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Nationalism, Popular Entertainment and the Battle of Gettysburg

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Acceding to War: Nationalism, Popular Entertainment and the Battle of Gettysburg Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors White, Nicholas Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 02:53:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195149 ACCEDING TO WAR: NATIONALISM, POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT AND THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG by Nicholas White _____________________ Copyright © Nicholas White 2009 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN RHETORIC, COMPOSITION, AND THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Nicholas White entitled Acceding to War: Nationalism, Popular Entertainment and the Battle of Gettysburg and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________________________Date: 04/21/09 Ken S. McAllister ____________________________________________________________Date: 04/21/09 Theresa J. Enos ____________________________________________________________Date: 04/21/09 Anne-Marie Hall Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ____________________________________________________________Date: 04/21/09 Dissertation Director: Ken S. McAllister 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Nicholas White 4 DEDICATION Janice: Because of your unwavering support and affection the challenge of earning this degree was bearable. When I wanted to quit, you encouraged me to go on. When I lost faith in myself, you believed in me. When I was exhausted, you lifted me up. You strengthen and inspire me. I am forever grateful. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................8 Key Terms......................................................................................................................10 Nationalism and the Civil War ......................................................................................24 The Battle of Gettysburg................................................................................................34 The Artifacts ..................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER II: WRITING THE BATTLE: THE KILLER ANGELS .................................38 Nationalism(s) During and After the War .....................................................................39 A Fictional History Lesson ............................................................................................52 Sources of Memory and a Malleable Past......................................................................60 The Polestar of Heroism ................................................................................................70 CHAPTER III: SCREENING THE BATTLE: GETTYSBURG........................................ 79 The Heritage of Film......................................................................................................80 The War in Black and White .........................................................................................84 The Killer Angels on Screen ..........................................................................................97 Faithful Adherence to the Fictional Past......................................................................103 Erasing the Dark Past...................................................................................................113 CHAPTER IV: RE-PRESENTING THE ARCHIVES: “THE UNIVERSE OF BATTLE” ....................................................................................................................127 The Innovative Traditionalist.......................................................................................128 The Electronic Campfire at Gettysburg .......................................................................141 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS – CONTINUED Returning to the Fight in the “Universe of Battle” ......................................................149 Defending the Memories Once Again .........................................................................161 An Incomplete Reunion ...............................................................................................170 CHAPTER V: PLAYING THE BATTLE: SID MEIER’S GETTYSBURG!................... 174 Adhering to Tradition ..................................................................................................175 A Playable Text............................................................................................................181 Sid Meier’s Gettysburg! as Sociological Propaganda..................................................186 The Meat Problem Continued......................................................................................193 Hegemony and Play.....................................................................................................198 Epilogue .......................................................................................................................206 WORKS CITED ..............................................................................................................213 7 ABSTRACT I explore nationalism within popular United States’ history and analyze the nationalistic rhetoric within a popular novel, film, television documentary, and computer game that use the Battle of Gettysburg as their subject. With these examples I argue that popular history and entertainment cultivate social conditions amenable to war. Rather than strictly focusing on overtly and officially sanctioned political arguments, I interrogate recurring defenses of United States’ nationalism within popular history and entertainment using the concepts of sociological propaganda and collective memory to further my argument. By focusing on popular representations of a seminal event in United States’ history, I contend that such an event has been used to affirm nationalistic hegemony in the present. 8 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION In this dissertation I argue that mass media representations of the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg have consistently fostered nationalism of a particular type within the United States. Mass media representations of the past have often contributed to a particular type of nationalism in which the nation’s soldiers are glorified and its war aims depicted as noble. The Civil War and the Battle of Gettysburg in particular have been consistently represented across generations of mass media in ways that serve this type of nationalism. Throughout this project I explore some popular artifacts from a variety of mass media that use the Battle as their subject. In these artifacts the past is used to encourage celebration of the nation and the military. Thus, the past is used as an argument. In this chapter I first review some of the relevant literature on the study of nationalism and introduce the theoretical underpinning of my study. Informed by Benedict Anderson’s claim that nations are “imagined communities,” these theoretical underpinnings assume that nations are culturally and politically constructed and dependent upon mass media. This is a notion embraced by many scholars who study nationalism, history, sociology, and rhetoric (Anderson; Day and Thompson; Foner, Who ; Stern). Anderson, in particular, inspires the following questions in his exploration of nationalism: why are so many people willing to kill and die for a nation? How is such devotion cultivated and normalized through media? I focus my attention on collective memory of the Battle of Gettysburg to explore possible answers to these questions. Though not all members of The United States of America are willing to kill and die for 9 that nation, why do so many people support the entity directly responsible for carrying out state-sanctioned violence? In other words, how do so many millions of people respect, cherish, and enthusiastically endorse the use of military force? Popular representations of the past have a central role in perpetuating the cultural hegemony that endorses the nation’s military.
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