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Anna Magdalena Bach Bach, Anna Magdalena Anna Magdalena Bach te Notenbuch – beide dokumentieren die Zuneigung zwi- Geburtsname: Anna Magdalena Wilcke schen Johann Sebastian und Anna Magdalena Bach – zei- gen, dass Anna Magdalena im Instrumentalspiel nicht * 22. September 1701 in Zeitz, ungeübt war. Zu ihrem persönlichen Leben und Erleben † 27. Februar 1760 in Leipzig, gibt es nur wenige Zeugnisse. So berichtet Johann Elias Bach, der Neffe und Privatsekretär Johann Sebastian Sängerin, Mitglied der Hofkapelle in Köthen; Bachs, in einigen Briefen, dass sie „eine große Liebhabe- Cembalistin; Notenkopistin rin von der Gärtnerey ist“ und „gelbe Nelken“ bevorzugt. Auch sei sie „eine große Freundin von dergleichen Vö- „…zumahln da meine itzige Frau gar einen sauberen So- geln“ (gemeint sind abgerichtete Hänflinge). (zitiert nach prano singet…“ Evelin Odrich/Peter Wollny, Die Briefentwürfe des Jo- hann Elias Bach, Hildesheim 2000, S. 92 und 140). Nach Brief von Johann Sebastian Bach vom 28. Oktober 1730 Bachs Tod 1750 besorgte sie bis zum Dienstantritt des an seinen Jugendfreund Georg Erdmann in Danzig. (Qu- Nachfolgers die Sonn- und Festtagsmusiken in den Leip- elle: Zentrales historisches Staatsarchiv Moskau; Bach- ziger Hauptkirchen. Auch übertrug sie, da kein Testa- Dokumente I, Nr. 23). ment vorlag, einem Kurator die Rechtsvertretung für ih- re Person u.a. bei der Erbteilung des Nachlasses von Jo- Profil hann Sebastian Bach. In der Leipziger Hainstraße ver- Aus dem Leben Anna Magdalena Bachs sind nur wenige brachte Anna Magdalena Bach zusammen mit ihren bei- Fakten überliefert. Ihr noch 1790 nachgewiesenes Por- den jüngsten Töchtern und wahrscheinlich der 42jähri- trät, gemalt vom Künstler Cristofori, ist genauso wie die gen Stieftochter Catharina Dorothea ihre letzten Lebens- Familienkorrespondenz verschollen. Als überhaupt erste jahre. Am 27. Februar 1760 starb sie als „Almosenfrau“. Frau wurde sie im Sommer 1721 am Hof zu Köthen als Der Begriff suggeriert ärmste Verhältnisse, was aber so Fürstliche Sängerin angestellt. Auch nachdem sie am 3. wohl nicht stimmt. Möglicherweise wurde Anna Magdale- Dezember 1721 den verwitweten Hofkapellmeister Jo- na in Johann Sebastian Bachs Grab beigesetzt. Die weni- hann Sebastian Bach geheiratet hatte und so mit zwanzig gen Zeugnisse ihres Daseins, ein Ring, ein Fingerhut und Jahren Mutter der vier Kinder aus dessen erster Ehe ge- eine Schuhschnalle, befanden sich in der Johanniskir- worden war, übte sie bis zur Übersiedlung nach Leipzig che, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg zerstört wurde. am 22. Mai 1723 ihren Beruf weiter aus. In Leipzig betä- Orte und Länder tigte sie sich neben ihren Aufgaben als Mutter von vier Stiefkindern und 13 eigenen, in den Jahren 1723 bis 1742 Als Sängerin wirkte Anna Magdalena Bach von 1721 bis geborenen Kindern (von denen sieben unmittelbar nach 1723 am Hof zu Köthen. In Leipzig, wo sie von 1723 bis der Geburt oder im frühkindlichen Alter starben) als Vor- 1760 lebte, beschränkte sich ihre Gesangsausübung weit- steherin eines großen Hausstandes und als Kopistin von gehend auf private Kreise. Werken ihres Mannes. Als Sängerin trat sie in privatem Biografie Rahmen und auf Gastspielreisen auf. Dass Johann Sebas- tian Bach trotz seiner Verpflichtungen als Thomaskantor Anna Magdalena Bach wurde am 22. September 1701 als und Lehrer von Privatschülern sowie trotz der zahlrei- Anna Magdalena Wilcke in Zeitz geboren. Sie war die chen Zusammenkünfte mit durchreisenden Musikern jüngste Tochter des Johann Kaspar Wilcke (um „noch Zeit und Konzentration für seine kompositorische 1660-1731) und seiner Ehefrau Margarethe Elisabeth, Arbeit aufbrachte, ist vielfach bewundert und bedacht geb. Liebe (um 1666-1746) und gehörte einer Musiker- worden. Über die Belastungen, denen Anna Magdalena Dynastie an: Der Großvater mütterlicherseits, Andreas Bach ausgesetzt war, schweigen Historie und Histori- Liebe, war Organist und Schulmeister, der Großvater vä- ker.“ (zitiert nach Hans-Joachim Schulze, Zumahln da terlicherseits, Stephan Wilcke, war ebenfalls Musiker; meine itzige Frau gar einen sauberen Soprano singet…, ihr Onkel, Johann Siegmund Liebe, übte das Amt des in: Anna Magdalena Bach. Ein Leben in Dokumenten Hoftrompeters sowie des Hof- und Stadtorganisten in und Bildern, Leipzig 2004, S. 13) Sowohl das fragmenta- Zeitz aus; ihr Vater, Johann Caspar Wilcke wirkte als risch überlieferte „Clavier-Büchlein vor Anna Magdalena Hof- und Feldtrompeter in Zeitz. Nach der Übersiedlung Bachin Anno 1722“ als besonders auch das 1725 angeleg- der Familie Wilcke nach Weißenfels erhielt Anna Magda- – 1 – Bach, Anna Magdalena lena bei der Sängerin Christiane Pauline Kellner eine Ges- ist sie als Patin bei Johann Christian Hahn, dem Sohn angsausbildung, die möglicherweise schon in Zeitz be- des fürstlichen Kellerknechtes, in Köthen am 25. Septem- gonnen hatte. 1720 oder im ersten Halbjahr 1721 gastier- ber 1721; bei der Tochter (der Vorname ist nicht überlie- te sie zusammen mit ihrem Vater am Hof zu Zerbst. Im fert) des fürstlichen Bediensteten Andreas Palmarius, in Sommer 1721 wurde Anna Magdalena Bach als Fürstli- Köthen am 29. September 1721; bei Anna Christina Bir- che Sängerin am Hof in Köthen angestellt. Am 3. Dezem- ckenhahn, der Tochter des Stadtsoldaten Johann Tobias ber 1721 heiratete sie den verwitweten Johann Sebastian Birckenhahn, in Leipzig am 11. November 1731; bei dem Bach und wurde Mutter von dessen vier Kindern aus ers- Sohn (Vorname nicht überliefert) des Leipziger Feldtrom- ter Ehe: Catharina Dorothea (13 Jahre), Wilhelm Friede- peters Johann George Berlich, in Leipzig am 9. August mann (11 Jahre), Carl Philipp Emanuel (7 Jahre) und Jo- 1739; bei der Tochter (Vorname nicht überliefert) des hann Gottfried Bernhard (6 Jahre). Ihren Beruf als Hof- Leipziger Glockengießers Georg Leonhardt, in Leipzig sängerin übte sie weiter aus. So wirkte sie z. Bsp. am 10. am 18. August 1739: bei einer Tochter (Vorname nicht Dezember 1722 im Schloss zu Köthen bei der Aufführung überliefert) des Leipziger Damastwirkers Johann David von J. S. Bachs „Serenada“ zum Geburtstag von Fürst Lauterwaßer, in Leipzig am 16. März 1740; bei ihrer in Leopold, „Durchlauchtster Leopold“ BWV 173a, mit. Berlin am 11. September 1747 getauften Enkelin Anna Ca- Auch scheint sie eine versierte Cembalo-Spielerin gewe- rolina Philippina, der Tochter Carl Philipp Emanuels sen zu sein, denn schon bald nach der Hochzeit legte Jo- (möglicherweise war Anna Magdalena hier anwesend); hann Sebastian Bach das nur fragmentarisch überlieferte bei Johann Jacob Kleinpaul als Patenvertretung für die „Clavier-Büchlein vor Anna Magdalena Bachin Anno Frau des Leipziger Bürgermeisters, Christina Elisabeth 1722“ an. 1725 widmete er ihr ein zweites Noten-Büch- Küstner, in Leipzig am 3. November 1752. lein. Noch in Köthen wurde im Frühjahr 1723 ihr erstes Ab April 1738 bemühte sich Johann Elias Bach, der Neffe Kind geboren, das jedoch bereits 1726 starb. Zwölf weite- und Privatsekretär Johann Sebastian Bachs, um „gelbe re Kinder kamen in Leipzig zur Welt. Von ihnen erreich- Nelken“ für Anna Magdalena Bach, die er „eine große ten nur sechs das Erwachsenenalter. Am 22. Mai 1723 sie- Liebhaberin von der Gärtnerey“ nannte (zitiert nach: delte die Familie nach Leipzig über, wo Bach das Amt s.o.). Am 14. Juni 1740 versuchte er, ihr einen abgerichte- des Thomaskantors übernommen hatte. Sie bewohnten ten Hänfling zu beschaffen, denn sie sei „eine große den südlichen Flügel der Thomasschule direkt neben der Freundin von dergleichen Vögeln“ (zitiert nach: s.o.). Im Thomaskirche, der ab 1731 grundlegend umgebaut wur- August 1741 erkrankte Anna Magdalena Bach so schwer, de. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach berichtete 1775, dass die dass „wir nicht anders meynten, wir würden sie zu unse- Wohnung, in der nicht nur die Privatschüler sondern rem größten Leidwesen gar verliehren“, schreibt Johann zahlreiche durchreisende Musiker ein- und ausgingen, Elias Bach an den in Berlin weilenden Johann Sebastian „einem Taubenhause u. dessen Lebhaftigkeit vollkom- Bach (zitiert nach Oldrich/Wollny, a.a.O., S. 165). men“ geglichen habe. (zitiert nach Bach-Dok. III, Nr. Am 28. Juli 1750 starb Bach. Spätestens im Februar 1751 803) Neben ihren Verpflichtungen als Mutter und Haus- zog Anna Magdalena Bach mit ihren beiden jüngsten frau des sehr großen Hausstandes betätigte sich Anna Töchtern Johanna Carolina (13 Jahre) und Regina Susan- Magdalena Bach in Leipzig nur noch in häuslichem Rah- na (8 Jahre) sowie möglicherweise ihrer Stieftochter Cat- men und zu privaten Anlässen als Sängerin. Zu Gastspie- harina Dorothea in die Hainstraße. Sie bat am 15. August len allerdings kamen sie und ihr Mann im Juli 1724, im 1750 die Leipziger Ratsherren um das Gnadenhalbjahr, Dezember 1725 und im Januar 1728 nach Köthen zurück. bei dem das Kantorengehalt ein halbes Jahr lang weiter Auch begleitete sie ihren Mann zu einer Orgelprüfung gezahlt wurde. Der Rat äußerte Bedenken: Bach habe vor am 21. September 1732 nach Kassel. Zum Besuch ihrer Beginn seiner Amtszeit bereits einen Vorschuss erhalten, Verwandten weilte sie mehrfach (dokumentiert sind der der jetzt verrechnet werden müsse. Sie bekam dennoch 7. und 14. November 1739) in Weißenfels. zwei Quartale. Darüber hinaus war ihre Versorgung Beim Kopieren von Noten unterstützte sie ihren Mann durch eine Unterstützung von der Stadt Leipzig und von aktiv. In Leipzig besaß sie einen engen Freundeskreis, zu der Universität abgesichert, ferner durch etliche Legate, dem u. a. ihre „Herzens Freündin“ und Nachbarin Chris- besonders das Graffsche Legat, und durch gelegentliche
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