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Tighchuig
Walk-over Survey
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Tighchuig Walk-over Survey November 2010
Tighchuig
Walk-over Survey
Report No. HAS101201
Site Code HAS-TCG10 Struy Estate per Maxwell & Co Client Architects OS Grid Ref NH 389 377 (centred)
OASIS highland4-89903 HCAU / Planning 07/00727/FULIN; 10/04562/FUL Refs Date / revision 16/12/2010
Author John Wood
Summary
A walk-over survey was carried out at Tighchuig, Strathglass, Highland ahead of proposed construction of a log cabin development and associated hydro-electric scheme. Apart from a previously recorded round house site, the archaeological features noted were post-medieval in date mainly consisting of field clearance heaps but including some building footings.
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Contents
Location ...... 4 Archaeology and policy background ...... 5 Method ...... 8 Results ...... 9 Conclusions and recommendations ...... 23 Appendix 1: Features ...... 24 Appendix 2: Photographs ...... 25
Illustrations
Figure 1 Site location ...... 4 Figure 2 Site plan ...... 5 Figure 3 William Roy's Map 1747-55 ...... 6 Figure 4 OS 1st edition 6 inch: 1mile map, surveyed 1872 ...... 7 Figure 5 Feature 2, redrawn from Robinson 2010 ...... 10 Figure 6 Feature 3 ...... 10 Figure 7 Feature 4 ...... 12 Figure 8 Feature 6 ...... 14 Figure 9 Feature 7 ...... 14 Figure 10 Feature 8 ...... 15 Figure 11 Features 9, 10 ...... 16 Figure 12 Features 11 - 13 ...... 18 Figure 13 Features 14-17; 22 ...... 19 Figure 14 Feature 18 ...... 19 Figure 15 Features 19-20 ...... 21 Figure 16 features 16, 17, 21 ...... 21 Figure 17 Features and Camera Points ...... 27 Figure 18 Archaeological features and development footprint ...... 28
Plate 1 Feature 2 from S ...... 9 Plate 2 Stones cleared from track ( F3 ) ...... 11 Plate 3 Building 6a, 6b behind: east gables...... 13 Plate 4 View east to buildings forming Feature 6 ...... 13 Plate 5 Feature 7 ...... 15 Plate 6 Feature 10 ...... 17 Plate 7 Feature 18 ...... 20 Plate 8 Round house: Feature 22 ...... 22
Table 1 Features...... 24 Table 4 Photographs ...... 25
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Location
The site is centred at Ordnance Survey National Grid Reference NH 389 377 and occupies an east-facing slope which rises from about 53m above sea level at the roadside to over 250m at the water intake for the hydro scheme.
Figure 1 Site location
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Figure 2 Site plan Courtesy of Maxwell & Co
Archaeology and policy background
An archaeological assessment was requested in this case because there was potential for finds or features of interest to be affected during site works. The current planning and policy framework includes the Highland Council’s Structure Plan1, and the Scottish Government’s Scottish Planning Policy (SPP), issued in February 2010, which consolidates and supersedes the previous SPP and NPPG series2. The fundamental principles underpinning UK and Scottish policies are set out in Passed to the Future: Historic Scotland’s Policy for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment (2002)3 and the Burra Charter (Australia ICOMOS 1999).4
1 http://www.highland.gov.uk/yourenvironment/planning/developmentplans/structureplan/thehighlandstructureplan.htm
2 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/02/03132605/8
3 www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pasttofuture.pdf
4 http://www.icomos.org/australia/burra.html
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Figure 3 William Roy's Map 1747-55 Not to scale
Despite comments by Mather (1970) reported by Robinson5, it would seem unlikely that this area was any less populated than other similar parts of the Highlands before 1800. Roy’s map (Figure 3) shows that the floor of Strathglass was intensively cultivated in the early 18th c. and many settlements are depicted. These are likely to represent only the larger villages. Land had started to be cleared for agriculture in the prehistoric period and this would have been a natural focus for re-use and improvement at times of greater population and climatic optima such as (for example) the period from about 1100 to 1300. Transport was by water where possible and otherwise by packhorses or by simply carrying items in creels.
The present site is on the hillside above this cultivated area, but substantial field clearance has taken place in the log cabin development site. This is mostly probably of post-medieval (especially 18th c.) date, but may well have started much earlier. Unfortunately field clearance heaps rarely contain any evidence of date or otherwise. Equally, throughout the highlands, the widespread use of organic materials such as wood, thatch, turf, leather and bone, all of which decay rapidly in the wet, acidic conditions, together with the constant re-use and recycling of metals mean that surviving, durable features and artefacts are rare before the 18th c. This simply means that the medieval population is not easily found by archaeology. However, it is generally recognised that before the agricultural and industrial revolutions Scotland’s population was fairly evenly spread across the country with perhaps about a third of them occupying the highlands and islands. Robinson is no doubt correct in painting
5 Robinson 2010, 5
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a picture of simple settlement at Tighchuig possibly beginning in the Iron Age and surviving down to the early modem period, exploiting the rich fishing and fowling of the river flood plain with small cultivated plots around modest houses and cattle on the upper slopes.6
Major clearances took place in Strathglass between 1801 and 1809, when most of the local population was evicted to make way for sheep7.
Figure 4 OS 1st edition 6 inch: 1mile map, surveyed 1872 Inverness-shire (Mainland), Sheet XVII, published 1876. Extract, not reproduced to scale.
The first edition Ordnance Survey 6 inch to 1 mile map shows several features of note.
A disused lead mine is marked, but its exact location was not recorded during the survey. This was noted by the RCAHMS in 1996 and identified from the map (it was not visited by their staff)8. It is one of several marked in this area. Three veins carrying lead and zinc occur south-south-west of Struy bridge which were mined on a small scale during the first half of the 19th. c. The largest workings were near Loch na Meine (Loch of the Ore) and the old shaft and surface workings, together with the remains of the engine houses and sluices can still be seen (see Figure 3). It is understood that the client is aware of this mine and its extent, which is a geological SSSI, and that the pipeline route has been routed to ensure it has been completely avoided.
The Allt Tigh Cumhaig occupies several channels as it flows down the hill. It is interesting to see that the flow of water was controlled in the 19th c. by a sluice at the eastern end of Loch na Meine.
Running alongside the burn the route of a road or track is shown heading towards the principal lead mine but giving out well before it reaches it. The track itself could not be seen on the ground but its route can be clearly identified where it follows natural valleys and hollows. On this track a group of five unroofed
6 Robinson, 2010 op.cit, 5 7 Robinson,2010, op.cit; First and Second Statistical Accounts 8 NMRS NH33NE 5; HHER MHG23972
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buildings is shown: this group was noted by the RCAHMS in 1996 and identified from the map (it was not visited) as possible shieling huts9. It was located during the present survey – see below (F6).
A further unroofed hut is also shown on the 1st edition OS 6 inch map to the west of this group at NH 3822 3770.10 This lies over 230m south-west of the hydro electric intake and will not be affected by this project. It was not visited.
The scattered trees shown in 1878 on the lower slopes have since grown into sizeable areas of mature woodland.
Previous fieldwork
Attention was initially drawn to the possible archaeological interest of the site by the architects, at whose request Kirsty Cameron of the Highland Council Archaeology Unit visited in July 2007. A previously unrecorded late Bronze Age or Iron Age round house was noted on a prominent knoll, whose ‘location is more suited to a defensive structure such as a dun or a broch, but the scale of the remains suggests a house’. She also identified other features
that may be contemporary with the house include at least one clearance cairn to the south-east of the roundhouse and a ruinous stone dyke to the north and west. Together, these represent the upstanding remains of a prehistoric settlement and field system. Houses such as this are often found in groups, and although I found no clear evidence for another such structure on site, there are some areas of rough vegetation and stone around the proposed Reception and Building 11 that could be archaeological in origin.11
In the summer of 2010 Harry Robinson undertook a survey of the proposed micro-hydro line. Unfortunately conditions were difficult with bad weather and dense bracken. Much of the site is wooded and the line of the proposed hydro-electric pipeline is steep. He noted that that there is a considerable spread of natural boulders on the surface of the site. These clearly represent periglacial moraine material which has been weathered and washed out over the last 8,000 years. Within this, he identified five possible features. These were visited during the present survey and are discussed below.
Method
A walk-over survey was carried out on 18 November 2010 by John Wood. Features were plotted using a Promark 3 survey grade DGPS unit in mapping mode, using real-time satellitebased (SBAS) correction. This typically provides accuracy of 1-2m but this can be reduced significantly by multipath interference and atmospheric conditions and cannot be guaranteed. The results were post-processed and adjusted to the Ordnance Survey mapping.
Coverage was as systematic as possible and included the log cabin development area and a 50m corridor for the proposed hydro-electric scheme, as revised. Steven Caudrey of Maxwell and Co assisted in locating the proposed sites of key buildings and the revised hydro-electric pipeline route.
9 NMRS NH33NE 19; HHER MHG22921; F6 10 NMRS NH33NE 18; HHER MHG22881; F23 11 Cameron, K quoted in Robinson 2010 (Appendix 1)
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Results
The weather for the fieldwork was cloudy but dry.
Feature F1 centred NH 3894 3793 (Not illustrated)
Feature recorded by Harry Robinson. Feature 1 is a heap of stones about 13m x 5m. It is ill-defined and lies close to a hollow, and was produced either by water action or clearance of the watercourse. It can be seen more clearly since the bracken has died back, and appears not to be an archaeological feature. Feature 1a is ‘the amorphous but concentrated distribution of large stones here would not in itself attract interest except for its association with (and possible relationship to) feature Fl and the dry gully.’12
No mitigation is proposed here.
Plate 1 Feature 2 from S
Feature F2 centred NH 3891 3786 (Fig 5)
Feature recorded by Harry Robinson. This appears to be a field clearance heap that has been formed into a small bothy or shieling hut. It is close to the trackway shown on the 1st edition OS 6 inch map and is probably post-medieval in date. The proposed pipeline route has been moved about 30m N from here and it should not be affected. Approximate dimensions: 5.5m x 6.3m
This will be indicated to the contractor before construction and if necessary marked off to prevent accidental damage.
12 Robinson 2010, 12
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Figure 5 Feature 2, redrawn from Robinson 2010
Figure 6 Feature 3
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Feature F3 centred NH 3893 3788 (Fig 6; plate 2)
Feature recorded by Harry Robinson, who described it as a ‘possible enclosure c.5 m diameter and may be associated with F2 and a small level field area 10 m to the south’13. In addition he identified a possible supplementary area, numbered 3a. However, now that the bracken has died back, the whole appears as ill-defined groups of stones, where stones and boulders have been cleared from the track and heaped to each side, creating two parallel heaps. The overall dimensions are approximately 31m x 10m. The pipeline route passes approximately 25m NW of this area and is unlikely to affect it.
No mitigation is proposed here.
Plate 2 Stones cleared from track ( F3 )
Feature F4 centred NH 3881 3782 (Not illustrated)
Feature recorded by Harry Robinson. One, possibly two, large and ill-defined heaps of stone. The larger of these measures about 14m x 6.5m. It is apparently field clearance but might overlie the footings of a rough sub-rectangular building - a bothy or shieling. A smaller heap lies to the west. This is sub- circular, about 4.7m in diameter. The plotted location coincides with the track shown on the 1st edition OS 6 inch map.
The pipeline for the hydro scheme runs to the NW, passing this feature at about 10m distance at the nearest point.
13 Robinson 2020, op.cit., 13
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This will be indicated to the contractor before construction and if necessary marked off to prevent accidental damage.
Figure 7 Feature 4
Feature F5 centred NH 3881 8378 (Fig 4)
This feature is recorded by Harry Robinson as ‘a less distinct widely scattered group of heavily overgrown stones’. It lies about 45m north of the revised pipeline route and is unlikely to be affected. It does not appear to be an archaeological feature and was not plotted.
No mitigation is proposed here.
Feature F6 (a-e) centred NH 3863 3776 (Fig 8; plates 3,4))
A group of buildings, shown on the 1st edition OS 6 inch map, was recorded in the field (F6a-d), These were found to be more substantial than would appear from the map and probably represent a small farm, although, as the track appears to lead towards the main early 19th c. lead mining site they might be associated with that. (6a) 9m x 5.5m (6b10m x 6m (6c) 8m x 4.7m (6d) 5.2m x 7.7m (6e) 6.6m x 4m (from map)
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Plate 3 Building 6a, 6b behind: east gables.
Plate 4 View east to buildings forming Feature 6
The only one of these buildings to be close to the revised pipeline route is F6e, which was not clear on the ground and may not survive. A watching brief is therefore proposed in this area.
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Figure 8 Feature 6
Figure 9 Feature 7
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Plate 5 Feature 7
Figure 10 Feature 8
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Feature F7 centred NH 3900 8378 (Fig 9; plate 5))
The stone footings of a small rectangular building c. 3.3m x 4m. This should not be affected but will be indicated to the contractor before construction and if necessary marked off to prevent accidental damage.
Feature F8 centred NH 3895 3780 (Fig 10)
An area of stone, c. 14m x 5m: probably field clearance but possibly overlying evidence of a stone dyke. This falls within the footprint of the log cabin development so a watching brief is proposed here.
Feature F9 centred NH 3892 3776 (Fig 11)
The demolished remains of a substantial stone dyke running WSW – ENE – this is the eastern continuation of Feature 8. The dyke was about 1.8-2m wide. It has the appearance of an estate consumption dyke or similar and is probably post-medieval. However at its eastern end it forms a clearance heap where it has been cleared for agriculture. This north-eastern section is about 30m long; at its western end there is a gap in the dyke c.1.25m wide.
This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a watching brief is proposed here.
Figure 11 Features 9, 10
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Plate 6 Feature 10
Feature F10 centred NH 3890 3774 (Fig 11; plate 6)
The demolished remains of a substantial stone dyke running SSW – NNE – this is the western continuation of Feature 8. The dyke was about 1.8m wide. It has the appearance of an estate consumption dyke or similar and is probably post-medieval. However at its eastern end it forms a clearance heap where it has been cleared for agriculture. At its eastern end there is a gap in the dyke c.1.25m wide. This section is about 32m long.
This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a watching brief is proposed here.
Feature F11 centred NH 3898 3772 (Fig 12)
A field clearance heap c. 6m x 5m. Probably post-medieval. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a precautionary watching brief is proposed here.
Feature F12 centred NH 3898 3770 (Fig 12)
A field clearance heap c. 5m x 5m., SE of F11. Probably post-medieval. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a precautionary watching brief is proposed here.
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Feature F13 centred NH 3899 3770 (Fig 12)
A field clearance heap c. 4.3m x 3.4m, SE of F12. Probably post-medieval. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a precautionary watching brief is proposed here.
Figure 12 Features 11 - 13
Feature F14 centred NH 3899 3764 (Fig 13)
A field clearance heap c. 5m x 6.3m, approximately 3m W of F15. Probably post-medieval. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a precautionary watching brief is proposed here.
Feature F15 centred NH 3900 3763 (Fig 13)
A rectangular cutting c. 3m x 3.3m, approximately 3m E of F14. Probably post-medieval: perhaps a small quarry. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a precautionary watching brief is proposed here.
Feature F16 centred NH 3892 3762 (Figs 13, 16)
A field clearance heap c. 4.6m x 7.5m, approximately 8m SE of F17. Probably post-medieval. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a precautionary watching brief is proposed here.
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Figure 13 Features 14-17; 22
Figure 14 Feature 18
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Feature F17 centred NH 3891 3762 (Figs 13, 16)
A field clearance heap c. 4.6m x 7.5m, approximately 8m NW of F165. Probably post-medieval. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a precautionary watching brief is proposed here.
Feature F18 centred NH 3887 3754 (Fig 14; plate 7)
Footings of a small building, c. 7.4m x 4m. Probably post-medieval. This is unlikely to be affected by the development and no mitigation is proposed here.
Plate 7 Feature 18
Feature F19 centred NH 3888 3743 (Fig 15)
A field clearance heap c. 5.4m x 4.6m. Probably post-medieval. This is unlikely to be affected by the development and no mitigation is proposed here.
Feature F20 centred NH 3887 3745 (Fig 15)
A field clearance heap c. 7.6m x 5.6m. Probably post-medieval. This is unlikely to be affected by the development and no mitigation is proposed here.
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Figure 15 Features 19-20
Figure 16 features 16, 17, 21
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Feature F21 centred NH 3888 3763 (Fig 16)
A very large, linear field clearance heap c. 63m x 5m. Probably post-medieval. It may be built over the footings of a dyke but no evidence of this could be seen. This is likely to be affected by the log cabin development so a watching brief is proposed here.
Plate 8 Round house: Feature 22
Feature F22 centred NH 3896 3766 (Fig 13; Plate 8)
The footings of a hut circle or round house c. 14.6m x 16m across were noted in 2007 by Kirsty Cameron upon a prominent knoll, with a clear view along the strath. This is likely to be late Bronze Age or Iron Age in date (c. 3000 to 1,500 years ago. There are no apparent signs of any further similar buildings nearby, and in view of its impressive, strategic location and lack of agricultural associations it might be a small dun or similar feature. There are post-medieval field clearance heaps to the N, E and S however which may have removed predecessors contemporary with this feature.
The footprint of the development does not impact on this site directly, and later agriculture is likely to have removed any associated archaeology nearby, but a precautionary watching brief is nevertheless proposed during initial soil stripping for building sites 5b, 6b, 9b, and 10b; and the connecting roads and services.
Feature F23 centred NH 3825 3771 (Not illustrated)
A small bothy is shown on the 1st edition OS 6 inch map. It lies over 20m SW of the hydro-electric intake and will not be affected by the scheme. No mitigation is proposed.
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Conclusions and recommendations
The revised route for the hydro pipeline was examined. The western end of this line revealed no archaeological features affected at all. Elsewhere, where possible features are nearby, the line has been re-routed away from any archaeology. There appears to be no intention to build a haul road along the pipeline route to the water intake: a tracked digger will be run over the existing ground surface. The recommendation in this case is therefore for an archaeologist to attend when work starts on pipeline construction and to indicate the areas to be avoided to the contractor. These can be marked off if necessary.
Within the log cabin development, a watching brief is proposed on key areas as described above. Here again an archaeologist will attend at the beginning of site works to identify features to the contractor and mark them off where necessary; and to record the nature and extent of any buried archaeological artefacts or features revealed by topsoil stripping. Topsoil stripping in these areas (shown on Fig XX) will be conducted using a back-acting excavator fitted with a straight-edged ditching bucket.
Apart from the previously recorded round house, which is impressive both in scale and its setting, all the archaeological features appear to be post-medieval in date. They include the line of a dyke, stone footings of small buildings, and field clearance heaps. Some of these might conceal earlier, similar features beneath but this cannot be established from the survey.
Elsewhere the site supports extensive mature native woodland where ground disturbance will be kept to a minimum. Subject to the precautions recommended above no further fieldwork is proposed for this site.
Acknowledgements
Background mapping has been reproduced by permission of the Ordnance Survey under Licence 100043217. Historic maps are courtesy of the National Library of Scotland. The archaeologist on site was John Wood. We are grateful to Steven Caudrey for commissioning the work and for his assistance on site; and to Harry Robinson for undertaking initial desk-based and field surveys of the micro-hydro scheme in August 201014. The present work builds on his results and takes into account design and other changes since then.
The report’s author and Highland Archaeology Services Ltd jointly retain copyright in all reports produced, but will allow the client and other recipients to make the report available for reference and research (but not commercial) purposes, either on paper, or electronically, without charge, provided this copyright is acknowledged.
14 Robinson, H, 2010 Archaeological walkover survey of proposed pipe line route of a hydro scheme: Part of Tighchuig Log Homes Development, Strathglass, Highland heritage Archaeological Consultancy, Glenmoriston
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Appendix 1: Features
See Figures 17 and 18 for location of features.
Table 1 Features
Feature Location (Grid No. Type Dimensions Ref) F1 Stone heaps (1) 13m x 5m. (1a) undefined NH 3894 3793 F2 Stone heap / hut 5.5m x 6.3m NH 3891 3786 F3 Stone heaps NH 3893 3788 F4 Stone heaps (1) 14m x 6.5m. (2) 4.7m diameter. NH 3881 3782 F5 Stone heap Undefined NH 3881 8378 F6 Group of buildings (6a) c. 9m x 5.5m (6b) c.10m x 6m (6c) c. 8m x NH 3863 3776 4.7m (6d) c. 5.2m x 7.7m (6e) c. 6.6m x 4m (from map) F7 Rectangular building c. 3.3m x 4m NH 3900 8378 F8 Stone heap c. 14m x 5m NH 3895 3780 F9 Stone dyke c. 1.8-2m x 30m. NH 3892 3776 F10 Stone dyke c. 1.8m x 32m. NH 3890 3774 F11 Field clearance heap c. 6m x 5m. NH 3898 3772 F12 Stone heap c. 5m x 5m. NH 3898 3770 F13 Stone heap c. 4.3m x 3.4m NH 3899 3770 F14 Stone heap c. 5m x 6.3m NH 3899 3764 F15 Rectangular cutting c. 3m x 3.3m NH 3900 3763 F16 Stone heap c. 4.6m x 7.5m NH 3892 3762 F17 Stone heap c. 4.6m x 7.5m NH 3891 3762 F18 Small building c. 7.4m x 4m. NH 3887 3754 F19 Stone heap c. 5.4m x 4.6m. NH 3888 3743 F20 Stone heap c. 7.6m x 5.6m. NH 3887 3745 F21 Stone heap c. 63m x 5m. NH 3888 3763 F22 Round house c. 14.6m x 16m NH 3896 3766 F23 Building Not surveyed NH 3825 3771
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Appendix 2: Photographs
All photographs were taken by John Wood on 18 November 2010. See Figure 17 for location of photographs (CP).
Table 2 Photographs Location No. (CP) Direction Subject Ref (Nos 1-13 not used) 14 CP1 N clearance F2 15 CP1 N clearance F2 16 CP2 E Walkers Welcome post 17 CP2 E post /view down to valley 18 CP2 SE Panorama 19 CP2 S Panorama 20 CP2 SW Panorama 21 CP2 WSW Panorama 22 CP2 W Panorama 23 CP2 WNW Panorama 24 CP2 NW Panorama 25 CP2 NNW Panorama 26 CP2 N Panorama 27 CP2 NNE Panorama 28 CP2 NE Panorama 29 CP3 E Panorama 30 CP3 S Gable ends of F6a, F6b F6 31 CP4 E View over houses F6 32 CP4 ENE Panorama F6 33 CP4 NNE Panorama 34 CP4 NNW Panorama 35 CP4 NW Panorama 36 CP4 WNW Panorama 37 CP4 W Panorama 38 CP4 SW Panorama 39 CP4 SSW Panorama 40 CP4 S Panorama 41 CP4 SSE Panorama F6d 42 CP5 SE General view
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Location No. (CP) Direction Subject Ref 43 CP5 NW Long view to intake 44 CP6 N N to intake 45 CP7 W Round House F22 46 CP8 SW Clearance heap and cutting F14-15 47 CP8 W Clearance heap and cutting F14-15 48 CP9 W Small rectangular building F18 49 CP10 SW Managers House site 50 CP10 W Clearance heap F19 51 CP11 NE Clearance heap F13 52 CP11 N Clearance heaps F11-12 53 CP12 SE Clearance heapS F11-12 54 CP12 W Clearance / dyke F9-10 55 CP13 NNE Dyke F10 56 CP14 SE Building F7 57 CP15 stones cleared from road F3 58 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 59 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 60 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 61 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 62 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 63 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 64 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 65 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S 66 CP16 Proposed site entrance area: panorama N-W-S
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Figure 17 Features and Camera Points
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Figure 18 Archaeological features and development footprint
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