EROTICISM IN KATY PERRY’S SONG LYRIC HUMMINGBIRD HEARTBEAT AND PEACOCK THROUGH FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
M MEDIA ADIMURTI 1110026000117
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA 2016 ABSTRACT
M Media Adimurti, Eroticism in Katy Perry’s Song Lyric Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock through Figurative Language, Thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2016.
This research discusses Katy Perry’s Song Lyric Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock. The aims of this research are to find the figurative language and examines how the figurative language reflects eroticism in the lyric. In this research, the writer uses qualitative descriptive method with figurative language theory of Laurence Perrine and concept of eroticism by Sitanggang.
Eroticism is reflected in both lyric through figurative language. The first lyric, Hummingbird Heartbeat portrayed a woman who has sexual desire to a man, she asks the man to do a sexual intercourse, but the sexual content aesthetically hidden by the use of figurative language in the lyric. Similar to first lyric, in the second poem, figurative language used to cover sexuality. In Peacock lyric portrayed a woman who has sexual desire, but in this lyric the woman’s fantasy only bring her to see a man’s genitals. The results shows that the use of figurative languages make the lyrics not contain obscenity or pornography which in line with eroticism concept by Sitanggang. The writer reveals that in both Katy Perry lyrics represent sexuality implicitly that make the lyrics categorized as erotica. Key words : Lyric, erotica, eroticism, sexuality, lust.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my original work and that to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutions of higher learning, except where due to acknowledgement has beenmade in the text.
Jakarta, March 2016
M Media Adimurti
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. First of all the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given the writer strength to finish this thesis. Peace and blessing be upon our Prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his friends and followers. This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study.
The writer would like to thank to these following people for their remarkable contribution:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Elve Oktafiyani ,M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.
4. The advisors; Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum and Akhmad Zakky M.Hum, who
guide, support, and give suggestion throughout his thesis with their
brilliant ideas, knowledge, and patience.
5. The examiner; Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum and Ida Rosida, M.Hum
6. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department who gave their
experiences in Education to the writer.
7. All of the Librarians of Faculty of Letters and Humanities, the Central
Library of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, and The Central
Library of University of Indonesia.
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8. His parents; Mr. Murinanda Tanjung and Mrs. Mig Sintiati, who gave
prayer, love, affection, and all supports during his study, and the big
special thanks to the big family; Grandma Sri, Mamma Anik, Uncle Ulf
Sundqvist, Aunt Keky, Uncle Andrew Davys, Aunt Isa, Uncle Purwanto,
Aunt Relo, Uncle Virgil, Aunt Dede, Uncle Yudo, Billy, Sally, Akbar,
Abrar, Ilham, Julia, Owen, Arien, Dieto and all the family in Sweden, and
US who gave the writer support and positive energy to make the writer’s
spirit on fire.
9. All of his friends who fill the days of his life and contributes brilliant
ideas; Gusti Prameshti, Rizky Nandia, Erlita Rizky, Anggraini Wulan, Siti
Fauziah, Nurul Haifa, Muhammad Noval, Septian Hega, Azhar
Sacawiruna, Silmi Dakhilah, Mega Andini, Sagita Deska, D Class,
Literature Class, and everyone who has great contribution that the writer
cannot mention them one after another.
The writer also hopes that this paper will be useful for some literary study in advance and give a lot of benefits to the students of English Letters Department particularly who wants to have a further research.
Jakarta, March 2016
The Writer
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TABEL OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...... i
APPROVEMENT ...... ii
LEGALIZATION ...... iii
DECLARATION ...... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1
A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Focus of the Study ...... 4 C. Research Question ...... 4 D. Significance of the Research ...... 5 E. Research Methodology...... 5 1. The Objective of Research ...... 5 2. The Method of Research ...... 5 3. The Instrument of Research ...... 6 4. The Technique of Data Analysis ...... 6 5. Unit of the Analysis ...... 6 F. Time and Place ...... 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...... 7
A. Previous Research ...... 7 B. Figurative Language...... 9 a. Metaphor and Simile ...... 10 b. Personification...... 12 c. Apostrophe ...... 12 d. Synecdoche and Metonymy ...... 13
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e. Symbol ...... 14 f. Allegory...... 15 g. Paradox ...... 16 h. Overstatement ...... 16 i. Understatement ...... 17 j. Irony ...... 17 k. Allusion ...... 18 C. Eroticism History ...... 19 D. Eroticism Concept ...... 21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING ...... 25
A. Description of Eroticism in Each Lyric ...... 25 1. Hummingbird Heartbeat...... 25 a. Data Description...... 27 b. Data Analysis ...... 27 2. Peacock ...... 35 a. Data Description...... 37 b. Data Analysis ...... 38 B. Eroticism in Both Poems Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock ...... 45
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 49
A. Conclusions ...... 49 B. Suggestions ...... 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... ix
APPENDICES...... xi
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Erotic literature is a global cultural expression represented in nearly all literary forms from the ancient world to the present. Erotic literature is a universal one, not a judgmental one, encompassing all fictional genres; the novel, poetry, the short story, drama and some Eastern forms essays, autobiographies, treatises, and sex manuals from a wide range of cultures. Erotic literature is defined here as works in which sexuality and/or sexual desire has a dominant presence.1 A literary work which represents sexuality first of all need to present sex and sexual element in it to be categorized as erotic literature.
Erotic literature has been existed in western literature history since 17th to
20th century. In the Classical era, eroticism presented in the genre of poetry in
Greece and Rome such as Homer (850-800 BC), entitled The Iliad is regarded as poetry because revealing erotic scene between Hera and Zeus. In Rome, the famous author of among others, Virgil (70-19 BC) with Aeneid, Horace (65-8 BC) with To a Randy Old Woman, Ovid (43-17) with Amores, and Catullus (84-54
BC). The characteristics of writing on this period were use of metaphors that prioritizes the beauty of love and sexual desire.2
Eroticism reflected on many form of literature as Brullote explain above, but writer will focus on one form; poetry. Poetry has no simple satisfactory
1Gaëtan Brullote and John Phillips, Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature (New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006), p.ix. 2 Yuki Anggia Putri, Erotisme Dalam Novel Motinggo Busye (Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2009), p. 34
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definition, it is one of literary arts; literary because it uses words as its medium of expression; art, because it is something in which man tries to give lasting form to an experience which seems to him important.3 There are several kinds of poetry, writer will focus on one form; lyric poetry. It is a relatively short poem concerning itself mainly with the speaker’s feeling; sometimes specifically a poem to be sung.4 Nowadays lyric poetry has grown to be an interesting thing for people. It can be seen in many music industries around the world. Lyric poetry also acts as a great media to express something, especially to express feeling, and delivering message to people.
An author usually uses one of several intrinsic elements called figurative language, to expresses their feeling, delivering message or even telling a story in a lyric poetry. Fussel and Moss5 state in their journal that figurative expressions may serve to succinctly capture these diverse components of emotions. A figurative language cannot be taken literally. As a result, to translate it into different languages may cause misinterpretation. If it is translated literally, word-for-word, onto a second language, it will often be completely misunderstood.
Figurative language has been widely examined by linguists in the study of literature in recent years. It is because figurative language has the essence of style and beauty. Figurative language often provides a more effective means of saying
3A. H. Hewitt, Coming to Terms With Poetry, Scientific Publication, (Sydney, Scientific Publication, 1965) p. 3. 4Richard Ellmann&Robertt O'Clair. Modern Poems: An Introduction to Poetry.(New York, Norton & Company, 1976). p. 1. 5Susan R. Fussel and Mallie M. Moss, Figurative Language in Emotional Communication (1998).Human-Computer Interaction Institute. Paper 82. p. 1. 3
what we mean than direct statement as it paints a picture in words. In the specific sense, figurative language may take the form of figures of speech.
In writing poetry, every author has their own characteristic or signature to show their works, as we know Robert Frost is known with his romantic works,
Emily Dickinson known with her death poem and etc., in lyric poetry author also has signature. Nowadays we can see Katy Perry, as a popular singer and also song writer. Almost all of her song became “Top Forty” hits in the music chart. Her works have style; she always uses figurative language to tell the story or message of the lyric. We can see from her work; Hummingbird Heartbeat, Peacock,
Firework, Pearl, Dark Horse and much more. As reflected from the example of
Katy Perry’s songs title we can see that she always uses figurative language in lyric writing.
In Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock lyric we can see eroticism that can be understood word by word between the figurative languages. In the two lyric, eroticism reflected through figurative language. In Hummingbird Heartbeat lyric we can see a story about a woman lust to a man who have love relationship story, it describes sexual activities using figurative languages to make the lyric sexual description aesthetically hidden. In Peacock lyric the speaker tells the readers about her innuendo fantasy to see a man’s genitals. She guesses the shape of the man’s genitals in the story. She tries to ask the man to show her several times. In the lyric the speaker uses figurative languages, it make the sexual description aesthetically hidden. To fully appreciate the details of the story in lyric 4
we need to use figurative language theory, after we found it in lyric we can continue to see how eroticism described in the lyric with the concept of eroticism.
Katy Perry is not the only artist who put sexual content in the lyric. There are number of artists’ put some sexual content in their lyric; but much of them not using the rule of eroticism in writing in their lyric, i.e. Gorilla by Bruno Mars,
Push Up On Me by Rihanna, Move Like Jagger by Maroon 5, and much more, but
Katy Perry’s lyric differ with those lyric mentioned, she append sexual content in lyric but with the rule of eroticism.
From the explanation above, the writer thinks that it is necessary to
analyze Katy Perry’s song lyric Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock based on
figurative language theory, and describe the eroticism that covered by figurative
languages that can be found on the lyric to make the reader fully understand
about eroticism and also understand the distinction between eroticism and
pornography.
B. Focus of the Study
The focus of this research will be on analyzing Katy Perry’s song lyrics
Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock written by Katy Perry both taken from
Teenage Dream album.
C. Research Question
Based on the background and the focus of the study above, the research would like to analyze “Eroticism in Katy Perry’s Song Lyric Hummingbird
Heartbeat and Peacock through Figurative Language” Therefore, the writer is going to propose the question as follows: 5
1. What kinds of figurative language exists in the two Katy Perry’s song lyric
Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock?
2. How do the figurative languages reflect eroticism?
D. Significance of the Research
Authors usually use figurative languages to make their works more beautiful. In writing literary works, especially dealing with eroticism authors has their own way to deliver the ideas to the reader. Through this research, the writer hopes can develop our knowledge and understanding about song lyric meaning especially dealing with figurative language using the theory of figurative language and the concept of eroticism.
E. Research Methodology
The research methodology consists of several important elements namely the objective of research, the method of research, the instrument of research, data analysis, and the unit of analysis.
1. The Objective of Research
The aim of the research is to know the figurative language and the
meaning of Katy Perry’s song lyric Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock also
describing how eroticism described in the lyric.
2. The Method of Research
The method that is used in this research is qualitative descriptive.
Qualitative descriptive does not need statistic analysis and has to analyze
based on the methods, theories or relevant approaches.6 Qualitative method is
6Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra, (Jakarta : Cella, 2007) p. 42 6
able to give the detail of complexity about phenomena that is hard to be
revealed by quantitative method.
3. The Instrument of Research
The writer is the instrument of this study. Reading, analyzing, and paying
attention in the lyric carefully is the writer’s way to get the information and
explanation about what the figurative language and its meaning of the lyric.
4. The Technique of Data Analysis
In this research, the writer uses qualitative technique by giving explanation
about data in Katy Perry song lyric Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock. To
get the information about figurative language, reading the lyric is the first step,
and then paying attention, understanding, and underlining every line in the
lyric that has figurative language and implemented concept of eroticism.
5. Unit of the Analysis
The unit analysis of this research is lyrics of an American singer,
songwriter and musician Katy Perry; a single hit song Hummingbird
Heartbeat and a non-single song Peacock; they are written by Katy Perry
taken from Teenage Dream album released on 2010 which is has sold more
than six million copies worldwide and earned seven Grammy Award for the
album and the songs.
F. Time and Place
The research begins in 2014 at English Letters Department UIN Jakarta, library of Adab and Humanities Faculty, main library of UIN Jakarta, and any other place where related one. CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
The writer has read various related research before this research began. Figurative language aplenty used by Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic
University students in their research, however when this research implemented none of them discuss about eroticism, the writer also attempt to find related research by doing library research in another university library. The writer found at least three researches related to this research.
The first research is the analysis of women portrayal in Katy
Perry’s selected song lyrics; Fingerprints, Hot n Cold, I Kissed a Girl, If You Can
Afford Me, I’m Still Breathing, Lost, Mannequin, One of the Boys, Self Inflicted, and Thinking of You. Amelia Lisara’s (2013) aims in this research is to know the portrayal of women in the selected song lyrics and attempts to reveal gendered messages in Katy Perry’s selected song lyrics as viewed in post feminism perspectives. This research uses qualitative descriptive method; the discussion of the present study is framed within gender studies and theory of post feminism.
The result of the research shows that most of women in One of the Boys album
(2008) are portrayed women’s physical appearance, women as sexual subject, women’s passive behavior, and women’s attitudes to cover their dependency on men. These portrayals support patriarchal ideology in which women are in accordance with patriarchal society’s expectation. The present study also
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discovers that gendered messages in most of song lyrics in One of the Boys do not show the notion of post feminism by being passive and dependent to men.
Nevertheless, several songs explore the theme of sexuality as one of feminism values.
The second research is analysis of advertising industry in Indonesia which uses women and its sensuality as an element in ads. Muhammad Ridho
(2014) finds out how advertisers show woman and its erotic side in some ads from different product category. Ridho uses content analysis method in this research, he analyze the meaning or message that delivered in the ads. He takes an example of several ads from different product, analyze, and find the relation between the product, the woman, eroticism that used by the advertisers, and the context that stick to the ads. The result shows that there is still many advertisement that use women, its symbol, and its sensual side, in many ways. It comes from both of product that not related to gender issue, and the product that relate. This phenomenon happened because the presence of women is expected to make the ad more interesting and, in the end, boost the sales of the product.
The third research is analysis of eroticism in Motinggo Busye’s novel.
Yuki Anggia Putri (2009) analyzing four novels of Motinggo Busye which
published in 1963 and 1978. The aim of this research is to describe the sexuality
and eroticism on the novel and to ascertain whether the eroticism was
categorized in pornography or not through intrinsic element analysis. From the
analysis of four Motinggo Busye’s novel Beirut, Neraka Lampu Biru, Jeng Mini,
and Kasih Francesca Cinta Maria, the element of sexuality and eroticism in four
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Busye‘s novels has met aspects of erotic literature and does not contain
pornography. This evident reflected on the results of the analysis of themes,
characters, and characterizations. In this analysis, it is revealed that sexuality and
eroticism in Busye’s novels used as elements that have an organic unity, it can be
seen from its function as an idea that supports the story. It also shown that
sexuality and eroticism in Busye’s novels contains moral message that can be
used as a source of learning in human life.
From the brief explanations above, the writer wants to make this research
different from the previous research. The writer uses theory of figurative
language and concept of eroticism to give something different to the readers.
Through this research, the readers can see how eroticism described in Katy
Perry’s Song lyric Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock through figurative
language. This research also can be considered as a reference for next
researchers.
B. Figurative Language
Language can be classified as either literal or figurative. When we speak literally, we mean exactly what each word conveys; when we use figurative language we mean something other than the actual meaning of the words.8 From the statement it can be concluded that figurative language is language cannot be understood literally, it is innuendo.
8 Robert DiYanni. (2003), Literature; Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, (New York, McGraw Hill Press, 2003). p. 709 c
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Perrine explains figure of speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way.9 Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity.10However, clarity may also suffer from their use as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. In poetry the use of figurative language is to make it more interesting, a figurative language tells much more than its single word, the words written make a beautiful picture reflected in the poem. Further details of figurative languages explained as follow: a. Metaphor and Simile
According to Perrine metaphor and simile are both comparison between things essentially unlike. The only distinction is that in simile the comparison is expressed, by the use of some word or phrase such as like, as, than, similar to, or resemble. In metaphor the comparison is implied, the figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal term.11 Concisely, simile is referring to only one characteristic between two similar things, and metaphor in comparing two things without connective word like in simile; both metaphor and simile are replacing the word or name for one object with another.
The example of both, simile and metaphor will be explained below; firstly metaphor example from William Blake’s poem The Sick Rose as seen below;
O Rose, thou art sick!
9 Laurence Perrine, Sound, and Sense An Introduction to Poetry / Third Edition, ed. Thomas R. Arp (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969), p. 65 10 X.J. Kennedy, Messages: A Thematic Anthology of Poetry (Boston: Little, Brown & Company Limited, 1973), p. 373. 11 Laurence Perrine (1988), op. cit. p.65
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The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm,
Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy.
In the poem The Sick Rose above, we can see that the speaker use metaphor to tell the ‘Rose’ incur ‘the invisible worm’. Worm is poison for rose here in the poem, the speaker use this metaphor to tell the ‘rose’ here is sick.
The second example is simile; here is the example of this kind of figurative language seen on Frances Darwin Cornford’s poem The Guitarist Tune
Up;
With what attentive courtesy he bent Over his instrument; Not as lordly conquerer who could Command both wire and wood But as man with a loved woman might, Inquiring with delight What slight essential things she had to say Before they started, he and she, to play.
From the poem above we can see that Cornford uses simile and put word
‘as’ in the poem to represent when the speaker bent over his instrument not as lordly conquerer who could, command both wire and wood, but as man with a loved woman.
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b. Personification
Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or an idea. It is really subtype of metaphor, am implied comparison in which the figurative term of comparison is always a human being.12
The example of this figurative language shown on James Stephen’s poem
The Wind;
The wind stood up and gave a shout He whistled on his fingers and Kicked the withered leaves about And thumped the branched with his hand And said he’s kill and kill And so he will and so he will
From the example we can see that James Stephen uses personification to describe the wind like a human; it has fingers, hand, and leg, just like normal human have parts of body. c. Apostrophe
Apostrophe is figure of speech which consists in addressing someone absent or something non-human as if it were alive and present and could reply to what is being said.13 Apostrophe make poem live, sometime speaker talking to someone non-human.
Here is the example of apostrophe taken from John Keats’ poem Bright
Star. From the poem below Keats uses apostrophe in Bright Star poem; the speaker talking to the star like it is alive, the fact is star cannot talk to human, but
12 Ibid, p.67 13 Ibid, p.67
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the speaker talking to the star like it can talk back to the speaker until the speaker want to be the star in the end;
Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art — Not in lone splendour hung aloft the night And watching, with eternal lids apart, Like Nature's patient, sleepless Eremite, The moving waters at their priest like task Of pure ablution round earth's human shores, Or gazing on the new soft-fallen mask Of snow upon the mountains and the moors — No — yet still stedfast, still unchangeable, Pillow'd upon my fair love's ripening breast, To feel for ever its soft swell and fall, Awake for ever in a sweet unrest, Still, still to hear her tender-taken breath, And so live ever — or else swoon to death.
d. Synecdoche and Metonymy
Perrine give explanation that synecdoche is the use of part of a thing for the whole; and metonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant. They are alike in that both substitute some significant detail or aspect of an experience for the experience itself.14 Synecdoche and metonymy are looks alike, we need more attention while distinguish between them, and the latter term is increasingly coming to be used for both.
The example of synecdoche reflected on a piece of Frank Stockton’s short story The Lady or The Tiger, he use word ‘faces’ to present people in the story as seen below;
“His eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her.”
14 Ibid, p.69
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The example of metonymy can be seen on John Dyer’s poem Grongar
Hill, he uses metonymy to mention ‘birth’ and ‘death’ using ‘cradle’ and ‘grave’ word as reflected below;
A little rule, a little sway, A sunbeam in a winter’s day, Is all the proud and mighty have Between the cradle and the grave. e. Symbol
Perrine explains that symbol may be roughly defined as something that means more than what it is.15 Image, metaphor, and symbol shade into each other and sometimes difficult to distinguish. In general, however, an image means only what it is; a metaphor means something other than what it is; and symbol means what it is and something more too. Symbol is the richest and also the most difficult figurative language; it is represents something else, a symbol may be rich in its meanings make it necessary that we use the greatest tact in its interpretation.
William Wordsworth’s uses symbol in his poetry My Heart Leaps Up
When I Behold. He symbolizes rainbow ass hope and good things that are coming as shown below:
My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky Spring and daisies means youth in Sara Teasdale’s “Wild Asters”: In the spring, I asked the daisies If his words were true, And the clever, clear-eyed daisies Always knew. Brown and barren means growing old in Sara Teasdale’s “Wild Asters”: Now the fields are brown and barren, Bitter autumn blows, Bitter autumn means death in Sara Teasdale’s “Wild Asters”:
15 Ibid, p.83
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Now the fields are brown and barren, Bitter autumn blows, And of all the stupid asters Not one knows.
f. Allegory
Allegory is a narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface one.16 Although the surface story or description may have its own interest, the author’s major interest is in the ulterior meaning. Allegory has been defined sometimes as an extended metaphor and sometimes as series of related symbols or even symbolic meaning with abstract ideas described on character, figure, or event.
The Faerie Queene is Edmund Spenser’s work with moral and religious allegory. The good characters stand for the various virtues, while the bad characters represent vices. The Red-Cross Knight represents holiness. Lady Una represents truth, wisdom and goodness. Her parents symbolize the human race.
The Dragon which has imprisoned them stands for evil. The mission of holiness is to help the truth, fight evil, and thus regain its rightful place in the hearts of human beings. The Red-Cross Knight in this poem also represents the reformed
Church of England fighting against the Dragon which stands for the Papacy or the
Catholic Church.
16 Ibid, p.91
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g. Paradox
Paradox is and apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true.17 It may be either situation or a statement. The value of paradox is its shock value. It seeming impossibility startles the reader into attention and, thus, by the fact of its apparent absurdity, it underscores the truth of what is being said.
Emily Dickinson uses paradox in her poem My Life Closed Twice, in her poem the speaker’s life closed twice before it close, as we know human will die once not twice, in the poem Dickinson represent the speaker is experienced pain through losing someone loved.
My life closed twice before its close— It yet remains to see If Immortality unveil A third event to me
So huge, so hopeless to conceive As these that twice befell. Parting is all we know of heaven, And all we need of hell. h. Overstatement
Overstatement or hyperbole is simply exaggeration but exaggeration in the service of truth.18 It may be used to express strong feeling to build strong emphasis impression. Hyperbole often used in poetry; sometimes also used in casual speech. Here are several example of hyperbole;
1. ‘The bag weighed a ton’ means the bag really heavy.
2. ‘You could have knocked me over with a feather!’ means someone
knocked his door too hard because it disturbing.
17 Ibid, p.109 18 Ibid, p.110
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3. ‘I’ll die if I don’t pass this exam’ means something unwanted will
happen if he did not pass the exam. i. Understatement
Perrine explain that understatement or litotes is saying less than one means, it is may exist in what one says or merely in how one says it.19 It makes effect the situation seems less than the actual it is used to reducing the severity of the situation. The example of this kind of figurative language can be reflected on the expressions below;
1. ‘He is not too thin’ while describing an obese person.
2. ‘Deserts are sometimes hot, dry and sandy’ while describing deserts of
the world.
3. ‘It is a bit cold today’ when the temperature is 5 degrees below
freezing. j. Irony
Irony has meanings that extend beyond its use merely as a figure of speech.20 It is subtle; sometimes irony is the most effective for good reader, sometimes reader misunderstood but the reader will goes away with the opposite idea from what the user meant. Perrine divided irony into three as explained below;
1. Verbal irony, saying the contradiction of what one means, it is always
implies the opposite of what is said. For example you are in the
situation is actually very poor but you saying ‘Oh, fantastic!’
19 Ibid, p.111 20 Ibid, p.112
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2. Dramatic irony, this form of irony is more complex than verbal irony
and more complex response from the reader, audience do not know
about present and future situation. This type of irony used not only to
convey attitudes but also illuminate character. For this form of irony
example reflected on Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet story, Romeo
finds Juliet in deep and drugged slumber, assumes her dead, and he
kills himself ignorantly before Juliet wakes up, discovers her dead
lover and kills herself.
3. Irony of situation, this is needed when there is a discrepancy between
the actual circumstances and those that would seem appropriate or
between what one anticipates and what actually comes to pass. The
example of this irony reflected on these situation below;
• A fire station burns down
• The marriage counselor files for divorce
• The police station gets robbed k. Allusion
Allusion is means of reinforcing the emotion or the ideas of one’s own work with the emotion or ideas of another work or occasion. Because they are capable of saying so much in so little, for poet it is very useful. Allusion can be explained as referring something from previous works, symbolizing from previous literature, shortly it tells more than it says.
Here is example of allusion taken from Katy Perry’s lyric Pearl, in the lyric Perry referring the person that described by the speaker in the lyric to liberty
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and Joan of Arc, if we explore more about the lyric, we can know the person who described by speaker in the lyric by finding who is liberty, John of Arc, what are their background, etc.
“She could be a statue of liberty She could be a Joan of Arc But he's scared of the light that's inside of her So he keeps her in the dark”
C. Eroticism History
Erotic literature is interesting thing to be discussed. According to Mills, in Great Britain; on transition period from classical era to modern era which led by Queen Victoria (Victorian Era) in 1837 to 1900, human relations emphasis on hard work ethic and acts of worship. Sexuality is taboo and not prevalent. Human sexual appetite should be curbed because they can cause negative effects for the spirit work and worship, church doctrine perceive it can barrier relationship to
God. The issue of sexuality discussed only in the context of human reproduction.
In 1857, the government announced the “Obscene Publications Act”, the regulations concerning about publishing literature containing sexuality. The regulation sets that police confiscated erotic books though the court has not declare these books should be confiscated and destroyed.21
The most famous erotic works found from medieval and Renaissance era is the poem The Romance of the Rose (1230), written by Jeande Meun (France) and Venus and Adonis (1593) written by William Shakespeare (United Kingdom).
Shakespeare’s book is the first erotic literature published in England. Geoffrey
Chaucer (UK), St. Gertrude (Germany), Giovanni Boccaccio (Italy), Pietro
21Yuki Anggia Putri (2009), op.cit. p.6
20
Aretino (Italy), and François Rabelais (France) is also another well-known author.
The interesting thing in this era is the emergence of homo sexual themes. The appearance of Christianity to Europe make many people read the Bible, they see the intimacy between David and Jonathan reflected in 2 Samuel1: 26. This is what inspired the author to discuss same-sex relationships.22
Mills explain that in the17th and 18th century, numbers of famous erotic literature writers appear namely John Dryden (UK), Alexander Pope (UK),
Samuel Richardson (England), John Cleland (UK), John Wilkes (UK), François
Voltaire (France), the Marquis de Sade (France), J.W. von Goethe (Germany), and
Friedrich Schlegel (Germany). Erotic literature experienced golden age in this century. Eroticism is not only expressed in the literature; poetry, novels, and plays, but appears also in books and medical science. The term for this age is no longer as the Enlightenment (Age of Enlightenment), but Age of Eros. The works that appear in this age is called anti-religious erotic literature as having a satirical style and intended to satirize the church life.23
The famous erotica authors in the 19th century was John Keats (UK),
Thomas Hardy (British), Oscar Wilde (UK), George Thompson (USA), Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (Austria), Charles Baudelaire (French), Honoré de Balzac
(France), Émile Zola (France), and Guy de Maupassant (France). At this time, romanticism is growing and takes part in literature. 24
In the 20th century, famous erotic writers was Federico Garcia Lorca
(Spain), Rainer Maria Rilke (Austria), Georges Bataille (France), DH Lawrence
22 Ibid, p.34 23 Ibid, p.35 24 Ibid, p.35
21
(UK), Henry Miller(USA), Nicholson Baker (USA), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and
Nadine Gordimer (South Africa). Erotic literary works that developed in this era inspired by sexuality expressed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). The issue of censorship over literature was also a lot going on these days. Mills mentions that
France, Germany, and Italy are the safest country for works publishing of erotic literature. Therefore, many British writers who deliberately moved to the country to publish their works. Then, Western literature is already accustomed to the presence of erotic literature as the author come from the already well-known writers.25
D. Eroticism Concept
Eroticism cannot be easily defined, before explaining about eroticism, first of all, writer need to explain about sex, sexual, and sexuality because each of it connecting one another.
Sex is the state of being male or female;26 it is natural division of human
in life. Sex is the main element that supports the intercourse between men and
women, it is very important; if sex does not exist we cannot continue to the next
stage which called ‘sexual’.
Sexual is a matter or event between male and female (biological relationship). Referring to Oxford Dictionary sexual is connected with the physical activity of sex. Sexual is physical activity between men and women who is constituted by the libido27 and aims to get enjoyment. Thus, sexual intercourse
25 Ibid, p.35 26 Ibid, p.21 27 Libido is human natural sexual desire.
22
not only supported by sex, but also by the libido; it is connected automatically one another.
After we know sex and sexual definition, we can continue discuss about sexuality, because sexuality can come out from our thought after sex and sexual exists. Weeks explain that sexuality is not given; it is a product of negotiation, struggle and human agency.28 Sexuality is something which society produces in complex ways. It is a result of diverse social practices that give meaning to human activities, of social definitions and self-definitions, of struggles between those who have power to define and regulate, and those who resist.
Sexuality is the base instinct, the most natural thing, and that the relations between men and women are laid down for all eternity, like fingerprints in concrete, by the dictates of our inborn ‘nature’. Sexuality is a historical construction, which brings together a host of different biological and mental possibilities, gender identity, bodily differences, reproductive capacities, needs, desires and fantasies which need not be linked together, and in other cultures have not been.29 From the explanation we can conclude that sexuality is a characteristic, the attribute of the role of sex, sex desire, and sex life associated with sexual intercourse.
Sexuality is closely related to eroticism. Mills explains that word ‘erotic’ firstly entered the English language in the 17th century. The word is from the
French uptake, namely érotique. Érotique word derived from the Greek ‘erotikos’
28 Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006), p.18 29 Ibid, p.5
23
derived from the word eros.30 Muller explains as cited by Darmojuwono that eros is an intermediary between the world of the senses with the world that is open only to the ratio (the world of ideas). Eros is the drive to achieve the knowledge of ideas that can only be found in the world that is open to the ratio related to aesthetic; it covers the body, soul, morals, knowledge, and aesthetic itself. From the word ‘eros’, erotic appeared in the broadest sense means any form of expression of love between men and women, between the same sex (homoerotic), and the love of self (auto-erotic). In a narrow sense, erotic does not just mean more carnal sexuality, but also includes mental aspects of sexuality and the development of stimuli generated by sexuality. It can be expressed in various forms, such as in the arts, fashion, advertising, and others.31
The explanation giving conclusion that a literary work which represents sexuality first of all need to present sex and sexual element in it to be categorized as erotica.32 Eroticism and pornography is far from similar, eroticism in literature should not give the impression of obscene or pornographic. According to David
Steinberg as cited by Sitanggang there are three groups in erotic literature. The first is a literary work that shows the relationship of men and women with an emphasis on spiritual and intellectual aspects. The second is the work that featuring intimate physical relationship expressed covertly. The third is a work that presents sexuality in a more interesting, but not the core of the story. The third category called a porn literary work because of sexuality depicted detailed and aims to stimulate and arouse sexual desire. Sitanggang also explains that the
30 Yuki Anggia Putri (2009), op.cit. p.23 31 Ibid, p.23 32 Erotica is literature or art dealing with sexual love.
24
eroticism element can consider as containing literary value if the sexual description can aesthetically hidden.33 Sitanggang also utter that to be categorized as erotica, a literary work (lyric in this matter) which contain sexuality shown meet three aspect; aesthetic, thematic, and moral from the works itself.
Accordingly all kind of lyric represent sexuality without obscene impression can consider as erotic lyric, and lyric containing obscenity or pornography consider as porn poem.
33 Sitanggang, S.R.H., et. al. Unsur Erotisme dalam Novel Indonesia 1960-1970-an (Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2002), p.3
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this chapter the writer tries to find out the answer of the research questions using data description as the first step. Data description describes data collected for the use of this research. Through this phase, the two song lyrics that will be analyzed Hummingbird Heartbeat (HH) and Peacock exposed along with their background while the sentences that contain figurative language and eroticism content found and listed in the table as corpus data. Here are the following data descriptions as reflected below;
A. Description of Eroticism in Each Lyric
1. Hummingbird Heartbeat
You make me feel like I'm losing my virginity The first time, every time when you're touching me I'll make you bloom like a flower that you've never seen Under the sun we are one buzzing energy 4
Let's pollinate to create a family tree This evolution with you comes naturally Some call it science, we call it chemistry This is the story of the birds and the bees 8
Even the seasons change Our love still stays the same 10
You give me that hummingbird heartbeat Spread my wings and make me fly The taste of your honey is so sweet When you give me that hummingbird heartbeat Hummingbird heartbeat 15
Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat 17
25
26
I've flown a million miles just to find a magic seed A white flower with the power to bring life to me You're so exotic, my whole body fluttering Constantly craving for a taste of your sticky sweet 21
Always on the brink of a heart attack You gave me life and keep me coming back I see the sun rise in your eyes, your eyes We've got a future full of blue skies, blue skies 25
Even the seasons change Our love still stays the same 27
You give me that hummingbird heartbeat Spread my wings and make me fly The taste of your honey is so sweet When you give me that hummingbird heartbeat Hummingbird heartbeat 32
Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat 34
You love me, you love me Never love me not, not, oh no When we hear a perfect harmony You make me sound like, like a symphony, oh 38
Spread my wings and make me fly The taste of your honey is so sweet When you give me that hummingbird heartbeat Hummingbird heartbeat 42
You give me that hummingbird heartbeat Spread my wings and make me fly The taste of your honey is so sweet When you give me that hummingbird heartbeat Hummingbird heartbeat 47
Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat, hey, yeah Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat, hey, yeah Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat Oh, oh, hummingbird heartbeat 51
27
a. Data Description
Figure of No Corpus Data Line Speech You make me feel like I'm losing my virginity Simile, The first time, everytime when you’re touching me 1 overstatement 1-4 I'll make you bloom like a flower that you've never seen and metonymy Under the sun we are one buzzing energy Let's pollinate to create a family tree This evolution with you comes naturally Metaphor, Some call it science, we call it chemistry 2 metonymy, and 5-10 This is the story of the birds and the bees overstatement Even the seasons change Our love still stays the same You give me that hummingbird heartbeat Metaphor, Spread my wings and make me fly 3 overstatement, 11-14 The taste of your honey is so sweet and metonymy When you give me that hummingbird heartbeat I've flown a million miles just to find a magic seed Metaphor, A white flower with the power to bring life to me 4 overstatement, 18-21 You're so exotic, my whole body fluttering and metonymy Constantly craving for a taste of your sticky sweet Always on the brink of a heart attack You gave me life and keep me coming back 5 Overstatement 22-25 I see the sun rise in your eyes, your eyes We've got a future full of blue skies, blue skies When we hear a perfect harmony Metaphor and 6 37-38 You make me sound like, like a symphony, oh Simile
b. Data Analysis
HH is a song written and produced by American singer Katy Perry for
her third studio album Teenage Dream released in August 2010, under label
Capitol.35
The lyric contains fifty one lines. It literally compares the feeling of
being in love to the speed of a hummingbird's heartbeat. The lyric tells about a
35 Katy Perry. Hummingbird Heartbeat. Retrieved from: http://www.katyperry.com/songs/hummingbird-heartbeat/ Accessed March 1st 2015, 21.00.
28
woman and a man who have love relationship story, it describes sexual activities using figurative languages to make the lyric sexual description aesthetically hidden. That occurs almost in every line. The first occurrence is in line 1 to 4, when the speaker describes her love to her lover figuratively:
You make me feel like I'm losing my virginity The first time, everytime when you’re touching me I'll make you bloom like a flower that you've never seen Under the sun we are one buzzing energy (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 1-4)
The quotation above tells the readers that the speaker represents her lust feeling when she was doing sexual relationship with her lover. The speaker is going to make her lover to the top of his sexual relationship like he never felt before. In the lyric, the speaker represents how she felt when her lover touched her, the speaker uses simile by using word ‘like’ in line one to compare her feeling in the phrase ‘like I’m losing my virginity’ when her lover touch her for the first time, the speaker also use exaggeration in line one to two to make the erotic lyric looks excessive. In line three, the readers can find simile and overstatement used to represent the situation how the speaker treats back her lover, she uses simile by using word ‘like’ in line three to compare her lover’s amaze expression with a blooming flower to shows the reader both of them give enjoyment each other, the speaker wants to treat her lover like he never felt before and speaker also uses exaggeration in the same line to make the lyric excessive. In line four, the speaker emphasizes that the speaker and her lover are talking about a very large number of things in the story by using the phrase ‘under the sun’, in this line speaker also uses metonymy, she uses word ‘buzzing energy’ as the part
29
of the whole story, this make the sexual description in the lyric hidden to substitute indecent word. According to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, buzzing is a continuous sound like the one that a bee, buzzer, or other electronic devices make, and energy is the ability to put effort and enthusiasm into an activity, work, etc. Therefore, the speaker makes the lyric sexual description aesthetically hidden about her sexual relationship with her lover.
In line five to ten, the speaker uses metaphor and metonymy as reflected below;
Let's pollinate to create a family tree This evolution with you comes naturally Some call it science, we call it chemistry This is the story of the birds and the bees
Even the season change Our love still stays the same (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 5-10)
From the quotation above the speaker tells to the readers that she ask her lover to continue their sexual relationship to make a small family by doing reproduction.36 Their love feeling has been grown and will never change from long time before and the speaker tells that the lyric will tell the story about a sexual relationship between man and woman. In line five, speaker uses word
‘pollinate’ to replace obscene word, the speaker tries to ask her lover to make a family tree, as we know to make a family tree human need to do a reproduction, the sexual description in this line completely hidden because the use of metaphor in the lyric. According to Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, pollinate is to put
36Refers to Cambridge Dictionaries Online reproduction is the method of producing plants, animals, and people in which a male seed or sperm cell and a female egg join.
30
pollen (fine powder, usually yellow) that is formed in flowers and carried to other flowers of the same kind by the wind or by insects, to make those flowers produce seeds. Inline six of the lyric the speaker uses metaphor by using word
‘evolution’. According to Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, evolution is the gradual development of plants, animals, etc, over many years as they adapt to changes in their environment. In this line speaker tells the readers that she has built the relationship from long time ago, and their feeling comes naturally to do a sexual relationship. In line seven the speaker uses metaphor to compare their intimate love with phrase ‘science and chemistry’, refer to Oxford Advance
Learners Dictionary science is a system for organizing the knowledge about a particular subject, especially one concerned with aspects of human behavior or society, and chemistry is the relationship between two people, usually a strong sexual attraction, in this line the speaker tells the readers about her sexual relationship desire without obscene impression. In the next line the speaker uses metonymy in phrase ‘Birds and the bees’, this idiom refer to Oxford Advance
Learners Dictionary which means the basic facts about sex especially as told to children in which the parents explain what sexual relationship are. In the lyric; fifth to eighth line from figurative languages used, the readers can see how the speaker describe her story with subtle word to make the lyric’s sexual description aesthetically hidden without improper explanation. From the cited lyric above the speaker also uses overstatement to tell the readers that her love to her lover will never change even the season change.
31
In line eleven to fourteen, the speaker represents her sexual relationship story with her lover, as seen in the text below:
You give me that hummingbird heartbeat Spread my wings and make me fly The taste of your honey is so sweet When you give me that hummingbird heartbeat (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 11-14)
The quotation above represents that the speaker doing sexual relationship with her lover, and he makes the speaker and her lover reach to the top of her intimate relationship desire, until the speaker can taste her lover ‘honey’. The speaker uses metaphor to substitute obscene word, the use of metaphor in line eleven is to describe something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, the speaker uses word ‘hummingbird heartbeat’ to describe her and her lover’s sexual desire, the used of metaphor in this line makes the lyric not containing improper word. Hummingbirds are tiny; but their productivity in this case heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once measured in a blue- throated hummingbird with a breathing rate of 250 breaths per minute.37 The speaker uses hummingbird in the lyric to show the readers that the sexual relationship in the lyric is a big thing come in small package that represents the speaker’s desire. The speaker also tells the readers that she reach to the top of her sexual desire with metaphor and also overstatement in line twelve by describing the situation with sentence ‘spread my wings make me fly’. The speaker completely describes herself and her lover as a hummingbird who pollinate a flower, this makes the lyric can be enjoyed aesthetically without obscene
37 Jean Cole. 'The General' dominates hordes of hummingbirds in Embarrass . Retrieved from http://goo.gl/SFRfvZ. Accessed January 18 2016, 20.00.
32
impression in the surface. Inline thirteen of the lyric the speaker describes her lover also reach to the top of his sexual desire or libido by using word ’honey’.
According to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary honey is a sweet sticky yellow substance made by bees foraging nectar38 from flowers. The speaker describes the semen or male reproduction cell using metonymy by mentioning
‘honey’ to tell the readers about her sexual relationship. If the speaker uses the actual word, the lyric will be not considered as an erotic lyric referring to
Sitanggang, because an erotic lyric containing literary value if the sexual description can aesthetically hidden.
In line eighteen to twenty-one the speaker tries to describes that she is really serious with her intimate relationship, the situation represents in the quotation below:
I've flown a million miles just to find a magic seed A white flower with the power to bring life to me You're so exotic, my whole body fluttering Constantly craving for a taste of your sticky sweet (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 18-21)
From the quotation above speaker tries to tell the readers that she has found the one she will spend her life with after searching for a long time, the one that give a power to her life, that makes her cannot leave the lover because she is already craving for her lover “honey”. In line eighteen the readers can see that the speaker builds a serious relationship, she is looking for a real love for so long to have her own ‘family tree’ with overstatement impression using sentence ‘I’ve flown a million miles just to find a magic seed’. In the next line the speaker uses
38 Nectar, sweet, viscous secretion from the nectarines, or glands, in plant blossoms, stems, and leaves. It attracts fruit-eating bats, hummingbirds, and insects, who aid in effecting pollination by transferring from plant to plant the pollen that clings to their bodies.
33
metaphor to describes her lover as ‘a white flower’. White signifies purity and innocence.39 The speaker tries to tell the readers that the one she built a relationship with is the perfect one for her; he can bring and give power and pure love to her life. In line twenty, the readers can see that speaker describing her lover with metaphor by using word ‘exotic’ to tell the readers her lover makes her exciting. Refers to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary exotic is something from or in another country, especially a tropical one; seeming exciting and unusual because it is connected with foreign countries. The speaker also describing she is ‘fluttering’ because of her lover in the same line, to inform the readers about her respond because of her lover, flutter is a word uses for a bird, according to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary it means the wings move lightly and quickly up and down.40 In line twenty-one the speaker using metonymy to tell the readers that she is addicted to her lover by describing she is craving41 for her lover sticky sweet or ‘honey’.
In the next line, the speaker tries to describe about her feelings as reflected in line twenty two to twenty five below:
Always on the brink of a heart attack You gave me life and keep me coming back I see the sun rise in your eyes, your eyes We've got a future full of blue skies, blue skies (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 22-25)
The quotation above shows that the speaker always got a heart attack but her lover give life to her, she believes that she will have a happy future life with
39 Whitney Smith. Flag of the United States of America. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-the-United-States-of-America. Accessed January 18th 2016, 19.00. 40 A bird normally flutters when attracted to something. 41 Craving is a strong desire for something
34
her lover. In line twenty two to twenty five, the speaker uses overstatement to tell the readers how she loves her lover in the story, the overstatement in this part help the readers to know the personality of the speaker, because she always uses overstatement to describe her feeling to her lover. She cannot live without her lover, because every time she brinks of a heart attack, she will always return to him because he is her life, the speaker tells the readers that she believes that her lover that she describes in the lyric is her the true love, as she mentions in twenty- fourth line of the lyric that she sees the sun rise in her lover eyes. According to
Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, sun is the star that shines in the sky during the day and gives the earth heat and light, sun is important for human on earth the same like the love is important for the speaker. In twenty-fifth line the speakers believe that she got a perfect future with full of blue skies with her lover, as we know blue skies only appear in the earth when the weather dazzling and bring happiness, the same like the lover to the speaker.
In the end of the lyric the speaker tells the readers about this intimate relationship story. It ended beautifully using metaphor and simile by the sound come out from both of them as the speaker describes from the quotation below:
When we hear a perfect harmony You make me sounds like, like a symphony, oh (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 37-38)
In the thirty-seventh line the speaker uses metaphor to describe this intimate story ended with a “perfect harmony”, referring to Oxford Advance
Learners Dictionary harmony is state of peaceful existence and agreement. In the next line the speaker uses simile to tell the readers that the lover makes the
35
speaker sounds like a ‘symphony’, according to Oxford Advance Learners
Dictionary symphony is a long complicated piece of music for a large orchestra.
In this part word ‘symphony’ really helps the lyric to make it does not look obscene, the use of ‘symphony’ word represents the sexual relationship story in the lyric between the speaker and the lover which have reached to the top of their libido, the sexual description here aesthetically hidden.
2. Peacock
I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock Your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock Your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock 4
Word on the street, you got something to show me me Magical, colorful, Mr. Mystery I'm intrigued for a peek, heard it's fascinating Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 8
Words up your sleeve, such a tease, wanna see the show In 3D, a movie, heard it's beautiful Be the judge and my girls gonna take a vote Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 12
I want the jaw dropping eye popping, head turning, body shocking Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh I want my heart throbbing, ground shaking, show stopping amazing Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh 16
Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? Don't be a chicken, boy, stop acting like a beeotch I'ma peace out if you don't give me the payoff Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 20
Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? What you're waiting for, it's time for you to show it off Don't be a shy kinda guy, I'll bet it's beautiful Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 24
Peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock Your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock
36
I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock Your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, I wanna see your 28
Skip the talk, heard it all, time to walk the walk Break me off, if you bad, show me who's the boss Need some goose, take it loose, come on take a shot Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 32
I want the jaw dropping eye popping, head turning, body shocking Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh I want my heart throbbing, ground shaking, show stopping amazing Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh 36
Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? Don't be a chicken, boy, stop acting like a beeotch I'ma peace out if you don't give me the payoff Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 40
Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? What you're waiting for, it's time for you to show it off Don't be a shy kinda guy, I'll bet it's beautiful Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 44
I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock Your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock 46
Oh my God, no exaggeration Boy, all this time was worth the waiting I just shed a tear I am so unprepared 50
You've got the finest architecture End of the rainbow looking treasure Such a sight to see And it's all for me 54
Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? Don't be a chicken, boy, stop acting like a beeotch I'ma peace out if you don't give me the payoff Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 58
Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? What you're waiting for, it's time for you to show it off Don't be a shy kinda guy, I'll bet it's beautiful Come on, baby, let me see 62
37
I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock Wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock Wanna see your Come on, baby, let me see what you're hiding underneath 67
a. Data Description
Figure of No Corpus Date Line Speech I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, 1 Metaphor 1 cock Word on the street, you got something to show me me Magical, colorful, Mr. Mystery Metaphor and 2 5-7 I'm intrigued for a peek, heard it's fascinating overstatement Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath Words up your sleeve, such a tease, wanna see the show In 3D, a movie, heard it's beautiful Metaphor and 3 9-12 Be the judge and my girls gonna take a vote overstatement Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath I want the jaw dropping eye popping, head turning, body shocking Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh 4 Overstatement 13-16 I want my heart throbbing, ground shaking, show stoppingamazing Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? Don't be a chicken, boy, stop acting like a beeotch Metaphor and 5 17-20 I'm a peace out if you don't give me the payoff simile Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath Skip the talk, heard it all, time to walk the walk Break me off, if you bad, show me who's the boss 6 Metaphor 29-32 Need some goose, take it loose, come on take a shot Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath Oh my God, no exaggeration Boy, all this time was worth the waiting 7 Overstatement 47-50 I just shed a tear I am so unprepared You've got the finest architecture End of the rainbow looking treasure 8 Overstatement 51-54 Such a sight to see And it's all for me
38
b. Data Analysis
Peacock is a song written and produced by American singer Katy Perry, taken from her third studio album, Teenage Dream released in 2010. Despite not being released as a single, the song entered several music charts worldwide.42
The lyric contains sixty seven lines. The speaker of the lyric tells the readers about her innuendo fantasy to see a man’s genitals. She guesses the shape of the man’s genitals in the story. She tries to ask the man to show her several times. In the lyric the speaker uses figurative languages, it make the sexual description aesthetically hidden like in the first line as reflected below:
I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock (Peacock: 1)
The quotation above tells the readers that the speaker shows her sexual desire; she wants to see the man’s genitals figuratively, she uses metaphor to describe it as “peacock”. According to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary peacock is a large male bird with long blue and green tail feathers that it can spread out like a fan. The peacock is a possessor of some of the most admired human characteristics, and symbol of integrity and the beauty we can achieve when we endeavor to show our true colors.43 The speaker uses peacock to tell the readers that the one who mentioned in this lyric is a male or a man, because peacock itself is stands for a male, the sexual desire description in this line successfully hidden.
42Katy Perry. Peacock. Retrieved from: http://www.katyperry.com/songs/peacock/. Accessed March 1st 2015, 21.00. 43 Avia Venefica. Peacock Symbolism and Meaning . Retrieved from http://goo.gl/xaJSVt. Accessed February 21 2016, 20.00.
39
In line five to eight, the speaker tries to guess about the shape of the man genitals, she heard from the rumor it is to be showed to her, she interested to look for a quick because she heard it is attractive but the man in the story seems little bit shy to show it to her. It is reflected in the quotation below:
Word on the street, you got something to show me me Magical, colorful, Mr. Mystery I'm intrigued for a peek, heard it's fascinating Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath (Peacock: 5-8)
From the quotation above, the readers can see the speaker uses overstatement in line six to show how the speaker fantasize in the story, she guess it is magical, colorful, Mr. Mystery. According to Oxford Advance Learner’s
Dictionary, word ‘magical’ means something containing a special quality or ability that somebody/something has, that seems too wonderful to be real, word
‘colorful’ means interesting or exciting; full of variety, sometimes in a way that is slightly shocking, and ‘mystery’ means a person or thing that is strange and interesting because you do not know much about them or it. Therefore, from line six we can conclude that the speaker thinks erotically that the man genitals in the story it is something wonderful, interesting that slightly shocking and interesting.
Referring to Muller as cited by Darmojuwono erotic does not just mean more carnal sexuality, but also included mental aspect of the sexuality and the development of stimuli generated by sexuality. In line seven, the speaker tells the readers that she is really ‘intrigued’ or wanting to know more about it just for a
‘peek’ or a quick, because she heard it is extremely interesting. In line eight she
40
repeatedly state ‘come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath’ to show the readers that she have not seen what she want.
In the next line, the speaker tries to ask the man to show his “peacock”, again she thinks erotically with figurative sentences, the speaker ask the man to be the judge for it and her friends will take a vote for it, as reflected in line nine to twelve on the quotation below;
Words up your sleeve, such a tease, wanna see the show In 3D, a movie, heard it's beautiful Be the judge and my girls gonna take a vote Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath (Peacock: 9-12)
From the quotation above we can see that the speaker uses metaphor in line nine to ask the man to show the speaker his genitals, she uses metaphor by using phrase ‘up your sleeve’ which referring to Macmillan Dictionary means to have a secret plan that you can surprise someone with. In the same line the speaker uses word ‘tease’ which referring to Oxford Advance Learner’s
Dictionary means to make somebody sexually excited, especially when you do not intend to have sex with them, from the description of word ‘tease’ we can conclude that she have no fantasy to do an intimate relationship with the man, what she want is just to see the man’s genitals. In line ten, the speaker uses overstatement to describe what she thinks about the man’s genitals, she tells the readers that she thinks it is like a 3D movie, it is beautiful, refer to Oxford
Advance Learner’s Dictionary is something very good and skillful. In line eleven the speaker asks the man to be the judge for his own genitals by shows his genitals to the speaker and her friend as mentioned in the lyric ‘my girls’; they will take a
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vote after that the man shows his genitals. In line twelve, she repeats the statement like before, because she have not see the man genitals.
In line thirteen to sixteen, the speaker describe her feeling figuratively by using overstatement, it is used in the lyric to show her emotion before she sees the man genitals, as reflected in the quotation below;
I want the jaw dropping, eye popping, head turning, body shocking Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh I want my heart throbbing, ground shaking, show stopping amazing Oh, ay, oh, oh, oh, ay, oh (Peacock: 13-16)
In line thirteen the readers can see that the speaker describe her emotion excessively, she describes that her jaw want widely open and her eye want to pop out, her head turning and the body shocking before the man show his genitals, she cannot stop think about it erotically. The speaker’s heart also wants to throb, her body shaking and she also describe that she believe the man genitals she mention is amazing. We can see in this part the speaker really describe her feeling and thought about the man genitals erotically with her fantasy.
In the next line, the speaker tries to ask the man to let her see his genitals, she force the man to show it, but she has not success yet, as reflected in the quotation below;
Are you brave enough to let me see your peacock? Don't be a chicken, boy, stop acting like a beeotch I'm a peace out if you don't give me the payoff Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath (Peacock: 17-20)
From the quotation above, the speaker describes that she dares the man by asking a question to show his genitals in line seventeen. In line eighteen the
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speaker uses metaphor to tell the man to not to be a ‘chicken’, refer to McGraw-
Hill's Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions ‘chicken’ means coward. In the same line she uses simile by using word ‘like’ to compare the man like ‘beeotch’, the speaker twists the word from the origin word ‘bitch’ to make the lyric less rude because of the ambiguity from the original word. According to
Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, word ‘bitch’ is a slang word which means a thing that cause problems or difficulties, in this line the speaker describes her annoyance and she get difficulties from the man to satisfy her lust feeling to see the man’s genitals. In the next line, the speaker continues to describe her annoyance by telling the readers she is surrendering by the idiom ‘peace out’, if the man does not give her ‘payoff’. Referring to McGraw-Hill's Dictionary of
American Slang and Colloquial Expressions, the words ‘peace out’ means to depart or to leave, and referring to Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary word
‘payoff’ means to be successful and bring good results. From line nineteen, the speaker tries to tell the reader if she does not get what she wants she will leave the man, but in line twenty the speaker tries to ask the man again by saying ‘come on, baby, let me see what you’re hiding underneath’.
In line twenty nine to thirty two, the speaker retries to ask the man to show her his genitals; in this part her desire seems uncontrollable, but she does not show this to the readers on the surface. She sublimates the sentence with idiom which makes the sexual description hidden as reflected below;
Skip the talk, heard it all, time to walk the walk Break me off, if you bad, show me who's the boss Need some goose, take it loose, come on take a shot
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Come on baby let me see what you’re hiding underneath (Peacock: 29-32)
From the quotation above, the readers can see the speaker retries to ask the man to show his “peacock”. The speaker asks the man to skip the talk in line twenty-nine because she already heard all about the man’s genitals. In this line the speaker uses idiom ‘walk the walk’. Referring to American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, ‘walk the walk’ means show something is true through action. In this line the speaker asks the man to take an action, she wants the man to show his genitals. In the next line, the speaker tries to tell the readers that she asks the man to stop her asking to show his genitals by showing it to her, this is also to prove that as ‘a man’ he is brave to do it; using metaphor in phrase ‘show me who’s the boss’. In line thirty-one the speaker tells the readers about what she needs, she uses idiom to make the sexual description in the lyric hidden, she describes that she need some ‘goose’, according to McGraw-Hill's Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial
Expressions it means to poke something. The speaker tells the readers by using word ‘goose’ in this line to describe her desire to touch it, she ask the man to take it loose and ‘take a shot’. According to McGraw-Hill's Dictionary of American
Slang and Colloquial Expressions ‘take a shot’ means to try to do something, we can see that in this part the speaker describes her desire and she is trying to influence the man to show his genitals to her. In the next line after several times asking, she repeats the same sentence ‘come on, baby, let me see what you’re hiding underneath’ to the man to show it.
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In line forty seven to fifty the speaker describes her feeling, the man finally brings her fantasy into reality, and she cannot wait to see the man’s genitals, as reflected in the quotation below;
Oh my God, no exaggeration Boy, all this time was worth the waiting I just shed a tear I am so unprepared (Peacock: 47-50)
From the quotation above we can see that the man wants to dissolve the speaker’s temptation with the result the speaker finally allowed to see his genitals.
In this part, the speaker uses overstatement by using phrase ‘no exaggeration’,
‘shed a tear’ and ‘so unprepared’ to represent she is excessive after long time wait.
She is really unprepared, although she is the one who always ask the man to show his genitals to her.
In the next line, the man finally satisfied the speaker’s fantasy by showing his genitals, the speaker thinks that it is beautiful and she said it is the finest architecture excessively, it is like rainbow after the rain because she is waiting for so long, it such a beautiful sight, and it only for her, as reflected on the quotation below;
You've got the finest architecture End of the rainbow looking treasure Such a sight to see And it's all for me (Peacock: 51-54)
From the quotation above the readers can see the speaker’s fantasy granted by the man, from the quotation above she is satisfied with her achieving
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which her dreams by using overstatement in this part to build excessive impression of bliss for which has waited.
B. Eroticism in Both Lyrics Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock
From the explanation, we can see that eroticism reflected in Katy Perry’s lyrics Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock. These lyrics describe sex, sexual, and sexuality, but it uses figurative languages to make the sexual description in the lyric aesthetically hidden. The speaker uses several figurative languages in these lyrics such as metaphor, simile, metonymy, and overstatement. Both of the lyrics tell about a woman sexual lust with a man to do sexual activities.
The eroticism in these lyrics describes figuratively by the speaker. In the first lyric (Hummingbird Heartbeat), the speaker uses metaphor to substitute improper word to make the lyrics’ sexual description hidden. Her lust feeling with the man in the story can be seen in the quotation below;
Let’s pollinate to create a family tree (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 5)
The word ‘pollinate’ substitutes improper word. Pollinate means to put pollen that is formed in flowers and carried to other flowers of the same kind by the wind or by insects, to make those flowers produce seeds. From the explanation we can conclude that pollinate is a reproduction process, if the speaker uses the actual word the lyric will not be considered as an erotic lyric, because it automatically shows sexual activity in the lyric. Besides describing reproduction with word pollinate, the speaker also describes semen with word ‘honey’, as reflected in the quotation below;
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The taste of your honey is so sweet (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 13)
The selection of word is crucial in lyrics especially dealing with eroticism. The quotation above indicates that the speaker substitute word that will make the lyric looks obscene, she describe it as ‘honey’ to hide the sexual element.
The next eroticism in the lyric describes that the speaker craving for the lover ‘sticky sweet’ as reflected in the quotation below;
Constantly craving for a taste of your sticky sweet (Hummingbird Heartbeat: 21)
The quotation above indicates that the speaker tell the readers that she is addicted to her lover, she is craving for her lover sticky sweet or “honey”, this makes the sexual description aesthetically hidden in the lyric by the use of figurative language and the lyric indicates it has literary value referring to
Sitanggang.
Eroticism in second lyric (Peacock) also reflected with figurative languages, the speaker uses metaphor, simile and overstatement to cover sexual description in the lyric. In the beginning of the second lyric, the speaker uses metaphor to compare a man genitals as reflected in the quotation below;
I wanna see your peacock, cock, cock, your peacock, cock (Peacock: 1)
In the first lyric the speaker describes sexual activities, likewise in the second lyric the eroticism description have similarities. Sexual description in the second lyric reflected a woman who has lust feeling to see a man genitals. From
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the quotation above, we can see that the speaker reflects eroticism using metaphor to tell the readers that she want to see a man’s genitals.
Referring to previous discussion, eroticism does not just means physical sexuality, but also includes mental aspect of sexuality and the development of stimuli generated by sexuality. In the second lyric the speaker playing with her fantasy as reflected in the quotation below;
In 3D, a movie, heard it’s beautiful (Peacock: 10)
From the quotation above we can see that the speaker uses overstatement and thinks erotically. She plays with her fantasy and guessing the man genitals.
She believes it is beautiful even she have not seen it before. In the second lyric the speaker also use overstatement in describing the man genitals
You’ve got the finest architecture (Peacock: 51)
From the quotation above the readers can see that the speaker still thinks erotically, she uses overstatement to describe the shape of the man genitals, she describes it like a fine architecture. Description of a man genitals in the lyric indicates that this lyric has literary value because the sexual description in the lyric aesthetically hidden with the use of figurative language.
As mentioned by Sitanggang about eroticism concept, literary works which has eroticism element can consider as containing literary value if the sexual description can aesthetically hidden. This concept is in line with Hummingbird
Heartbeat and Peacock lyrics. Hummingbirds are tiny; but their productivity in this case heart rate can reach as high as 1,260 beats per minute, a rate once
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measured in a blue-throated hummingbird with a breathing rate of 250 breaths per minute.44 The speaker uses hummingbird in the lyric to show the readers that the sexual relationship in the lyric is a big thing with big energy come in small package that represents the speaker’s desire. In the next lyric the speaker uses peacock to tell the readers that the one who mentioned in this lyric is a male or a man, because peacock itself is stands for a male, the sexual desire description in this line successfully hidden. Peacock is a possessor of some of the most admired human characteristics, and symbol of integrity and the beauty we can achieve when we endeavor to show our true colors.45 Sex, sexual, and sexuality descriptions are aesthetically hidden in the lyrics by the use of figurative languages. The lyrics are far from obscenity, because the sexual description not mentioned explicitly.
44 Jean Cole, op. cit. 45 Avia Venefica, op. cit.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Hummingbird Heartbeat and Peacock are lyrics written by Katy Perry.
The lyrics represents sexuality between a woman lust feeling to a man in each stories. The writer describes and analyzes the lyrics by examining the figurative languages that contain eroticism in the lyric. The purpose is to know how the eroticism in each lyric reflected, and reveal sexual description which hidden by the figurative languages.
From the first lyric, Hummingbird Heartbeat, a woman as the speaker expresses her feeling to a man that she love. The speaker asks the man to satisfy her desire, but she uses figurative languages to hide the sexual description. The writer found some of eroticism element in the first lyric. First, the speaker asks the man to do sexual intercourse with an eye to have a family tree. Second, the speaker describes the process of sexual intercourse in the poem. Third, the speaker describes that she and her lover reach their libido. All the sexual description in the lyric covered with figurative language that make this lyric categorized as an erotica. If the story in the poem presented without hiding the sexual description the poem will categorized as porn poem.
In the second lyric, Peacock, have similarities with the first lyric.
Peacock is about a woman sexual fantasy who has desire to see a man genitals.
There are some eroticism element in the poem that represented by the speaker.
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50
First, in the beginning of the poem the speaker stated that she has desire to see the man’s genitals. Second, the speaker thinks erotically about the shape of a man’s genitals. Third, the man in the story satisfies the speaker’s sexual desire by showing his genitals to the speaker. The sexual description in this poem aesthetically hidden. This poem also the same with the first poem categorized as erotic poem and has literary value because there are no sex, sexual, and sexuality element in the surface. In addition, the speaker’s thought when wondering the man genitals count as an eroticism element because erotic does not just means more carnal sexuality but also mental aspect of sexuality and the development of stimuli generated by sexuality.
The result shows that the use of figurative languages in Hummingbird
Heartbeat and Peacock make the lyrics not contain obscenity or pornography.
From both lyric we can see that to put sexuality in erotic literary works does not need to show sexual aspects explicitly.
B. Suggestions
In analyzing a poem, the researcher should use the corresponding theory to reach the maximum comprehension of the poem itself. The writer suggest if there are any other researcher who wants to analyze this poem using another theory or concept which can offer different things, such as using psychological approach by using hierarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow or other theories. Afterwards, the other researcher can explore more about these poems to get the best analysis of the implied meaning in these poems.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
American Heritage Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011.
Darmojuwono, Setiawati. Erotisme dalam Bahasa, Seri Penerbitan Ilmiah, 24- 32,1994.
DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, New York: McGraw Hills Press, 2003.
Ellmann, Richard &O’Clair, Rober.Modern Poems: An Introduction to Poetry. New York: Norton & Company, 1976.
Farkhan, Muhammad. Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. Jakarta :Cella, 2007.
Fussell, Susan R. and Moss, Mallie M., Figurative Language in Emotional Communication. Human-Computer Interaction Institute, 1998.
Hewitt, A. H. Coming to Terms With Poetry. Sydney: Scientific Publication, 1965.
Mills, Jane, ed. Erotic Literature. New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 1993.
Oxford University. Oxford Advance Learner’s Pocket Dictionary 4th Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Perrine, Laurence & R. Arp, Thomas. Sound and Sense; An Introduction to Poetry, Third Edition.San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969.
Putri, Yuki Anggia.Erotisme Dalam Novel Motinggo Busye. Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2009.
Sitanggang, S.R.H., et. al. Unsur Erotisme dalam Novel Indonesia 1960— 1970- an. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2002.
Spears, Richard A. McGraw-Hill's Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions. Bloomington: McGraw Hill Professional, 2005.
Weeks, Jeffrey. Sexuality. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006.
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Online Source
Cambridge Online Dictionary. reproduction, [online] (http://goo.gl/NK3yIM, Accessed January, 18 2016, 19.50)
Cole, Jean 'The General' dominates hordes of hummingbirds in Embarrass. [online] (http://goo.gl/SFRfvZ, Accessed January 18 2016, 20.00.)
Perry, Katy. Hummingbird Heartbeat, [online] (http://goo.gl/rAdNBo, Accessed March, 1 2015, 21.00)
Perry, Katy. Peacock, [online] (http://goo.gl/hu7n4L, Accessed March, 1 2015, 21.00)
Macmillan Dictionary.2009, have something up your sleeve [online] (http://goo.gl/GOyeGT, Accessed January, 18 2016, 19.30)
Smith, Whitney. 2014, Flag of the United States of America, [online] (http://goo.gl/iLE6I7, Accessed January 18th 2016, 19.00)
Venefica, Avia. Peacock Symbolism and Meaning . [online] (http://goo.gl/xaJSVt, Accessed February 21 2016, 20.00)
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APPENDICES
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