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Annual Report 2009–10 by John A Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale Annual Report 2009–10 by John A. Vucetich and Rolf O. Peterson School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton, Michigan USA 49931-1295 11 March 2010 During the past year, major support for these studies was received from the National Park Service (Co-op Agreement No. J631005N004/0003), National Science Foundation (DEB-0918247), the Robert Bateman Endowment at the Michigan Tech Fund, and Dick and Bonnie Robbins. Monte Consulting (http://monte.net/), George Desort (www.georgedesort.org), and Jeff Holden contributed to outreach efforts. Additional contributions were received from the following organizations and individuals: W. Maxey and Vivian Adams, Adrian Dominican Sisters, Dorthey L. Behrend, Jerry and Jennifer Boeckman, BP Fabric of America Fund, Duncan H. Brown, Sheri A. Buller, Greg and Janet Capito, Changesmith LLC, Alison J. Clarke, Donald C. Close, Conserve School, James E. Deignan, Ronald and Barbara Eckoff, Flatirons Veterinary Care PC, Timothy and Natalie Gifford, Jayson and Laurie Greenberg, Edith N. Greene, John and Heidi Harlander, Michael and Lior Hassoun, John H. Heidtke, Jack Hendrickson and Vivianne Schnitzer Hendrickson, Robert and Sue Irmiger, Jeffrey Holden and Sandra Noll, Horace and Mary Jackson, Frances R. LeClair, Carol A. Lessure, Daniel Luchay and Karen Reardon, Dr. Brian E. McLaren, M. M. and Therese Morgart, Paul S. Mueller, Michael Nelson and Heather Varco, Erik Nyholm, Michael and Kari Palmer, Janet L. Parker, Tony and Thelma Peterle, Rolf and Carolyn Peterson, Marcel Potvin and Anne Chouinard, Valerie R. Quant, John and Joyce Raducha, Pamela S. Ramseyer, Robert and Grace Rudd, Robert and Darcy Rutkowski, John and Linda Schakenbach, Fred and Joyce Scharringhausen, Betty L. Schnaar, Mary D. Seffens, Rena I. Seltzer, Joan Silaco, William and Wilma Verrette, Leah and John Vucetich, and John Weisel and Johanna Fine. All photographs are by John A. Vucetich, Rolf O. Peterson, or George Desort. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions, personal time, and financial assistance of the volunteer members of our research expeditions: Team IA—Tim Pacey (leader), Clay Ecklund, Don Gossett, Wayne Shannon, John Warming, and Sam Warming Team IB—Barrett Warming (leader), Mike Cherry, Ron Eckoff, Erik Freeman, Richard Murray, and Gerardo Rios Team IIA—Cindy Glase (leader), Suzanne Baumann, Mark Denys, Erik Freeman, Steve Gorg, and LynnAnne Vesper Team IIB—Rolf and Candy Peterson (leaders), Scott Herkes, Jared Lafave, Kim and Mike Thomas, and Tony Thompson Team IIIA— Philipp Krupcynski (leader), Dana Drenzek, Amy Evangelisto, Larry Fuerst, Heidi Longueuil, and Richard Siersma Team IIIB—Ted Soldan (leader), Thomas Rutti, Keren Tischler, Jeanne Wiest, and Brian Wysoske Team IIIC—Jeff Holden (leader), Jeff and Sue Morrison, Pete Prawdzik, Dennis and Gina Whitehead Team IVA—Tom Hurst (leader), Barb Augustine, Kerry Galson, Tammy Hodson, Polly Knudsen, and Katy Sullivan Team IVB—Brian Rajdl (leader), Eric Guise, David DeLooper, Christian Kalwa, Dan MacGuigan, and Nick Nehila To learn more about how you can join one of our research expeditions, visit www.isleroyalewolf.org and click “How you can contribute.” Tax-deductible donations to support continuing research on Isle Royale wolves and moose can be sent to Wolf-Moose Study, Michigan Tech Fund, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295. Thank you to all who help! Results reported here are preliminary and, in some cases, represent findings of collaborators; please do not cite without consulting the authors. www.isleroyalewolf.org This document is printed on recycled paper, produced by a chlorine-free process. Michigan Technological University is an equal opportunity educational institution/equal opportunity employer. 4/10 Ecological Studies of Wolves on Isle Royale Without stories, places are desolate. —Robert Archibald 1995 Background Isle Royale is a remote island located about fif- Royale moose would never be the same. Researchers teen miles from Lake Superior’s northwest shoreline. began annual observations of wolves and moose on The Isle Royale wolf population typically comprises Isle Royale in 1958. between 18 and 27 wolves, organized into three packs. Isle Royale’s biogeography is well suited for the The moose population usually numbers between project’s goals. That is, Isle Royale’s wolves and moose 700 and 1,200 moose. The wolf-moose project of Isle are isolated, unable to leave. The population fluc- Royale, now in its fifty-second year, is the longest con- tuations we observe are due primarily to births and tinuous study of any predator-prey system in the world. deaths, not the mere wanderings of wolves and moose Moose first arrived on Isle Royale in the early 1900s, to or from the island. Nature is difficult to understand increasing rapidly in a predator-free environment. For because it usually includes interactions among many fifty years, moose abundance fluctuated with the sever- species, so it helps to observe where ecological rela- ity of each winter and the bounty of vegetation offered tionships are relatively simple. On Isle Royale, wolves each summer. Wolves first arrived on Isle Royale in are the only predator of moose, and moose are essen- the late 1940s by crossing an ice bridge that con- tially the only food for wolves. To understand nature nected the island to mainland Ontario. The lives of Isle it also helps to observe an ecosystem where human 2 impact is limited. On Isle Royale, people do not hunt ect continues. Today, wolves prosper again in several wolves or moose or cut the forest. regions of North America. But our relationship with The original purpose of the project was to better wolves is still threatened by hatred, and now we face understand how wolves affect moose populations. The new questions, profound questions about how to live project began during the darkest hours for wolves in sustainably with nature. The project’s purpose remains North America—humans had driven wolves to extinc- the same: to observe and understand the dynamic fluc- tion in large portions of their former range. The hope tuations of Isle Royale’s wolves and moose, in the hope had been that knowledge about wolves would replace that such knowledge will inspire a new, flourishing rela- hateful myths and form the basis for a wiser relationship tionship with nature. with wolves. Many of the project’s discoveries are documented at After five decades, the Isle Royale wolf-moose proj- www.isleroyalewolf.org. Personnel and Logistics In summer 2009, ground-based fieldwork continued In 2010 the annual Winter Study extended from Janu- from late April through late October. Rolf Peterson ary 15 to March 8. John Vucetich, Rolf Peterson, and pilot and John Vucetich directed that fieldwork with assis- Don E. Glaser participated in the entire study, assisted tance from Paul Castle, Rubin Gutstein, Phil Krupczyn- by Leah Vucetich (Michigan Tech), Dean Beyer (Michi- ski, Michael Nelson, Michelle Somers, Joshua Wied, gan Department of Natural Resources) and the following Carolyn Peterson, and Leah Vucetich. Volunteers Tom personnel from the National Park Service: Jon Spencer- Hurst, Kevin Hanley, and Keenan McFall reroofed the Hudson, Chris Lawler, Beth Kolb, Dieter Wiese, Paul historic Bangsund cabin summer field headquarters. Brown, and Marshall Plumer. US Forest Service pilots Jen Adams and Leah Vucetich supervised Marcy Erick- Dean Lee, Pat Lowe, and Tim Bercher flew several sup- son, Ben Betterly, Jon Bontrager, Ben Kamps, Scott Lar- ply flights to Isle Royale from Ely, Minnesota. son, Chelsea Murawksi, Josh Brinks, Ryan Priest, and George Desort filmed and photographed our research Brian Southerland, who all worked in our genetics lab. activities in February 2010 (see www.georgedesort.org). During the course of the year many park staff and visi- A daily account of Winter Study’s events and activities tors contributed key observations and reports of wolf are recorded in Notes from the Field, which is available at sightings and moose bones. the project’s website (www.isleroyalewolf.org). 3 Summary From mid-January to early March 2010, we con- the wolves have been, was 0.44 moose/wolf/month ducted the fifty-second annual Winter Study of wolves during winter 2010. This kill rate represents only 60% and moose. Between January 2009 and January 2010, of what the wolves kill in a typical year. the wolf population declined from 24 to 19. In Febru- The monthly mortality rate for moose during winter ary 2010, we estimated the moose abundance to be 2010, which is the proportion of moose that died per 510, with 90% confidence intervals of [330, 730] (Fig. month, was relatively high (1.7%). Calves comprised 1). This estimate is similar to last year’s estimate of 530 12.9% of the moose population during winter 2010, moose (90% confidence intervals = [375, 705]). Wolf which is close to the long-term average, but the high- abundance has now declined below the long-term est recruitment rate observed in the past nine years. average (23 wolves). For the sixth consecutive year, In spring 2009, the intensity of winter ticks that infest the moose population remains at approximately half moose was similar to what it had been the previous its long-term average (1,000 moose). In 2010 the ratio year. For the past two years tick infestations were of moose to wolves remained low at ~27 to 1. The most lower than what they had been in the two previous important change during the past year is the loss of two years and close to the average intensity for the past of the island’s four wolf packs. nine years. Most of the moose that the wolves killed During 2009, approximately 5 pups survived to their were adults that suffered from arthritis, jaw necrosis first winter, and approximately 10 wolves died. The (periodontitis), or malnutrition. recruitment rate (21%) is slightly lower than average, In 2009 and 2010, Fortunate Wilderness, a documen- and the mortality rate (42%) is higher than average.
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