–13 multi-sectoral dynamics in, 111–13 Framework Convention on Tobacco of pandemic influenza, 41–58 Control (FCTC), 61, 63, 73–4, 76, political contestation and, 100–3 77, 105–6 themes in, 11 framing, 15–16, 19–22, 101–3 of tobacco control, 59–77 of HIV/AIDS, 30–4 transformations in, 13–19, 95–113
DOI: 10.1057/9781137365729.0012 Index global health initiatives, 103–4, 108 health systems strengthening (HSS), 18 global health security, 22 Held, D., 6 Global Influenza Programme, 47 Helms, Jesse, 28 Global Influenza Surveillance and high-income countries (HICs), 25, Response Network (GISRN), 54 81–2, 91, 98 Global Influenza Surveillance Network highly active antiretroviral therapy (GISN), 42, 47–8, 54, 105 (HAART), 30, 84 global institutions, 5, 10, 17–18 HIV/AIDS, 6–8, 11, 23–40, 92, 96, 99, 112 globalisation, 3, 5, 11–13 access to medicines and, 82 global health governance and, 11–13, activism, 10, 27, 87–8, 105 95–100 crisis of, 97 of health, 13–15 development and, 28–9 health risks of, 43 framing of, 30–4, 102–3 impacts of, 14–15, 46 global governance of, 12, 103–5, global markets, 98 108–9, 111, 112 Global Programme on AIDS (GPA), as global issue, 25–30, 100 33, 108–9 human rights and, 20, 33 Global Strategy and Plan of Action impact of, 24, 38–9 (WHO), 90 institutions and actors concerned Google Flu Trends, 56 with, 34–8, 103–5 government regulation, 66–7, 101 politics of, 27–8, 32 GPA, see Global Programme on AIDS prevention of, 30–1, 34 (GPA) responses to, 30–4 grassroots movements, 5 as security threat, 29, 33–4, 100 Greene, J.A., 80 spread of, 25 transmission of, 99 H1N1 influenza, 52–3, 57 treatment of, 30 H5N1 influenza, 2–3, 14, 42, 43, 45, 46, victims of, 27 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 97, 99, 110 homosexuals, 27 HAART, see highly active antiretroviral Hong Kong Flu, 45 therapy (HAART) Horgerzeil, Hans, 89 Harman, Sophie, 34 Hulme, David, 31 health human rights, 16, 20–1, 33, 66–7, 84 development and, 22, 86 human security, 21, 112 economics and, 21 global governance and, 7–9 import-substitution model, 80 globalisation of, 13–15 India, 92 human rights and, 20–1 Indonesia, 2–3, 42, 53 security and, 21–2 infectious diseases, 10, 43, 46, 49–50 tobacco use and, 61, 65 outbreaks of, 14 health care, affordable, 21 spread of, 14 health economics, 69–71 Influenzanet, 56 Health Map, 56 influenza pandemic, see pandemic health professionals, mobility of, 14 influenza health-related industries, 14 influenza vaccines, 47–9, 52, 54, 56–8, health security, 85 108
DOI: 10.1057/9781137365729.0012 Index information and communication Material Transfer Agreements, 2 technologies, 14 Matsoso, Precious, 89 information society, 5 Medecins Sans Frontieres, 87 Institutes of Medicine, 14 medicines institutional landscape, 17–18, 112–13 access to, 12, 78–94, 96, 98–9, 101–2, of HIV/AIDS governance, 34–8 107, 109, 110–11 of pandemic influenza, 53–8 development of new, 81–2, 85, 90, 93, of patent regime, 86–93 102, 107 of tobacco control, 73–6 prices of, 92–3 intellectual property rights, 12 as public goods, 80, 85 see also international patent rights Medicines Act, 82 (IPRs) Millennium Development Goals international cooperation, 2–3, 61–5, (MDGs), 28–9, 31, 85–6, 100, 105 100–3 Model List of Essential Drugs (WHO), see also global health governance 80 (GHG) moral issues, 20 International Development Goals, 31 Morse, Stephen, 45 International Health Regulations, 53 MPower, 69 international organisations, 10–11 Muhammadiyah, 56 international patent rights (IPRs), multilateral aid programmes, 17 78–94, 98, 102, 107, 109–11 economics of, 85–6 National Influenza Centres, 2 framing of, 83–6 national security, 21 institutions and actors concerned neglected diseases, 85 with, 86–93 neoliberalism, 4–5, 11, 33–4 international relations, 4, 5 Non-Aligned Movement, 80 international security, 21–2, 100, 112 non-communicable diseases (NCDs), 18 Joseph, J., 14 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 37–8, 43, 87–8, 102, 105–6 Kickbusch, Ilona, 24 see also civil society Kirton, J. J., 35 One Health agenda, 55 Laing, Richard, 89 Organization for Animal Health (OIE), low- and middle-income countries 105 (LMICs), 60, 62, 79, 80–2, 89, 90, organized crime, 67–8, 72 97, 98, 112 Oxfam, 87
Mackay, Judith, 63 pandemic influenza, 2–3, 6, 14, 16, Mahler, Halfdan, 25, 80 41–58, 96, 99, 110, 112 malaria, 50, 92, 110 compared with HIV/AIDS, 42–3 Mamudu, H., 75 framing of, 102–3 Mandela, Nelson, 82 as global issue, 43–6 Mann, Jonathan, 33 governance of, 42–58 market-based theories, 21 history of, 44–5, 46–7 market expansion, 98 impact of, 51
DOI: 10.1057/9781137365729.0012 Index
institutions and actors concerned research and development (R&D), with, 53–8, 105 81–2, 85, 90, 93, 102, 107 introduction to, 42–3 Rockefeller Foundation, 5, 92, 93 politics of, 53–4 Roemer, Ruth, 63 preparedness for, 48, 54–5 Rosenau, J. N., 5 prevention and control of, 48–9, 51–3, 56–7 secondary patenting, 85 research on, 46–7, 50 second-hand smoke, 66, 71 responses to, 46–53 security, 16, 21–2, 100, 112 as security threat, 43, 45–6, 51–2 health, 85 spread of, 43–4, 51 HIV/AIDS and, 29, 33–4 technological developments in, 42 influenza virus and, 43, 45–6, 51–2 threat from, 97 tobacco control and, 67–8, 71–3 tracking of, 46 severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine for, 47–9, 52, 54, 56–8, 108 (SARS), 14, 26, 52, 56, 97 Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Shepherd, P. L., 62 (PIP) Framework, 48, 54 Sidibé, Michel, 36 Patent Pool, 106 smallpox, 50 patent rights regime, 12, 78–94, 98, 102, Smokeless Tobacco Control, 63 107, 109–11 smokers’ rights, 71 path dependency, 42–3 smoking, see tobacco use PEPFAR, see President’s Emergency social constructivism, 3–4, 19, 99–100, Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 111–13 pharmaceutical companies, 2–3, 17, South Africa, 82 53–4, 56, 57–8, 80–2, 90, 91, 98, South East Asia, 55 101–4, 106–7 Soviet Union, 50 philanthropic enterprises, 5, 10, 17, 37, Spanish influenza of 1918, 44–5, 46, 99 57, 91–2 stakeholders, 15–16 PIP Framework, see Pandemic in global health governance, 103–11 Influenza Preparedness (PIP) in HIV/AIDS governance, 34–8 Framework in international patent rights, 86–93 political agendas, 99–100 in pandemic influenza, 53–8 political contestation, 100–3 in tobacco control, 73–6 politics of insecurity, 73 structural adjustment policies, 4 President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS sub-Saharan Africa, 24, 28, 32, 82, 97, Relief (PEPFAR), 6, 17, 27–8, 30–1, 112 32, 38, 92 Substance Abuse Programme, 62 private organisations, 17 Supari, Siti Fadilah, 2 Public Health Innovation and Intellectual Property (PHI), 89 Taylor, Allyn, 63 public-private partnerships, 10, 17, technology transfer, 89 36–7, 108 terrorist groups, 67–8, 72–3, 112 Thailand, 90 rare diseases, 85 Third World, 22 Reagan, Ronald, 27 tobacco control, 11, 12, 16, 59–77, 96, 97, Red Cross, 56 99, 101, 109–10 reproductive health, 20 economics of, 69–71
DOI: 10.1057/9781137365729.0012 Index
at individual level, 60–1 UN MDG Gap Taskforce, 90–1 institutions and actors concerned UN Security Council, 29, 32 with, 73–6, 105–6 US Surgeon General, 77n1 international cooperation on, 61–5 introduction to, 60 Velasquez, German, 89 second-hand smoke and, 66, 71 virus sharing, 2–3 smokers’ rights and, 71 youth prevention, 71 Webster, Robert, 5, 45 Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), 64, 73–4, We the Peoples, 28 77, 99 WHA, see World Health Assembly tobacco industry, 60, 64, 66, 68, 75, 77, (WHA) 101, 106 WHO, see World Health Organization tobacco-related diseases, 65–75, 98, 108 (WHO) tobacco smuggling, 67–8, 71–3, 101 WHO Collaborating Centres, 2 Tobacco Tax Simulation Model, 70–1 WHO Commission on the Social tobacco use Determinants of Health, 18 deaths from, 60, 65, 69 WHO Framework Convention on prevalence of, 60, 98 Tobacco Control (WGO FCTC), 74 as risky behaviour, 61 World Bank, 4, 13, 69–71 trade agreements, 79–80, 87, 91, 104–5, World Conference on Tobacco and 110, 112 Health, 61–2 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual World Development Report, 100 Property Rights (TRIPS), 79–84, World Economic Forum, 5 86–9, 91–4, 98–9, 102, 109, 112, 113 World Health Assembly (WHA), 10, Transnational Advocacy Network, 88 47, 62, 80, 90 transnational pharmaceutical World Health Organization (WHO), companies (TPCs), 2–3, 17, 53–4, 2–3, 10, 17, 94, 108 56, 57–8, 80, 81–2, 90, 91, 98, access to medicines and, 80–1, 101–2, 106–7 89–90, 109 transnational tobacco companies HIV/AIDS work of, 25–6, 33, 108–9, (TTCs), 12, 60, 66, 68, 75, 77, 101, 111 106 pandemic influenza and, 47–8, 51, Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement, 91 53–4, 105, 108, 110 TRIPS, see Trade-Related Aspects tobacco control and, 61–5, 70, 73–7, of Intellectual Property Rights 106, 108–10 (TRIPS) World Influenza Centre, 47 tuberculosis (TB), 92 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 83 UN Conference on Environment and World No Tobacco Day, 62 Development (UNCERD), 63 World Trade Organization (WTO), 79, UNITAID, 93, 103 83–4, 87–9, 94, 98, 102, 104, 109–13 United Nation Programme on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS), 24, 26, 31, 36, Yach, Derek, 64, 65, 110 84, 103, 104 Youde, J., 11 United Nations System Influenza Yurekli, Ayda, 70 Coordinator (UNSIC), 105, 113 United States, 50, 90 zoonoses, 46
DOI: 10.1057/9781137365729.0012