sign in sign up
<<
Home , A Perfect Contradiction, Break the Cycle, Closest Thing to Heaven, Descendants (soundtrack), Get Busy, Healing Is Difficult

August 1, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21937 ·

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS EFFORTS OF THE GLASS CONTAIN­ tion. Further, glass can be remelted for use most abundant of raw materials-silica ( ordi­ ER INDUSTRY IN PROBLEMS OF in the manuf·acture of new containers or as nary sand), limestone, and soda ash, which SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT raw material for other industries. are used in roughly the same proportion as Used as a packaging material, glass is inert, they occur in the crust of the earth. Silica, transparent, impermeable, non-porous, sani­ which constitutes 73 percent of a glass con­ HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH tary, odorless, and can be multi-colored and tainer, is the most common substance in multi-shaped. Since it is inert, glass will not the earth's crust. It has been estimated that, OF WEST VIRGINIA leach, rust, rot, mold, putrefy, decompose, or at the present rate of use, the supply of IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES cause disease or noxious gases, as do many these ingredients of glass would last some 3 Friday, August 1, 1969 of the other packaging materials upon billion years. disposal. During proper disposal, glass can be reaq.- , Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, the In fact, glass has been shown to be of little ily reduced to small particles and so returns Committee on Public Works recently or­ or no problem in disposal. In a landfill, glass to the soil in virtually its original state, dered reported to the Senate, S. 7, a ma­ fragments will not contribute to settling contributing nothing to air, water, or land· jor piece of legislation in the control and problems; in incineration, glass fragments pollution. aid in aeration, do not produce gases, and Moreover, these raw materials are well-dis- · abatement of water pollution and in en­ can be reclaimed. In compooting, ground tributed about the country and exist gen­ hancing the quality of our environment. glass acts as a soil conditioner if not erally near the surface of the ground. The As soon as this motion is cleared from reclaimed. steps in their processing into containers are the Senate and from conference with The role of packaging is to serve people. much fewer than for almost any other pack­ the House, the Subcommittee on Air and If, through laws and regulations, packaging aging material. Sections of quarries from Water Pollution of the Committee on is so modified to facilitate disposal that its which these materials have been removed Public Works will begin work on S. 2005, efficiency and convenience to the consumer are now being offered to municipalities as the Resources Recovery Act of 1969, in­ are substantially reduced, then the public is good locations for sanitary landfills. not being served. The glass container manufac,turing process troduced on April 29 by the distinguished On the surface, there is a contradiction be­ is an unusually "clean" one, and the ef-. junior Senator from Maine (Mr. Mus­ tween the aims of the convenience packager, fluents from the plants have a very mini­ KIE) who has given such outstanding which seem to call for a relatively durable mal effect on the environment. The basic leadership in the field of environmental material, and those of the waste processor. raw materials are stored in closed hoppers, legislation during recent years. Fortunately, the conflict is not irreconcilable carefully weighed and mixed, and melted As the title of S. 2005 indicates, the fo­ and research should uncover new approaches and refined in continuous furnaces. The cus of this legislation is on the recovery and new attitudes which will resolve these glass is then fed into machines which auto­ and reutilization of solid waste materials, problems. matically form the bottles in molds, after This paper considers glass containers, not which they undergo controlled cooling and not merely on their disposal. As Senator only with regard to their disposability, but are inspected and packed, ready for use. · MUSKIE stated in introducing this meas­ also the part they play in the overall ecology Properties.-In service, the properties of ure. of our country, which involves the relation glass are such as to make glass a very near- • If future generations of Americans are to of mankind to the natural resources on which ly ideal packaging material from many inherit adequate economical supplies of the his whole way of life depends. There is great standpoints. For all practical purposes, it is natural resources, we must move now to find danger in discussing disposal or destruction chemically inert. It is the most universally new ways of reusing solid wastes. of discarded consumer materials without re­ compatible packaging material, a fact which gard to the whole cycle in which the packag­ elimhrates the need for compatability testing In this respect I draw the attention ing materials come off the land, and, if not or the need for modifying ideal formulations of my colleagues to a publication of the salvaged, return to the land or to the atmos­ of products when they are packaged in glass. Glass Container Manufacturers Insti­ phere. To bring about the greatest good for It adds nothing to, and takes nothing from, tute, Inc., entitled "The Role of Glass the greatest number-and, in fact, to pre­ the contents. Containers in Solid Waste Disposal." As serve life on this planet as we know it to­ Glass is transparent, impermeable to gases day-it is absolutely essential that we ·ap­ and liquids, non-porous, sanitary, odorless, this article indicates, the glass container proach this subject as conservationists and and it may be made in various colors and industry is thinking creatively and con­ not simply as packagers or waste processors. formed in an infinite variety of shapes and structively about the problems of solid Recently, a high government official likened sizes. It can be tightly sealed and resealed, waste management with respect to this the earth to a space ship circling in its whch is a matter of great importance to prod­ product. I therefore ask unanimoUs con­ orbit, without recourse to any outer source uots which are used a little at a time. sent that the article be published in its for provisions, or for the necessities of life. Glass containers are leak-proof and rigid, entirety in the RECORD at this point. Except for the fact that earth received most and have great vertical strength which per­ There being no objection, the article of its original energy from the sun, most of mits stacking many tiers high for conserva- . our natural resources are not inexhaustible, tion of warehouse space and for easier han­ ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as once thought. Thus, it is essential that dling. Their rigidity and transparency make as follows: they be conserved through selective produc­ possible high speed filling and inspection, THE ROLE OF GLASS CONTAINERS IN SOLID tive use and recycling, wherever possible. while the inherent strength of glass enables WASTE DISPOSAL This is the most important stewardship of this type of container to withstand the in­ (By John H. Abrahams, Jr., Manager, Envi­ our generation. Even "final" disposal must be ternal pressures generated by beer and car­ ronmental Pollution Control Programs, accomplished in such a manner that it does bonated beverages. and Richard L. Cheney, Executive Director, not create pollution problems. To facilitate Future of glass in packaging.-Glass is a Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, disposal at the expense of conservation and mature packaging material, time-tested. sta­ Inc.) the preservation of our environment would, ble, low cost, and widely available. Even so, ABSTRACT indeed, be to refute this stewardship. the industry is continually improving its There seems to be a contradiction between Recognizing this, the glass container in­ products through extensive research. This the aims of the convenience packager, who dustry apparently was the first to set up an continuing research is directed toward glass uses a relatively durable material, and those industry-wide environmental pollution con­ containers which will: trol program whose primary purpose was to of the waste processor, but the conflict is 1. Properly contain and protect the con- reconcilable. solve problems presented by its products in tents and, at the same time, Another problem, equally complex, is the solid waste disposal. The program, set up by 2. Offer increased convenience at low cost, the Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, 3. Be lighter and stronger, entire cycle of raw material, use, and dis­ Inc., in September 1967, also deals with air posal of these materials. Even "final" dis­ and water pollution problems of its member 4. Be more easily disposable. posal of these resources must be approached manufacturing plants. One goal is a glass container that wi!l not from a conservation viewpoint to avoid cre­ break when dropped on a tile floor, for ex­ ating more pollution and to preserve our Glass-the universal packaging material ample, but when hit hard enough to even­ environment. · People today are talking about an "ulti­ tually break, will fall into harmless gran­ Thus, glass can be considered a universal mate" packaging material, referring to its ules. A university scientist is working on a packaging material, since it is made from utility and disposibility. Perhaps they should water soluble glass, which would be protected the most abundant of raw materials and, be thinking in terms of an "universal" or by a coating inside and out but when broken during proper disposal, can be readily re­ "ideal" packaging material and measure would dissolve in the atmospheric moisture .. duced to small particles and returned. to the existing materials against this ideal. This Although there are some very serious prac­ soil in virtually its original state, contrib­ can be done with regard to glass containers. tical problems to be solved, this and other uting nothing to air, waste, and land pollu- Raw materials.-Glass is made from the new and imaginative approaches are encour-

/ 21938 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 1, 1969 aged by the glass container industry, and it manufacture of bottles and in other indus­ cleanup problems and costs. But much more again mustrates the versatility of this mate­ tries. needs to be done and the packaging industry rial called glass. The returnable beverage bottle and milk should substantially increase its financial Disposal bottle, of course, represent the ideal form of support of KAB and its related local activities. Many of these same properties whioh make recycling. However, the increasingly high cost GCMI's Environment Pollution Control glass an ideal packaging material also make of recovery and cleaning and the resistance Department is looking at the systems ap­ it suitable, if not ideal, for disposal. From on the part of retailers and consumers to re­ proach to solid waste mana,gemen t on an time to time, however, glass has been sin­ turning and handling the empties has re­ overall basis. Among other things, municipal­ gled out for criticism as a troublesome factor sulted in the rapid growth of non-returnable ities must seriously reappraise segregation of in solid waste disposal, but a number of containers. Extensive studies by marketing solid waste to facilitate salvage, reuse and facts esitablished through the research ac­ experts show that the consumer, mainly the recycling of the various waste materials. As tivities of the Institute's Environmental housewife, likes the convenience of the non­ part of the packaging industry, GCMI is Pollution Control Department support its returnable container, and will continue to interested in solving these problems, and is desirable disposal attributes. use them in preference to the returnable actively studying every possible reuse and The chief dual-property of glass for both container. secondary use of waste glass. In terms of our use and disposal is its virtually complete Serving the public stewardship of our natural resources and chemical inertness. It does not decompose The role of paokaging is to serve people, environment, it is felt that after salvaging, and, thus, will not react with the adjacent just as is the solid waste disposal function. composting should be used as widely as land or water to pollute it. Since it is inert, If, through laws and regulations, packaging possible. it wm not leach, rust, rot, mold, putrefy, is so modified to facilitate disposal that its In summary, the glass container industry is nor cause disease or noxious gases. Glass is efficiency and convenience to the consumer making substantial contributions to the pub­ one of the few, perhaps the only, packaging are substantially reduced, the public is not lic needs: material which is returned to the soil in being served. Experience has shown that the For packaging: nearly its original form. Thus, the cycle is disposal people cannot transfer their prob­ Glass is made from abundant, non-critical complete since the raw material is removed lems to others, through restricting non­ raw materials. in granular form and can be returned to the returnable containers, f~r exam.pie, because It is easily processed into low cost soil in similar form. the consumer then simply discards the re­ containers. In the three generally approved methods turnable containers which, being much heav­ These containers have exceptional qualities of solid was,te disposal in present use-sani­ ier, only increase the problem. As Clarence which make them ideal for many tary, landfill, incineration and com.posting­ Darrow once said, "Laws should be like produots. gla.ss, when properly handled, has certain ad­ clothes. They should be made to fit the people Flor disposal: vantages not enjoyed by other packaging they are meant to serve." Glass can be salvaged and recycled or materials. Glass, in fact, makes positive con­ From time to time the possibility of taxing reused. tributions to the efficiency of these methods. containers according to some arbitrary index Glass can be reduced by grinding to be­ Glass in Sanitary Landfill.-Glass is the of disposal difficulty has been suggested. come a beneficial ingredient of compost. most friable of all packaging materials and There are many obvious objections to such Glass is a desirable component of sanitary thus articles made of glass are easily reduced a. procedure. In the end, of course, the con­ landfills and does not cause pollution of in volume. If hit hard and often enough, sumer pays the tax, for it necessarily enters any sort. glass can be reduced to harmless particles the the price of the product, and becomes one of Glass is returned to the soil in almost its consistency of sand. Therefore, in a properly the "hidden" taxes. If the effect of such taxes original form. operated sanitary landfill, glass containers is to discourage the use of gl,ass containers, In addition, the industry is actively re­ can readily be reduced to small pieces, rather then, obviously, the result will be contrary to searching improvement in its products and than like other materials, being partially the overall public interest. in ways and means of facilitating recycling compressed into forms containing undesir­ The better course is to supply adequate produotive use and disposal of waste glass. able voids which trap liquids and gases, and funds from local taxes to the municipal possibly breeding spots for insects. Thus, a waste disposal departments. Industry gen­ maximum reduction in volume is possible. erally pays for its own waste disposal, and it ACOSCA-A TRIUMPH OF INTER­ Obviously, the glass fragments will not con­ is only right that households should do the NATIONAL COOPERATION tribute to settling and will create a firm same. Industry should actively help to con­ foundation for landfill which is later to be vince the public of the growing needs in this used for building purposes. area and assist the municipal waste disposal HON. JAMES G. FULTON Glass in Incineration.-Some criticism has people to obtain the necessary tax dollars to OF PENNSYLVANIA meet these needs. been made of the effect of glass containers IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES during incineration. Glass containers, in fact, Frequently, proposals are made that all enhance the operation of incinerators be­ pa0kages should be made of materials which Thursday, July 31, 1969 cause they do shatter as a result of heat readily decompose when discarded, on the shock in such a way as to aerate the batch. theory that roadside litter would at least Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. This same general effect can be achieved in thus gradually disintegrate. This, too, would Speaker, under leave to extend my re­ part by grinding all the refuse prior to be a poor solution to the roadside litter prob­ marks in the RECORD, I include the incineration. lem. Continuing roadside cleanup work would following: Glass and metal containers also have some­ be a must. Discarded package remains, clut­ [From the World Reporter, May 1969] times been cited as undesirable components tering our roadsides, and gradually decom­ posing, may be more difficult and costly to ACOSCA-A TRIUMPH OF INTERNATIONAL for incineration because they show up as in­ COOPERATION ert residue which must be hauled away. How­ pick up than present packaging. Moreover, ever, the organic matter "which goes up in the decomposing material may present a With the formation of the Africa Co­ smoke" uses huge quantities of oxygen from heal th hazard. operative Savings and Credit Association the air, and puts into the atmosphere tons No suitable beverage oontainer material (ACOSQA) in September, 1968, what has of corrosive gases which, of course, corrode known to the packaging industry today, ei­ often been called the "Dark Continent" be­ the metal parts of incinerators, and pollute ther in the U.S. or in Europe, has the quality came noticeably illuminated by the hopes of the atmosphere. Also, recent studies by the of degradability envisioned by those con­ international cooperation and friendship. U.S. Bureau of Mines indicate that glass cerned with the role of packaging in litter. What took seven years and the efforts of fragments in the residue can be reclaimed. The so-called "degradable" beer container countless organizations to accomplish will Thus, the non-combustible nature of glass announced last spring in Sweden has been probably affect the future growth of the and metal containers in the long run may withdrawn from the market because of "in­ African continent credit unions to the end very well be beneficial to our total environ­ sufficiently founded claims regarding degrad­ of the century and beyond. ment. ability." It was said to take two years to It all began in 1962 when the Saskatchewan "dissolve" and therefore could not be re­ Glass in Composting.-In the process of League wanted to suitably celebrate its 25th composting, glass reduces quickly to small, garded as a valid answer to any part of the anniversary. On the advice of Norm·an Riley, harmless granules in a grinder or shredder litter problem. who had spent six months teaching about and thus it becomes compactible without The best answer is an approach involving credit unions there, it decided to assist Tan­ clogging the grinder. In addition, it acts as a the following: ganyika. The League's initial contribution of soil conditioner in the compost, definitely 1. Public education to reduce littering. $14,000 was the beginning of CUNA's first improving its qualty. 2. Enactment and enforcement of more organized program in Tanganyika, now Tan­ effective anti-litter laws. zania. Before that, the World Extension De­ Productive use of discarded products.-In 3. Periodic roadside cleanup where and terms of our stewardship of our natural re­ partment had provided whatever assistance when littering does occur. it could through the mails and had helped sources, obviously salvage and recycling of Much progress has been made through train Africans for credit union work, but waste materials from packaging is the most Keep America Beautiful, Inc., and its many there had been no on-the-spot program. desirable system of waste disposal. Glass has local, state and regional cooperating or­ The Michigan League was happy to join unusual salvage prospects. For example, some ganizations, in anti-litter education. Coop­ in the venture, giving its assistant mall'aging waste container glass can be reused in the erating states report reduction in roadside director, Jack Dublin, a leave of absence to August 1, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21939 go to Africa. The Saskatchewan League con­ ful today and has had the financial assist­ THE 15 YEARS OF PROGRESS-A SMALL BEGINNING tributed an additional $10,000 and the Mich­ ance of MISEREROR. Saskatchewan can be When the World Extension Department igan League, $60,000 in all, to enable Dublin very proud that the Ghanan credit union came into existence on October 18, 1954, the to carry on his pioneering work. Today, the movement is still progressing beyond expec­ credit union world was far different fi;om to­ Tanganyika League is the strongest and most tations and has merited assistance from sev­ day. For one thing, the organized movement active center of credit unions in Africa be­ eral German F'oundations; the Central Raif­ was limited primarily to the United States cause of these efforts. feisen Bank of Utrecht, Holland; Catholic and Canada. Hemisphere totals listed only 8.9 After this small, but courageous beginning, Relief Services; CAFOD ( Catholic Funds million credit union members spread out in CUNA continued to work with grassroots Overseas Development of England) and U.S. 19,683 credit unions. Total assets of this leaders in the development of cooperative Peace Corps volunteers. movement were only $2.9 billion and loans savings and loan societies. After a while, gov­ Catholic Relief Services. Supporting the outstanding were $1.9 billion. ernment bodies took note of these societies, work of Father J. Van den Dries, probably Outside of the United States and Canada, suddenly realizing what impact they could the most knowledgeable credit union worker only a handful of countries had credit union­ have on development. in Africa, and his assistant, Father Dugas, like organizations and many of these could be Over the years CUNA, working with the would be a sizable contribution in itself. But traced to the influence of the original Raif­ Commissioners of Cooperatives of the differ­ besides this ORS alo provides one full-time feisen and Schulze-Delitzsch Societies of ent countries, cosponsored six international promoter of ACOSCA; one full-time native Germany. annual conferences in various countries. At fieldman for the Cameroons; one full-time Even though membership in CUNA was these meetings leaders reported on progress, native fieldman for Ethiopia; one full-time open to credit unions in the Western Hemi­ wrestled with their many problems, and tried native fieldman for Ghana; one part-time lo­ sphere, there was still a tremendous need. In to work out solutions with the help of knowl-· cal leader for Zambia; one part-time local its first year of operation, the World Exten­ edgeable national and international agencies. leader for Sierra Leone; and one part-time sion Department answered requests for credit Although Africans with widely divergent local leader for Liberia. union information from some 40 different political and religious beliefs participated in Agency for International Development. countries. these annual conferences, generally a spirit When the AID contract went into effect in Although complete figures for 1968 are not of good will and mutual help prevailed. After Tanzania in 1965, Jack Dublin stayed on for yet available, partial figures still give an im­ six years of working together in this manner, two more years as CUNA/ AID Country Pro­ pressive idea of the progress made in these the historic decision was made. CUNA In­ gram Director. With this technical assist­ fifteen years. Worldwide today, there are over ternational and the Savings and Credit ance, credit union membership has increased 53,000 credit unions, over 33.3 million mem­ Union League of Tanganyika were asked to by 9,000 and savings tripled to over $1.2 bers, assets of $16.8 billion and loans out­ take the lead in convening a meeting to million since 1967. standing of more than $12.6 billion. Outside form a new and potentially continent-wide MISEREOR. The German Catholic relief of the U.S. there are almost 30,000 operating association of African credit union move­ organization, MISEREOR, has repeatedly credit unions. Approximately 13.3 million ments. made financial contributions to CUNA's over­ members belong to these overseas credit On September 12, 1968, the Africa Coopera­ seas programs. Most recently, it donated unions.' tive Savings and Credit Association was ac­ $7,000 to cover delegate travel expenses to At yearend 1968, region by region, approxi­ tually formed when representatives from 15 the ACOSCA organization meeting. And mate credit union figures were as follows: African nations met in Nairobi with many earlier, it gave $11,400 so that 29 Africans Canada, 4,700; Mexico, 700; Caribbean, 700; organizations observing. Present were leaders could attend the Fifth African Conference Latin America, 4,400; Europe, 300; Africa, from Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, on the Mobilization of Local Savings. 2,500; Asia, 2,100; Far East, 13,800; and the Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, the island The Central Raiffeisen Bank of Utrecht, Pacific, 1,400. of Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tan­ Holland. This national association of Dutch Credit union members can be justly proud zania, Uganda, Upper Volta, and Zambia. Raiffeisen creddt cooperatives is donating of this progress, but in truth, the surface Upper Volta, Sierra Leone and Congo added $46,200 over the next five yea.rs to assist cred­ has only been grazed, not even scratched. much to discussions but did not actually­ it union development in Ghana and Uganda With over 3.4 billion people in the world vote or sign the constitution and bylaws of as part of its celebration of Raiffeisen's 150th today, the 33 million credit union members A COSCA. birthday. represent less than 1 % . At least 10 times this For the present, political situations in Other Leagues. Through the Miles for number is needed to play a truly effective the North and South will make ACOSCA pri­ Millions Project in Alberta, $30,000 has al­ role in world development. Let's take a look marily an association of East, South East and ready been made available for African, de­ at progress-and problems-in the various West Africa movements, but delegates made velopment. In addition, a fieldman for Leso­ areas. it clear that future memberships from other tho is being financed for three years through Latin America African movements will be joyously wel­ a $13,500 contribution by the Alberta comed. League. Ontario has been a participant in The Latin American movement is begin­ Eight member countries were elected to the the Kenya project for over two years, and ning to mature, although there are still many first board of directors including Cameroon, has now contributed over $18,000. The Ohio problem areas to be resolved. The govern­ Lesotho, Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, Credit Union League is helping the Lagos ment's Extended Risk Guarantee Loan Pro­ Uganda and Mauritius. A ninth member will League by financing a fieldman for that gram has gone into effect for Latin America be added when another nation qualifies area. and approximately $1 million is expected to through establishment of a national com­ Besides the above agencies, many other flow through it. mittee, league or other growing organization. organizations are providing an unprece­ The Centralization of Funds and Account­ The board then selected an executive com­ dented amount of financial and technical ing System (COFAC) is now operating in mittee consisting of Tanzania, chairman; resources toward continent-wide develop­ Panama, Colombia and Nioaragua. This sys­ Nigeria, secretary; and Lesotho, treasurer. ment in Africa, including the Raiffeisenbanks tem is designed to free sums for large-scale The new association will have its main head­ of Europe, Canadian External Aid, the Peace development by establishing effective fed­ quar~rs at Nairobi, Kenya, and three re­ Corps, several German foundations, the In­ eration interlending programs. At the same gional offices. ternational Cooperative Alliance, the edu­ time, local groups are freed from paperwork CUNA and CRS played a major role in cational institutions of Africa, the Coady and can concentrate on the crucially im­ launching ACOSCA, but the dedication and International Institute, and United Nations portant work of member education and tech­ help of myriad other organizations were also Development Program. Several other organi­ nical assistance. essential ingredients of success. zations have indicated interest in helping The highly-successful Directed Agricul­ The Credit Union Leagues Serving Saskat­ in the future. tural Production Credit Program has now chewan and Michigan. Not only did these But despite the vigorous participation of been applied to 34 credit unions in Ecuador, leagues make possible CUNA's first organized so many respected agencies, ACOSCA still Bolivia and Costa Rica. These credit unions program in Africa, but they have contributed needs much additional help if it is to get have 8,500 members and $798,000 in savings. generously ever since. Michigan has given off the ground. During the September Nai­ Under the DAPC program, credit union mem­ $60:000 to the Africa project and pledged a robi meeting, a Five Year Development Plan bers will be able to permanently increase further $11,000 over a three-year period for Committee surveyed the needs of the coun­ their productivity, income and standard of the Tanganyika League. The Michigan tries represented and put together a mini­ living. For example, in the affected areas of League has also announced it will match any mum list of requirements for effective devel­ Ecuador, crop production has doubled as a donations made by other leagues to the opment over the next five years. There is a result of DAPC. Africa Five Year Development Project up to desperate need for $2.4 million in additional The 12 Latin American countries with a predetermined amount. funds over a five-year period to pay the costs CUNA/ AID contracts continue to make out­ The contributions of the Saskatchewan of ACOSCA plus technical assistance in three standing progress. Savings reached close to League have also been commendable. Along­ regions. This is actually not a great deal con­ $80 for each of the almost 746,000 members, . side the pioneering work done by Norman sidering that Africa has a population of over a phenomenal amount considering that the Riley in East Africa, one of its able young 300 million people divided into over 50 coun­ average annual income is less than $100 a credit union leaders, Gary Churchill, spent tries. But it is a crucial amount which will year. Loans went up 14% in Latin American two years in Ghana, West Africa, from 1963 determine whether this project of hope dwin­ countries to over $60 million. Membership too to 1965. The credit union program he dles or fulfills its promise of continent-wide showed healthy growth, increasing over 18 % launched in Northern Ghana is very succe'ss- betterment. from last year's figure of 630,000. 21940 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 1, 1969 Yet despite the gratifying progress, there also oo.lls for training centers for African It was quite a sacrifice for a small credit are many real problems in Latin America.. credit union leaders and regional offices with union to make, but Cua wrote, "It makes us Many countries desperately need the passage bilingua.l staff. feel good to give this amount ... and we of credit union laws. In Mexico, a technician Although there ts already considerable as­ shall hope that bigger and wealthier cred'it could easily work full-time seeking these sistance from AID (in Tanzania), Catholic unions will see the value of this example for laws. Other needs can be summarized as Relief Service, several leagues and interna­ the good of our movement . . . full measure managerial training, member education, cen­ tional groups, $2.4 million is still needed in of support means that big credit uniOIIls feel tralization of funds, seed capital organization additional funds to make these plans a it is their obligation to support poor oredit and equipment. reality. unions, by foregoing some of the their divi­ In some countries, runaway inflation and The Far East dends, knowing that this can bring about devaluation of currency make it hard to Another milestone was achieved recently more valuable 'dividends' in terms of human justify savings to the impoverished. To com­ with the Third Asian Regional Credit Union development in areas we oannot even see or bat this, CUNA and LARO are proposing Training Conference. Fifteen countries, hear." that a Regional Financial Organization be twelve international organizations and vari­ In Ontario, Hepcoe Credit Union again set set up to help provide for maintenance of ous socio-economic development agencies an example in its league by contributing value. from various coUllltries participated to learn $2,000 for the third time in three years. Its Heightening the problems in Latin Amer­ how credit unions can augment their other donation made up approximately two-thirds ica is its mushrooming population. The al­ development activities. of the entire $3,052 gift from Ontario. most 2.3 million members are insignificant Only five Asian countries, the Philippines, Hepcoe was only one of nine Ontiario credit when compared to an estimated almost 257 Korea, Hong Kong, Japan and China have unions which contributed to the league­ million population which is growing at the leagues. As yet, these leagues are too young sponsored Kenya project during March. Oth­ fastest rate of any area. To communicate to stand alone. The Indian movement, which ers were: Rochdale CU, $420; CUNA (Hamil­ with as many people as possible, LARO inspired Filene, has still not developed state, ton) CU, $200; Fecil (New Toronto) CU, Un­ worked full-time to publish manuals, leaf­ regional or national credit union organiza­ ion Gas Employees of Chatham and Comput­ lets, quarterly reports and several different tions which could greatly speed development. ing Devices Employees of Ottawa, $100 each; publications. Over 1.8 million sheets of paper Many organizations are assisting in this Ingersol Machine Steelworkers and Oxford were processed-pretty good for only one area including SEARSOLIN (South East Asia Farmers' Cooperative, Woodstock, $50 each; moderately-sized press. Rural Social Leadership Institute); the Vol­ Schell Employees, Woodstock, $32. Total Con­ During the last year the CUNA Interna­ untary Credit Union Training Center in Tai­ tributions from Ontario to Kenya now total tional Foundation was able to give financial wan; the Cooperative Educational Institute $21,000. assistance to the following countries: in Korea; the Credit Union Information Certainly one of the most regular contrib­ Mexico, $6,000; Peru, $3,000; Uruguay, $3,500; center of Sophia University, Japan; the Co­ utors is the Ada.nae Credit Union Society and Venezuela, $6,000. operative Training Institute in Vietnam; and Limited, Winnipeg. This year's check for $100 Uruguay and three other countries, Para­ the Social Institute of Indonesia. was the fourteenth consecutive such dona­ guay, Guyana and Surinam, presently repre­ Another helpful organization is the tion. Other generous organizations during sent the most crucial needs. CUNA has been Socio-Economic Life in Asia (SELA), a de­ the last quarter were: Sherwin Williams Em­ giving them sporadic technical and financial velopment program operated by Jesuit mis­ ployees CU, Illinois, $100; CUM Association assistance whenever possible, but these in­ sionaries backed primarily by the Asia (Michigian) $100 for Mexico; E. G. Fritter Me­ cipient movements are in a critical stage of Foundation. The Texas and Michigan morial Fund, $50; EIML cu (Utah), $25; development and could fail without further Leagues have also helped the Korean and Tamiami OU (Florida), $100; Minneapolis help. Taiwan Leagues, respectively. During 1968, Federal Employees CU, $100; New Mexico The Caribbean Korea became the first Asian nation to par­ Central CU, $60; Humble Employees CU Over 700 credit unions are seeking a better ticipate in the CUNA/ AID partnership. (Texas), $25; Winnipeg Terminal CU, $92; way of life for their members in the many But other countries in this region will CU League of Saskatchewan, $300 for Ecua­ islands of the Caribbean Sea. Some of the get their primary help from the oriental re­ dor; Darlmouth (Nova Scotia) Comm.unity movements like Jamaica and Trinidad have gional fleldman who will soon be appointed. CU, $100 for Lesotho; and Camera Heights reached self-sufficiency, but the Eastern Unless other technicians join him, he has (Mt. Dennis, Ontario) CU, $200. The Massa­ caribbean territories are still in great need of a gigantic task ahead of him, trying to serve chusetts CUNA Credit Union Association and technical ,assistance. this needy area which encompasses half the Michigan League gave $15 and $25 respec­ During 1968, two new regional credit union population of the world. tively in memoriam for Leo Corcoran. organizations emerged in this area, the Contributions were not limited to organiza­ Caribbean Conference of Credit Unions and The South Pacific tions either. Individual donations were re­ the Eastern Caribbean Council of Credit The South Pacific may be a paradise in ceived from W. A. Atkins, Archie Cameron, Unions. The former is primarlly an educa­ climate, but this does not keep poverty from and Thomas Roby. The smallest donation was tional/promotional organization concerned stalking the shores of it.s many islands. received from Qulnte Chapter POR Meeting with the annual seminar on credit union de­ The 700 Australian credit unions &Te do­ in Ontario. But the $1.74 donation for Kenya velopment in the region while the latter is a ing everything possible to help their 700 will be very meaningful when used in a coun­ new federaition of eight former British East­ credit union neighbors, but the Australian try where salaries may be as low as 14¢ a day. ern Caribbean territories. movement ls still young itself. One of the most promising programs in the It is hampered by the vast distances in­ Caribbean is to have experts from North volved and the slowness it takes to travel FEDERAL AID FOR SCHOOLS IN America make short visits to consult on spe­ from remote island to remote island. One of IMPACTED AREAS cific programs. R. A. Monrufet, Baldur R. the biggest hopes for the future is the large Johnson and Barney Martin, managing di­ number of Peace Corps volunteers scattered rectors from British Columbia, Saskatchewan throughout these islands. If they oould be HON. HARRY F. BYRD, JR. and Manitoba, respectively, made thls short given direction and assistance by a few tech­ OF VIRGINIA v1sit to Jaimaica during 1968. Canadian Ex­ nicians, undoubtedly these Peace Corps ternal Aid is also considering providing tech­ volunteers could do much for economic de­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES nica,l assistance in these areas. But to be velopment in the area. Friday, August 1, 1969 really effective, several full-time technicians In conclusion, the credit union movement are a necessity because of the difficulty in has made a valiant beginning in attacking Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President, traveling between islands. the overwhelming problems of overseas the Norfolk Ledger-Star of July 29 in­ Africa areas. In many areas the effects of mutue.l cluded a thoughtful editorial on the pro­ help are beginning to be felt, but it will take gram of Federal aid for schools in im­ The forma,tion of the Africa Cooperative much more international cooperation and Savings and Credit Association is by far the pacted areas. The editor of the Ledger­ concern in the credit union tradition to win Star is William H. Fitzpatrick. greatest accomplishme

Ailene Miller Williams presented it to me and landed at New York, but no two branches or two in the low inland hills, thought anx­ at her home in Champaign, Illinois. Some of the family agree on the exact year and iously of his decision to seek freedom in details from Jane Sandusky and Mrs. Taylor whether anyone accompanied him or not. America. In Poland he would have been a were added to the story. Did he make his way to Holland and come prisoner of war. In America he was a trail­ It probably happened at the beginning of with the Dutch to New York? Or blazer. Some friends probably asked him be­ the Great Northern War in 1700 when Swe­ and across the Atlantic with some Hugue­ fore he got on the sailing ship if he knew den invaded Polish territory on the Gulf of nots? Or was he one of the immigrants the practical obstacles he faced. He had to Riga. Brave, adventurous, loyal subjects of brought over from Scotland and England? learn a new language. He had to practice Poland, Anthony Sadowski and his brother As pieces of information were added to new customs. He had to deal with more dif­ quickly left home to take up arms in defense the puzzle, the evidence confirmed a tradi­ ferent groups of people than he ever did in of their country. tion that Anthony Sadowski, prior to his the Old World. Misfortune followed them. Somewhere in emigration to the American colonies, spent To his amazement, he found, at the sea­ the invasion of Riga by the Swedish troops a few years in Scotland. The first records port where he landed, that a number of Poles under Marshall Fleming in the spring of that refer to him in America tie him in with had come there in the previous century and 1700, Anthony was captured by a "press­ William Laing, a Scotch immigrant and a contributed to the growth of New Amster­ gang" and his brother was killed in a sur­ wealthy planter of Freehold, New Jersey. dam. During the period that Peter Stuyves­ prise attack on their position. When An­ The first record is dated May 21, 1709, when ant was governor of the Dutch colony, one thony refused to enter the service of a group Anthony Sadowski, William Laing, and Rich­ of his aides was Daniel Litscho (Liczko), a of Swedish soldiers, he was brought before ard Clark were witnesses to the will of Ben­ Polish army officer from Koszalin, and Mar­ one or two Swedish officers for questioning. jamin Cook, another planter of Freehold. tin Krygier, another Pole, was a burgomas­ He refused to reveal the sites of Polis:~ for­ William Laing died about the same time, and ter. In 1659, five years before Stuyvesant tifications, how many men held them, and when an inventory of his estate was filed in ceded the Dutch colony to James, Duke of where the Polish supplies were kept. He 1710, it showed that Anthony Sadowski owed York, a Polish scholar, Dr. Alexander Cur­ guarded such vital information with his life. him one pound and five shillings, but the debt tius (Kurcyusz), arrived and founded in New To force him to talk, his captors put him was paid by the time the estate was settled Amsterdam one of the first institutions of upon a rack, an unusual looking wooden in 1716. WHliam Laing's brother was mas­ higher learning in America. At the same framework, tying his ankles to the bottom of ter of a school in Cannongate, Edinborough, time Albert Zabriskie, or Albridt Zaborow­ the frame and his wrists to a wooden bar at Scotland, and his cousin was master of a ski as he signed his name, who left Poland the top. He was questioned again. At the school at Leith, Scotland. It is believed because of religious unrest, took an interest same time the bar was turned in such a way that Anthony Sadowski fell back on his in the land along the Passaic River in New that he felt his joints were being pulled linguistic skill to earn a living and taught a Jersey and eventually owned more land than apart. For two days he endured this torture. foreign language in one of the private schools he could walk around in one day. When he stubbornly refused to reveal any in Scotland. But of this no one can be sure, If Sadowski had met any of his country­ secrets, he was removed half dead to a prison except that the two schoolmasters from Scot­ men and knew them any length of time in ship in the Gulf of Riga. land, both named Alex Laing, picked An­ New Amsterdam, the feeling of being part On board ship he apparently pretended he thony Sadowski to make a detailed account of America would have come faster to him was dead. He was left unguarded. His hands of William Laing's estate in 1710. than it did to the common, run-of-the-mill and feet, of course, were numb, but he could If one studies family records, however, colonists in the wilderness. Historical re­ stare past. his guards into the water and esti­ one can find evidence that he was in America searchers, however, have found no proof of mate the distance to shore. When the ship much earlier than 1709. His wife, Marya this connection; some, in fact, are trying to was nine miles from shore, he got a chance Bordt, or Mary Bird as it was Anglicized, locate records of a colony of Polish Protes­ to take off his clothes, tie ten pounds of came of Dutch forebears who were located at tants in New Jersey, supposedly founded by coin in a sack around his neck, and jump Mespatch Kills (Newtown), Long Island, as Zabriskie at the beginning of the eighteenth from the snip under the cover of darkness. early as 1682. According to records of the century, to see if Anthony Sadowski might The moment he got into the water he was Raritan Dutch Reformed Church, she was have been among them. faced with stiffness. He was not sure he still not married in 1704 when she was a · No doubt exists, though that Anthony could swim to shore. But even as he struggled witness to the baptism of her brother's child. Sadowski fitted quickly into the ways of in the water, he knew he had only postponed The average age of girls who married then colonial New Jersey. Within a decade of his the inevitable. The best he could hope for was 14 or 15 years. Presumably she was arrival he witnessed a will, prepared an in­ would be a quick death by drowning rather about that age when she married Anthony ventory of a man's estate, and had a fair ac­ than the long, drawn out torture at the stake. Sadowski, who was at least twice her age. count wtih Captain John Bowne, an old His mouth must have twisted in an ironic Their daughter, Justina, gave birth to a established merchant at Matawan, a village grin. It might have been better after all if son, James Warren, named after her hus­ on the south side of Raritan Bay, across from his captors had tortured him to death. band, on May 3, 1722. If Justina was at Staten Island. No man could have performed Instinctively, he swam as the water wet least 16 years old at her son's birth, she all these things unless he was held in high his body. A few minutes of swimming grad­ would have been born not later than 1706. esteem and showed some intelligence, energy, ually restored the · circulation to his arms Thus it is reasonable to suppose that An­ honesty, and hospitality. and legs, which had been tightly bound for thony Sadowski and Mary Bird were married The first records of his presence in Ameri­ two days. He held on desperately as he nar­ between 1704 and 1706, and that he arrived ca show that he settled, at least for awhile, rowed the distance between him and shore. at New Amsterdam, as New York was then in Monmouth County, New Jersey, probably He floated whenever he needed to catch his known, between 1702, the beginning of Queen Matawan, Freehold, or near one of those breath, but each stroke took him closer to Anne's reign, and his marriage to Mary Bird. places. The area had been inhabited for the freedom and he forced himself on. Finally Brief and incomplete as it is, this is the most part by Dutch settlers from New York he reached land and limped away into the background of a Polish pioneer in America. and the western towns of Long Island prin­ countryside, sore and bruised, but safe. In later life Anthony Sadowski made no cipally between 1690 and 1720. As the names Evidently he did not go back home. He speeches and wrote no memoirs reminiscing suggest, Sadowski associated with men who would have been shot or hung if recaptured. about his European experiences. His early sedately raised families, cultivated the soil, Some American branches of the family, to­ descendants likewise recorded but little. held political offices, traded with Indians, gether with the Sadowski in Poland who They carried stories about him in the ural and reverently attended church. While living talked with Mrs. Taylor in 1919, created tradition for more ·than two centuries, and among the Cooks, the Laings, the Bownes, confusion by claiming that two brothers small details, unusual words or phrases like the Lincolns, the Warrens, and other fami- , came to America. Jacob E. Sandusky; .who "nine miles from shore," "press-gang," "ten lies, he decid~d to marry the daughter of a wrote an account of the family in 1888, was pounds in coin," '!put upon the rack," and Dutch settler along the Raritan River. One aware of this confusion, and he specifically other things indicate that folklore, if used of six children, his wife, Marya Bordt, who said that the progenitor of the American clan with facts and figures, can be a valuable was born at Mespath Kills, Long Island, "was the only one of the name that ever tool in writing history. This account of his brought another strong pioneer into the came to America/' Not until I met Joan San­ ·early life is necessarily a composite of many Sadowski family. dusky, a member of the branch that settled traditions. The prospect of raising a family in New long ago near Danville, Illinois, was I able to II Jersey did not appeal to the newlyweds. clear up this confusion about the two broth­ Crossing the wide, deep Atlantic Ocean in Fields barely thirty years cleared of pine ers. In her family it was always said that the early part of the eighteenth century trees had not shown as much fertility as new one was killed in battle and the other came meant more than merely giving up charming farmers were :finding in parts of Pennsylvania to America. Credit Mrs. Taylor, however, for castles and gilded uniforms for a rugged and New York. Just as the younger sons of learning that Anthony Sadowski left Poland, land of wild animals and still wilder Indians. the Dutch farmers of Long Island left their leaving family and possessions behind, at the It had not been an easy matter for some homesteads to make homes for themselves time of the Swedish invasion. aristocrats to leave the luxuries they had in New Jersey, Anthony Sadowski now led Another puzzle is the question of where always enjoyed in Europe for the harsher Mary, as Marya shortened her name, to Penn­ he spent two or more years prior to his life of America. sylvania, which had been inaugurated by emigration to the New World. Everybody As his ship approached the island of Man­ William Penn about thirty years before and agrees that he came to this country in the hattan, Anthony Sadowski, gazin5 out. at the had since then shown more religious free­ reign of Queen Anne of England (1702-1714) quaint, slant-roofed houses and a windmill dom and self-government than any other 21956 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 1, 1969 colony in America. Since Penn was a Quaker, "We will not be far wrong if we imagine tor, had pioneers like the Sadowskis in mind many Quakers, persecuted in England, came Antoni traveling, then, by the Burlington when he delivered the following words: to Pennsylvania, but for the most part they Path, with a pack horse or two, to Peter "When tillage begins, other arts follow. clustered in and near Philadelphia. Jagow's Inn; and thence perhaps by canoe, The farmers therefore are the founders of To make finer sites available to them, Penn while a servant takes the pack horses down human civilization." offered land practically for nothing to Rev. streams, over a path, to Philadelphia, where In 1712, forty years before Berks County Andrew Rudman, head of the Swedish set­ he stays until he has located and bought the was formed for the most part from the upper tlers in Philadelphia since his arrival from land he wants; and then by canoe again up sections of Philadelphia and Lancaster Gestricia, Sweden, on June 24, 1697, in order the Schuylkill to his new home." counties, Manatawny, Molatten, Morlatton, to create a new Swedish settlement in a sec­ The land he bought must have seemed to or whatever name was in usage, looked like tion of the province not already taken up him such as Moses promised the children an abandoned baby on the frontier line of or seated. The Swedish clergyman and his of Isra el. In every direction he could see an Pennsylvania. Only a handful of the original followers selected 10,550 acres of land along almost unlimited supply of oak, hickory, Swedish grantees were still around. Life in the Schuylkill River, site of the present vil­ ash and maple trees. He was struck by the the area grew more varied after Sadowski lage of Douglassville, and Penn sent David natural beau ty of its surrounding hills, the Joined Mounce Jones, John Justice, Jonas Powel to make the first survey for them on majesty of the winding, narrow river, and Yocum, Justice Justafson and other settlers October 21, 1701. The canny Quaker leader the fertility of the soil. He found waters on the Swedish tract. Someone dubbed the expected that the Swedes, whose forebears springing out of the meadows and hills. poorly defined animal and Indian path which had first settled on the banks of the Dela­ Purchase of the 400 acres throws light on ran past Sadowski's homestead the King's ware six years before he was born in 1644, the character of its new owner. For one Highway. As he used it, he could see the would leave Philadelphia and sell their at­ thing it showed he had good judgment, for advance of settlement up the Schuylkill. tractive places to his followers. It took him, the land was admirably suited for small di­ At least two children of the Swedish pio­ however, more than four years to issue six­ versified agriculture, dairy herds, and live­ neers branched out and established homes in teen patents, and by that time the ardor of stock production. It was shaped like an ir­ their midst. They were Magdalen Rudman, some Swedes for a new settlement was gone. regular pa rallelogram. At one end lay the the founder's eldest daughter, who married The name of the settlement was subject Schuylkill River and a large mead·ow and Andrew Robeson, (1686-1740), and Magdalen to change at the whim of any man. Origi­ at the other end Mana.tawny Creek and Jones, whose father built the first stone nally, it was Manatawny, named for the creek rocky slopes. Between were thick woods at house of the settlement in 1716, became the that ran from the rear of the tract into the least three miles long, a rambling brook, and second wife of Marcus Hulings (1687-1757). Schuylkill at Pottstown. Marcus Hulings, a large number of acres suitable for fields By 1718 Sadowski and some of his neigh­ who was of French-Swedish descent, cor­ and pastures. The two previous owners never bors on the Swedish tract believed it was rupted it to Manathanim, and Rev. Sam­ touched the land. time for them to have their own township. uel Hesselius, whom he obtained in 1720 to At forty-five years of age, Sadowski was They engaged George Boone, an English serve as the first rector of St. Gabriel's undoubtedly charmed as he looked at his Quaker, who eventually became the grand­ twisted the name still further and gave it a land without a sign of anyone el,se ever hav­ father of Daniel Boone, to survey the boun­ Swedish ending "ten," thus making it Molat­ ing been there. It was h1s own land, his own daries and prepare the application for a new ten. Two other ministers who held services part of a new country, a challenge for him township. They suggested the name Amity in the rude log cabin, Muhlenberg and Mur­ and his family to make this untouohed part for the township because they enjoyed ray, who were not familiar with the Swedish of America into something of their very peaceful relations with neighboring Indians. language, changed the next to last letter own, without help, without anything but a Soon afterwards the name was approved from "e" to "o". Sandwiched between them few simple tools, their bare hands and a tre­ in the Court of Quarter Sessions at Phila­ was another Swedish Lutheran, Rev. John mendous faith that they could make a liittle delphia, the township was erected, ·and a Abraham Lidenius, and he was typical of part of the wilderness a wonderful place in constable and other necessary officers were people of the Swedish tongue who frequently which to live. appointed. However, no records were made change "l" to "rl" in their speech. Lidenius On a slope rising up from the river he cut of the proceedings. The inhabitants of the got mixed up and spelled the name Morlat­ down trees and built a rude hut until he township, including Andrew Sadowski, the ten. After the congregation broke with the could afford to build a bigger house out of son o! the Polish pioneer, signed another Swedish Lutheran tradition and became local stone on a narrow road which ran petition in 1744 to renew the act of incor­ Episcopalian in the 1950's, wholesale changes parallel with the river across one end of his poration. were made in the village name. It was suc­ tract. His coat of anns meant nothing in the Next after Amity Township was erected cessively known as White Horse, Warrens­ democr.a,cy of frontier life. The measure of a the settlers got a burial ground without ask­ burg, and Douglassville. man was his abillty to clear the forests, ing for it. Andrew Robeson, a highly re­ No sooner had the Swedes received their build a house, and put in crops. Saidowski spected man of Scotch descent, having patents from the proprietor of Pennsylvania must have found new thrills like Cincin­ served as Justice of Peace for many years in than they began to divide their grants and natus of old in following the plow, breeding Philadelphia County, came to visit his son sell portions to land speculators and new horned caittle, sheep, lambs, and horses, and and daughter-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Andrew immigrants. Among them was Anthony Sa­ sending wheat to grist mills down the river. Robeson, and liked the solitude of their farm dowski. On January 21, 1712, he bought 400 Achievement and recognition came from at Molatten so much that he picked a spot acres of land along the river for thirty pounds continuous hrard work. in the corner of a wheat field for his grave. from Thomas Andrews, a Philadelphia bar­ His wife and daughters grew up amid pio­ When he died on February 19, 1719, at 66 ber-surgeon who speculated in real estate, neer surroundings and were well acquainted years of age, his son buried the body on the and Andrews in turn got it in 1706 from with the hardships of frontie·r life. They d,id east bank of the Schuylkill River and Mathias Holstein, a native Philadelphian of erected a tombstone over the grave. Today Swedish descent who did not care to join the not have the conveniences that housewives have today. They had to do a lot of things it is the oldest gravestone in Berks County. pioneers in the wilderness. It says: There is no record of the route Anthony that are now conducted in factories. Weav­ Sadowski took from New Jersey to Pennsyl­ ing, dyeing, tailoring, dressmaking, even the Removed from noise and care vania. However, his descendants, Mrs. Arlene tanning of skins into leather, were ordinary This silent spot I chose, Miller Williams, who made an exhaustive household operations which Mrs. Sadowski When death should end my year study of all the material she could find on and her d,augh ters had to conduct or assist To take a sweet repose. her noble ancestor, produced this theory: in doing. They also had to make butter, cheese, candles, matches and a hundred other Here in a peaceful place "My personal belief is that Antoni moved My ashes must remain, westward because he was natµrally adven­ items. Sadowski himself obviously had no time to help them. My Saviour shall me keep turous, restless, and daring, and could not be And raise me up again. contented in the quiet backwaters of Free­ By carving a farm out of the wilderness hold when the great, far-reaching rivers, for­ he demonstrated what became a Sadowski Without being guilty of exaggeration a ests, and mountains of unexplored Pennsyl­ family trait. In the future male members o! biographer of Anthony Sadowski could say vania urgently called him. To a person of the clan scattered through the American that he took part in the ·most mysterious this type the call of an unexplored road is frontier and helped to push its boundaries as beginning of a church in America. If he was strong. And right thru Freehold went an far west as they could go and to the borders not present at the funeral of Judge Robeson, Indian trace that led from New York to the of Canada. With brave spirits, axes and he knew about it because young Andrew settlements on the Delaware. That it was rifles, they moved from place to place to con­ Robeson and his wife donated the ground to used at a very early date is proved, for in quer and subdue the wilderness, build roads, the settlement for the burial of other bodies 1668 Peter Jagow, a famous Indian trader, open farms, erect chur_ches and school houses, and the erection of a church. On March 27, obtained a grant to take up land at Mattine­ and found cities. Although the farming tra­ 1720, Marcus Hulings, with whom Sadowski kunck, called from him 'Chygoe's Island,' dition was paramount in the early days, later frequently conferred, and "other respect­ and kept a house there for entertainment of generations bred ministers and teachers, law­ able inhabitants" were sent to Philadelphia travellers going to the Delaware settlments. yers and Judges, bankers and merchants, me­ for the purpose of finding a clergyman to Burlington grew up at that place, and the chanics, and so on. Most branches of the erect a church and conduct services for their old Indian trace became 'the Burlington family supplied soldiers who fought actively religious well being. Path.' From Jagow's down the Delaware, at one time or another for their freedom. Rev. Samuel Hesselius, assistant rector at travel was mostly by canoe. Daniel Webster, a celebrated American ora- Gloria Del, a lovely small Swedish Lutheran August 1, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21957 church on the banks of the Delaware in what he acquired in hs lifetime, and how he dowski that he was physically fitted for the Philadelphia, accepted their call, and shortly disposed of his estate is like the task of an rigors of journeys into the wilderness. Within after organized the congregation known as St. archaeologist who must piece together scat­ a short time he was transformed into a typi­ Gabriel's. For a year or more, in this tiny tered fragments into the object they once cal Indian trader. outpost of civilization, he christened the formed. According to an inventory of his As the Indian chiefs were treated well by newborn, comforted the bereaved, and said estate, Sadowski did not believe in luxury William Penn and his successors, Sadowski the final prayers over the dead. Each mem­ and display, but he believed in being was able to step into their villages with open ber contributed his share to the salary of well protected and well stocked with live­ arms. He learned the Delaware and Iroquois the rector. Then Rev. Hesselius complained stock. He left a personal estate valued at languages and had an intimate knowledge that his hearers were few and unable to sup­ 565 pounds. of Indian habits and customs. His family port him. He left Molatten, as he called the His plantation and 200 acres of land were worried about the difficulties and dangers place, and went to Wilmington, Delaware. St. valued at 200 pounds, and 300 other acres of of these trading expeditions, but he always Gabriel's was then without a regular min­ land 150 pounds. The wheat and rye he had answered the remonstrances of his wife and ister for twelve or thirteen years and with­ planted at the time of his death was worth children with going again. In the course of out a church until some members built a thirteen pounds. He left some books, a watch, these long trips, he blazed new trails and rude log cabin in 1736. carpenter and farming tools, two guns, three expanded the Americ,an fur trade. As members of the congregation died, they pistols, four spinning wheels, and hundreds Never did his knowledge of these trails were buried near the spot that the elder Rob­ of household and farm i terns, typical of a and Indians play a more important role than eson selected for himself. No records were well-run frontier compound. in May, 1728. Some Indians had just forced kept of the burials until Rev. Gabriel Falck Larger than most of the farms around a number of white families out the Tulpe­ came in 1735 and established an irregular him, Anthony Sadowski used his farm as hocken region, a short distance from his system. It is important to bear this in mind much as he could for livestock production. home, and created a reign of terror. because it seems to me that three children George Boone and Ellis Hugh, who made a Sadowski quickly mounted his horse and of Anthony and Mary Sadowski died during detailed account of the property in Amity galloped off in the direction of Shamokin the period St. Gabriel's was without a rector Township, listed the following livestock: (now Sunbury), an important Indian village and only one of them can be spotted in the To horned cattle ______£36 at the forks of the Susquehanna, many miles burial ground by the process of association away. He passed farmers in flight, cornfields To other young cattle______8 and houses burning, panic-stricken women of tombstones. , To 3 working horses, a mare______12 The number of children the Polish-Dutch and children running along the trail. He had To 1 horse and a 1-yr. old colt______8 to deliver a message to the Indian chiefs at couple had is a question. According to the To some mares in the woods______6 Will that their daughter, Justina Warren, Shamokin and could not stop to help the To 30 sheep and 18 lambs______10 victims. made on October 29, 1731, Justina gave her To swine______2 clothes to "three sisters," none of whom she Before he completed his mission a band of Conoy Indians descended upon Manatawny, named, her husband's new hat "to my broth­ Total------£82 er Andrew," and "I give my brother Jacob as Sadowski and Mounce Jones called their a great coat." Another aspect of his household was the settlement. The strange Indians were halted In his will dated December 29, 1735, An­ attention he paid to a Negro named Joseph on May 9, 1728, and asked what they wanted. thony Sadowski mentioned onl1r three chil­ and a small white boy named John Marshall. They refused to give any information. Then dren, namely, Andrew, Sofia, and Ann, who Under the law both were considered articles four white men killed one of the Indian men was married to Increase Miller, and two of personal property. The Negro was valued and two of their women. grandsons, John and James Warren, whose at 25 pounds and the servant lad ten pounds. Upon his return home Sadowski was sur­ parents died in the fall of 1731 during a Although not mentioned in the will, a serv­ prised to find Governor Patrick Gordon at sevei;e epidemic of small-pox. No record gives ant woman worth four pounds was listed in Manatawny. The provincial official had come the name of the fourth sister. As none of the inventory. One and half pages were re­ up the river to investigate the skirmish be­ the three known sisters bore their mother's quired to list his goods, chattles and credits. tween the Indians and the white settlers and to reassure both sides that "we are all breth­ Christian name, the elusive sister may or III may not have been named Mary. ren." He ordered twenty men to find the For Anthony Sadowski practically half his bodies of the three killed Indians and bury Whatever her name, what happened to her life was involved in all kind of experiences and Jacob Sadowski? According to Eliza them, possibly in St. Gabriel's burial ground. with the aborigines of the Middle Atlantic He also appointed John Pawling, Marcus Brooks Mitchell, fifth in line of descent from and the North Central regions of America. the progenitor of the clan, one son and one Hulings, and Mordecai Lincoln, two of whom Unlike Cortez and Pizarro, who were fierce were Sadowski's close friends, to maintain daughter died before Anthony did in 1736. enemies of the Indians, Sadowski had noth­ She named two surviving daughters who peace in the neighborhood. ing but friendly relations with them. In no Then he returned to Philadelphia to pre­ married and left issue. Ann had 11 children sense of the term was he an Indian fighter. Andrew seven, Justina two, and the numbe; pare more peace moves. Sadowski accom­ Not much is known about his first experi­ panied him and the following day was sent that Sofia had is unknown. ences with them. He met such Indians as Anthony's grandson, James Warren re­ with another message and gifts to the chiefs Pelopee, Wequehalye, Pecsacohan, Gawakwe­ of the.tribes in the disputed territory. Travel­ mained in the locality all his life. Upo~ his hon, Shelahon, Lewis the Indian, and Pelo­ death April 7, 1776, he was buried in the ing by horses, Sadowski and another Indian . wath at John Bowne's trading post at Mata­ interpreter, John Scull, and three assistants, churchyard of St. Gabriel's, as was his widow, wan, New Jersey, and saw that, as far as Hannah, on December 26, 1782. Bowne was concerned, trading with them was covered more than 100 miles before they From the positions of their tombstones it no different than trading with Mordecai Lin­ reached their first destination. is possible to shed light on the graves of coln, Benjamin Van Cleave, John Van Metre, Within two weeks the party traveled to James and Justina Warren, whose deaths John Warren and other white settlers. Bowne Shamokin, Tulpehocken, and Conestoga, and were not recorded in St. Gabriel's books, and bought furs from the Indians, shipped them delivered messages and gifts to Allumma­ Anthony Sadowski, whose death in Pennsyl­ overseas, and received in turn the supplies pees, also known as Sasoonan, chief of an vania was unknown to scholars until I dis­ needed by the colonists. Indian tribe that formerly inhabited a place covered it. There are five graves, but only The trade with the Indians for peltries and along the Schuylkill, Opekasset, chief of a two stones which are still readable, in a furs probably fascinated Sadowski more than small Delaware tribe, and Manawkyhikon, a family plot. The remains of three tombstones anything else in the colonies. As he bought chief of the Minsis. Governor Gordon wanted are left in the ground between the graves of more goods from Bowne than his family to meet the sachems at Conestoga, but they James and Hannah Warren. The names of the could possibly use, he probably stepped into realized they did not have enough time to persons who were buried under them are this activity as soon as he could. In 1715, get together with him on May 24. Only two missing with the tops of the tombstones. three years after he moved to Pennsylvania, days remained. Nevertheless, the Indian However, the quality of the stone in the his account with Bowne amounted to twenty chiefs were pleased with the Governor's remaining parts look the same as other pounds. soothing words. tombstones put up in the· 1730's in the burial His property in Amity Township was con­ Finally, it seems, Sadowski proposed that ground. Thus the assumption is that James veniently situated in the beginning to serve the two parties meet at Manatawny, and and Justina Warren are buried next to their as a base of operations. Along the east bank probably offered his home for the purpose, first-born child and Anthony Sadowski is of the Schuylkill River ran an Inqian trail, and the Indians put the proposal in their buried next to Hannah Warren. later an important artery of transportation, letter to Governor Gordon on May 22. As a Before preceding further, however, tt which extended from Philadelphia to the In­ result of the friendly contact between the should be stated that the Sadowski Memorial dian villages at the forks of the Susque­ two sides, peace was restored. Committee is appealing for funds to erect hanna. The upper reaches of the trail were Sadowski, however, was disappointed that a fitting tombstone to Anthony Sadowski unexplored, and only Indians, a few trad­ the provincial council waited two years to on this hallowed spot. If any reader is in­ ers, and wild animals dared to go there. pay him seven pounds for two weeks instead clined to pay tribute to this illustrous Polish In those days a trip to the Indian country of fifteen pounds for more than a month's pioneer, please send your contribution to the was an adventure. A traveler had to have service. It probably seemed to him that the committee at the address shown on the in­ courage, endurance and an iron constitu­ council had not thought of what would have side cover. tion if he hoped to survive. Fortunately his happened to William Penn's Holy Experi­ To tell, as far as practicable, how he lived, escapade in the Gulf ot Riga convinced Sa- ment if it let the Indians alone for two ye~rs. 21958 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS August 1, 1969

As the Indians moved westward, Sadowski's American Pioneer in 1842. As he put it, "a east side of a nameless river, Evans has knowledge of the Alleghenies was extended, Polish trader by the name of Sandusky, or written "Fort Sandusky," and on other two and his trading expeditions lasted longer. more properly spelt Saduski, established him­ Wyandot villages, none of which is named, He came to know the rivers which flowed self near the present site of Lower 8andusky, and a French fort, "Fort Junandot," evidently not toward the Atlantic but toward the at the foot of the rapids of the river. His op­ a corruption of Wandot or a misspelling. Mississippi. No doubt he saw in some places erations in trading for furs and so forth with If Sandusky were a Wyandot word, as almost nothing of civilization, with practi­ the Indians, being entirely confined to the some authorities say, the two Wyandot vil­ cally no food except what he gained with his river and bay, they soon became known to lages on Evans' map would have contained rifle and no shelter except the bottom of a Europeans as Sanduski's River and Bay." His the name. None of them do. It is not likely wagon. statements were confirmed in a following is­ that the fort on the other side of the river The farther west he traveled, the more sue by a letter from twin brothers, one sign­ from the two Indian villages would have resistance he met. The trading post at ing h . ..; name "Isa11c Sodousky" and the other taken an Indian name. It was designed for Shamokin was a mild. place compared to the "Jacob Sandusky." defense against the French and Indians. The one he and two other traders, John Maddox The brothers mentioned a quarrel be­ name of the fort is therefore neither French and John F'isher, had on the Allegheny River, tween Sadowski and the Indians which nor Wyandot in origin. ten miles below the mouth of the Mahoning. caused him to leave the trading post. It No two authorities agree, if they think It is better known as Kittanning. may or may not have resulted from the Sandusky is an Indian name, on the origin In June, 1728, while Maddox was alone at struggle between the French and the British of the name. One gives two words, "sa in­ the trading post, a band of drunken, im­ for the trade of the Ohio drainage area. It dustee," and the other "sandusti," with .poverished Indians came in and demanded was about the time that the French first neither agreeing on what they mean. The goods on credit. The shelves were full with began to stir up Indians against the British. words look as if they were selected out of 500 pounds of European goods. When Maddox Sadowski was caught in the middle and he an Indian dictionary by someone searching refused to give them credit, they attacked was probably forced to take sides. Whatever for the origin of the name. him and forced him to give them one hun­ the cause, he rerturned home and pledged A noted historian of American Poles, dred pounds of goods. The goods included his allegiance to the British throne in 1735. Miecislaus Haiman, who was the first cura­ five shrouds, twenty shirts, and a half tick. Another interesting fact I have discovered tor of the Polish Museum of America, said The traders could hardly afford the loss. It is that his daughter, Ann, who married In­ in "Polish Pioneers of Virginia and Ken­ probably hurt Sadowski more than either crease Miller about 1733 and moved to Bed­ tucky" in 1937 that he thought the Sandusky Maddox or Fisher, for on July 31, 1730, he ford, New York, was not living at home family changed their name to agree with sold to George Andrews 100 acres of land in when Sadowski went to the present site the name of the Ohio locality. the rear of his tract in Amity Township for of Sandusky, Ohio, because she never men­ "Why should they?" asked Mrs. Williams. thirty pounds. tioned it to her children and descendants. "After Antoni pioneered there and died, An­ None of them, however, cleared the thieves Her direct descendant, Mrs. Ailene Williams, drew went down into Virginia; a sister re­ from their debt. On August 8, 1730, they re­ first learned about the family tradition when moved to New York State; Andrew's sons mi­ minded Governor Gordon that the Indians she read Theodore Roosevelt's book, Winning grated to Kentucky. I have examined family still had not paid for the goods taken from the West, which stated, without citing any bibles, deeds, newspaper obituaries, etc. from their store. After writing to Allummapees and supporting evidence, that Sandusky was of widely. separated branches of the family, and Opekasset two old and respected Delaware Indian origin. She compared it with other was greatly interested to note how, from gen­ chiefs at Shamokin, anc! Mechauquatchugh, family traditions, studied them carefully, eration to generation, there was a gradual an Indian chief on the Allegheny River, the and made many careful observations about change from Sadowski to Sadowsky, then to provincial governor dropped the matter. the Sadowski family. Sadowsky, then Sadusky, and finally San­ No more did Sadowski weep over what he "The more I have worked at untangling dusky. It seems to me to be a perfectly nat­ had lost. With redskins crossing the moun­ truth from error in family traditions," she ural Anglicization of a foreign name. Names tains in increasing numbers, he followed their wrote, "the more I became convinced of the are greatly influenced by the way neighbors trails down the Allegheny, Ohio, and other following: (a) there ls more truth than write and pronounce them. Of course most rivers and continued to trade with them. error in most of them; (b) when minute de­ of the records available to us are not written Of all the traditions of the Sadowski fam­ tails are carried down from mouth to mouth by the owners of the names, but by clerks, ily, the moot widely known was that their for several generations, it is usually because recorders, etc., so they are not of great value ancestor established a trading post on the they really were true; ( c) the vaguer the in tracing the changes. western shores of Lake Erie and that a large tradition, the less reliable it is; (d) the less "If the clerk was· English, it seems to me city, a county, a river and a bay in Ohio likely an individual fact is, the greater the that "sand" and "dusky" would be more nat­ now bear his name. Little do they care how chance that its unlikelihood is what im­ ural English syllables to write instead of the name was changed to Sandusky. pressed it upon the memories of the nar­ "Zad," "Sad," and "dowsky," either if he did Down through the years, as places in New rators; ( e) it is very common for succeed­ not quite catch the name or we_re unfamiliar York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and ing generations to increase the closeness of with it, whether oral or written. Texas adopted Sandusky as their name, the their relationship to famous people; (f) "In the case of the branch of the family origin of the name did not receive the at­ there is a common tendency to drop out that came at an early date from Kentucky tention it deserved. In 1842, Jacob J. Green·e, some generations entirely; and (g) where to Illinois, I have been permitted to look at a resident of Tiffin, Ohio, situated on the two or more generations have the same given family records, deeds, and early newspaper Sandusky River, described the name as "more name they often become one person in the obituaries, and was interested to observe how extensively known, perhaps, than any other traditions of their descendants." the successive generations changed the spell­ one in the Union." With a name of such Another observation is the number of ing from Sodowsky through Sadowsky and permanent importance, it is baffling that two descendants who said that Andrew Sadow­ Sadusky to Sandusky. Therefore, I restate entirely different versions of its origin still ski, who was killed by Indians in Virginia, my conclusion that both the name of the exist. was one of the first traders on the shores family, in its various branches, and of the If Anthony Sadowski gave the Ohio land­ of Lake Erie. Some historians, in fact, think Ohio region, from pioneer trading post to marks his name, or even a corrupted form of this ls an error, but it is not necessarily so. river, bay, and towns, all changed quite it, the first thing to do is to find evidence of Whether they knew Andrew was Anthony's naturally and gradually from the original his connection with them. The year he was son or not, Andrew Sadowski was old enough Polish Sadowski to its most natural Anglici­ robbed, an Indian trader, John Le Tort, with in the 1730's to go with his father as loader, zation, Sandusky." whom Sadowski was well acquainted, planned taking the place of Sam Cousins, John Phil­ to take goods and come back with furs from lips, William Davis, or some other helper ANTHONY SADOWSKI'S LAST WILL AND the Miamis who were settled at the west end that was no longer in his em.ploy. All that TESTAMENT of Lake Erie. Nothing stood in Sadowski's came to an end when Anthony Sadowski died In the name of God Amen, The Twenty way. If Le Tort could do it, so could he. As a in 1736. ninth of December in the year of our Lord matter of fac-t, Madame Montour, who had a The maps available of the Sandusky region one thousand seven hundred thirty five, I , sister living among the Miamis, discouraged are another source of information. In a fea­ Antony Sadowski of Amity in the County of him from making the same trip as Le Tort ture article, "Forgotten Pioneer," The Pitts­ Philadelphia and province of Pensilvania, planned right away. burgh Press, August 2, 1959, George Swet­ yeoman, being very weak in body but of As is well known and documented, Sadow­ num said the name Sandosque appeared "in perfect minde and memory and knowing that ski naturally followed the Indiians, traded French maps as early as 1707," but I can­ it is appointed for all men a time to die, doe with them wherever he went. He traded with not locate any such map. An English map of make and ordain this My Last Will and Tes­ them on the Susquehanna. He traded with 1736 showed only three lakes, Huron, Ontario, tament, that is to say, principally and first them again when they moved to the Alle­ and Erie. According to C. A. Hanna, "The of all, I give and reoomend my soul to God gheny Valley. If he followed the Mahoning, name Sadoske was found in 1740," but he that gave it and for my body I recomend it a stream ten miles from where he was robbed does not give the source. The Canadian to the earth to be buried in a Christian like in 1728, he had only to cross over the high­ Archives, Nov. 14, 1747, has this statement: and decent maner at the designation of my lands west to Sandusky River and down it "Nicholas' band was at Sandoske." Exe'trs, nothing doubting but att the Gen­ to Sandusky Bay. Evans' map of the Middle British Colonies erall ressurection I shall receve the same Greene summarized the family tradition in in 1755 is the first map I have found on again by the mighty power of God. As touch­ an article published in the first issue of the which the name Sandusky appears. On the ing such worldly estate wherewith it pleased August 1, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21959 God to bless me in this life I give and dispose ment and that at the doing thereof he was of 17th Century), about the sum total of of the same in the following manner and sound mind and memory & understanding knowledge of the heavens was limited to form: to the best of his knowledge & that Andrew knowing that the planets were not like fixed Imprise-I doe give and bequeath to my Caldwell, the other subscribing witness to ye stars (the very name "planet" means "wan­ well beloved wife Mary Sadowsky all my Ten­ will did subscribe his name as witness there­ derer"); and the Moon was thought to be a aments and Liveings which is two hundred to in the presence of this deponent and the world (estimates of its size and distance, acres of land fronting upon Skullkill dure­ sd Testator. made centuries before Christ, were in some ing her widowhood and in case the said wid­ Coram, cases amazingly close to being exact). dow alters her condition, then she shall only PET. EVANS, REG. GEN. But there was plenty of imagination. If the have what the law directs to Widdows and A CALLIGRAPHER LOOKS AT SADOWSKI'S WILL Moon was another world, why not travel to if she remains a widdow then she must en­ it? In the 2nd Century A. D., Lucian of joy and posses the said estate during her The will of Anthony Sadowski is a remark­ Samosata's True History had a hero who did life and after her decease then my well be­ able legal document. His attempt to foresee just that. Inadvertently, the first time; his loved son Andrew Sadowsky shall injoy and possible family changes gave him just cause ship was picked up by a waterspout in the posses the said estate with all the improve­ and concern as to the equitable distribution ocean, west of the Pillars of Hercules (the ments and four horses, two cows, ten sheep, of his estate. His concern over two male serv­ Straits of Gibraltar) and whisked to the with all the utensils upon the said planta­ ants1 a Negro and a white man, also reveals Moon. For the ancients, anything could hap­ tion and the negro man called Joseph and a man well ahead of his time. pen west of this spot. Lucian must have liked the white boy called John Marchell until he My concern is specifi<:ally with the hand­ the idea, and wrote another book; this time comes to age paying such legacies as I shall writing of the will. In retouching the faded the hero fashioned a pair of wings and flew appoint. characters for suitable reproduction, I be­ directly to the Moon, after a takeoff from Item-To my daughter Soffla Sadowsky I came fascinated by the script and noticed Mount Olympus. give two cows, one mair, ten sheep and best upon close study of its struoture that it was Oddly enough, after Lucian, space travel feather bed with all the furniture belonging an excellent specimen of penm,a,nship in colo­ was neglected as a literary theme for almost to the said bed and all things in proportion nial America. It can be said that American 1500 years. Johannes Kepler, one of the that my daughter Ann Sadowsky gott when penmanship of the time was sturdy, readable greatest astronomers of all time, wrote his she was marled to Increase Miller. and less given to frills than those of English Somnium a generation after Galileo's tele­ writing masters. scope was invented. Kepler's explorer, how­ Item-I order and apoint that there shall The scrivener of Sadowski's will starts off be sold three hundred acres of land of the ever, traveled to the Moon by supernatural with a fresh and clean hand, but by the time means. Rather surprising for a scientist? Not rear of said front in order to pay my just he reaches the second page he is plainly tired debts and whatever money remains after at all; Kepler, like almost everyone, believed and finishes the document in a somewhat strongly in magic. paying the said debts shall be equally de· hurried style. vided between my two daughters, Ann and Shortly after publication of Somnium, the Sadowski signed his first name "Antoni" as first English story appeared. Here we begin Soffla, and if the said land be sold before he did in Poland in a true old Polish manner. my decease then the said daughters shall to get into that mystifying chain of events The "i" ending of Sadowski is also in the where fiction precedes fact, without any ex­ have only forty pounds if in case there will manner of the old Polish script which very be so much after paying my debts. And I planation and in a way that has puzzled often resembles a "y". Actually old Polish many over the centuries. The English Bishop doe appoint that after my wife's decease that names ended in "ij" and in the final flourish all the stock and moveables shall be equally Godwin's Man in the Moone, one Domingo this often looked like a "y". Sadowski, how­ Gonsales, only wanted to fly, period. Gon­ devided between the said two daughters. ever, ended his name with an "i" with a some­ Item-That the negro man named Joseph what extended down stroke. The last name is sales hitched his raft to trained swans; the shall have shillings yearly during clearly spelled "Sadowski" in the notarized swans (although Gonsales didn't know it) his servetude if in case he proves to be good portion of the will on the bottom of the sec­ migrated in the direction of the Moon and off they went. Gonsales had no trouble and is all one and twenty years of age. After ond page. which age he is to have the said money paid breathing on his 12-day journey, but he Of interest, too, are the signatures of the found the gravitational pull of the Moon yearly. witnesses. Many colonists wrote often with a Item-John Marchel shall have two pounds was weaker than that of Earth, and he heavy and labored hand. Such was the case noticed he lost weight when he left Earth in money and an ax and a grobing hoe when with Henry Gibson, who apparently ran into of age and the said money is to paid by him itself. This, remember, was fifty years before trouble by having his quill blot the last part Isaac Newton formed the law of gravitation. that posses the said two hundred acres of of his name. He skipped the blot and wrote, land. away off, "son." On second thought he signed In 1640 another English Bishop, Wilkins, Item-If in case my son Andrew Sadowsky his name again without further mishap. wrote A Discourse Concerning a New World, a serious treatment of the subject, discuss­ should die without lawfull heirs that then It is also apparent that Peter Evans, Regis­ the said estate shall be equally devided or ing the physical condition of the Moon and ter General for the Probate of Wills in the possibility of it having people. According to sold and the one halfe of the said estate or Province of Pennsylvania, considered himself money shall be possesed by my daughter the Bishop, it was quite likely that a "fly­ a better penman than the one who prepared ing chariot" would get there someday. And, Ann's children and the other halfe to be the will and just to prove it signed his name possesed by my daughter Soffla or her heirs in true British imperial fashion, for that and an abbreviation of his title with over day and age, he spoke hopefully of estab­ and if in case the said land be possesed by eighteen flourishes !-HENRY ARCHACKI. my two daughters that the shall pay to my lishing Moon colonies. two gransons James Warren and John War­ In 1656 Cyrano de Bergerac's Voyage to the ren twenty pounds to each when of age. Sun and Moon appeared. The long-nosed Item-If the said Andrew shall live and SPACE FLIGHT IN HISTORY­ Frenchman, made famous by Rostand's play, have heirs to posses the said land he shall FICTION AND FACT not only used rocket propulsion but antici­ pay to the said James and John Warren tlve pated the principle of the ramjet. Cyrano's pound to each or when they come to age. flying machine was a large box, built of con­ Item-I constitute, appoint and ordain my HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY vex lenses, that forced sunlight into its in­ well beloved wife Mary Sadowsky jointly with OF INDIANA terior. The heated air then escaped through Marcus Hullings and Walter Oamble of Amity IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a nozzle, providing propulsion. Township whole and sole exec'trs of this My Friday, August J, 1969 One of the greatest and most mystifying Last Will and Testament with full power to puzzles of all time appeared with publication pay all my just debts and demand the same Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, the follow­ of Swift's Gulliver's Travels, in 1726. Not a according to law. I doe hereby revoke and ing four recent newsletters distributed science-fiction story, exactly; yet, in one of disannull all former wills, legacies, pronounc­ the lands Gulliver visited, the local astrono­ ing and confirming this to my Last Will and from my office contain a brief history of space flight, in fiction and fact: mers had discovered Mars had two moons, Testament. In witness whereof I have here­ one which revolved twice as fast as the other. unto set my hand and seal the day and year HISTORY OF SPACE FLIGHT-I Which is exactly what Mars has; but the above written. "Come, my friends, fact wasn't confirmed until over 150 years In presence of us 'Tis not too late to seek a newer world, later, in 1877. ANTONI SADOWSKI To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths Voltaire wrote Micromegas, in 1752, about HENRY GIBSON Of all the western stars." a giant from the solar system of Sirius who (Alfred, Lord Tennyson-Ulysses.) came to Earth with a companion from Saturn. HENRY GIB son. ANDREW CALDWELL Just a little over 350 years ago, man's It was written mainly as satire, but has a Philada June 17, 1736. Then personally startled eyes first peered into the remote remarkably modern outlook, with man and appear'd Henry Gibson, one of the witnesses vastness of the universe. Galileo's crude tele­ planets in correct perspective. to the foregoing will ( Andrew Caldwell, the scope, showing the disks of planets, the By the beginning of the 19th century, other witness, being removed to distant moons of Jupiter and the mountains and space stories ran into trouble. The balloon, parts) and upon his oath did declare he valleys of the Moon, wrenched the world, invented in 1783, had demonstrated the im­ saw & heard -Anthony Sadowski, the testator and man's knowledge, into a brand-new di-· possibility of man living unprotected at high above n.amed, sign, seal, publish and declare mension. altitudes. Suddenly, the Moon and planets the same will to be this Last Will & Testa- Up until that time, (the first decade of the became much farther away. 21960 EXTENSIONS . OF REMARKS August J, 1969

HISTORY OF SPACE FLIGHT-II dream with open eyes, to make it possible." trating on the "ghastly dew" aspect, and not "Dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to (T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom.) for our benefit. dream before." (Edgar Allen Poe, The Raven.) The world is accustomed to Russian boast­ Now, to be sure, ther~ is definitely such a By the second half of the 19th Century, ing about being first with everything ima­ thing as going overb:<>ard on space. We must space travel stories were in vogue again. The ginable, but it was a Russian, Konstantin be quite careful not to let our · hopes and beginning of the 19th Century had produced Tsiolkovsky who unquestionably was the first ambitions outrun our abilities, leading us to many major engineering achievements and to work out the principles of space flight. incredibly costly programs with ·uttle prac­ along with them came a feeling of confidence Born in 1867, the first Soviet Sputnik went tical use or value. that anything was possible. The greatest into orbit just a few days from the centenary The prominent historian Robert Conquest, story-teller of them all, Jules Verne, set the of his birth. His formulae on space flight were writing in a recent issue of Encounter maga­ style and tone. published in 1903-the same year the Wright zine, devoted several paragraphs to the ques­ From the Earth to the Moon (a tremen­ Brothers first flew. In principle, he solved tion of "Why?" and "Where?" and "How?" dously popular novel when written in 1865 almost all engineering difficulties of space surrounding space flight, and i wish to close and still in print today) was Verne's way of flight, but not until the 1930's was his work this series with Mr. Conquest's observations. having a little fun with Americans; he in­ known outside the Soviet Union. For myself, I make no special judgment on· dulged in some iniliOCent sport in needling In chronological sequence, the second pio­ them, but I find them interesting and pro­ them for their get-up-and-go attitude. But neer after our shy Russian schoolteacher was vocative. His remarks follow: Verne di:i base his story on sound scientific Robert Hutchings Goddard, the American, "In fact, arguments that the investment laws. He kne..r escape from the Earth's gravi­ born in 1882 in Massachusetts. By 1909 he in space would have been better spent on tational field was possible at a high enough completed work on the theory of multistage other things are unsound on various speed, so he simply had hi.IS space travelers rockets and from 1914 on touched, in a series grounds. The skilled scientists and tech­ fired .rom an enormous gun, in a projectile. of over two hundred patents, about every nicians would have produced very little more More fiction that became fact: Verne's ship aspect of rocket design, propulsion and guid­ fooct if they had been diverted po the plough: was fitted with rockets, for steering in space. ance. for it was all merely tlie investment · of a His travelers circumnavigated the Moon, but On March 16, 1926-just over fifty-three certain amount of metal and a large amount didn't land on it (just as Apollo 8) and then years ago-Goddard flew the world's first of skilled labour. The argument that scien­ returned to Earth, landing in the ocean, just liquid-propelled rocket. Airborne for over two tific research would have been better served as is done today. seconds, it reached 40 feet, at 60 m.p.h. In by investment in other fields is more re­ He set the spacegun at Tampa, Florida, 1929 a larger rocket got up to 90 feet; police spectable. only one hundred miles from where Cape switchboards were jammed with phone calls It can in part be answered by saying that Kennedy stands, and went one better: having reporting crashing airplanes, and Goddard there is no actual shortage of food scientists figured the two best locations for a launch was told to cease and desist from any more or laboratories, or of cancer researchers and site were Florida and Texas, he had the re­ flights around Worcester, where the rocket their equipment; by pointing to the spin-off spective state legislatures fighting over which was launched. This was, in a way, quite for­ from space techniques into the main body of state should have the facilities for the space tunate; the publicity caught the eye of "The industry; and by the actual direct effects on program! This has a very modern sound to it, Lone Eagle," Charles Lindbergh; a word from food production, such as that produced by· indeed. Lindbergh meant a grant from a private fund satellite watch on the great fish shoals. or· And, to top it all off, the 1865 fictional of $50,000. more basically, that all research is valuable, flight was directed by the Gun Club of Balti­ Between 1930 and 1941 Goddard worked at ·and some costs more than others. (Apollo's more. The first U.S. space project, Vanguard, a lab and launch tower at Rloswell, New Mex­ expense cannot, of course, be judged for this had its hardware built by the Martin Com­ ico, not far from White Sands Proving trip alone.) pany, between 1955 and 1958-in Baltimore. Ground. His rockets got no higher than 9,000 But there is more in it than the direct in­ Rev. Edward Everett Hale's The Brick feet, but he knew what he was doing: after terest of the particular scientists. In the long Moon, which appeared in the Atlantic he died, Mrs. Goddard and the foundation run it will all probably be seen leSs for its Monthly in 1869-1870, dealt with artificial which had supported him received $1 million immediate "scientific" effects than as a great satellites. Prediction, again: Hale recom­ from the Department of Defense for use of cultural advance. Such perspectives are often mended use of brick for the satellite, as it his patents. misunderstood, even by skilled sc~en~~sps. could withstand heat better. Today, various When the Treaty of Versailles was drawn One great astronomer announced the impos­ forms of ceramics are used in heat-resistant up in 1919, the German Army was prohibited. sibility of heavier-than-air flight at the be­ components for spacecraft. from developing mapy kinds of weapons, but ginning of the century. Another, 60 years In 1901, H. G. Welles wrote what has been no one thought of rockets. The Germans gave later, said that space flig.ht was impossible. called "the finest of all interplanetary them considerable thought; Hermann Oberth We are only at the beginning of our knowl­ romances," The First Men in the Moon. and Willy Ley had collaborated in forming edge, and those who deny .the possibility of Wells was a bit careless with his science. He the German Rocket Society, and not until the interstellar flight are speaking to the same developed "Cavorite," which was a gravity first V-l's and V-2's crashed down on Eng­ brief. insulator, and his spaceship, coated with the_ land did anyone else know what was up. And The scientific culture has only been in ex­ stuff, took off on its own accord. To steer not until a sharp-eyed RAF intelligence offi­ istence for 300 years. What the next 300 or towards the Moon, the occupants opened a cer~a woman, incidentally-named Con­ 3,000 years might bring (providing we do not shutter in the Moon's direction. stance Ba.bington-Smith noticed a strange destroy ourselves) cannot be foreseen. But it "Cavorite" defies the fundamental laws of wedge-shaped blob of white on an aerial will certainly include movement in the wake nature, but antigravity itself is no longer photograph was anything done about it. The of Apollo 8 ou t into the surprises of the uni­ thought absurd. It still is, however, and launching sites were hammered into rubble verse. In a poem (it still turns up in anthol­ probably will remain for some time, one of by bombing, and Hitler's "secret weapon" ogies) written before the first artificial satel­ those "engineer's dreams" that has not yet was effectively put out of action. Hitler had lite I said, and would repeat, as putting the been developed. never given it much support; he had point better than I could in prose: So much for the writers of fiction, along "dreamed" it wouldn't work. with their oddly disquieting, appearlng-at­ Pure joy of knowledge rides as high as art: Oberth was the last of what is described The whole heart cannot keep alive on either. random, seemingly-off-hand statements that as the three great "classical" writers on astro­ turn out to be hard, cold fact. It still ap­ Wills as of Drake and Shakespeare strike' to- pears, though, from time to time. During nautics, sharing the distinction with Tsiol­ gether; World War II, when the ultra-top-secret kovsky and Goddard, and only he lived to see Cultures turn rotten when they part. Manhattan Project was underway, leading his dreams come true. The stage was now set True frontiers march with those in the to the development of the atomic bomb, for the scene as we know it, and, each in his mind's eye: project security officers were horrified to or her own way, as we share in it. Man is The white sound rising now to fury read in one of the leading U.S. science fiction ready for space. In efflux from the hot venturi magazines a short story dealing with the As Earth's close down, gives us the endless use of U-235 for production of atomic HISTORY OF SPACE FLIGHT-IV sky." energy. A quiet but forceful trip by the FBI "Saw the heavens· fill with commerce, to the magazine's offices produced, to the argosies of magic sails, relief of all concerned, the fact that nothing Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down TAX EXEMPTION ON CHARITABLE had leaked out of Manhattan Project; an with costly bales; GIFTS imaginative author was the sole respon­ Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and sibility. there rained a ghastly dew, This has been a brief history of fiction; From the nation's airy navies, grappling in HON. HASTINGS KEITH next, we turn to fact. the central blue." (Alfred, Lord Tennyson- LocksZey Hall.) OF MASSACHUSETTS HISTORY OF SPACE FLIGHT-Ill "Costly bales" or "ghastly dew?" We are IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "All men dream, but not equally. Those in the Age of Space, like it or not, and there Friday, August 1, 1969. who dream by night in the dusty recesses is no turning our backs on it. To do so would of their minds wake in the day to find that mean leaving the field free.and open to other, Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, one of the it was vanity; but the dreamers of the day probably less-friendly powers, -who would issues cufrently being discuss'ed by the are dangerous men, for they may act their have no qualms whatsoever about concen- House Ways and Means Committee con- August.. 1, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21961 cerns the tax exempt status of chari­ from its alumni and friends. Enactment of INDIANAPOLIS IND.-This is Middlesville, table gifts to educational institutions. the tentative proposals of the House Ways England, Flatl~nd, a true midwestern city and Means Committee will seriously threaten with a feeling of prairie and elbow room, Since private schools depend to such that support and the very existence of this where the tall buildings stick up lonesomely a large· ~xt~rit on endowment from pri­ fine institution. against the horizon like grain elevators and vate sources for their building a_nd ed­ The reasons are clear. The College's en­ even in the heart of Meridian Street there ucational programs, the gift from the dowment is less than 6 million dollars. Plant are two-story Victorian houses with lawns, private donor should be considered funds needed for upkeep and improvement where parking costs 25 cents an hour and the more· as an important investment than of the College are invaded annually to help event of the year is an automobile race and as simply a charity. As we all know after meet rising operating expenses which last the people in the hotel lobbies are slickly year were more than 10 million dollars. urban but the ones out on the sidewalk have recent heated debate on the floor of the Since 1962 the net operating loss is $1,250,- thick ears and heavy faces and friendly, un­ House o'n educational appropriations, 000, and a $400,000 net loss is projected wondering eyes, and what in the world is a the Federal Government already spends this year. Tuition increases cannot keep pace 75-year-old millionaire like Jack Benny doing enormous amounts on public education. with the cost of educating a student; yet, at an open-air theater for a whole week in a Recognizing the place of the private faculty salaries and research equipment and place like this? materials must be increased in order to pro­ educational institution in this country, This was for openers. The rest of the I feel that every effort should be made vide for that student the excellent education which he will demand. story reeks with the same condescending, to reduce the obstacles which might in­ The alumni and friends of the College are patronizing air, faintly but unmistakably hibit charitable institutions. ready to give us the necessary support. They insulting. This style of approach in cer­ Mr. Speaker, kn.owing the -interest of responded to the 1967-1968 Annual Giving tain pontificating east coast newspapers· my colleagues in this issue, I would like Program with a record of $537,000. During is not at all unusual. It is generally taken to include in the RECORD letters from two the first ten months of the 1968-1969 cam­ when the writer deals with anything west college presidents who are deeply inter­ paign, about $700,000 has been raised. Our donors make definite sacrifices through their of the Hudson River. It is almost as if the ested in the future of private education writer ,being somewhat secluded in the in the Commonwealth and the country: gifts, because they realize the value of the type of education that Holy Cross offers. Is East, has been out of touch, by chance or SMITH COLLEGE , it unreasonable to expect the Gov-ernment by choice, with the rest of the country. Northampton, Mass., July 16, 1959. to share in those gifts? I recall once reading about a cartog­ Hon. HASTINGS KEITH, I strongly urge that the following tax in­ rapher of the Middle Ages who, when House of Representatives, centives be retained: Washington, D.C. ( 1) the deduction for the fair market val­ finishing his map, was left with a great My DEAR MR. KEITH: For anyone concerned ue of gifts of appreciated property with blank space of unknown territory. Not with the financial good health and future of no capital gains tax on the appreciation. (Of knowing what to put there, he finally re­ independent higher education the outcome the $700,000 contributed to Holy Cross An­ solved the question by scrawling across of the present discussions in the Ways and nual Giving so far this year about 30 % the blank portion the phrase "Here Be Means Committee of the Congress concern­ represent gifts of appreciated property.); Dragons." ing increased taxation o~ lon~-held, ap­ (2) the present laws concerning deferred It seems too many persons write of our preciaited property is of critical importance. gifts-life income contracts, charitable re­ At a college like Smith the income from mainder trusts, and charitable gifts annui­ own country when their knowledge is students has declined over the last decade ties. ( Holy Cross is beneficiary under seven equally limited and does not go much be'." from almost 80 % of total income to less charitable remainder trusts totaling almost yond that available to Daniel Boone or than 60 % this year; income from endow­ $1,000,000, and awaits a charitable gift an­ Lewis and Clark. Afflicted with a rather ment and annual giving must be continually nuity of $100,000. As our donors become weird type of provincialism all their own, increased to fill the gap. The alumnae and educated in the special benefits of deferred their maps, too, have a large blank space friends· of the College are the greatest single gifts, we expect this area to be our major labeled "Here Be Dragons." So they ap­ source of help, and any fiscal policy which source of giving.) ; proach "their subject ma,tter accordingly, in effect discourages them from making sub­ (3) no floor on deductibility of charitable stantial gifts either for endownment or an­ gifts. Such a limitation would eliminate almost as if they preferred to use bad nual operations represents a serious threat many of the gifts which Holy Cross now re­ manners and invective to cover up tneir to any hopes su_ch colleges ;may have from ceives. own ignorance of the locale of their stpry. . remaining financially independent. While urging the retention of these legiti­ "Friendly, unwondering eyes." This Although the proportion of students in mate tax incentives, I strongly agree that tax much is correct; the eyes certainly are independent as compared with public in­ abuses should be eliminated. I support the friendly. And, if by "unwondering," we stitutions of higher education has been taxing of organizations on income received steadily declining in recent years, they still mean absence of a hostile attitude to­ from debt-financed investments, and the ex­ ward strangers in their midst, then of must represent upwards of. 30% of the total. tension of the unrelated business income tax Deprived now of direct access to the tax to cover all organizations now exempt. Legiti­ course the eyes are "unwondering." dollar, the independent college has a par­ mate incentives, however, must be retained. Affeotion for Jack Benny, one of the ticularly hard time in an inflationary period. Please reconsider the consequences of the truly great and beloved public figures of Any fiscal policy which seriously thea tens a tentative proposals. Realizing that our do­ our time, is not limited to one section of large, growing, and critical portion of their nors and the donors of similar private insti­ It revenues cannot help but force such in­ the country. is just as strong in Indi­ tutions give because they recognize the vital ana, as it is anywhere else. stitutions to seek to increase their income need for a liberal education. Ask yourself from state or federal sources to stay in busi­ what type of education ·has produced the But the story set me to thinking that ness. And if such colleges and universities go leaders of today, and allow· us to, help pro­ probably, really, it is stronger in Indiana out of business, the students they are now duce the leaders of tomorrow. Eliminate tax than it is in the writer. For affection and educating will fall entirely on the back of the abuses, but do not destroy the philosophy of manners certainly go hand in hand, and already hard-pressed public sector. concerned giving whioh the Government has no Hoosier would dream of being so rude For the Massachusetts delegation in the always encouraged. I ask your support. to his guest as to use the man's public Congress, in whose state independent higher Sincerely yours, appearance as a cheap vehicle for vent­ education represents one of the most im­ Rev'. RAYMOND J. SWORDS, S.J. portant resources of the Oommonwealth as ing his spleen on a place, and people. well as the nation, the above arguments have a very special meaning. Faithfully yours, . "HERE BE DRAGONS"-WASHING- . MARYLAND SERVICEMEN KILLED IN THOMAS C. MENDENHALL. TON POST STYLE VIETNAM COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, Worcester, Mass., July 23, 1969. HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY HON. CLARENCE D. LONG Hon. HASTINGS KEITH, OF INDIANA OF MARYLAND House of Representatives, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Washington, D.C. DEAR CONGRESSMAN KEITH: The College of Friday, August .1, 1969 Friday, August 1, 1969 the Holy Cross, a small liberal arts college in Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, a writer for Massachusetts, has long been in the first Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, ranks of the better liberal arts colleges in the Washington, D.C;; 'Post began his Lt. Col. Martin R. Beck, Pfc. Theodore E. the nation. In order to continue its tradi­ story in the Sunday, July 27, 1969, issue Mangum, and Warrant Officer Stewart tion of training the bright and responsible of that paper about Jack Benny's appear­ B. Goldberg, three fine young men from leaders the country so desperately needs, Holy ance in Indianapolis with the following Maryland, were killed recently in Viet­ Cross must seek increased financial support paragraph: nam. I would like to commend their 21962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE August .4, 1969.. courage and honor their memory by in­ He attended Baltimore Junior College and Colonel Beck had won . the Bronze . Star, cluding the following article in the joined the Civil Air Patrol, then enlisted in Purple Heart, Combat Infantry.Badge. 'Ma~·­ RECORD: the Army in 1967. ter Parachutist B!!,dge, J.oint Service so~­ He began his first tour in Vietnam in De­ mendation Medal, Army Commendation THREE SERVICEMEN FROM STATE LISTED KILLED cember, 1967, and flew 25 helicopter missions Medal and Vietnam Service Medal. IN VIETNAM during his first week in the Far Ea.st. A week Besides his wife, he is survived by his par­ Three Maryland servicemen, a Special later he was awarded the Air Medal. ents, Mr. and Mrs. S. E. Beck, of Towson; Forces lieutenant colonel, an Army warrant He returned to Baltimore in December, three children, Mrs. William C. Douglas;· bf · officer and a Marine private first class, have 1968, for a visit, but went back to Vietnam Columbia, Martin R. Beck,' Jr., a cadet at the ' been killed in Vietnam, the Department of again a month later. United States Military Academy, and Mark · Defense announced yesterday. His father said yesterday that the young T. Beck, also of Columbia. Lt. Col. Martin R. Beck, 43, the husband pilot had planned to return to college after He is also survived by two brothers, Howard of Mrs. Nancy L. Beck of Columbia, and War­ leaving th~ Army, and study to become an Beck, of Baltimore, and Edward S. Beck, of rant Officer Stewart B. Goldberg, 21, the son aeronautical engineer. Chicago, and a grandson. of Mr. and Mrs. Albert B. Goldberg, of 3813 Besides his parents, Warrant Officer Gold­ Private Mangum graduated from Mont­ Bartwood road, Pikesville, were killed in sep­ berg is survived by a sister, Miss Linda Gold­ gomery Blair High School in Silver Spring'· arate helicopter orashes on July 24 and 25. berg, of Baltimore. la.st June, and joined the Marine Corps "td Pfc. Theodore E. Mangum, Jr., 18, the hus­ get it over with," his wife, said yesterday. band of Mrs. Christine Mangum, of 14526 Colonel Beck was a 28-year service veteran New Hampshire avenue, Silver Spring, was who lied about his age to enlist in the Ma­ MARRIED WHILE ON LEAVE killed July 27 near Da Nang while he was on rine Corps after graduating from Forest Park "He wanted to go in and get it over with," a night patrol. High School in 1941, the Pentagon said. she said, "so he could plan what he wanted Colonel Beck, who was born in Baltimore, He saw action in the Pacific islands in to do with the rest of his life. He wanted served with the 5th Special Forces Group. World War II, then went back to school after to be a Maryland state policeman, or go to The Pentagon said he was an observer in a his discharge in 1945 and won an architec­ college and become an FBI agent." helicopter which was hovering close to the ture degree from the University of Florida in The young marine returned home last No­ ground to fire at a Viet Cong target when a 1951. vember after finishing boot camp and mar­ booby trap exploded, causing the helicopter While in college he joined an Army Re­ ried his high school sweetheart, the former to explode in mid-air. serve Officer Training Corps program and r~­ Christine Heyser. Warrant Officer Goldberg died of burns on cei ved a commission as a second lieutenant. Then he returned to the Marines for final July 26, the day after the helicopter he He joined the Special Forces in 1956, and training and was sent to Vietnam two months piloted crashed while on a mission, the Pen­ served in Europe from 1960 to 1968. He re­ later. tagon said. His death was listed by the De­ turned to the United States for an assign­ Besides his 19-year-old wife, Private Man­ fense Department as "not as a result of hos­ ment at Fort Devens, Mass., and went to Viet­ gum is survived by his parents, Mr. and MTS. tile action." nam in March of this year. Theodore E. Mangum, Sr., of Beltsville, Md., His parents said yesterday that the Forest two sisters, Miss Barbara Mangum and Miss Park High School graduate was on his sec­ SON IN AT WEST POINT Deborah Mangum; a brother, Thomas Man­ ond tour of duty in Vietnam, and had writ­ He had also served in Korea, the Dominican gum; a stepsister, Mrs. Sheila Moberly, and ten them that he had already signed up for a Republic, and with the Military Assistance a stepbrother, William Jones. third tour. Command in Vietnam in 1964.

SENATE-Monday, August 4, 1969 The Senate met at 12 o'clock noon and Legislative Calendar, under rule VIII, would be before the controlled .time was called to order by the President pro be dispensed with. begins. tempore. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward out objection, it is so ordered. out objection, it is so ordered. L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following prayer: LIMITATION ON STATEMENTS DUR­ EXECUTIVE SESSION Eternal Father, in whom we live and ING TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I move and have our being, break in upon MORNING BUSINESS us as the dawn of a new day and the ask unanimous consent that the Sen­ sunrise of new hope. While we strive to Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask ate go into executive session to consider serve the people and at times we are un­ unanimous consent that statements in the nominations on the Executive Cal- · sure of the path we should follow, make relation to the transaction of routine endar. us always sure of Thee. When the need morning business be limited to 3 minutes. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ is great, the work is hard, and the way The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ out objection, the Senate will go into is dark, shed Thy light upon our pathway out objection, it is so ordered. executive session. that in Thy light we may see light. Make The nominations on the Executive our lives incandescent with the spirit of Calendar will be stated. the One who said "I am the light of the ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT UNTIL . world" and so fulfill in us His command­ 11 A.M. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS ment, "Let your light so shine before Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I The bill clerk read the nomination men that they may see your good works ask unanimous consent that when the and glorify your Father which is in of Lewis M. Branscomb, df Colorado, to Senate completes its business today, it be Director of the National Bureau of heaven," for it is in His holy name we stand in adjournment until 11 a.m. to­ pray. Amen. Standards. morrow. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ out objection, the nomination is con­ THE JOURNAL out objection, it is so ordered. firmed. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the reading of ORDER FOR RECOGNITION OF ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY DEVELOP~ the Journal of the proceedings of Fri­ SENATOR GRAVEL TOMORROW MENT CORPORATION day, August 1, 1969, be dispensed with. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I The bill clerk proceeded to read sun­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ dry nominations to the St. Lawrence: out objection, it is so ordered. ask unanimous consent that at the con­ Seaway Development Corporation .. clusion of the prayer, the distinguished Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I .ask Senator from Alaska (Mr. GRAVEL) be WAIVER OF CALL OF THE unanimous consent that the nomina- . recognized for not tu exceed 40 minutes. tions be considered en bloc. CALENDAR The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is that The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask . for tomorrow? out objection, the nominations are 'con- ' unanimous consent that the call of the Mr. MANSFIELD. Yes; and that firmed en bloc. · ·