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Student Handouts (Order #3767603) vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw Major

SCIPIO AFRICANUS MAJOR (235-183 B.C.E.)

P. Cornelius Scipio, Africanus extraordinary abilities of the young Major (“Scipio”), was the son of that P. man, elected him almost unanimously. Cornelius Scipio who was defeated by In 211 B.C.E., Scipio’s father the Carthaginian general, , and uncle fell in Spain (the Iberian at the Ticinus. If it be true that at the Peninsula), and the Carthaginians age of seventeen Scipio fought in this again took possession of the country, battle, and rescued his wounded which they had almost entirely lost. father, he must have been born in 235 When Capua had fallen again into B.C.E. their hands, and Italy no longer required their exclusive attention, the 1. Who was Scipio’s father? Romans determined to act with more ______energy against the Carthaginians in ______Spain. On the day of the election, no one ventured to come forward to Scipio was in the battle of undertake the command in this war. Cannæ (216 B.C.E.) as a tribune, and Young Scipio, then scarcely twenty- was among those who, after the four years of age, at last offered to defeat, escaped to Canusium. Here the take the command of the army in chief command of the remaining Spain. The people were struck with troops was unanimously entrusted to admiration at the courage of the young him and another. On this occasion it man, and gave him command, with was owing to Scipio’s presence of mind proconsular power, which was that the remnants of the Roman army afterward prolonged to him for several did not, in their despair, quit Italy. years (210-206 B.C.E.). In 212 B.C.E., Scipio was curule ædile, though he had not yet attained 2. Where did Scipio volunteer to the legitimate age. The tribunes of the command Italian troops? people endeavored to prevent his a. election, but they were obliged to give b. Gaul up their opposition, for the people, c. Sicily who seem to have perceived the d. Spain

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 2 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major The extraordinary power which the Carthaginians kept their Spanish young Scipio exercised over his hostages. Lælius made the attack with contemporaries was perhaps partly the fleet from the seaside, while Scipio owing to superstition, for he was conducted the operations on land. The believed to be a favorite of the gods. town soon fell into the hands of the Ever since he had risen to manhood, Romans, and the generosity with he went every morning into the which Scipio treated the Spanish Capitol, where he spent some hours in hostages gained over a great number solitude and meditation. Hence all he of Spaniards. The hostages of those did was considered by the people to be tribes who declared themselves allies the result of his intercourse with the of the Romans were sent home gods. Scipio himself partook in this without ransom. It is also related that opinion, and cherished it; and the a very beautiful maiden having fallen extraordinary success of all his to his special lot in the division of the enterprises must have strengthened booty, Scipio finding her sad, inquired his belief. the cause, and learning that she was betrothed to a neighboring chief, sent 3. Why was Scipio able to exercise for the lover, and personally restored great power over the Roman the maid in all honor to his arms. A people? short time after the conquest of this ______place Scipio went to Tarraco, where he ______received embassies from various ______Spanish tribes, who offered to become ______the allies of the Romans or to ______recognize their supremacy. ______4. Why was Scipio liked by the people Toward the end of the summer, living in Iberia (Spain)? in 210 B.C.E., or, as says, at the ______beginning of spring, Scipio set out for ______Spain with an army of 11,000 men, ______landed at the mouth of the Iberus, and ______undertook the command of the whole ______Roman forces in Spain. He was ______accompanied by his friend, Lælius. ______Scipio’s first object was to gain ______possession of New Carthage, where ______

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 3 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major Scipio is said not to have set out considerable wealth with him in his against Hasdrubal until the year flight, and with these means he raised following, but it can scarcely be an army in Spain. Hasdrubal did so in conceived why the Carthaginians order to lead into Italy to the should have been so long inactive. It assistance of his brother Hannibal, is a probable supposition that the hoping thus to bring the war to an end battle with Hasdrubal, which Livy and in Italy. assign to the year 209 B.C.E., During these preparations of was fought very soon after the taking Hasdrubal, Scipio was engaged of New Carthage. In this battle Scipio against the two other Carthaginian gained a great victory. Eight generals, one of whom (Mago) was thousand Carthaginians were slain, defeated, in 208 B.C.E., by the and 22,000, with their camp, fell into proprætor Silanus, in the country of the hands of the victor. Many of the the Celtiberians, and Hanno, who Spaniards now wished to proclaim came with an auxiliary army from Scipio their king, but he refused the , was taken prisoner. After this honor. success of the proprætor, Scipio united his forces with those of Silanus to 5. How many Carthaginians died in attack Hasdrubal, son of Gisco. But as the battle between Scipio and this general had retired to the south of Hasdrubal (209 B.C.E.)? Spain, and had distributed his army in ______the fortified places on the Bætis as far ______as Gades, Scipio (through his brother ______Lucius) only took the important town of Oringis, and then gradually Hasdrubal fled with the returned across the Iberus. The power remainder of his army toward the of the Carthaginians in Spain was, Tagus and the Pyrenees. Scipio did not however, already broken, and in the follow him, partly because he thought year following (207 B.C.E.) Scipio his enemy too much weakened to be gained possession of nearly all Spain dangerous, and partly because he by a victory, the place of which is not feared lest he might expose himself to clearly ascertained, some calling it the combined attacks of the two other Silpia or Bæcula, some Ilipa, and Carthaginian generals, Mago, and others Carmo. Hasdrubal, son of Gisco. Hasdrubal Barcas, the defeated 6. In what year did Scipio win most of general, however, had carried Spain from the Carthaginians?

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 4 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major ______however, he recovered in time to quell ______an insurrection of 8,000 Roman ______soldiers, who were discontented from not having derived from their Scipio, now in the almost conquests those advantages which undisputed possession of Spain, began they had expected, and who are said to turn his eyes to Africa. also to have been bribed by the Accompanied by his friend Lælius, Carthaginians. Mago had in the Scipio ventured to pay a visit to King meantime withdrawn to the Balearic , with whom Lælius had Islands, and thence to Liguria. Gades, already commenced negotiations. Here the last place which the Carthaginians Scipio is said to have met Hasdrubal, possessed in Spain, was now taken son of Gisco, and to have made a very from them, and thus the war in Spain favorable impression on Syphax as was at an end. well as on Hasdrubal. After a short stay in Africa, 7. Why was there an insurrection Scipio returned to Spain, where he among the Roman troops in Spain? first punished several towns for their ______faithlessness, and subdued some of the ______Spanish chiefs who ventured to claim ______their former independence. During ______these occupations Scipio was attacked ______by a severe illness, from which, ______

Generosity of Scipio.

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 5 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Toward the close of the year 206 did not obtain from the Senate B.C.E., Scipio surrendered the permission to levy an army. Scipio command of the Roman forces in therefore called upon the Italian allies Spain to the proconsuls L. Lentulus to provide him with troops and other and L. Manlius Acidinus, and things necessary for carrying on the returned to Rome. He delivered to the war. As they were all willing to ærarium the immense treasures which support the conqueror of the he brought from Spain. He evidently Carthaginians in Spain, he was soon wished for a triumph (a type of parade enabled to sail to Sicily with nearly honoring a military hero), but the seven thousand volunteers and thirty senate paid no attention to his wishes, ships. for no one had ever triumphed at Soon after Scipio’s arrival in Rome before he had held the Sicily, he sent his friend Lælius with a consulship. part of his fleet to Africa. This was In the year 205 B.C.E., Scipio done in part to keep up the connection was made consul with P. Licinius which he had formed there, on his Crassus, who was at the same time visit from Spain, with Syphax and pontifex maximus (chief religious Massinissa (for to the latter Scipio had leader), and was consequently not sent back a nephew who had been allowed to leave Italy. If, therefore, a taken prisoner in the battle of war was to be carried on abroad, the Bæcula), and in part to show to his command necessarily devolved upon timid opponents at Rome how Scipio. His wish was immediately to groundless their fears were. He sail with an army to Africa, but the himself employed his time in Sicily more cautious senators, and especially most actively, in preparing and Q. Fabius, were decidedly opposed to disciplining his new army. his plan. This was partly because Hannibal, as long as he was in Italy, 8. Who did Scipio send with part of appeared too formidable to be his fleet to Africa? neglected, and partly because they ______were influenced by jealousy. ______All that Scipio could obtain was ______that Sicily should be assigned to him ______as his province, with thirty vessels, ______and with permission to sail over to ______Africa in case he should think it ______advantageous to the republic. But he ______

Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major 9. Many of Scipio’s plans, which (if Massinissa, dissatisfied with the successful) would have resulted in Carthaginians, was anxious for the good things for Rome, were arrival of Scipio in Africa, but Syphax thwarted by other patricians. Most had altered his policy, and again historians blame this on political joined the Carthaginians. The enemies and personal jealousy. If not for of Scipio at Rome at last got an such jealousy, it is possible that opportunity of attacking him, and they Scipio could have triumphed over nearly succeeded in depriving him of the Carthaginians much sooner, his post. Without being authorized by saving countless Roman lives. In the Senate, Scipio had taken part in your opinion, why did so many the conquest of Locri, in Southern politicians allow their own petty Italy, and had left his legate, Q. rivalries to interfere with the goals Flaminius, as commander of the of the Roman state? In your own Roman garrison in that place. The country today, do politicians allow legate treated the Locrians with such their own political and personal severity and cruelty that they sent an bickering and rivalries to detract embassy to Rome to lay their from the business of government? complaints before the Senate. As ______Scipio, although acquainted with the ______conduct of Flaminius, had ______nevertheless left him in command, his ______enemies attacked him on this and ______other grounds, and Fabius Maximus ______even proposed that Scipio should be ______recalled. ______A commission was sent out to ______inquire into the state of affairs and to ______bring Scipio home, if the charges ______against him were found true. Scipio ______proved that his army was in the best ______possible condition. The commissioners ______were so surprised at what they saw, ______that instead of recalling the consul, ______they bade him sail to Africa as soon as ______he might think it proper, and to adopt ______any measures that he might think useful.

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 7 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major 10. Why did Scipio find himself was defeated by Massinissa and under investigation? Lælius, and taken prisoner with his ______wife and one of his sons. Massinissa ______married Sophonisba, the wife of ______Syphax, who had formerly been ______engaged to him, but had been given to ______Syphax for political reasons. Scipio, ______fearing the influence she might have ______on Massinissa (for she was a ______Carthaginian), claimed her as a ______prisoner belonging to the Romans, and Massinissa poisoned her, to save her Scipio, in consequence of this, from the humiliation of captivity. sailed in 204 B.C.E. as proconsul, with a large army, from Lilybæum to 11. Imagine that you are Africa, and landed in the Sophonisba—engaged to one man, neighborhood of Utica. Here he made then given to another, then successful incursions into the returned to your fiancée, only to be neighboring country, and Hasdrubal, forced to commit suicide—during a who attempted to prevent them, time when women held no political suffered a great defeat. But Scipio power. What might you think of could not gain possession of Utica, war and politics? which was of the greater importance ______to him and his fleet as the winter was ______approaching. Scipio was therefore ______obliged to spend the season on a piece ______of land extending into the sea, which ______he fortified as well as he could. ______Toward the close of the winter, ______the Carthaginians, united with ______Syphax, intended to make a general ______attack on Scipio's army and fleet. But, ______being informed of their plans, Scipio ______surprised the camps of Hasdrubal and ______Syphax in the night, and only a small ______number of the enemy escaped. Syphax ______withdrew into his own dominions, but ______

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 8 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major The fears and apprehensions of to share the glory with anyone else, the Carthaginians now increased to determined to bring Hannibal to a such a degree that they thought it decisive battle. The Carthaginian necessary to recall Hannibal from general at first avoided an Italy. At the same time they sued for engagement. But when Scipio, in peace. The terms which Scipio order to deceive the enemy, hastily proposed would have concluded the retreated as if he intended to take to war in a manner honorable to the flight, Hannibal followed him with his Romans. The Carthaginians, however, cavalry and lost a battle in the whose only object was to gain time, neighborhood of Zama. A tribune of made no objections to the conditions, Scipio soon afterward cut off a large but only concluded a truce of forty-five convoy of provisions which was on its days, during which an embassy was to way to the camp of Hannibal, and this be sent to Rome. Before this truce was suddenly threw him into such at an end, the Carthaginian populace difficulties that he began to negotiate plundered some Roman vessels with with Scipio for peace. provisions, which were wrecked off The conditions, however, which Carthage, and even insulted the Scipio now proposed were so Roman envoys who came to demand humiliating, that the Carthaginians reparation. Scipio did not resent this would not accept them. Hannibal, conduct and allowed the Carthaginian therefore, though he saw the ambassadors, on their return from impossibility of gaining any further Rome, to pass on to Carthage advantages, was compelled to decide unmolested. the affair by a last and desperate About this time (it was the effort. In a personal interview between autumn of the year 203 B.C.E.), the two generals Scipio was inexorable Hannibal arrived in Africa, and soon as to the conditions. Hannibal's army collected an army in numbers far was in a bad condition. In the ensuing exceeding that of Scipio. Hannibal battle, to the west of Zama, the victory first made a successful campaign of Scipio was complete. This defeat (in against Massinissa. Scipio was at this 202 B.C.E.) was the death blow to time informed that the consul Tiberius Carthage. Claudius Nero would come with an army to cooperate with him against 12. What battle was the “death Hannibal. blow” to Carthage? Scipio, who wished to bring the ______war to a conclusion, and was unwilling ______

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 9 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major Scipio, on his return to Italy, judgment ascribed to Hannibal is just; was received with the greatest for Scipio as a general was second to enthusiasm. He entered Rome in none but Hannibal himself. triumph, and was henceforward distinguished by the name of 13. According to a well-told story, Africanus. He now for several years who declared Scipio to be a great continued to live at Rome, apparently general, second only to himself? without taking any part in public ______affairs. In 199 B.C.E. he obtained the ______office of censor with P. Ælius Pætus, ______and in 194 B.C.E. he was made consul a second time with Tib. Sempronius In the year 190 B.C.E., some Longus, and princeps senatus, a discussions arose in the Senate as to distinction with which he had already what provinces should be assigned to been honored in 196 B.C.E., and which the two consuls, Lælius and L. was conferred upon him for the third Cornelius Scipio, brother of the great time in 190 B.C.E. Scipio Africanus. Scipio Africanus, In 193 B.C.E., during one of the although he was princeps senatus, disputes between the Carthaginians offered to accompany his brother, as and Massinissa, Scipio was sent with legate, if the Senate would give him two other commissioners to mediate Greece as his province, for this between the parties. But nothing was province conferred upon Lucius the settled, though, as Livy observes, command in the war against Scipio might easily have put an end to Antiochus. The offer was accepted, the disputes. Scipio was the only and the two brothers set out for Roman who thought it unworthy of the Greece, and thence for Asia. republic to support those Scipio Africanus took his son Carthaginians who persecuted with him on this expedition, but by Hannibal. some unlucky chance the boy was There was a tradition that taken prisoner, and sent to Antiochus. Scipio, in 193 B.C.E., was sent on an The king offered to restore him to embassy to Antiochus, and that he freedom, and to give a considerable met Hannibal in his exile, who in the sum of money, if the father would conversation which took place, interpose his influence to obtain declared Scipio the greatest of all favorable terms for the king. Scipio generals. Whether the story of the Africanus refused. But the king, conversation be true or not, the notwithstanding, soon after sent the

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 10 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major boy back to his father, who just then The enemies of Africanus at was suffering from illness, and was Rome had now another charge against absent from the camp. To show his him. The peace with Antiochus, and gratitude, Africanus sent a message to the conditions proposed by Africanus Antiochus, advising him not to engage and his brother Lucius, were regarded in a battle until he himself had by the hostile party as the result of returned to the Roman camp. After bribes from Antiochus, and of the the great battle near Mount Sipylus, liberation of the son of Africanus. A Antiochus again applied to Scipio for charge was therefore brought against peace, and the latter now used his the two brothers, on their return to influence with his brother Lucius and Rome, of having accepted bribes of the the council of war, on behalf of the king, and of having retained a part of king. The conditions of the peace were the treasures which they ought to tolerably mild, but they were have delivered up to the ærarium. At afterward made much more severe the same time they were called upon when the peace was ratified at Rome. to give an account of the sums of money they had taken from Antiochus. 14. Why do you imagine that Scipio Lucius was ready to obey; but was unwilling to negotiate good his brother Africanus with indignation terms for Antiochus in exchange for snatched the accounts from the hands the safe return of his own son? of his brother and tore them to pieces ______before the Senate. The tribune of the ______people, C. Minucius Augurinus, ______however, fined Lucius; and when he ______was going to be thrown into prison ______until he should pay the heavy fine, ______Africanus dragged him away. The ______tribune Tiberius Gracchus, though ______disapproving of the violence of ______Africanus, liberated Lucius from ______imprisonment. Africanus himself was ______now summoned before the people by ______the tribune M. Nævius. But instead of ______answering the charges, he reminded ______the people that it was the anniversary ______of his victory at Zama, and bade them

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 11 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major rather thank the gods for such citizens 16. Where was Scipio’s villa located? as he. ______15. Do you believe that the actions ______of Scipio Africanus were justified in this incident? Why or why not? Africanus never returned from ______his voluntary exile, and he spent the ______last years of his life in quiet ______retirement at his villa. He is said to ______have wished to be buried on his estate. ______But there was, as Livy says, a ______tradition that he died at Rome, and ______was buried in the tomb of his family ______near the Porta Capena, where statues ______of him, his brother Lucius, and their ______friend Q. Ennius, were erected. The ______year of his death is not quite certain; ______for, according to Polybius, he died in ______the same year with Hannibal and ______Philopœmen (183 B.C.E.); according to others, two years earlier (185 B.C.E.). After these troubles, Scipio In judging of Scipio Africanus as withdrew to his villa near Liternum, a general, we may adopt the judgment and it was owing to the interposition ascribed to Hannibal. But as a Roman of Tiberius Gracchus that he was not citizen, he is very far from deserving compelled to obey another summons. such praise. His pride and The estates of his brother Lucius, haughtiness were intolerable to many, however, were confiscated (187 and the laws of the constitution were B.C.E.), but the sum produced by their set at nought whenever they opposed sale did not make up the amount of his own views and passions. As a the fine. His friends and clients not statesman he scarcely did anything only offered to make up the sum, but worth mentioning. By his wife Æmilia, their generosity would even have daughter of Æmilius Paullus, he had made him richer than he had been two daughters, one of whom married before. But he refused to accept P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, anything beyond what was absolutely the other, the celebrated Cornelia, necessary for his support. married Tiberius Sempronius

www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 12 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major Gracchus, and was the mother of the ______two Gracchi, the famous tribunes of ______the people. ______17. Do you agree with the ______conclusion that pride and ______haughtiness make for a bad citizen ______and political figure? Why or why ______not? ______

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www.STUDENTHANDOUTS.com Page 13 Student Handouts (Order #3767603) Scipio Africanus Major 18. Examining the life of Scipio, what would you most like to emulate in your own life? What would you most like to avoid? Explain your reasoning. ______

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