Nematol. medit. (2002), 30: 79-81 79

ROOT LESION AND STEM ASSOCIATED WITH FABA BEAN IN NORTH AFRICA A. Troccoli and M. Di Vito

Istituta di Nematologia Agraria, C.N.K, 70126 Bart; Italy

Summary. A survey of root lesion nematodes associated with faba bean was undertaken in 1999 in Algeria, and Tunisia. Pratylenchlls penetrans and Zygotylenchus guevarai occurred in each of the countries. tharnei was common in Moroc­ co and Tunisia. and P. pinguicaudatus were found in Algeria and Tunisia, respectively, the last being a new record for that country. Several stem and leaf samples of faba bean were heavily infested by.the stem Ditylenchus dipsaci, often associated with tissue necrosis and distortions.

Nematodes cause severe damage to faba bean in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION many countries (Sikora and Greco, 1990; Caubel et al., 1997). Pratylenehus species and Ditylenehus dipsaei are i) Algeria major pests of this crop in the Mediterranean basin. However, information on their distribution in North A total of 11 root samples of faba bean were collect­ Africa is limited. A survey was therefore conducted in ed in fields of Algeria (Table 1). Three root lesion nema­ Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia to determine the root le­ tode species were identified. The most common species sion nematode species associated with faba bean and was Pratylenehus penetrans (Cobb) Filipijev et Schuur­ the occurrence of D. dipsaei as a basis for future studies mans Stekhoven which occurred in six fields. Two sam­ to understand the role that nematodes play in the pro­ ples were infested by Zygotylenehus guevarai (Tobar ductivity of the crop in North Africa. Jimenez) Brawn et Loof and one sample collected at Hamma Bouziane was infested by P neglectus (Rensch) Filipijev et Schuurmans Stekhoven. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight aerial plant part samples of faba bean were in­ fested by D. dipsaei (Khiin) Filipijev. The survey, in the framework of the ED Project FRYMED, was undertaken in the major faba bean (Vi­ ii) Morocco cia faba L.) areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia dur­ ing April 1999, when plants were actively growing and Eleven root samples, including nine of faba bean and nematode populations were at their peak. A root sample two of chickpea (Cieer arietinum L.) were collected in composed of 4-5 plants was collected in each sampled fields at five locations in Morocco (Table 1). Two root field (Table 1). Shoots were also collected. samples each of chickpea and faba bean were infested Sampling was carried out in fields showing plant yel­ by P thornei Sher et Allen. P penetrans was extracted lowing and stunting, or at random where no symptoms from two root samples of faba bean. One sample each were evident. of chickpea and faba bean was infested by Z. guevarai. Endomigratory nematodes were extracted from roots P mediterraneus Corbett occurred in one root sample of by the incubation method (Young, 1954). Specimens faba bean collected at . were then fixed and preserved in hot aqueous 5 % for­ The stem nematode D. dzpsaei was found in nine malin. Nematodes to be identified were selected using a shoot samples of faba bean at , Marchouch and stereomicroscope and then transferred to water agar for Rommani. The crop was severely damaged by this ne­ temporary mounts (Esser, 1986) and measured under a matode in two fields at Marchouch, where the symp­ light microscope with a camera lucida. About 15 speci­ toms of the nematode attack were very evident with mens per root sample of each population were stem and leaf necrosis, pod lesions and distortions. processed and mounted in anhydrous glycerin (Sein­ horst, 1966). Morphometrics of diagnostic value for the iii) Tunisia genera Pratylenehus and Zygotylenehus (Loof, 1990) were determined. A total of 16 root samples, 15 of faba bean and one of chickpea, were collected in eight locations of Tunisia (Table 1). Three of the root samples were infested by P 80

Table I. Endoparasitic nematodes in samples of faba bean and chickpea collected in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia during spring, 1999.

Samples infested with" Country Location Crop Samples collected Dd Pm Pn Pp Ppi Pt Zg

Algeria Costantine Faba bean Beni Hmidane 5 2 3 Hamma Bouziane 2

Biskra 3 2

Morocco Kenitra Faba bean 3 2 Chickpea Marchoch Faba bean 3 3 Rommani 3 3

Tunisia Tunis Faba bean Goubellate

Beja 3 2 2 Chickpea Jaundouba Faba bean Fermana 2 2 Tabarka Menzel T emine 5 4 2 Kelibia

Total 38 24 2 10 7 7

;, Dd = Ditylenchus dipsaci; Pm = Pratylenchus mediterraneus; Pp = P. penetrans; Ppi = P. pinguicaudatus; Pn = P. neglectus; Pt = P. thornei; Zg = Zygotylenchus guevarai.

thornei and Z. guevarai. P penetrans occurred in two specimens/cm3 soil and yield losses of 40% can be ex­ root samples collected at Menzel Temine. P mediterra­ pected in fields infested with more than 32 neus Corbett and P pinguicaudatus Corbett were ex­ specimens/cm3 soil (Di Vito et al., 2000). tracted from one sample each. Pratylenchus pinguicaudatus, in particular, was found Finally, seven shoot samples of faba bean from Tunis on faba bean at J aundouba and it is a new geographic (1), Fermana (2), Beja (1) and Menzel Temine (3) were record for this area. Since its first description from infested by the stem nematode D. dipsaci and in two wheat plants in England (Corbett, 1969), it has only fields of the last location the damage caused by the ne­ been recorded in Poland (Brzeski and Szczygiel, 1977), matode was very severe with evident symptoms on Bulgaria (Ryss et al., 1991) and south-eastern Spain (Ta­ stems, leaves and pods. lavera and Tobar-Jimenez, 1997), mainly from cereals, and often with P thornei. Morphometrics of our popu­ This survey confirms that several root lesion nema­ lation fit well with previous descriptions, and the pre­ todes and the stem nematode are important parasites of sent record extends to warmer zones the known range faba bean in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Root lesion of distribution for the species. nematodes are also widely distributed in other food The stem and bulb nematode D. dipsaci is also com­ legumes such as chickpea (Di Vito et al., 1994; Greco mon and causes severe damage to faba bean and numer­ and Di Vito, 1994). Among them, P thornei is one of ous other plant species in the Mediterranean Basin. It is the most common in fields of chickpea and faba bean in a quarantine nematode and in several countries the im­ the Mediterranean Basin (Sikora and Greco, 1990; Di portation of seed stocks is subjected to severe quaran­ Vito and Greco, 1999). It causes severe damage to faba tine regulations. bean when the soil population density is more than 2.2 81

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Pratylencbus neglectus and P. thornet on the growth of faba bean. Nematologia Meditel'ranea) 28: 261-265. The research was partially funded by the European Esser RP., 1986 A water agar en technique. Proceedings Commission, Project FRYMED, Contract IC 18 CT98- 0/ the Helminthological Society o/Washington, 53: 254-255. 0300. Greco N. and Di Vito M., 1994 Nematodes of food legumes in the Mediterranean Basin. EOPP Bulletin, 24: 393-398. LITERATURE CITED Greco N., Di Vito M. and Saxena M.e., 1992 - Plant parasitic nematodes of cool season food legumes in Syria. Nematolo­ Mediterranea) 20: 37-46. Brzeski M.W. and Szczygiel A., 1977 - Materialy do poznania krayowich nideni (Nematoda). 1. Genus Pratylenchus Fil. Loof P.A., 1991 'Ibe family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949, (: Pratylenchidae). Fragmenta War­ Pp. 363-421. In: Manual 0/ Agricultul'al Nematology (W. saw, 23: 1-11. Nickle Marcell Dekker, Inc., New York, U.S.A. Caubel G., Abbad Andaloussi F., Bekal S., Di Vito M. and Ryss A., Baicheva 0 and Stoyanov D., 1991 A new phytone­ Esquibet M., 1997 Les nematodes des legumineuses ali­ matode for Bulgaria Pratylenchus pinguicaudatus Corbett, mentaires a grosses graines dans Ie bassin mediter­ 1969 and morphological description of Pl'atylenchus raneennes, Pp. 129-154. In: Les legumineuses alimentaires tbornei Sher et Allen, 1953 and Zygotylenchus guevarai, mediterraneennes (Tivoli B. and Caubel G. eds), Les Collo­ Tobar Jimenez, 1963. Kelmintologiya, 30: 3 -8. ques INRA editions, France n. 88. Seinhorst ].W., 1966 - Killing nematodes for taxonomic study Corbett D.e.M., 1969 - Pratylenchus pinguicaudatus n. sp. with hot f.a. 4:1. Nematologica, 12: 178. (Pratylenchinae: Nematoda) with a key to the genus Praty­ Sikora RA. and Greco N., 1990 - Nematode parasites of food Nematologica, 15: 550-556. legumes, Pp. 181-235. In: Plant Parasitic in Sub­ Di Vito M. and Greco N., 1998 - Nematodes of cool season t1'Opicai and Tropical Agl'iculture (Luc M., Sikora R.A. and food legumes in the Mediterranean Basin. Grain Legumes, BridgeJ, eds), CAB International Wallingford, UK. 20: 1O-1L Talavera M. and Tobar JimEnez A., 1997 - Plant parasitic ne­ Di Vito M., Greco N., Halila H.M., Mabsoute L., Labdi M., matodes from unirrigated fields in Alhama, southeastern Beniwal S.P.S., Saxena M.e., Singh K.B. and Solh M.B., Spain. Nematologia Meditel'ranea, 25: 73-81. 1994 - Nematodes of cool-season food legumes in North Young T.W., 1954 An incubating method for collecting mi­ Africa. Nematologia lvJeditel'ranea) 22: 3-10. gratory endoparasites nematodes. Plant Disease Reporter, Di Vito M., Zaccheo G. and Catalano P., 2000 Effect of 38: 794-795.

Accepted for publication on 31 January 2002