Air Quality: Annual Status Report 2018

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

2018 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

October, 2018

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Local Authority Simon Kirby Officer Department Environment and Operations Department Davyfield Depot, Roman Road Industrial Address Estate, Blackburn, BB1 2LX Telephone 01254 585165

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference ASR_BwDBC_2018 number Date October 2018

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in the borough of Blackburn with Darwen

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Air quality is monitored at 47 sites across the Borough and at an automatic monitor at Accrington Road Community Centre. Four key conclusions can be drawn from the results of this monitoring:

1. 2017 was a better year for air quality in the Borough. There were no exceedences of air quality objectives in any of the AQMAs or elsewhere. Compared with previous years, there has been an improvement at almost all of the 47 monitoring locations. These improvements occurred across the Borough, so they can’t be attributed to changes at individual junctions. The 2017 results are welcomed, but should be treated with caution because some factors, like the weather, can cause short term changes in the build-up of pollution. The results of monitoring in the next few years will determine whether 2017 was an anomaly or part of a lasting improvement.

2. We have identified significant long term (5yr+) trends at the Earcroft, Witton and Darwen Town Centre AQMAs. There haven’t been any exceedences in these AQMAs for at least 5 years. These AQMAs will be revoked.

3. Nitrogen dioxide levels at the Intack, Bastwell, Blackamoor and Four Lane Ends AQMAs have exceeded the annual mean objective in recent years. Air quality still remains a significant concern at these locations. These AQMAs will not be revoked until the situation improves.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 i Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

4. Two urban junctions have been the subject of detailed assessment because NO2 levels in the previous year exceeded the annual mean objective. However, 2017 exposure at the worst case locations was below the national objective, so the junctions will not be declared as AQMAs at the present time. These two locations were at:

 The junction of Moorgate Street and Livesey Branch Road

 The junction of Accrington Road and Fecitt Brow

Working with Partners The collective report Reducing deaths and ill-health caused by poor air quality in Lancashire and Cumbria is an outcome of the 2018 Lancashire and Cumbria Air Quality Summit. It is backed by the four directors of Public Health responsible for Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire, Cumbria and Blackpool and is designed to highlight issues around poor air quality.

There is a growing willingness to accept the wider challenges presented by poor air quality.

For such complex problems there are distinct advantages to taking a ‘social movement for health’ approach, which involves mobilising action across the whole of society including the public and private sectors, individuals and communities. This is the approach that the Lancashire and Cumbria Directors of Public Health are recommending. We need to better understand the ways in which we can accelerate improvement and make a collective difference.

We will explore the list of suggestions generated at the Summit (see Appendix F for key recommendations) and work together with all stakeholders to turn them into appropriate action. We will do as much of this work together with the public as possible and be as transparent as we can about what we are doing and what difference it is making.

To work through how we might better mobilise the support of wider society in this challenge we are working with the NHS Leadership Centre to explore how to better create public health leadership outside of the health sector. This will be a critical factor if we are to make a difference.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 ii Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council Actions to Improve Air Quality

Public Transport

 Pennine Reach – The £40m Pennine Reach rapid bus transport scheme was completed in April 2017. A Monitoring and Evaluation Report One Year Review was completed in August 2018 for and is currently being peer reviewed by the Department of Transport. It will be made public in due course.

 Bus Travel - £290K has been earmarked for the provision of quality bus shelters from 2018 to 2021.

Active Travel

Connecting East Lancashire is a ‘smarter travel choices’ campaign to encourage healthier, greener ways of travelling including walking, cycling, car sharing and public transport. Enabling Active Travel, which is the focus of Package Two of the campaign, provides:

 Practical support to increase skills and confidence to enable active travel journeys (3453 personal travel pans produced 2016/17)

 Targeted Cycle Training - 3386 event attendees at 2017/18 cycle sessions / led rides. 600 Bike hires. An Electric Bike Hire scheme was procured late 2017/2018 and there will be measureable outputs in 2018/2019.

 Targeted promotion of active travel infrastructure - The 26km £600K Weavers Wheel cycle route is complete, and £50K of funding has been identified to add extra spurs during 2018/19. This investment will initiate the start of a strategic cycle network for Blackburn with Darwen and East Lancashire.

 Walking initiatives - 556 walk attendances in 2017/18 on led walks, an average of 15 walks per week delivered

Facilitating the switch to electric vehicles

 Home charging of Electric vehicles - All new housing and commercial developments in the Borough are now required to provide electric charging facilities, in accordance with the new Air Quality Planning Advisory Note

 The Council is investing in publically accessible electric vehicle charging infrastructure to encourage the switch to more eco-friendly modes of transport

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 iii Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

(there are currently over 100 electric vehicles in the borough and over 1,500 in Lancashire):

- 3 x 22kW AC chargers in Feilden Street Multi Storey car park

- 2 x 22kW AC chargers on Darwen market rooftop carpark

- More are planned:

- 4 x 22kW AC chargers at Brown Street Car Park, Blackburn

- 2 x 22kW AC chargers at Varley Street Car Park, Darwen

- 2 x 22kW AC chargers at Weir Street Car Park, Blackburn

- Blackburn Cinema Car Park (former Waves Site) – number of sockets to be confirmed.

 Details of other non-Council charging facilities can be found on Zap Map

Road Infrastructure Investment

Schemes have been developed and funding allocated for a new link road at the Blackamoor AQMA and intelligent traffic light system at the Four Lane Ends AQMA.

 Four Lane Ends AQMA (No.7) – A £70,000 new intelligent traffic management system will be installed in 2019. It will improve the flow of traffic, thereby reducing emissions. The Council will also seek to reduce peak-time congestion by working with the nearby school to lessen reliance on private car journeys to school.

 Blackamoor AQMA (No.6) – In 2019 work will start on the construction of a new link road which forms part of a £6.8m investment in the SE Blackburn transport improvement scheme. Through traffic currently travelling along Blackamoor will join Roman Road north of the current junction, thereby improving traffic sequencing and reducing congestion.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 iv Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

One of the new public fast chargers Council electric vehicle on charge

Weavers Wheel Cycle Route Encouraging active travel – making a link with air pollution and other health issues

Conclusions and Priorities

Monitoring has identified significant long term improvement at the Earcroft, Witton and Earcroft AQMAs (AQMAs No.3, 4 & 5). Future exceedances of the national objectives are unlikely at these locations. The Council will revoke these AQMAs before June 2019.

However, the improved air quality experienced in 2017 may be short lived, and annual NO2 exposure is likely to remain a problem in the four remaining AQMAs. More work is required to secure a lasting improvement. Priorities for the Council are:

1. Blackamoor AQMA (No.6) – Commence work on the construction of the new link road during 2019. It will take an estimated 9 months to complete.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 v Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

2. Four Lane Ends AQMA (No.7) – Commence work on the installation of a new intelligent traffic management system in 2019. The Council will also work with the St Mary’s school to reduce reliance on private car journeys to school.

3. Intack and Bastwell AQMAs (No.1 and 2) – The Action plans for these two AQMAs have run their course and will be reviewed 2018/2019.

4. Continue to monitor air in the Borough, including:

- in existing AQMAs

- at revoked AQMAs, to see if the anticipated improvement is maintained; and

- at potential pollution hotspots, including the two locations that were subject to recent detailed assessments

5. Delivering the Department of Transport’s Access Fund project “CONNECTING East Lancashire” - we will work with businesses, educational establishments, residents and commuters in relation to raising the awareness of travel options and the choices available, in addition to delivering interventions that address specific barriers to active travel.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Local Engagement

Engagement with local stakeholders:

 If you live in one of the AQMAs in Blackburn or Darwen you will have been consulted when the AQMA was declared and during the process of developing action plans to address the air quality problem.

 Large projects such as Pennine Reach will have also been through a separate consultation process.

 The Council continues to actively engage with businesses, educational establishments, residents and commuters to raise awareness of the travel options available to them.

 The Council also involves transport organisations like bus and rail companies.

 We are working with local industry and businesses to minimise industrial and bonfire emissions

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 vi Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

How to Get Involved

You can find a wide range of information about healthier, greener ways of travelling including Walking, cycling, car sharing and public transport on

the BwDConnect website.

If you’re a car user:  Avoid using a car for short journeys  Thinking of buying a new car? - Fewer

people are buying diesel, and the rate at  If an electric vehicle isn’t for you, check which people are going electric is emission rates before you buy. Some non- increasing. The Government can help electric vehicles are less polluting than with grants towards the cost of buying others. an electric vehicle and installing a  Check tyre pressures, don’t carry charging point. Details of public unnecessary items in your car, get your charging points can be found at Zap car serviced regularly Map and in this report.  If you’re parked up, turn it off. Try not to  Join a car sharing club idle unless it’s necessary.

No Bonfires: Bonfires produce air pollution and can cause nuisance. Think twice before burning any garden or domestic waste. Householders can take waste free of charge to the household waste disposal sites at George Street West in Blackburn and Vale street in Darwen. The council also offers a bulky item collection service.

Stoves and Fireplaces: Only burn fuel intended for fireplaces or stoves and make sure that it is dry. It will keep you warmer, keep your chimney cleaner and produce less pollution. Comply with smoke control regulations.

Buying a new Combi Boiler: Choose a low emisson model. The new Air Quality Planning Advisory note requires that all domestic gas boilers in newly constructed homes meet a minimum standard, which limits emissions to no more than 40 mgNOx/kWh.

Social movement for health: Work will be undertaken to develop local action groups. Opportunities to get involved will be posted on social media and in subsequent ASRs.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 vii Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in the borough of Blackburn with Darwen...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... iii Conclusions and Priorities ...... v Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... vi 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council ...... 5

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 12 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 14 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 14 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 14 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 14 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 14

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 15 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 16 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2017 ...... 35 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 38 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 45 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 50 Appendix F: Key Recommendations of the Lancashire and Cumbria Air Quality Summit ...... 51 Glossary of Terms ...... 52

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 8

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 viii Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council during 2017. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 1 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available on:

 the Council’s website ,

 on the UK Air website,

 or in Appendix D of this report.

We intend to revoke:

 AQMA No.3 at Darwen Town Centre AQMAs,

 AQMA No.4 at Witton

 AQMA No.5 at Earcroft

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 2 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas Is air quality Level of Exceedance in the (maximum AQMA monitored/modelled Pollutants Action Plan Date of influenced concentration at a AQMA and Air City / One Line Declaratio by roads location of relevant Name Quality Town Description n controlled exposure) Objectives by At Date of Highways Now Name Link Declaration Publication England? An area encompassing a Air Quality http://laqm.defr number of Action a.gov.uk/docum AQMA 1 - Declared NO Annual properties at the 2 Blackburn NO 46 µg/m3 35 µg/m3 Plans 2010 ents/2010_Acti Intack 13/11/2005 Mean junction of Progress on_Plan_Updat Accrington Rd / Report e.pdf Shadsworth Rd / Whitebirk Rd An area encompassing a Air Quality http://laqm.defr number of Action a.gov.uk/docum AQMA 2 - Declared NO Annual properties at the 3 3 2 Blackburn NO 43 µg/m 33 µg/m Plans 2010 ents/2010_Acti Bastwell 13/11/2005 Mean junction of Whalley Progress on_Plan_Updat New Road / Report e.pdf Whalley Range / Plane St An area encompassing AQMA 3 - Air Quality http://laqm.defr residential A666 Action a.gov.uk/docum Declared NO Annual properties along the 3 3 between 2 Darwen NO 46 µg/m 27 µg/m Plans 2010 ents/2010_Acti 13/11/2005 Mean A666 in the centre Robert St & Progress on_Plan_Updat of Darwen between Wraith St Report e.pdf Robert St and Wraith St

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 3 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

An area Air Quality http://laqm.defr encompassing a Action a.gov.uk/docum AQMA 4 - Declared NO Annual number of 3 3 2 Blackburn NO 43 µg/m 27 µg/m Plans 2010 ents/2010_Acti Witton 13/11/2005 Mean properties at the Progress on_Plan_Updat junction of the A674 Report e.pdf & B6447

An area Air Quality http://laqm.defr encompassing a Action a.gov.uk/docum AQMA 5 - Declared NO Annual number of 3 3 2 Darwen NO 41 µg/m 35 µg/m Plans 2010 ents/2010_Acti Earcroft 13/11/2005 Mean properties at the Progress on_Plan_Updat junction of the A666 Report e.pdf and Lever Way

Action Plan An area not See measures encompassing a finalised, identified in AQMA 6 - Declared NO Annual number of 3 3 but details 2 Blackburn NO 40 µg/m 37 µg/m - Table 2.2 Blackamoor 1/2/2012 Mean properties at the of new link (particularly junction of Roman road Measure 1) Road & B6231 included in LTP2 An area encompassing a See measures Draft AQMA 7 - number of identified in Declared NO Annual 3 3 action Plan Four Lane 2 Blackburn properties at the NO 44 µg/m 37 µg/m - Table 2.2 1/2/2012 Mean not Ends junction of B6233, (particularly finalised Revidge Rd & Measure 3) Lammack Rd

☒ Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 4 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded that “there are substantial measures in place to improve air quality in the area” and identified a number of key points:

 There have been no exceedences at AQMAs No.3, No.4 and No.5. Further monitoring would be required to determine the long term trends at these locations – Further monitoring has confirmed that future exceedences are unlikely and these AQMAs are to be revoked. See Figures A.1.3 to A.1.5 for more detail.

 AQMA 8 should be revoked – It has now been revoked

 Detailed assessments were required because of exceedences at the junction of Moorgate St / Livesey Branch Road, and Accrington Road / Fecitt Brow – No exceedences were identified at either junction in 2017, so they will not be declared as AQMAs at the present time. More monitoring will be undertaken. See Figures A1.9 and A.1.10 for more information

 Air quality action plans were to be finalised for AQMAs No.6 and No.7

- Blackamoor AQMA No.6 – In 2019 work will start on the construction of a new link road which forms part of a £6.8m investment in the SE Blackburn transport improvement scheme. Through traffic currently travelling along Blackamoor will join Roman Road north of the current junction, thereby improving traffic sequencing and reducing congestion.

- Four Lane Ends AQMA No.7 – A £70,000 new intelligent traffic management system will be installed in 2019. It will improve the flow of traffic, thereby reducing emissions. The Council will also seek to reduce peak-time congestion by working with the nearby school to reduce reliance on private car journeys to school.

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council has taken forward a number of direct measures during the current reporting year of 2017 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 5 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Table 2.2. More detail on these measures can be found in their respective Action Plans. Key completed measures are:

 The Pennine Reach £40m rapid bus transport scheme, which was completed in August 2017

 £600K 26km Weavers Wheel Cycling route

 New intelligent traffic signals have been installed at Blackamoor.

 Funding has been secured for local road projects including the Blackamoor Link Road

 The 2018 Lancashire and Cumbria Air Quality Summit represents a call to arms, galvanising Public Health professionals and their partner organisations across the County. As a result, they are actively seeking to better understand the ways in which we can accelerate improvement and make a collective difference.

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council expects the following measures to be completed over the course of the next two reporting years. Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council’s priorities for the coming year are:

1. Blackamoor AQMA (No.6) – Commence work on the construction of the new link road during 2019. It will take an estimated 9 months to complete.

3. Intack and Bastwell AQMAs (No.1 and 2) – The Action plans for these two AQMAs have run their course and will be reviewed 2018/2019.

4. Continue to monitor air quality the Borough, including:

- In existing AQMAs

- At revoked AQMAs, to ensure that the anticipated improvement is maintained

- At potential pollution hotspots, including the two locations that were subject to recent detailed assessments

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 6 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

5. Delivering the Department of Transport’s Access Fund project “CONNECTING East Lancashire” where we will work with businesses, educational establishments, residents and commuters in relation to raising the awareness of travel options and the choices available, in addition to delivering interventions that address specific barriers to active travel.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council anticipates facing are:

 Our AQMAs are at busy urban junctions where emissions from slow moving vehicles are trapped by nearby buildings and the surrounding topography. This is particularly true for AQMA 7 at Four Lane Ends. The tightly formed Victorian streetscape can make it difficult to implement changes to physical infrastructure (e.g. changing road layouts).

 Relative to other more affluent areas, the profit made from developing land in our Borough is not particularly high. As a consequence, expensive mitigation options are less likely to be implemented

 Limited financial resources.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will help to contribute towards compliance, Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed will be required in subsequent years to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of the AQMAs at Intack (AQMA No.1), Bastwell (AQMA No.2), and Four Lane Ends ( AQMA No.7).

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council anticipates that the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will achieve compliance in AQMA No.6

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 7 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Reduction Organisations Estimated / Key in Pollutant Comments / Measure EU involved and Planning Implementation Progress to Actual Measure EU Category Performance / Emission Barriers to No. Classification Funding Phase Phase Date Completion Indicator from implementation Source Date Measure £6.8m for transport upgrades in Blackburn SE One arm of a busy Area (link road Included in crossroads at £3m) - DfT Adopted Local Transport Reduction in NO No estimate heart of AQMA will Link Road, National 2 Plan 2. Public 1 Planning and Other 2016-2018 2019/20 below annual available at 2019/20 become a dead- Blackamoor Productivity consultation Infrastructure objective present end, thereby Investment ends October reducing Fund, Growth 2018 congestion Deal 3, s106 contributions being investigated. Indictors to include: • Increased passenger numbers on buses • Improved Monitoring & public transport Evaluation Report passenger completed August satisfaction • New 2018 and is being bus station • peer reviewed by Improved waiting DfT. It will be £40m - BwDBC facilities · Better Transport Completed made public in Pennine Bus route & Lancashire public transport 2 Planning and 2015 2015/16 2% Completed August due course. Reach improvements county Council, information • Infrastructure 2016 However, AQMA DfT Funding Improved online No.8 at junction of passenger Accrington Road information • and Burnley Road Reduced bus revoked as a journey times on consequence of Pennine Reach Pennine Reach. routes • Improved bus punctuality / reliability on Pennine Reach routes • Improved pedestrian and

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 8 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

cycle facilities • Modal shift from cars / reduction in car based traffic • Improved travel times for general • traffic on Pennine Reach routes • Reduction in carbon emissions New Blackamoor road layout anticipated, so spend on evaluation not New signal Four Lane Maximise £70k for Four Initially 2016/17, appropriate. Traffic system at No estimate Blackamoor Ends signal 3 Signal Other Lane Ends - 2015/16 but put back to Pleckgate system Management Blackamoor and available completed. upgrade Efficiency BwDBC 2018/19 upgrade had been Four Lane Ends 2018/19 delayed because of limited resources, but funding now secured SPD not Implementation of Policy Air Quality Planning considered Supplementary Development Guidance and Planning and No estimate Advisory Note appropriate, 4 BwDBC 2016/17 2017/18 Planning July 2018 Control Development Policy available completed Planning Advisory Document - since Control Guidance and in use Note (PAN) amended implemented Control of Compliance with Responded to Bonfire and Not No estimate 5 Other Other BwDBC Ongoing legislation and 116 service Ongoing Chimney applicable available good practice requests Emissions Other All measure installations Control of Compliance with Environmental through permit BwDBC, Local Not BAT - not inspected in 6 Industrial Ongoing Defra inspection Ongoing Permits systems and Industry applicable quantified accordance Emissions regime economic with Defra instruments regime Car Sharing - 5636 Shared Members Lancashire wheels and Alternatives to Car & lift across Authorities, Number of No estimate 7 relaunch of private vehicle sharing Completed Ongoing Lancashire, Ongoing Funding 3yrs of DfT members available Royal use schemes 152 Blackburn Access Fund Blackburn with Darwen Hospital car members

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 9 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

share website

BwDBC, 2015/19 £600k Weaver's earmarked. Completed 2019, Initial measure Wheel - Additional £50 2017. Extra Alternatives to additional implemented, now 26km cycle 2018/19 & £50k 26km of cycle No estimate spurs now 8 private vehicle Other 2014/15 2016-2019 spurs being extended track route 2020/21 for track completed available being added use completed with additional encircling network over 3 years 2021 spurs Blackburn improvements, to 2021 maintenance £30k per yr 2017/18 - 3386 event attendances, Ride to 47 Learn to Work Week Ride and 3 reduced led rides per commuting week, 600 Cycling NOx bike hires. . Alternatives to events / Number of emissions An Electric 9 private vehicle Other BwDBC 2014/15 2015 onwards 2020 training / bike participants by 2.7kg Bike Hire use hire NOx across scheme was L:ancashire, procured late and 0.3kg in 2017/2018 Blackburn and there will and Darwen be measureable outputs in 2018/2019 3453 personal Personal Promoting Personalised BwDBC, No. personal No estimate travel pans 10 travel Travel Travel 2014/15 Ongoing 2020 Hospital plans available produced Planning Alternatives Planning 2016/17 School travel plans at St Lack of progress Marys Promoting School Travel No estimate to date due to lack 11 college and Travel BwDBC, School Ongoing 2019/20 To be confirmed None 2019/20 Plans available of funding for Pleckgate Alternatives travel planning City Learning Centre

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 10 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Parking Workplace Likely to be small Restrictions - Parking Levy, scale Traffic No estimate 12 Four Lane Parking BwDBC 2016/17 2018/18 Less congestion No progress 2017/18 amendments to Management available Ends Enforcement restrictions in Junction on highway vicinity of lights Workplace Parking Levy, Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Bus Stop Traffic Withdrawn from Withdrawn from Withdrawn from 13 Parking BwDBC 2016/17 from action from action from action Relocation Management action plan action plan action plan Enforcement plan plan plan on highway Workplace Formal Right Parking Levy, Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Traffic Withdrawn from Withdrawn from Withdrawn from 14 Turn on Parking BwDBC 2016/17 from action from action from action Management action plan action plan action plan Shear Brow Enforcement plan plan plan on highway

Promoting Quality Bus Completed quality No estimate 15 Travel Other £290k - BwDBC 2018 3yrs to 2021 Ongoing 2020/21 Shelters bus shelters available Alternatives

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 11 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

According to the Public Health Outcomes Framework 2016 data, 4.7% of all-cause adult mortality in the Borough is attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution

(measured as fine particulate matter, PM2.5). The fractions for England and the North West Region are 5.3% and 4.7% respectively.

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council is taking the following measures to address

PM2.5. Details can be found in Table 2.2, but include:

 Bonfire Emissions – Smoke emissions from bonfires and chimneys are being regulated through the Clean Air Act and waste related legislation (Table 2.2 Measure No.5).

 Emissions from the burning of domestic solid fuel - Approximately 38% of UK primary particulate matter emissions come from burning wood and coal in domestic open fires and solid fuel stoves4. Smoke emissions from stove and open fireplaces are being regulated through the Clean Air Act (Measure No.5). The large urban conurbations within the Borough are Smoke Control Areas, where restrictions are in place controlling burning in stoves and fireplaces.

 Physical changes at junctions seek to address congestion and reduce emissions. The Pennine Reach £40m rapid bus transport scheme (Measure 2), completed in August 2017, involved a range of measures including the relocation of a heavily congested junction. This this has already brought about a dramatic improvement in air quality at the Accrington Rd / Burnley Rd AQMA. Funding has been secured for local road projects including the Blackamoor Link Road (Measure 1). New intelligent traffic signals have been installed at Blackamoor (Measure 3).

4 https://consult.defra.gov.uk/airquality/domestic-solid-fuel-regulations/

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 12 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

 Improvements to public transport - Major improvements in the quality of bus services have been delivered by Pennine Reach (Measure 2). New high quality bus shelters will be installed (Measure 15). When delivering the Department of Transport’s Access Fund project “Connecting East Lancashire” we will work with businesses, educational establishments, residents and commuters in relation to raising the awareness of travel options and the choices available, in addition to delivering interventions that address specific barriers to active travel.

 Active travel is being encouraged. We are seeking to reduce the reliance on the private car as a means of getting around. Walking and cycling initiatives are proving popular. Traditional and electric bikes are available for hire (Measure 9). The 26km Weavers Wheel cycle route is complete, and new funding has been secured to add extra spurs (Measure 8).

 Lancashire and South Cumbria Summit - The Lancashire and Cumbria Directors of Public Health are seeking to develop a ‘social movement for health’ approach to air quality, which involves mobilising action across the whole of society including the public and private sectors, individuals and communities.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 13 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at one site during 2017. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

National monitoring results are available at https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/networks/network-info?view=aurn

Maps showing the location of the local monitoring site are provided in Appendix D. Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 46 sites during 2017. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 14 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

The full 2017 diffusion tube dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

Monitoring at all 46 sites across the Borough during 2017 didn’t identify exceedences of the NO2 annual mean objective, and as these monitored exposures were well below 60µg/m3 it is unlikely that there will be exceedances of the 1-hour mean objective.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 15 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance to Distance to Site Site X OS Y OS Pollutants In Monitoring Relevant kerb of Inlet Height Site ID Name Type Grid Ref Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? Technique Exposure (m) nearest road (m) (1) (m) (2) Blackburn CM1 Accrington Roadside 370241 428026 NO2 NO Chemiluminescent 17.8 3.2 3 Road

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 16 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Distance to Distance to Tube collocated Site X OS Y OS Pollutants In Relevant kerb of with a Height Site Name Site Type ID Grid Ref Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure (m) nearest road Continuous (m) (1) (m) (2) Analyser?

14 St Helier Urban DT1 367034 425946 NO NO 2 1 NO 3 Close Background 2 Moorgate Arms, DT2 Livesey Branch Roadside 367135 425923 NO2 NO 1 3 NO 3 Rd 149 Livesey DT3 Roadside 367153 425915 NO NO 0 3 NO 3 Branch Rd 2 238 Blackamoor DT4 Roadside 370492 425781 NO NO 0 7.8 NO 3 Road 2 283 Haslingden DT5 Roadside 370529 425865 NO NO 0 8.5 NO 3 Road 2 250 Bolton DT6 Roadside 367673 426008 NO NO 0 2.4 NO 3 Road 2 170 Accrington DT7 Roadside 370386 427973 NO NO 0 4 NO 3 Road 2

DT8b Witton Junction Kerbside 366640 427264 NO2 YES 14 0.5 NO 3 11-13 Bolton DT8c Roadside 369253 422099 NO YES No exposure 1.8 NO 3 Road, Darwen 2 15 Shadsworth DT9 Roadside 370826 427962 NO YES 0 2.3 NO 3 Road 2 306 Accrington DT10 Roadside 370818 428020 NO YES 0 2.5 NO 3 Road 2 280 Accrington DT11 Roadside 370758 428004 NO YES 0 4 NO 3 Road 2 16 Whitebirk DT12 Roadside 370836 428130 NO YES 0 5.2 NO 3 Road 2 39 Peronne Urban DT13 370908 428217 NO NO 7.4 1 NO 3 Crescent Background 2

DT14 371 Accrington Roadside 370876 428054 NO2 YES 0 7.1 NO 3

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 17 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Road 114 Whalley DT15 Roadside 369026 429180 NO YES 0 2.2 NO 3 New Road 2 255 Whalley DT16 Roadside 368964 429168 NO YES 0 2.5 NO 3 Range 2 86 Whalley New DT17 Roadside 368981 429090 NO YES 0 2.4 NO 3 Road 2 Urban DT18 9 Palm Street 369049 429064 NO NO 6.9 1 NO 3 Background 2

DT19 24 Plane Street Roadside 369074 429152 NO2 YES 0 2.2 NO 3

DT20 33 Bolton Road Roadside 369259 422050 NO2 YES 0 2.9 NO 3 20 Market St DT21 Roadside 369244 422192 NO YES 0 7.2 NO 3 (Circus) 2 Urban DT22 15 Tudor Close 369157 422494 NO NO 3.7 1 NO 3 Background 2 Hawkshead Urban DT23 366879 427604 NO NO 12 1 NO 3 Close Background 2

DT24a 171 Redlam Roadside 366674 427323 NO2 YES 0 4 NO 3 Millstone, 11 DT24b Roadside 369278 422162 NO YES 2.6 5.4 NO 3 Church St 2

DT25 183 Redlam Roadside 366652 427281 NO2 YES 0 2.6 NO 3 171 Buncer DT26 Roadside 366609 427295 NO YES 0 11 NO 3 Lane 2 12 Preston Old DT27 Roadside 366591 427224 NO YES 0 7 NO 3 Road 2 5 Campbell DT28 Roadside 366668 427250 NO YES 0 5.1 NO 3 Place 2 639 Blackburn DT29 Roadside 368170 424617 NO NO 0 4.8 NO 3 Road 2 179 Accrington DT30 Roadside 370335 427988 NO NO 0 3 NO 3 Road 2 145 Blackburn DT31 Roadside 368552 423366 NO NO 0 4 NO 3 Road 2

DT32 7 Bolton Rd Roadside 369252 422131 NO2 YES No exposure 2.1 NO 3

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 18 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

555 Blackburn DT33 Roadside 368231 424376 NO YES 0 3.9 NO 3 Road 2 486 Blackburn DT34 Roadside 368240 424299 NO YES 0 6.5 NO 3 Road 2 442 Blackburn DT35 Roadside 368274 424164 NO YES 0 7.2 NO 3 Road 2 Urban DT36 9 View Road 368371 424195 NO NO 4.6 2 NO 3 Background 2 26 Pickering Urban DT37 369789 425346 NO NO 7 2 NO 3 Fold Background 2 2 Blackamoor DT38 Roadside 369650 425374 NO YES 0 1 NO 3 Road 2 138 Roman DT39 Roadside 369613 425376 NO YES 2 0.5 NO 3 Road 2 161 Roman DT40 Roadside 369634 425359 NO YES 0 4 NO 3 Road 2 113 Stopes DT41 Kerbside 369583 425358 NO YES 0 0.6 NO 3 Brow 2 535 Revidge DT42 Roadside 367904 429576 NO YES 0 3.6 NO 3 Road 2

DT43 254 Shear Brow Roadside 367934 429582 NO2 YES 0 1 NO 3 Urban DT44 Rhodes Avenue 367992 429697 NO NO 9 2 NO 3 Background 2

DT45 335 Shear Brow Roadside 367924 429561 NO2 YES 0 1.7 NO 3 38 Accrington DT46 Roadside 369975 428172 NO YES 0 6 NO 3 Road 2

DT47 Acc Rd AURN Roadside 370241 428026 NO2 NO 17.8 3.2 YES 3

DT48 Acc Rd AURN Roadside 370241 428026 NO2 NO 17.8 3.2 YES 3

DT49 Acc Rd AURN Roadside 370241 428026 NO2 NO 17.8 3.2 YES 3

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 19 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture Type Monitoring (2) (1) 2017 (%) Period (%) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

CM1 Roadside Automatic 98 98 25 27.6 34.4 21.2

Urban Diffusion DT1 100 100 18.9 18.5 17.8 17.5 14.8 Background Tube Diffusion DT2 Roadside 100 100 29.7 27.9 27.8 30.2 24.9 Tube Diffusion DT3 Roadside 100 100 39.3 41.5 39.2 40.9 33.8 Tube Diffusion DT4 Roadside 100 100 28.4 30.6 22.8 Tube Diffusion DT5 Roadside 100 100 30.8 32.4 29.5 31.2 22.9 Tube Diffusion DT6 Roadside 100 100 34.3 32.9 29.8 29.7 22.0 Tube Diffusion DT7 Roadside 100 100 37.3 39.4 36.2 42.6 32.1 Tube Diffusion DT8b Kerbside 100 58 24.8 32.4 Tube Diffusion DT8c Roadside 100 42 29.3 Tube Diffusion DT9 Roadside 100 100 31.8 33.2 29.1 33.9 25.0 Tube Diffusion DT10 Roadside 100 100 38.4 42.3 39.9 42.5 34.5 Tube Diffusion DT11 Roadside 100 100 34.3 36.6 36.4 36.3 28.2 Tube Diffusion DT12 Roadside 100 100 25.9 25.8 24.7 25.9 20.2 Tube Urban Diffusion DT13 100 100 19.4 20.4 18.7 19.5 15.6 Background Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 20 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Diffusion DT14 Roadside 100 100 28.4 29.3 30 31.3 25.3 Tube Diffusion DT15 Roadside 100 100 39.5 41.2 37.4 40.1 31.9 Tube Diffusion DT16 Roadside 92 100 33.1 32.3 31.8 33.9 27.4 Tube Diffusion DT17 Roadside 100 92 26.8 28.3 26.6 26.5 21.3 Tube Urban Diffusion DT18 100 100 20.9 18.7 18.9 19.4 16.1 Background Tube Diffusion DT19 Roadside 100 100 29.6 29.4 28.4 29.5 24.0 Tube Diffusion DT20 Roadside 92 100 36.4 36.5 34.6 37 27.1 Tube Diffusion DT21 Roadside 83 92 28 27.4 25 25 20.5 Tube Urban Diffusion DT22 100 83 16.6 16.9 16.1 17 14.5 Background Tube Urban Diffusion DT23 100 100 16.6 17.4 15.5 16.6 12.7 Background Tube Diffusion DT24a Roadside 100 58 28.2 27.6 26.9 28.7 24.3 Tube Diffusion DT24b Roadside 100 42 20.9 Tube Diffusion DT25 Roadside 100 100 36 35.3 34.4 37.3 25.6 Tube Diffusion DT26 Roadside 100 100 23.4 24.3 21.8 23.5 17.4 Tube Diffusion DT27 Roadside 100 100 24.5 24.8 24 25.2 19.6 Tube Diffusion DT28 Roadside 83 100 29.7 28.5 27.3 30.5 22.3 Tube Diffusion DT29 Roadside 100 100 34 34 32.2 34 25.7 Tube Diffusion DT30 Roadside 100 83 30.7 30.6 28.5 30.1 27.7 Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 21 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Diffusion DT31 Roadside 100 100 31.4 34.5 28.7 29.2 22.4 Tube Diffusion DT32 Roadside 100 100 45.9 32.4 Tube Diffusion DT33 Roadside 100 100 34.8 34.5 30 33.3 25.6 Tube Diffusion DT34 Roadside 100 100 33.2 33.5 31.7 34.6 26.9 Tube Diffusion DT35 Roadside 100 100 32.6 33.1 32.8 33.2 25.9 Tube Urban Diffusion DT36 100 100 21 21.6 21.5 21.1 17.1 Background Tube Urban Diffusion DT37 100 100 19.3 20.3 17.7 19.9 15.2 Background Tube Diffusion DT38 Roadside 92 100 41.3 43 40 45 33.6 Tube Diffusion DT39 Roadside 100 100 41.2 38.5 42.6 38.7 35.9 Tube Diffusion DT40 Roadside 100 92 38.3 38.9 35.7 39.5 29.4 Tube Diffusion DT41 Kerbside 83 100 44.1 45.1 42.5 46.7 30.6 Tube Diffusion DT42 Roadside 100 100 28.2 28.3 28.2 30.6 25.1 Tube Diffusion DT43 Roadside 100 83 39 44.2 40 42.3 34.3 Tube Urban Diffusion DT44 100 100 21.4 21.2 21.6 20.6 16.2 Background Tube Diffusion DT45 Roadside 92 100 39.4 44.5 41.8 45.3 36.5 Tube Diffusion DT46 Roadside 83 100 38.6 38.2 34.4 30.8 22.4 Tube Diffusion DT47 Roadside 100 92 24.9 25.9 20.6 Tube Diffusion DT48 Roadside 83 24.6 26.1 20.2 Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 22 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Diffusion DT49 Roadside 100 24.1 26.7 21.3 Tube

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2018 23 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council

Figure A.1.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at AQMA 1 – Intack

Exposure during 2017 at the Intack AQMA was under the annual mean NO2 national obective, but there have been exceedences in recent years so the AQMA will not be revoked.