Empowering Grassroots Organizations
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Well-being Reconsidered: Empowering Grassroots Organizations Cross-country Experiences from the Grassroots Europe for Local Wellbeing Initiative Edited by Roxana Radu and Jelena Radišić Well-being Reconsidered: Empowering Grassroots Organizations Cross-country Experiences from the Grassroots Europe for Local Wellbeing Initiative Edited by Roxana Radu and Jelena Radišić Copyright © 2012 Open Society Foundations. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative License. www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ This project has been funded with support from the “Europe for Citizens” Programme of the European Commission. This publication refl ects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Published by Open Society Foundations 400 West 59th Street ISBN: 978-963-9719-28-6 For more information, contact: Open Society Foundations Education Support Program Október 6. Street 12 H–1051 Budapest, Hungary tel.: +36 1 882 6142 fax.: +36 1 882 3823 www.grassrootseurope.org Copy Editor: Andrew Reid Cover design and typography: Judit Kovács l Createch Ltd. Cover graphic: © Elemér Könczey l Underprivileged Contents List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................... 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7 By Roxana Radu PART I. Reconceptualizing the Role of Grassroots Organizations ....................... 11 Chapter 1: Well-being Reconsidered: A Capability Approach to Grassroots Organizations’ Contributions ................................... 13 By Roxana Radu Chapter 2: Participation, Capability and Voice in the EU Consultation Process ................................................................. 33 By Jelena Radišić, Roxana Radu, and Andreea Suciu PART II. Reconceptualizing Practice: A Grassroots Perspective ............................... 51 Chapter 3: Austria ....................................................................................... 53 By Franz Steiner (Interkulturelles Zentrum, Austria) Chapter 4: Czech Republic ......................................................................... 65 By Vojtěch Černý (Agora CE, Czech Republic) Chapter 5: Hungary .................................................................................... 81 By Boglárka Fedorkó (Open Society Foundations, Hungary) Chapter 6: Latvia ........................................................................................ 99 By Aija Tuna (Education Development Center, Latvia) Chapter 7: Romania .................................................................................... 123 By Andreea Suciu (Public Policy Centre, Romania) 3 WELL-BEING RECONSIDERED: EMPOWERING GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS Chapter 8: Cross-country Comparison: Lessons Learned from the Partner Countries ........................................................ 149 By Jelena Radišić PART III. What Lies Ahead? Conclusions and Recommendations ............................ 165 Chapter 9: Conclusions ............................................................................... 167 By Jelena Radišić Recommendations ......................................................................................... 171 Annex ................................................................................................................... 177 Europe 2020 National Targets for Education in Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, and Romania ....................................... 179 References ........................................................................................................... 183 About the Editors .............................................................................................. 195 About the Europe for Citizens Programme .................................................. 197 About the Project Partners .............................................................................. 199 4 List of Abbreviations Abbreviations used in this volume: ACT Australian Capital Territory BAPF Baltic American Partnership Foundation CEDEFOP European Centre for Development and Vocational Training CONCORD European NGO Confederation for Relief and Development CONECCS Consultation, the European Commission and Civil Society CSO Civil Society Organization CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CZK Czech Crone DG Directorate General EAPN European Anti-Poverty Network EC European Commission EIDHR European Instrument (previously Initiative) for Democracy and Human Rights ERC European Research Council ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESF European Social Fund ESP Education Support Program (Open Society Foundations) EUR Euro EU European Union EVS European Values Study GDP Gross Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index HUF Hungarian Forint 5 WELL-BEING RECONSIDERED: EMPOWERING GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS ICSMPS National Institute for Occupational Safety Research and Development LCIF Latvian Community Initiatives Foundation LGID Local Government Improvement and Development NDP National Development Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organization NED National Endowment for Democracy NIF Neighborhood Investment Facility NIS New Independent States NRP National Reform Plan NSI NGO Sustainability Index OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OP ACD Operational Program Administrative Capacity Development OSF Open Society Foundations PBO Public-benefi t Organization PHARE Th e Programme of Community Aid to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe RON Romanian Leu ROP Regional Operational Program SOP ENV Sectorial Operational Program Environment SOP HRD Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources Development SPC Social Protection Committee UNDP United Nations Development Program VOLUM Federation of Organisations Supporting the Development of Volunteering in Romania 6 Introduction By Roxana Radu Th e interconnectedness between social development, well-being, and social justice has so far fallen short of systematic policy prioritizing. In part, this has been due to the lack of a unifi ed approach on how the role of community-based organizations can be strength- ened in bottom-up processes. Scrutinizing this line of thought, the core question we address here is: How can the contribution of grassroots organizations1 to increasing the qual- ity of life be integrated structurally in eff orts to fi ght against disparities regarding education and social inclusion in the European Union? Th is inquiry has grown out of a 10-month project entitled Grassroots Europe for Local Wellbeing, which has brought together not only representatives of civil society from diff erent EU member states, but also local and national authorities, as well as policy-makers engaged at diff erent levels. In various ways, the contents of this volume discuss the challenges and opportunities to reconceptualizing grassroots activism, and the role of community-based organizations in advancing local well-being, in particular through education and social inclusion strate- gies. Grassroots organizations are defi ned as “self-organized groups of individuals pursu- ing common interests through volunteer-based, non-profi t organizations, that usually have a low degree of formality but a broader purpose than issue-based self-help groups, community-based organizations or neighborhood associations.”2 Th e theoretical and the practical implications involved in acknowledging the crucial work of grassroots organi- zations are assessed in the refi ned framework of the capability approach, and the fi nal recommendations for policy-makers represent the bridge to transforming these ideas into concrete actions. To situate the debate, this volume opens with a theoretical discussion concerning the rethinking and re-evaluation of well-being and of the involvement of grassroots organi- zations in generating better living standards in the communities in which they operate. Th e capability approach draws a fundamental distinction between functionings (what a person is currently doing) and capabilities (what a person is able to do or to become). In turn, this allows for evaluating social policies based on the extent to which they advance 1 Throughout the volume, the terms “grassroots organizations,” “voluntary organizations,” “com- munity-based organizations” and “grassroots associations” will be used interchangeably. 2 https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfi s/mwikis/aidco/index.php/Grassroots_organization 7 WELL-BEING RECONSIDERED: EMPOWERING GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS social opportunities, among which individuals can choose the ones they have a reason to value. In departing from solely tackling functionings, both individual and collective capabilities need to be addressed. As such, the work done at the community level by the non-governmental sector appears as an intermediary arena in which local concerns are articulated and voiced primarily by strengthening the social opportunities of the persons involved. At the same time, voluntary associations contribute to shaping social judgements and the very meaning of well-being. In that sense, the fundamental role of grassroots organizations lies in mutually reinforcing personal and collective capabilities. However, the opportunity to live a good life depends extensively on the social determi- nants of the relevant capabilities. It is in this context that policy and programming at the national and supra-national levels, along